READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1

LESSON 1 written as well as the situation or

INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY the circumstances during the time
● also considers the following:
HISTORY ○ author, his/her
● greek word: “historia” biographical background;
● knowledge acquired through ○ role in the event
inquiry or investigation ○ intent of writing the
● greek noun: “istoi⍺” document
● learning
● as old as mathematics HISTORIOGRAPHY
● study of the past ● history of history
● past of the mankind ● history itself
● not only historical facts but also
DEFINITION OF HISTORY provided with the understanding
● account of the past of a person or of the facts and historical
as a group of people through contexts
written documents and
historical evidences WHY STUDY HISTORY?
● study of beliefs and desires, ● to trace back our roots and it
practice and institution of human can tell us a great deal about how
beings we came to be who we are.
● traditional historians’ mantra- “no ● looking at the past let us look in
document, no history” different lenses: appreciation the
diverse human perceptions,
“TRADITIONAL” VALID HISTORICAL beliefs and cultures
SOURCES
● nobilities, monarchs and elite and PERSPECTIVES
even the middle class would ● Historians are influenced by:
have: ○ context
○ birth record; ○ environment
○ educational record; ○ ideology
○ marriage record; ○ education
○ death record
● government records HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY
● chronicler’s account ● comprises of certain
● personal letters techniques and rules that
scrutinize these historical
CONTEXT ANALYSIS sources to avoid depiction and to
● considers time and place when come up with the historical truth
the historical document was
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● external criticism ○ census and government

○ verifying the authencity of records
evidence by examining ○ speeches, journals, diaries
physical characteristics ○ audio and video
● internal criticism recordings
○ examination of the ○ autobiographies and
truthfulness of the memoirs
evidence
VALIDATION OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Historical argument as an evidence Garraghan(1905) identified six points
Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier of inquiries to evaluate the authenticity
(2001) preconditions: of a primary source:
1. it must be comprehensible at 1. date
the most basic level of 2. localization
vocabulary, language and 3. authorship
handwriting; 4. analysis
2. the source must be carefully 5. integrity
located in accordance with the 6. credibility
place and time; and
3. Through the first two SECONDARY SOURCES
preconditions, the authenticity ● the testimony of anyone who is
of the source must always be not an eyewitness
checked and counter checked ● the one who was not present at
before being accepted as a the event of which he tells
credible source in any historical ● produced by an author who used
findings. primary source to produce the
material
LESSON 2 ● examples:
TYPES OF SOURCES a. books
b. articles
PRIMARY SOURCES c. scholarly journals
● produced at the same time as
the event, period or subject Gottschalk 1969 suggested that this
being studied kind of source should only be used
● first-hand account when:
● eyewitnesses 1. deriving the setting wherein the
● examples: contemporary evidence will fit in
○ archival documents, the grand narrative
artifacts, memorablia, 2. getting leads to other biographic
letters, data
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3. acquiring quotations or
citations from contemporary or
other sources
4. deriving interpretations with a
view of testing and improving
them as outright truth

TERTIARY SOURCE
● identified and located through the
primary and secondary source
● examples:
○ bibliographies
○ indexes
○ abstracts
○ encyclopedia
○ dictionary

LESSON 3
FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE
WORLD
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● Juan de Plasencia grew up

during the period known as the
Siglo de Oro, a Golden Age
when arts and literature
flourished in many parts of
Spain

2. Arrival in the Philippines

● Fray Juan de Plasencia came
together with the first batch of
Franciscan missionaries in the
Philippines
● The ship with Fray Juan on
board, arrived at a port in Cavite
on July 2, 1578.

3. Various Assignments in the

Philippines
LESSON 4 ● Only two months after his
CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG arrival, he joined forces with
another missionary, Fray Diego
BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR de Oropesa
JUAN DE PLASENCIA ○ Both were already
● Spanish friar of the Franciscan preaching around Laguna
Order de Bay area and as far
1) Birth and Family Background as Tayabas (present day
2) Arrival in the Philippines Quezon Province)
3) Various Assignments in the converting souls to the
Philippines Catholic fold
4) Notable Contributions to the ● His untiring work and missionary
Mission zeal pushed him further in the
5) Literary Works foundation and organization of
6) Death several towns not only in Laguna
and Tayabas
1.Birth and Family Background ● During the following years, they
● Fray Juan was born to the are also credited with the
illustrious family of the foundation of a large number of
Portocarreros in Plasencia in towns in the provinces of
the region of Extremadura, Bulacan and Rizal such as:
Spain in the early 15th century
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○ Tayabas, Caliraya, 5. Literary Works

Lucban, Mahjayjay, ● Juan de Plasencia wrote a
Nagcarlan, Lilio, Pila, number of books designed
Santa Cruz, Lumban, primarily to promote the
Pangil, Siniloan, Morong, understanding of both the
Antipolo, Taytay, and Spanish language among the
Meycauayan natives, and the local languages
● His life was characterized by among the missionaries, to
zeal, prayer, and dedicated facilitate the task of spreading
service Christianity.
● He was also known to be: ○ "Arte de la lengua
○ a defender of the native tagala"
population, looking after ○ "Declaracion de toda la
the poor, ill, or neglected, doctrina Cristiana"
and standing up for their ○ "Vocabulario”
rights on numerous ● He is the author of the first book
occasions. printed in the Philippines, the
● He was also very keen on Doctrina Cristiana
creating primary schools, and ○ Printed in:
requested official permission for ■ Spanish, Tagalog,
the creation of educational Latin Script,
centers Baybayin Script of
○ An initiative that was the natives of that
approved by Domingo de time, Chinese
Salazar, the first Bishop ● Relacion de las Costumbres de
of Manila Los Tagalos (1589)
○ helped understand and
4. Notable Contributions to the preserve many of the
Mission traditional ways of the
● Fray Juan de Oliver, Fray Juan local population
de Plasencia, Fray Miguel de ○ provided the first form of
Talavera, Fray Diego de Civil Code used by local
Asuncion, and Fray Geronimo governors to administer
Mont justice
○ wrote a grammar and ● A mystical work which he entitled
dictionary of the native La Santina was an Opus
language number on prayer and
○ translated the Christian contemplation entirely done in
doctrine into both the Tagalog language
Tagalog and Bicolano.
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○ Compact broken by
6. Death misunderstanding
● Juan de Plasencia died in Liliw, ○ Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Laguna in 1590. treated the Rajas and
their relatives with
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE deference. He gave them
DOCUMENT privileges such as
● Manila in 1578 exemption to the tribute.
● By the numbers ○ The first missionaries
○ 57 years after Magellan’s who attempted to
Expedition convert the natives were
○ 35 years after Ruy López the Augustinians who
de Villalobos named Las came with the Legazpi
Islas Filipinas (after expedition
Philip II of Spain) to the ■ Much needed
islands of Samar and assistance was
Leyte supplied with the
○ 7 years after Spanish arrival of the
Occupation of Manila Franciscans
and Tondo (Plasencia was
● Manila long before Plasencia’s one of them) in
arrival 1678
○ Knowing that they should
take into account the
geographical and cultural
contexts of the natives
which was much different
with Europeans, friar
missionaries studied the
culture of the natives
■ Fray Juan de
Plasencia
addressed this
letter to his
● Arrival of the Spanish superiors in the
○ Compact of friendship order to help plan
made between Martin de evangelization of
Goiti, master-of-camp of the natives
the Spanish fleet, and the ○ It is considered as his
Raja Sulayman (1570) most important work,
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being quoted, cited and ○ It also explained the

even sometimes copied in relation between the
its entirely by many later different social classes
contemporary historians and the origin of each
and writers ○ Stating three ways of how
○ The original text can be a man may become a
found in General Archive slave: birth, debt, and
of the Indies (Archivo captivity in war. It tells, as
General de Indias), well, of the king and of the
Seville duties he rendered to his
○ This letter made an impact subjects
to the early legal system of
the country, preserving the ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANT
formerly unwritten HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOUND
customs, traditions and IN THE DOCUMENT
beliefs of the natives, and ANALYSIS:
gave the Philippines its 1. Community
first Civil Code, used by 2. Property
the alcaldesmayores in 3. Adoration
their administration of 4. 12 Priests of the Devil
justice 5. Superstition
○ Franciscans were known 6. Burying the Dead
for defending Filipino’s
rights and tradition When 1.COMMUNITY
the Dominican Bishop ● Status/Caste System
Domingo Salazar called a ○ A leader of a certain tribe
council to address the along the Visayas and
issue of the Mindanao region is called
emancipation of the a datu
Filipino slaves, the ○ Even before the Spaniards
Franciscan superiors came, it is prevalent that
(Palencia was one of there is some sort of
them) were present to governance among the
support him different groups wherein
○ The report described the there are certain rules or
government of the laws that one needs to
Tagalog, their follow
administration of justice, ■ Datu – the chiefs
slavery, inheritance, social of the village; they
system, and marriages governed the
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people as captains those who serve

even in wars, were their masters
obeyed, and however, they can
revered; any have their own
subject who properties
committed any ■ Aliping sa
offense against Guiguilir are those
them, or spoke to considered to be
their wives and slaves who serve
children, were their masters or can
severely punished be sold off
○ Barangay – tribal
gathering ruled by chiefs
○ It is called a “barangay”
because they associate
themselves with the
“Malay” who are one of
the first people to arrive
in the Philippines
through a boat in which
A Maharlica would keep their status
they call “barangay”. Some
for a lifetime however, this can be
consisted of around 30 -
taken if he/she marries a slave. In this
100 houses
case, the kids would be divided and they
■ Barangays also
would inherit the status of their mother
have some sort of
or father
diplomacy
■ All barangays were
equal in terms of
status.
○ There are three
status/castes within a
barangay:
■ Maharlica, Aliping
Namamahay,
Aliping sa Guiguilir.
■ Maharlica are
those who are born
free
■ Aliping
Namamahay are
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2. PROPERTY ● Investigations and sentences for

● The land area was divided the accused shall be presented
among the whole barangay, and read in front of the tribe
especially the irrigated portions.
● No one from a different barangay 3. ADORATION
could cultivate land unless they ● There were no temples or
inherit or buy the land sacred places in which Filipinos
● The lands on the tingues, or would worship
mountain ridges, are not divided ● The word simbahan means a
but owned by the barangay as a place to worship which is
whole. constructed at a large house of
● At the time of rice harvest, any the chief where people of the
individual (regardless of their tribe go to celebrate festivals
barangay) that starts to clear any (aka pandot or worship)
land area may sow in it. ○ they beat large and small
● Fisheries of chiefs had drums successively during
established limits, and sections of the feast which usually
the rivers for markets lasted 4 days
○ Unless you were a ○ nagaanitos - worship;
member of the chief’s (anito - soul or spirit of
barangay, you had to pay ancestors)
for the privilege of fishing ○ sibi - a temporary shed,
or selling in the chiefs’ made on each side of the
fisheries chief’s house, for the
● In the case of a divorce, if the assembled people
wife would leave her husband for
the sake of marrying another
man, all her belongings plus a
certain amount would be given to
her former husband however, if
she chooses to leave and do not
have any plans to marry, then all
of her dowry will be returned to
her.
● In the case of an adoption, the
children would receive double the ● Badhala, one of their many idols,
value of how much they were was the “all powerful”, or “maker
bought to be adopted of all things” for the Tagalogs
● They worshipped the sun, the
moon, and some, even the stars
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 13

or a particular dead man with 4. PRIEST OF THE DEVIL

special capability that fought
bravely or protected them in their Catolonan Priest from a people of
time of need rank
● sun - almost universally Officiates the offering
respected and honored because sacrifice for a feast and
of its beauty; the food to be eaten
● moon - they would rejoice, being offered to the
devil
especially when new
● stars - they did not name them Mangagauay They pretend to heal
except for the morning star, the sick in order to
which they called Tala deceive others
○ “Seven little goats” - the
Manyisalat They can cast remedies
Pleiades; a star cluster to couples for them to
○ Balatic - the Greater Bear abandon one another
constellation
● Mapolon - the change of Mancocolam Can emit fire from
seasons himself which cannot be
extinguished
● lic-ha - idols; images with
different shapes; Hocloban Much more powerful
○ Dian masalanta - an idol; than a mangagauay in
patron of lovers and which they can kill
generation anyone without the use
of any medicine. They
○ Lacapati and Idianale -
can also heal those
idols; patrons of the who are ill.
cultivated lands and
husbandry; Silagan They would tear out
● buaya - crocodiles; were and eat the liver of
respected by the Tagalogs due to those they saw were
wearing white
their fear of being harmed by
them; they offered a portion of Magtatangal They would go out at
what they carried in their boats to night without their
them heads and put it back
into their bodies before
the sun rise

Osuang Tribesmen reported that

they saw the “osuang”
who can fly and
murdered a man and
ate his flesh
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Mangagayoma They would seduce coffin which is guarded by

their partners with a slave.
charms and other ○ The grief of the relatives of
accessories so they can the deceased is followed
deceive them by eating and drinking.
Sonat This devil helped
people to die. They can CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE
also know if the soul OF THE DOCUMENT IN
they helped to die can UNDERSTANDING THE GRAND
either be saved or not. NARRATIVE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Pangatahojan They can predict the CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE IN

future. UNDERSTANDING
● The Philippines is a civilized
Bayoguin These are men who are country even before the
in the nature of a
Spanish occupation. It is not
woman.
true that the country does not
practice any religious activity.
5. SUPERSTITION ● These traditions built the
● They find omens in events they country's distinct identity from
witness other countries.
○ (i.e. when someone ● The country possess a social
sneezed, met on their way hierarchy that is why a sense of
a rat or serpent, or the authority was established.
Tigmamanuguin bird sang ● It strengthens the culture of
they would go home in Filipinos because it signifies that
fear that evil would befall even before these occupations
them if they continued the country has this distinct
their journey) culture and belief system of its
○ The Tigmamanuguin own. The country is not solely
bird’s (a blue bird as large dependent on other nations and it
as a turtle-dove) song had can actually stood up on its own.
two forms: a good omen,
and a bad omen RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT
● Burying the Dead ● The relevance of the document in
○ In burying the dead, the the present time is that we still
corpse would be placed use/believe in some of this
beside its house and be norms.
mourned at for 4 days. ● It informed us that the Natives
○ It will then be laid on a (Filipinos) in some degree had
boat which serves as a
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 15

classifications way back as to time when the United

where you belong in the society. States ?”
● In today’s time, we still use
“barangays” pertaining to the THE KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
smallest division or unit of a HISTORICAL CONTEXT
city. ● The first move towards
● It also shows that even before the independence began on July 7,
Spanish came, we had a system 1892 when the Katipunan was
in which we could trade with established by Andres Bonifacio
other countries and be
independent.

LESSON 5
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

THE 1896 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

● On July 6, 1892, Jose Rizal was Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang
arrested by the Spanish Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
authorities and was
subsequently sent into exile in
Dapitan
● The story of the 1896 Philippine
Revolution is usually examined in
two phases
○ The First Phase
○ Began with the discovery
of the Katipunan on ● Was a revolutionary society that
August 19, 1896 after espoused independence and
Teodoro Patino, a freedom for the Philippines
Katipunero, confessed through force of arms
the secrets of the MAIN OBJECTIVE
society to Fr. Mariano Gil ● Separation of the Philippines
an Augustinian Friar in from Spain
Binondo Manila ● The development of the Filipinos
○ The Second Phase as citizens of their own nation
○ It happened when once independence was
Aguinaldo returned to achieved
the Philippines in May
1898, this was during the
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 16

Katipunero but also the guiding

principles of the society
● The Kartilya was not just a
document for the Katipunan. Its
importance today is predicated
on the teachings that
embodied the moral and
nationalistic of nation that
fought for independence

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Emilio Jacinto
EMILIO JACINTO
KARTILYA
● Was born on
December 15,
Biography of Emilio Jacinto
1875
● Born: Dec. 15, 1875 –
● He joined the
ipinanganak sa Tondo, Manila
Katipunan at the
● Died: Apr. 16, 1899
age of 18 and took
● Pen names: “Alias Pingkian”,
the symbolic
“Dimasilaw”. “Ka Ilyong”
name Pingkian
● He wrote the
● Despite being an orphan, he
Kartilya as well as the oath of
managed to attend to San Juan
the Katipunero
de Letran College and later on
● He was the author of several
transferred to University of Sto.
literary writing using the
Tomas. But he did not finish
pen-name “Dimas Ilaw”
college at the age of 19 and
joined the secret society called
ABOUT THE TEXT
“Katipunan”.
● In his study of
● In his short life, Jacinto helped to
the Katipunan
lead the fight for Filipino
history and its
independence from Spain
documents, Jim
Richardson
Why is he called the “Utak ng
said that “the
Katipunan”?
Kartilya is the
● He was known as the Brains of
best known of all Katipunan
the Katipunan when it comes to
texts”
military matters. His book
● The Kartilya presents not only the
entitled Kartilya was the one
teachings for the neophyte
used by the Katipuneros as
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 17

their guide in fighting the ● Through Kartilya ng Katipunan,

Spanish colonizers. It Filipinos were united to fight for
contained the constitution and what they own. Kartilya ng
by-laws of the Katipunan. Katipunan became an oath the
● Reading books was one of every Katipuneros must follow to
Emilio’s greatest passions. One show their determination in being
of his favorite books was the one a part of the people who wanted
about the French Revolution. He a change.
also has in his collection a book
on how to make gunpowder and CONTENTS OF THE KARTIILYA NG
dynamite. He also learned quite a KATIPUNAN
few things about the art of war, ● The Kartilya was about the
military strategies and ways of thirteen lessons that serve as
making weapons of war the Katipuneros’ guide in living
with morals and good values. It
EMILIO JACINTO’S WORK was like a code of conduct that
● Kartilya ng Katipunan shows how to be a true Filipino in
● Kalayaan – Pen name: words and action.
“Dimasilaw” ● The first highlights the
● A la patria (1897) significance of living life with a
● Gising Na Mga Tagalog (1895) purpose. “A Katipunero who
● Liwanag at Dilim (1896), a prose does not have a purpose lives
is a useless life.” This tenet
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN actually defines what life is. Life
● Kartilya – derived from the is a gift given to everyone that
Spanish word “cartilla” which must be treasured by making it
means a guide for students in meaningful through setting up
elementary. goals and achieving it no matter
● Kartilya ng Katipunan is a set how hard it is.
of principles that shows the ● The second rule is about doing
path on how each and every what is right. “A deed carried
one of us must live of lives by out for the sake of fame is not
living to the fullest through worthy of praise.” There are
good values. This Kartilya ng certain things in life that would
Katipunan was made to change make others proud because of
the thoughts of every Filipino’s you but sometimes it’s done just
unacceptable behavior. to be popular. Everyone must
Katipunan was not just an bear in mind that doing good
organization working towards the must be accompanied with
freedom of the Filipinos. humbleness. A deed that is done
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 18

must be because of what tomorrow ends because time is

someone really feels like doing to as precious as a gold. “A
help other people. Katipunero must give
● The third shows what the true importance to time. For the
meaning of kindness is. “True act Katipunan, a time lost will
of kindness for a Katipunero is never be back.”
in the love and service he ● The eighth lesson simply tells
render to other people and not everyone to fight for what is right
the other way round.” It only and fight with the persons who is
means that having an open hand at the right side. “A Katipunero
to give help without expecting in must protect the weak and
return is one of the best example fight for those who oppress the
to show an act kindness. weak.”
● The fourth rule highlights ● The ninth is about the
equality among people. “Every significance of trust that everyone
Katipuneros are treated equally must know how to keep
no matter what race or confidential things in order to
educational background he keep the trust that other people
has. “ Status and Identity will give. “A Katipunero is careful
never be the reason for unequal with what he says and keeps
treatment of people. Whether the things that must be kept
they are Filipinos or not, rich or secret.”
poor, men or women, and white ● The tenth principle is all about
or black, nobody deserves to be being able to lead the family. “A
discriminated. Katipunero must lead his
● The Fifth shows what honor family to the right path. If the
should mean for a Katipunero. “A leader is consumed by evil, so
true Katipunero values Honor does his followers.”
more than his personal ● The eleventh highlights
interests.” everything a man must look at
● The sixth is about doing the woman’s identity. “A Katipunero
“walk the talk” concept or must give importance to
putting into action the words that woman. He must not see her as
has been promised. “A an object, nor past time. That
Katipunero who has a sense of whenever a Katipunero sees a
shame must be a man of his woman, he will remember his
own word.” mother who nurtured him.”
● The seventh rule gives ● The twelfth principle gives
importance to how we manage importance to every action that
our time and give our best like one has to make. “A Katipunero
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 19

must not do the things that he 7. Let the achievement of each,

does not want to be done by either in self-control or in
him.” compliance with duty, be an
● The thirteenth rule is about one’s example to his fellow.
knowledge on how to have a right 8. Help to the limit of your
character in dealing with life. “A endurance, share your wealth
Katipuneros’ life is not with the needy or unfortunate.
measured by what is his status 9. Diligence in your daily work to
in life nor with the things he earn a living is the true
possess. Instead, it is in his expression of love and affection
character and his love for the for yourself, for your wife, for your
native land. child, for your brother, and for
your countryman
10. Believe in the chastisement of the
DECALOGUE OF ANDRES perverse and the treacherous
BONIFACIO and in the reward of all good
Katungkulang Gagawin ng Mga Anak work. Believe, also, that the aims
ng Bayan or The Duties of the Sons of the K.K.K. are the gifts of God:
of the People. For the hopes of the Country are
1. Love God full-heartedly also the hopes of God,
2. Bear always in mind that the true
love of God is love of Country, Contributions of Kartilya ng
love which is also true love of Katipunan in understanding the
man Philippine History
3. Bear always in mind that the true ● Kartilya ng Katipunan- is one of
measure of honor and of charity recorded documents of the
is to die in defense of your Philippine Revolution that
Country survived today -13 teachings that
4. Serenity, constancy, reason, and reminds the ordinance of life and
faith in whatever act of endeavor, good morals
crown with success every desire ● The Contribution of Kartilya ng
5. Guard, as you would your honor, Katipunan in History
the mandates and aims of the ○ Equality
K.K.K. ○ Origin
6. It is incumbent on all that he who ○ Education
runs a serious risk in complying ○ Religion
with his duties should be
protected at the sacrifice of life Death of Emilio Jacinto
and riches. ● April 16, 1899
● At the age of 24
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 20

● Cause of death was malaria

● Majayjay Laguna
● Manila North Cementery