MAKALAH PART OF SPEECH

NAME : YOLANTY TEFU

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PRODI S1 KEPERAWATAN SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN NUSANTARA

KUPANG

2019-2020
 PART OF SPEECH
A part of speech is a term used in traditional grammar for one of the nine main
categories into which words are classified according to their functions in sentences, such as
nouns or verbs. Also known as word classes, these are the building blocks of grammar.

 Parts of Speech

Word types can be divided into nine parts of speech:

o nouns
o pronouns
o verbs
o adjectives
o adverbs
o prepositions
o conjunctions
o articles/determiners
o interjections
Some words can be considered more than one part of speech, depending on context and
usage Interjections can form complete sentences on their own.

Every sentence you write or speak in English includes words that fall into some of the
nine parts of speech. These include nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions,
conjunctions, articles/determiners, and interjections. (Some sources include only eight parts of
speech and leave interjections in their own category.)

Learning the names of the parts of speech probably won't make you witty, healthy,
wealthy, or wise. In fact, learning just the names of the parts of speech won't even make you a
better writer. However, you will gain a basic understanding of sentence structure and the English
language by familiarizing yourself with these labels.

Open and Closed Word Classes

The parts of speech are commonly divided into open classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives,
and adverbs) and closed classes (pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles/determiners, and
interjections). The idea is that open classes can be altered and added to as language develops and
closed classes are pretty much set in stone. For example, new nouns are created every day, but
conjunctions never change.In contemporary linguistics, the label part of speech has generally
been discarded in favor of the term word class or syntactic category. These terms make words
easier to qualify objectively based on word construction rather than context. Within word
classes, there is the lexical or open class and the function or closed class.

THE 9 PARTS OF SPEECH

Read about each part of speech below and get started practicing identifying each.

1. NOUN
Nouns are a person, place, thing, or idea. They can take on a myriad of roles in a
sentence, from the subject of it all to the object of an action. They are capitalized when
they're the official name of something or someone, called proper nouns in these cases.

Examples: pirate, Caribbean, ship, freedom, Captain Jack Sparrow.

 THE TYPES OF NOUN

a.    Proper Noun

    This is used to denote a particular person, place or a thing. 
Examples: English is a global     language.

b.    Common Noun 

This is used to refer to a class. 
Examples: The cat loves comfort.

c.    Collective Nouns

 This is used to refer to a group or a collection of things.
Examples: I saw a herd of sheep     nearby.
d.    Concrete nouns
You can experience this group of nouns with your five senses. These nouns can all be
touched, smelt, tasted or seen. 
Examples: The cute rabbit hops around.

e.    Countable Nouns

To linguists, these count nouns can occur in both single and plural forms, can be
modified by numerals, and can co-occur with quantificational determiners like many,
most, more, several, etc.
Examples: There were so many bikes on sale.

f.    Material Nouns

This is used to tell the substance by which the things are made.
Examples: The chair is made of bamboo.

g.    Pronouns
These nouns can take the place of a noun when referring to people places or things. In
English the personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, it and they. Depending on their function
within a sentence these nouns can take on their possessive forms or their objective case.
Examples: Suzy will let her hair grow longer. possessive personal  He jumped on the bed.
singular personal

h.    Abstract Noun

It is used to indicate the quality possessed by a person or thing.
Examples: I appreciate your sincerity.

i.    Uncountable Nouns

These nouns cannot be counted they are often referred to as mass nouns. These nouns
cannot be used in a plural form.
Examples: The pool was full of water.
2. PRONOUN
Pronouns stand in for nouns in a sentence. They are more generic versions of nouns that
refer only to people.

Examples: I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who, which, anybody, ourselves.

 Pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

 Billy, Caren, and I were playing poker with friends -> We were playing poker with
friends.
 Ellie loves watching movies. -> She loves watching movies, especially if they are
comedies.
 Will Daniel be going to the circus with Sarah? -> Will he be going there with her?

 TYPES OF PRONOUNS
Indefinite pronouns – those referring to one or more unspecified objects, beings,
or places, such as someone, anybody, nothing. Notice in the examples below that
there is no set position for where an indefinite pronoun will appear in a sentence.

 Indefinite pronoun examples:

1. Anyone
2. Somebody
3. Whichever
4. Whoever
5. Other
6. Something
7. Nobody

 Indefinite pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 Would anyone like a coffee?
 Take whatever you like. Jamie took one cookie and Ben took the other.
Indefinite pronouns can also be used to create sentences that are almost abstract.
Examples could include: this, all, such and something.
 All was not lost.
 Such is life.
 Personal pronouns – those associated with a certain person, thing, or group; all
except you have distinct forms that indicate singular or plural number. Personal
pronouns are always specific and are often used to replace a proper noun
(someone’s name) or a collective group of people or things. Personal pronouns
have two main groups, one referring to the subject of the sentence and one to the
object.Something tells me this won’t end well

 Personal pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 Jack and David are friends. They play basketball together.
 I have more money than he

Reflexive pronouns – those preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun

to which they refer, and ending in –self or –selves. Reflexive pronouns are used to
refer back to the subject or clause of a sentence. The list of reflexive pronouns
includes: Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
themselves
 Reflexive pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 Count yourselves
 Annie only had herself to blame.

Demonstrative pronouns – those used to point to something specific within a

sentence. There are only four demonstrative pronouns – this, that, these, those –
but the usage can be a bit tricky at times. This and that are singular,
whereas these and those are plural. As you may have noticed, there can be some
crossover with indefinite pronouns when using this and that.
 Demonstrative pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 I prefer this.
 These are beautiful, but those belong to Danny
.
Possessive pronouns – those designating possession or ownership. Examples
include: mine, its, hers, his, yours, ours, theirs, whose. 

 Possessive pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 Are these bananas yours?
 This money is ours.
 Relative pronouns –those which refer to nouns mentioned previously, acting to
introduce an adjective (relative) clause. They will usually appear after a noun to help
clarify the sentence or give extra information. Examples include: who, which, that,
whom, whose.
 Relative pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

 The table, which sits in the hallway, is used for correspondence.

 The car that crashed into the wall was blue.

Interrogative pronouns –Those which introduce a question. Examples include: who,

whom, whose, what, which. We can usually identify an interrogative pronoun by the fact
that they often appear at the beginning of a question.
 Interrogative pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 Who will come to the party?
 Which do you prefer?

Reciprocal pronouns –Those expressing mutual actions or relationship; i.e. one another.

There are just two reciprocal pronouns in English: one another and each other. They are
mainly used to stop unnecessary repetition in a sentence, but also to reinforce the idea
that collective and reciprocal actions are happening to more than one person or thing.
 Reciprocal pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 The boxers punched each other
 The couple love one another deeply

Intensive pronouns – those ending in –self or –selves and that serve to emphasize their

antecedents. These are almost identical to reflexive pronouns, but rather than just
referring back to the subject of the sentence they work to reinforce the action. In many
cases, the sentence would still make sense without the intensive pronoun.
 Intensive pronoun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

 I will do it myself.
 We made this pie ourselves.
3. VERB
Verbs are action words that tell what happens in a sentence. They can also show a
sentence subject's state of being (is, was). Verbs change form based on tense (present, past)
and count distinction (singular or plural).

Examples: sing, dance, believes, seemed, finish, eat, drink, be, became

 Examples :
 Mark eats his dinner quickly.
 We went to the market.
 You write neatly in your notebook.

Physical Verbs – Definition

Physical verbs are action verbs. They describe specific physical actions. If you can create
a motion with your body or use a tool to complete an action, the word you use to describe it
is most likely a physical verb.

 The physical verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
 Let’s run to the corner and back.
 I hear the train coming.

Mental Verbs – Definition

Mental verbs have meanings that are related to concepts such as discovering,
understanding, thinking, or planning. In general, a mental verb refers to a cognitive state.

 The mental verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
 I know the answer.
 She recognized me from across the room.

States of Being Verbs – Definition

Also known as linking verbs, state of being verbs describe conditions or situations that
exist. State of being verbs are inactive since no action is being performed. These verbs, forms
of to be, such as am, is, are, are usually complemented by adjectives.

 The state of being verbs in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
 I am a student.
  We are circus performers.

 TYPES OF VERBS

Action Verbs

Action verbs express specific actions and are used any time you want to show action or
discuss someone doing something.  It’s important to remember that the action does not
have to be physical.

Action verb examples:

 Run
 Dance
 Slide
 Jump
 Think
 Do
 Go
 Stand
 Smile
 .Listen.
 The action verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
 I run faster than David.
 He does it well.

Transitive Verbs
Transitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities that relate
or affect someone or something else. These other things are generally direct objects,
nouns or pronouns that are affected by the verb.

Transitive verb examples:

 Love
 Respect
 Tolerate
 Believe
  Maintain.

 The transitive verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 He kicked John.
 John punches him.

Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. They are
different from transitive verbs because there is no direct object following an intransitive verb.

Intransitive verb examples:

 Walk
 Laugh
 Cough
 Play
 Run
 The intransitive verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 I sneeze in the morning.
 He arrived with moments to spare.

Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs and are used together with a main verb
to show the verb’s tense or to form a question or negative. Common examples of auxiliary
verbs include have, might, will. These auxiliary verbs give some context to the main verb, for
example, letting the reader know when the action took place.

Auxiliary verb examples:

 Would
 Should
 Do
 Can
 Did
 Could
 May
 The auxiliary verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
 I may dance with you later.
  We did consider Bryan’s feelings.

Stative Verbs

Stative verbs can be recognized because they express a state rather than an action.
They typically relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being, and
measurements.

 The stative verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
 John doubts the doctor’s opinion.
 I believe the doctor is right.

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used to express abilities, possibilities,
permissions, and obligations.

Modal verb examples:

 Can
 Must
 May
 Should
 Would
 The modal verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 I should go home.
 You must not delay.

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs aren’t single words; instead, they are combinations of words that are used
together to take on a different meaning to that of the original verb.

Phrasal verb examples:

 Run out
 Go all out
 Make out
 Hand out
  Bring out

 The phrasal verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
 He brought up the same points again and again.
 Leroy handed in the wallet to the police.

Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs are those that don’t take on the regular spelling patterns of past simple and
past participle verbs. Unfortunately, there are hundreds of irregular verbs in the English
language. But don’t worry, while many are used often, the majority are not in common usage
– or if they are, you will use them so often you will learn them quickly. Some of the most
common irregular verbs include: say, make, go, take, come, know and see.

Irregular verb examples:

 Eat
 Think 
 Bring
 Hold
 Bear
 Buy
 Lay
 Catch
 Drive

 The irregular verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
 I take my time when I go to the shops (present tense)
 I took my time when I went to the shops (past tense)
 4. ADJECTIVE
Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They specify which one, how much, what kind,
and more. Adjectives allow readers and listeners to use their senses to imagine something
more clearly.

Examples: hot, lazy, funny, unique, bright, beautiful, poor, smooth.

 examples, the highlighted words are adjectives:

 They live in a big, beautiful
 Since it’s a hot day, Lisa is wearing a sleeveless

 TYPES OF ADJECTIVES

Articles

There are only three articles, and all of them are adjectives: a, an, and the. Because they
are used to discuss non-specific things and people, a and an are called indefinite articles.
For example:

 I’d like a
 Let’s go on an

Possessive Adjectives

As the name indicates, possessive adjectives are used to indicate possession. They are:

 My
 Your
 His
 Her
 Its
 Our
 Their

Possessive adjectives also function as possessive pronouns.

 Demonstrative Adjectives

Like the article the, demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate or demonstrate specific
people, animals, or things. These, those, this and that are demonstrative adjectives.

 These books belong on that

 This movie is my favorite.
 Please put those cookies on the blue plate.

Coordinate Adjectives

Coordinate adjectives are separated with commas or the word and, and appear one after
another to modify the same noun. The adjectives in the phrase bright, sunny day and long and
dark night are coordinate adjectives.

example: The sign had big, bold, and bright letters.

Numbers Adjectives

When they’re used in sentences, numbers are almost always adjectives. You can tell that
a number is an adjective when it answers the question “How many?”

 The stagecoach was pulled by a team of six

 He ate 23 hotdogs during the contest, and was sick afterwards.

Interrogative Adjectives

There are three interrogative adjectives: which, what, and whose. Like all other types of
adjectives, interrogative adjectives modify nouns. As you probably know, all three of these
words are used to ask questions.

 Which option sounds best to you?

 What time should we go?

Indefinite Adjectives

Like the articles a and an, indefinite adjectives are used to discuss non-specific things.
You might recognize them, since they’re formed from indefinite pronouns. The most
common indefinite adjectives are any, many, no, several, and few.
  Do we have any peanut butter?
Attributive Adjectives

Attributive adjectives talk about specific traits, qualities, or features – in other words,
they are used to discuss attributes. There are different kinds of attributive adjectives:

Observation adjectives such as real, perfect, best, interesting, beautiful or cheapest can
indicate value or talk about subjective measures.

Size and shape adjectives talk about measurable, objective qualities including specific
physical properties. Some examples include small, large, square, round, poor, wealthy, slow
and

Grandfather has been retired for many

5. ADVERB
Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs. They specify when,
where, how, and why something happened and to what extent or how often.

Examples: softly, lazily, often, only, hopefully, softly, sometimes.

For example:

 She was walking rapidly.

 The kids love playing together in the sandbox.

 TYPES OF ADVERBS

Adverbs of Manner

An adverb of manner will explain how an action is carried out. Very often adverbs of
manner are adjectives with -ly added to the end, but this is certainly not always the case. In
fact, some adverbs of manner will have the same spelling as the adjective form.

 Some examples of adverbs of manner include:

 Slowly
 Rapidly
 Clumsily
 Badly
 Diligently
 Sweetly
 Warmly
 Sadly

Adverb of manner examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 She passed the exam easily.
 They walk quickly to catch the train.
 Adverbs of place

An adverb of place, sometimes called spatial adverbs, will help explain where an action
happens. Adverbs of place will be associated with the action of the verb in a sentence,
providing context for direction, distance and position: southeast, everywhere, up, left, close
by, back, inside, around. These terms don’t usually end in -ly.

Adverbs of place examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

 Directions
 New York is located north of Philadelphia.
 They traveled down the mountainside.
 Distance
 There was a deli
 Jane is moving far away.
 Position
 The treasure lies underneath the box.
 The cat is sleeping on the bed.

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency are used to express time or how often something occurs. Adverbs
of frequency can be split two main groups. The first, adverbs of indefinite frequency, are
terms that have an unclear meaning as to how long are how often something occurs: usually,
always, normally.

 Adverbs of frequency examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 The adverb is usually placed before the main verb.
 I can normally make the shot.

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of time, while seemingly similar to adverbs of frequency, tell us when something
happens. Adverbs of time are usually placed at the end of a sentence.

 Adverbs of time examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
 I will see you
  Harvey forgot his lunch yesterday and again today.

Adverbs of Purpose

Adverbs of purpose, sometimes called adverbs of reason, help to describe why something
happened. They can come in the form of individual words – so, since, thus, because – but
also clauses – so that, in order to. Notice in the examples that the adverbs of purpose are
used to connect sentences that wouldn’t make sense if they were formed alone.

 Adverbs of purpose examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
 I was sick, thus didn’t go to work today.
 I started jogging so that I wouldn’t be late.

Positions of Adverbs

The positions of adverbs are not a fixed or set thing. As you have seen, adverbs can
appear in different position in a sentence. However, there are some rules that help us decide
where an adverb should be positioned.

Positional adverb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

 Adverb position with adjectives and other adverbs

 We gave them a really tough match. The adverb really modifies the adjective
tough.
 It was quite windy that night. The adverb quite modifies the adjective windy.

 Adverb position with verbs

 She laughed timidly.
 I stroked the cat gently.

Order of Adverbs

Adverb order is so important it has clear rules. It’s already mentioned that some adverbs
will act to modify another, but how do you decide the structure of a sentence with several
adverbs? Thankfully, there is a simple set of rules to follow, called the order of adverbs.
  adverbs get preference (are placed first) in the following order:
 Adverbs of manner.
 Adverbs of place.
 Adverbs of frequency.
 Adverbs of time.
 Adverbs of purpose.

Consider this sentence:

I run (verb) quickly (manner) down the road (place) every morning (frequency) before
school (time) because (purpose) I might miss the bus.
6. PREPOSITION
Prepositions show spacial, temporal, and role relations between a noun or pronoun and
the other words in a sentence. They come at the start of a prepositional phrase, which
contains a preposition and its object.

Examples: up, over, against, by, for, into, close to, out of, apart from.

Examples of Prepositions

 I prefer to read in the library.

 He climbed up the ladder to get onto the roof.

 TYPES OS PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions of Time

Basic examples of time prepositions include: at, on, in, before and after. They are used to
help indicate when something happened, happens or will happen. It can get a little confusing
though, as many different prepositions can be used.

For example:

 I was born on July 4th, 1982.

 I was born in 1982.

Prepositions of Place

To confuse matters a bit, the most common prepositions to indicate time – on, at, in – are
also the most common prepositions to indicate position. However, the rules are a little clearer
as place prepositions are a more rigid concept than time prepositions.

For example :

 The cat is on the table.

 The dogs are in the kennel.
 Prepositions of Movement

Prepositions of movement are quite easy to understand as they are less abstract than
prepositions of place and time. Essentially, they describe how something or someone moves
from one place to another.

For example :

 He has gone on vacation to France.

 She went to the bowling alley every Friday last summer.

Prepositions with Nouns

There are lots of different nouns that carry specific prepositions to consolidate their
meaning. These are called dependent prepositions. Again, there isn’t a set rule that says a
particular type of noun will take a dependent preposition, although they normally follow the
noun.

Examples:

 He displayed cruelty towards his dog.

 She had knowledge of physics.

Prepositions with Verbs

Prepositional verbs – the phrasal combinations of verbs and prepositions – are important
parts of speech. The prepositions again act as links between the verb and noun or gerund,
giving extra meaning to the sentence. The prepositions most commonly used with verbs are:
to, for, about, of, in, at and from.

For exemple

Verb + to:

 He admitted to the charge.

Verb + for:

 He must apologize for his actions.

Verb + with:
  I don’t agree with your claim.

Verb + of:

 I dream of a better life.

Verb + in:

 Does Rick believe in miracles?

Verb + at

 We arrived at our destination.

Verb + on:

 We should really concentrate on our studies now.

Verb + from:

 Since turning 80, she suffers from lapses in concentration.

Prepositions with Adjectives

Prepositions can form phrases with adjectives to give further context to the action,
emotion or thing the adjective is describing. Like verbs and nouns, adjectives can be
followed by: to, about, In, for, with, at and by.

 I am happily married to David.

 Ellie is crazy about this movie.
 Michelle is interested in politics.
 7. CONJUNCTION
Conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. There are coordinating,
subordinating, and correlative conjunctions.

Examples: and, but, or, so, yet, with.

 TYPES OF CONJUCTIOS

There are several different types of conjunctions that do various jobs within sentence
structures. These include:

Subordinating conjunctions –  Also known as subordinators, these conjunctions join

dependent clauses to independent clauses.
Coordinating conjunction – Also known as coordinators, these conjunctions coordinate
or join two or more sentences, main clauses, words, or other parts of speech which are of
the same syntactic importance.
Correlative conjunction – These conjunctions correlate, working in pairs to join phrases
or words that carry equal importance within a sentence.
Conjunctive adverbs – While some instructors do not teach conjunctive adverbs
alongside conjunctions, these important parts of speech are worth a mention here. These
adverbs always connect one clause to another, and are used to show sequence, contrast,
cause and effect, and other relationships.

When people first learn to write, they usually begin with short, basic sentences like these: “My
name is Ted. I am a boy. I like dogs.” One of the most important jobs conjunctions do is to
connect these short sentences so they sound more like this: “I am a boy named Ted, and I like
dogs.”

Conjunction Rules

There are a few important rules for using conjunctions. Remember them and you will find
that your writing flows better:

Conjunctions are for connecting thoughts, actions, and ideas as well as nouns, clauses, and
other parts of speech. For example: Mary went to the supermarket and bought oranges.
 Conjunctions List

There are only a few common conjunctions, yet these words perform many functions: They
present explanations, ideas, exceptions, consequences, and contrasts. Here is a list of
conjunctions commonly used in American English:

 And
 As
 Because
 But
 For
 Just as
 Or
 Neither
 No
 Not only
 So
 Whether
 Yet

 Examples of Conjunctions

 In the following examples, the conjunctions are in bold for easy recognition:
 I tried to hit the nail but hit my thumb instead.
 I have two goldfish and a cat.
 I’d like a bike for commuting to work.
 8. ARTICLES AND DETERMINERS
Articles and determiners function like adjectives by modifying nouns, but they are
different than adjectives in that they are necessary for a sentence to have proper syntax.
Articles and determiners specify and identify nouns, and there are indefinite and definite
articles.

Examples: articles: a, an, the; determiners: these, that, those, enough, much, few, which,
what.

Some traditional grammars have treated articles as a distinct part of speech. Modern

grammars, however, more often include articles in the category of determiners, which identify or
quantify a noun. Even though they modify nouns like adjectives, articles are different in that they
are essential to the proper syntax of a sentence, just as determiners are necessary to convey the
meaning of a sentence, while adjectives are optional.

 TYPES OF DETERMINERS

Articles

Articles are the most popular types of determiners. The main articles are 'the,' 'a,' and 'an.'
'The' is a definite article, which means it refers to a specific person, place, or thing. Using the
word 'the' as a determiner increases the exactness of the subject in a sentence. On the other
hand, 'a' and 'an' are indefinite articles, which means that the noun they precede isn't an exact
person, place or, thing; rather, the article creates a more generalized noun. Take a look at the
following examples:

 The cat eats the mouse's cheese.

 A cat ate the mouse's cheese.
 An apple fell from the tree.
 The apple fell from the tree.
 Possessives

Possessive words such as 'ours,' 'yours,' 'mine,' 'theirs,' 'hers,' and 'his' can be used as
determiners. A possessive determiner provides context in a sentence because it informs the
reader what belongs to the subject. Here are a few examples:

 Her car is over there.

 Is your coffee on the counter?

Demonstratives

Demonstratives serve as determiners that locate a noun in a specific location.Word such

as that,this, there, these and those can work as determiners.

Exemples

 Did you want to eat that pizza?

9. INTERJECTION
Interjections are expressions that can stand on their own or be contained within sentences.
These words and phrases often carry strong emotions and convey reactions.

Examples: ah, whoops, ouch, yabba dabba  do!

Exemple :

 Mild interjections may be punctuated with commas. These include words

such as: um, well, uh, er.
 I, um, don’t know what you mean.
 Forceful interjections are punctuated with exclamation points or commas.
These include words such as: duh, wow, shoot.
 Wow! That was impressive.