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Lesson 2: Sequences: Arithmetic Sequence

The document discusses arithmetic sequences, geometric sequences, and Fibonacci numbers. An arithmetic sequence has a constant difference between terms, while a geometric sequence multiplies each term by a constant ratio. Examples and formulas are provided to write the explicit rule and find specific terms. Fibonacci numbers appear in nature due to maximizing packing efficiency and relate to the golden ratio. The Fibonacci sequence is defined by a formula involving the golden ratio.

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Chriselda Cabangon
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552 views3 pages

Lesson 2: Sequences: Arithmetic Sequence

The document discusses arithmetic sequences, geometric sequences, and Fibonacci numbers. An arithmetic sequence has a constant difference between terms, while a geometric sequence multiplies each term by a constant ratio. Examples and formulas are provided to write the explicit rule and find specific terms. Fibonacci numbers appear in nature due to maximizing packing efficiency and relate to the golden ratio. The Fibonacci sequence is defined by a formula involving the golden ratio.

Uploaded by

Chriselda Cabangon
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LESSON 2: SEQUENCES

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
 In an Arithmetic Sequence the difference between one term and the next term is a constant.
 We just add some value each time on to infinity.
 For example:
- 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, …
- This sequence has a difference of 3 between each number.
- Its rule is a n=3 n−2
 In general, we can write an arithmetic sequence like this;
 a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d
 a is the first term
 d is the difference between the terms (called the “common difference")
 The rule is:
 a n=a+ d (n−1)
 (We use “n-1” because d is not used on the 1st term)
 For each sequence, if it is arithmetic, find the common difference
1. -3, -6, -9, -12, … 1. d = -3
2. 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, … 2. d = 1.1
3. 41, 32, 23, 14, 5, … 3. d = -9
4. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, … 4. Not an arithmetic sequence

 Write the explicit rule for the sequence  Find the 12th term of this sequence. Substitute
 19, 13, 7, 1, -5, … 12 in for “n”
 Start with the formula: a n=a+ d (n−1) o a 12=19−6(12−1)
 a is the first term = 19 o a 12=19−6(11)
 d is the common difference: -6 o a 12=19−66
 The rule is: o a 12=−47
o a n=19−6(n−1)

1. What is the fiftieth term of the arithmetic sequence 3, 7, 11, 15, …?

 a n=a+ d (n−1)  a n=a+ d (n−1)


 a=3  a 10=3+4 (50−1)
 n=50  a 10=3+4 (49)
 d=4  a 10=3+196
 a 50=? a 10=199

2. What is the thirty-second term of the arithmetic sequence -12, -7, -2, 3, …?

 a n=a+ d (n−1)  a n=a+ d (n−1)


 a=−12  a 32=−12+5 (32−1)
 n=32  a 32=−12+5 (31)
 d=5  a 32=−12+155
 a 32=? a 32=143

3. The first term of an arithmetic sequence is 4 and the tenth term is 67. What is the common difference?

 a n=a+ d (n−1)  a=4


 n=10  67=4 +9 d
 a n=67  67−4=9 d
 d=? 63 9 d
 =
 a n=a+ d (n−1) 9 9
 67=4 +d (10−1)  7=d

GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
 In a Geometric Sequence each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a constant.
 For example:
- 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, …
- The sequence has a factor of 2 between each number.
n
- It’s rule is a n=2
 In general, we can write a geometric sequence like this:
 a, ar, ar2, ar3, …
 a is the first term
 r is the factor between the terms (called the “common ratio”).

(n−1)
The rule is a n=ar
 We use “n-1” because ar0 is the 1st term.
 For each sequence, if it is geometric, find the common ratio.
1. 2, 8, 32, 128, … 1. r=4
2. 10, 100, 1000, … 2. r = 10
3. 1, -1, 1, -1, … 3. r = -1
4. 20, 16, 12, 8, 4, … 4. Not a geometric sequence.

 Write the explicit rule for the sequence  Find the 12th term of this sequence. Substitute
 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, … 12 in for “n.”
 Start with the formula: a n=ar
(n−1)
o a 12= (3 )( 2 )( 12−1)
 a is the first term = 3 o a 12=(3)(2)(11)
 r is the common ratio: 2 o a 12= (3 ) (2048)
 The rule is: o a 12=6,144
 a n=(3)(2)(n−1)

1. What is the eleventh term of the geometric sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, ... ?


(n−1)
Solution: a n=ar a n=ar (n−1)
 a=3  a 11=(3)( 2)(11−1)
 r=2  a 11=(3)( 2)(10)
 n = 11
 a 11=(3)( 1024)
 a 11=?
 a 11=3072
2. What is the ninth term of the geometric sequence 81, 27, 9, 3, ... ?

Solution: a n=ar
(n−1)
 a 9=?
 a = 81
 r = 1/3  a n=ar (n−1)
 n=9
1 (9−1) 1
 a 9=( 81)( )  a 9=( 81)( )
3 6,561
1 (8) 81 1
 a 9=(81)( )  a 9= ∨
3 6561 81

3. The first term of a geometric sequence is 5 and the sixth term is 160. What is the common ratio?


(n−1)
Solution: a n=ar a n=ar (n−1)
 a=5  160=(5)(r )(6−1)
 r=?  160=(5)(r )(5)
 n=6
160 5 r 5
 a 6=160  =
5 5
5
 32=r
 2=r

FIBONACCI NUMBERS
FIBONACCI NUMBERS IN NATURE

 An example of efficiency in nature.


 As each row of seeds in a sunflower or pine cone, or petals on a flower grows, it tries to put the maximum
number in the smallest space.
 Fibonacci numbers are the whole numbers which express the golden ratio, which corresponds to the angle
which maximizes number of items in the smallest space.
 Why are they called Fibonacci numbers?
 Leonardo of Pisa, c1175 – c 1250
 Liber Abaci, 1202, one of the first books to be published by a European
 One of the first people to introduce the decimal number system into Europe.
 On his travels saw the advantage of the Hindu-Arabic numbers compared to Roman numerals
 Rabbit problem – in the follow-up work
 About how maths is related to all kinds of things you’d never have thought of
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765
Formula:

φn – (1−φ)n
√5
where φ=1.618034…

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