BS EN 1993-1-8:2005

EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)

(3) For an unequal-leg angle connected by its smaller leg, the effective area should be taken as equal to
the gross cross-sectional area of an equivalent equal-leg angle of leg size equal to that of the smaller
leg, when determining the design resistance of the cross-section, see EN 1993-1-]. However when
determining the design buckling resistance of a compression member, see EN 1993-1-1, the actual
gross cross-sectional area should be used.

4.14 Welding in cold-formed zones

(1) Welding may be carried out within a length 5t either side of a cold-formed zone, see Table 4.2,
provided that one of the following conditions is fulfilled:
the cold-formed zones are normalized after cold-forming but before welding;
the ";t-ra1io satisfy the relevant value obtained from Table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Conditions for welding cold-formed zones and adjacent material
Maximum thickness (111m)
S1rain due to cold Generally Fully killed
r/t Alumini um-killed
forming (%)
Predominantly Where fatigue steel
static loading predominates (AI> 0,02 %)
25 :::::2 any any any
10 :::::5 any 16 any
3,0 ::::: 14 24 12 24
::::: 2,0 ::::: 20 12 10 12
::::: 1,5 S;; 25 8 8 ]0
::::: 1,0 S;; 33 4 4 6
5t

5t
v

~ NOTE Cold fonned hollow sections according to EN 10.219 which do not satisfy the limits given in
Table 4.2 can be assumed to satisfy these limits if these sections have a thickness not exceeding 12,5 mm
and are AI-killed with a quality J2H, MH, MLH, NH or NLH and further satisfy Cs 0,18%, P:::; ,020%
and S :::; 0,012(%.
In other cases welding is only permitted within a distance of 5t from the corners if it can be shown by tests
that welding is permitted for that particular application. @l]

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BS EN 1993-1-8:2005
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)

5 Analysis, classification and modelling

5.1 Global analysis

5.1.1 General

(1) The effects of the behaviour of the joints on the distribution of intemal forces and moments within a
structure, and on the overall deformations of the structure, should generally be taken into account, but
where these etTects are sufficiently small they may be neglected.

(2) To identify whether the effects of joint behaviour on the analysis need be taken into account, a
distinction may be made between three simplified joint models as follows:
simple, in which the joint may be assumed not to transmit bending moments;
continuous, in which the behaviour of the joint may be assumed to have no effect on the analysis;
semi-continuous, in which the behaviour of the joint needs to be taken into account in the
analysis.

(3) The appropriate type of joint model should be determined from Table 5.1, depending on the
classification orthe joint and on the chosen method of analysis.

(4) The moment-rotation characteristic of a joint used in the analysis may be simplified by
adopting any appropriate curve, including a linearized approximation (e.g. bi-linear or tri-linear),
provided that the approximate curve lies wholly below the moment-rotation characteristic.

Table 5.1: Type of joint model

Method of global
Classification of joint
analysis
Elastic Nominally pinned Rigid Semi-ngid

Klgld··FJastic Nominally pinned Full-strength Partial-strength

Semi-rigid and partial-strength
Elastic-Plastic Nominally pinned Rigid and full-strength Semi-rigid and full-strength
Rigid and partial-strength
Type of
Continuous Semi-continuous
joint model

5.1.2 Elastic global analysis

(I) The joints should be classified according to their rotational lJ.U.ll""", see 5.2.2.

The joints should have sufficient to transmit the forces and moments acting at the joints
resulting from the analysis.

(3) In the case of a semi-rigid joint, the rotational stiffness Sj corresponding to the bending moment
should generally be lIsed in the analysis. If
/W(j,Ed does not exceed 2/3 A1j ,Rd the initial rotational
stimless may be taken in the global analysis, see Figure 5.1 (a). .

(4) As a simplification to 5.1.2(3), the rotational stiffness lllay be taken as SJ.inJ'1 in the for all
values of the moment , as shown in Figure 5.1(b), where '7 is the stiffness modification
coefficient from Table 5.2.

For joints connecting H or J sections Sj is given in 6.3.1.

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 BS EN 1993-1-8:2005
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)

a) Mj,Ed :s 2/3 Mj,Rd

Figure 5.1: Rotational stiffness to be used in elastic global analysis

Table 5.2: Stiffness modification coefficient 1/

Other types of joints
Beam-to-column (beam-to-beam
Type of connection
joints joints, beam splices,
colul1m base joints)

Welded 2 3

Bolted end-plates 2 3

Bolted cleats 2

Base - 3

5.1.3 Rigid-plastic global analysis

(1) The joints should be classified according to their strength, see 5.2.3.

(2) For joints connecting H or 1 sections A!i,Rd is in 6.2.

(3) For joints connecting ho1Jow sections the method given in section 7 may be used.

(4) The rotation capacity of a joint should be sufficient to accommodate the rotations resulting from the
analysis.

(5) For joints connecting H or J sections the rotation capacity should be checked according to 6.4.

5.1.4 Elastic- plastic global analysis

(1) The joints should be classified according to both stiffness (see 5.2.2) and strength 5.2.3).

(2) For joints connecting H or 1 sections Ali.Rd is in 6.2, SJ is given in 6.3. J and ~Cd is given in 6.4.

For joints connecting hollow sections the method given in section 7 may be used.

(4) The moment rotation characteristic of the joints should be used to determine the distribution of
internal forces and moments.

(5) As a simplification, the bi-linear moment-rotation characteristic shown in 5.2 may be

adopted. The stiffness modification coefficient '7 should be obtained from Table 5.2.

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BS EN 1993-1-8:2005
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)

Figure 5.2: Simplified bi-linear design moment-rotation characteristic

5.1.5 Global analysis of lattice girders

(I) The provisions given in 5.l.5 apply only to structures whose joints are verified according to section 7.

(2) The distribution of axial forces in a lattice girder may be detennined on the assumption that the
members are connected by pinned joints (see also 2.7).

(3) Secondary moments at the joints, caused by the rotational stiffnesses of the joints, may be neglected
both in the of the members and in the design of the joints, provided that both of the following
conditions are satisfied:
the joint geometry is within the range of validity specified in Table 7.1, Table 7.8, Table 7.9 or
Table 7.20 as appropriate;
the ratio of the system length to the depth of the member in the plane of the lattice girder is not
less than the appropriate minimum value. For building structures, the appropriate minimum value
may be assumed to be 6. values may apply in other parts of EN 1993;
the eccentricity is within the limits specified in 5.1.5(5). @lI

(4) The moments resulting from transverse loads (whether in-plane or out-of-plane) that are applled
between panel points, should be taken into account in the of the members to which they are
applied. Provided that the conditions in 5.1.5(3) are satisfied:
the brace members may be considered as pin-connected to the chords, so moments resulting from
transverse loads applied to chord members need not be distributed into brace members, and vice
versa;
the chords may be considered as continuous beams, with simple supports at panel points.

(5) Moments resulting from eccentricities may be neglected in the design of tension chord members and
brace members. They may also be neglected in the design of connections if the eccentricities are
within the following limits:

- -0,55 do 0,25 do ... (5.1a)

-0,55 ho 0,25 ho ... (S.1b)

where:
IS the eccentrjcity defined in Figure
do IS the diameter of the chord:
ho is the depth of the chord, in the plane of the lattice girder.

(6) When the eccentnc1tles are within the limits given in 5.1.5(5), the moments resulting from the
eccentricities should be taken into account in the design of compression chord members. In this case
the moments produced by the eccentricity should be distributed bet ween the compression chord

52
 BS EN 1993-1-8:2005
EN 1993-1-8:2005 (E)

members on each side of the joint, on the basis of their relative stiffness coefficients ilL, where L is
the system length of the member, measured between panel points.

(7) When the eccentricities are outside the limits given in 5.1.5(5), the moments resulting from the
eccentricities should be taken into account in the design of the joints ~ and the members @l1 .
In this case the moments produced by the eccentricity should be distributed bet ween all the members
meeting at the joint, on the basis of their relative stiffness coefficients ilL.

(8) The stresses in a chord resulting from moments taken into account in the design of the chord, should
also be taken into account in determining the factors km, k n and kp used in the design of the joints,
see Table 7.2to Table 7.5, Table 7.]0 and Table 7.12 to Table 7.14.

(9) The cases where moments should be taken into account are summarized in Table 5.3.

or

or

or

Figure 5.3: Eccentricity of joints

Table 5.3 Allowance for bending moments

Source of the bending moment

Type of component
Secondary effects Transverse loading Eccentricity

Compression chord Yes

Tension chord ~Not if 5.1.5(3) and (5) are satisfied

Not if 5.1.5(3) Yes
Brace member is satisfied Not ifS.J.S(3) and (5) are satisfied

Joint Not if 5.1.5(3) and (5) are satisfied@l1

53