For instructional purposes only + 1% Semester SY 2020-2021 15 Lesson 3.2: Measures of Central Tendency, Position, and Variation Lesson Summary This lesson discusses how data can be described using the measures of averages. It deals with the three measures of central tendency, namely, the mean, median, and mode. The measures of relative position and measures of variation are also discussed. The measures of relative position, such as the quartiles, percentiles, z-scores, and box- & whisker plot, are used to describe the location of the data value in the data set while the measures of variation, such as the range, interquartile range, absolute deviation, variance, and standard deviation, are used to tell how to scatter or spread out a distribution is Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to: Find the mean, median, and mode of a given data set. Interpret data using the measure of central tendency. Find the range of a data set. Find the interquartile range. Find the variance and standard deviation. Find the absolute deviation. Find the first, second, and third quartiles. Identify the position of the data value in a data set using percentiles. eNoMsena Motivation Question Measures of central tendency, position, and variation are essential topics in statistics; why is it important to study each of them? Discussion Measures of Central Tendency When given a set of observations, one of the things we would want to know is a value that is characteristic of the group. This value must best describe the group and be a representative of all the observations. This value is called the measure of central tendency. ‘A measure of central tendency represents the center point or typical value of a set of data. In layman's term, a measure of central tendency is an average. In statistics, the three most common measures value of central Vision: Mission: Page 18 of 122 ‘A globally compettive university for science, technology and environmental conservation, Development ofa highly competve human resource, cuting-edge scientific knowledge and innovative tecanologies for sustainable communities and environment, ‘TP.1MD-026 Math 1n: Mathematics in the Modem World tendency are the mean, median, and mode. In the following discussion, we will look at the mean, median, and mode and learn how to calculate them and under what conditions they are most appropriate to be used. Choosing the best measure of central tendency depends on the type of data you have. A. Mean The arithmetic mean, often called the mean, is the most frequently used measure of central tendency. The mean is the only common measure in which all values play an equal role, meaning, to determine its value, we need to consider all the values of any data set. Itis easy to calculate: just add up all the numbers, then divide by how many numbers there are. The mean is denoted by £ and can be computed using the formula: Ex where: x= the value of an observation 7 n= the total no. of observations Properties of Mean A set of data has only one mean, Mean can be applied for interval and ratio data All values in the data set are included in computing the mean. The mean is very useful in comparing two or more data sets. Mean is affected by the extremely small or large values in the data set 6. Mean is most appropriate in symmetrical data. weena Example 1: Solve for the mean of the set 1,5,3,9,7. Solution: pa RE LPS H34947 _ 25 _ 5 Example 2: ‘Suppose a basketball team has 15 players, and the heights (in cm) are as follows: 180 204 188 184 189 190 190 200 193 186 186 187 182 201 187 Find the mean height of the players. Solution: Ex _ 2847 1515 Vision: _A globally competitive university for science, technology, and enuironmental conservation Page 160122 Mission: Development ofa highly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge Te-MD-02 and innovative tecanologies for sustainable communities and environment,For instructional purposes only + 1% Semester SY 2020-2021 Example 3: W A teacher gave five tests in mathematics. Dina got the following scores in the first four tests: 82, 76, 79, and 81. What must be her score in the fifth test so that his average s 80? Solution: Given: z= 80 Let x5 = Dina’s score in the fifth test Bx zg 82476 +79 +814 x5 ag-— ees 5 80(5) = 318 + x5 400 = 318 + x5 Xs = 400-318 Xs = 82 Therefore, Dina’s score on the fifth test is 82. Weighted Mean ‘The weighted mean is particularly useful when various classes or groups contribute differently to the total. The weighted mean is found by multiplying each value by its corresponding weight and dividing by the sum of the weights. The formula for finding the weighted mean is: xy tx2Wa tga Het an Wi tw, Fwy + Wy Sw Example 4: Joel's first quarter grade is shown in the table below. Use the weighted mean formula to find Joel's GPA for the first quarter. Subjects | English_| Math | Filipino | Science | MAPEH | Hele Grade 90 87 88 93 95 96 No. of Units [3 3 3 3 2 1 Solution: __ ews t+ xawy + was + aay + x55 Wi; + Wy + Wy ty + We _ _ 90(3) + 87(3) + 88(3) + 95(2) + 96(1) w= 343434241 Page 17 of 122 Vision: A globally competitive university for scence, technology, and envonmental conservation Mission: Development of a highly competive human resource, eating-edge scientific knowledge Te-M-02 and innovative technologies for sustainable communities and environment,18 Math 1n: Mathematics in the Modem World _ _ 1,088 wwe Sy = 90.67 Therefore, Joel's GPA for the first quarter is 90.67. B. Median The median (M,) is the middle value in a set of observations arrange from highest to lowest or vice versa, Hence, to get the value of the median, we arrange the observations from highest to lowest or from lowest to highest. The observation in the middle is considered as the median. Properties of Median 1. The median is unique; there is only one median for a given set of data. 2. Median is not affected by the extremely small or large values. 3. Median can be applied for ordinal, interval, and ratio data. 4, Median is most appropriate in skewed data Example 1: Consider again the heights (in cm) of 15 basketball players listed. Find the median height of the players. 180 204 188 184 189 190 190 200 193 186 186 187 182 201 187 Solution: st, arrange the heights from the shortest to the tallest and pick the height of the middle player. 180 182 184 186 186 187 188 189 190 190 193 200 201 204 Since there are 15 players in the team, the eighth observation is the median Remarks: > If n is odd, the median of the observation corresponds to the net th observation (middle-ranked). > If mis even, the median is the average of the two middle-ranked values. nt Median (Rank Value) = "** Vision: Aglobally competitive university for sclence, technology, and environmental conservation. Page 18 of 122 Mission” Development of anighl competitive human resource, cating-edge scientific knowledge Teamo-02 and innovative tecanologies for sustainable communities and environment, woeFor instructional purposes only + 1% Semester SY 2020-2021 19 Example 2: The daily rates of the sample of eight employees at GMS Inc. are PS550, P420, P560, P500, P700, P670, P860, P480. Find the median daily rate of the employees. Solution: Step 1: Arrange the data in order. P420, P480, P50, PS50, PS60, P670, P700, PB6O Step 2: Select the middle-rank value. mit SH Las Median (Rank Value) = "+! = Step 3: Identify the median in the data set. 420, P480, P500, PS50, P560, P670, P700, P860 4 ase Since the middle point falls between P550 and P560, we can determine the median of the data set by getting the average of the two values. Then, we have: 550+560 1,110 = 555 Median = z Therefore, the median daily rate is P55S. MODE The mode is the value that occurs the most frequently in a given data set. Like the median and unlike the mean, extreme values in a data set do not affect the mode. A data set that has only one value that occurs the greatest frequency is said to be unimodal. If the data has two values with the same greatest frequency, both values are considered the mode, and the data set is said to be bimodal. If a data set has more than two modes, then the data set is said to be multimodal. There are some cases when a data set values have the same number frequency. When this occurs, the data set is said to be no mode. Properties of Mode 1. The mode is found by locating the most frequently occurring value 2. The mode is the easiest average to compute. 3. There can be more than one mode or even no mode in any given set 4, The mode is not affected by extreme small or large values. 5. The mode can be applied for nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio data Vision: Mission: ‘A globally compettive university for science, technology and environmental conservation, Development ofa highly competve human resource, cuting-edge scientific knowledge and innovative tecanologies for sustainable communities and environment, Page 19 of 122, ‘TP.1MD-0220 Math 1n: Mathematics in the Modem World Example 1: The following data represent the total unit sales for Smartphones from a sample of 10 Communication Centers for the month of August: 15, 17, 10, 12,13, 10, 14, 10,8, and 9. Find the mode. Solution: The ordered array for these data is: 8,9, 10, 10, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, Because 10 appears 3 times, more times than the other values, therefore, the mode is 10. Example 2: Compute for the following data that represents the number of LED television manufactured for the past three weeks: 20, 18,19, 25,20, 21, 20,25, 30, 29, 28, 29, 25, 25,27, 26, 22, and 20. Find the mode of the given set. Solution: The ordered array for these data is: 18, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 22, 25,25, 25, 25, 26,27, 28, 29, 29, 30, There are two modes 20 and 25, since each of these values occurs four times, Example 3: Find the mode of the ages of 9 middle-management employees of a certain company. The ages are 53,45,59,48,54,46,51,58, and 55. Solution: The ordered array for these data is: 45, 46, 48, 51, 5: 54,55,58,59, There is no mode since the data set has the same frequency. Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode When one is confronted with the question: "What is the best measure of central tendency to use for a given data set?" No hard and fast rules can be formulated. When the distribution of the observations is fairly symmetric or when there are no extreme observations, the mean is the most meaningful measure of central tendency. Vision: Mission: Page 20 of 122, TP.1MD-02 A globally competitive university for sclenee, technology, and environmental conservation Development ofa highly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge and innovative tecanologies for sustainable communities and environment,For instructional purposes only + 1% Semester SY 2020-2021 2 In the case of a perfectly symmetric distribution, all three measures are equal When extreme observations are found on the right end of the distribution, these extreme values pull the value of the mean to the right; therefore, the relationship between the three is illustrated as: < My |2-7] 3 414-7] 2 >(|5-7 waaunan ye — mean| = 22 Step 3: Compute the absolute deviation using the formula: _EI n 22 AD = = 275 8 D. Variance and Standard Deviation One of the most widely used measures of dispersion is the standard deviation. The more spread apart the data, the higher the deviation. Standard deviation is the square root of variance. The variance of a set of numbers is the mean of the squared deviations of these numbers from their mean. To facilitate calculations, we have the following formula to find the variance for ungrouped data: n—1 Example 4: Consider the following daily rates of a sample of eight employees at GMS Inc.: P550, P420, P560, P500, P700, P670, P860, P480. Find the variance and standard deviation. Solution: Step 1: Compute the mean of the data set. Lx _ 550 +420 +560 + 500 + 700 + 670 + 860 + 480 7 @ 4740 _ soy “a Vision: _A globally compettve univers for selence, technology. and environmental conservation, 49628 0" 122 Mission’ Development of ahighly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge qTPaMo-02 and innovative tecanologies for sustainable communities and environment, woeFor instructional purposes only + 1% Semester SY 2020-2021 29 Step 2: Calculate the mean and the deviations of each item from the mean. Daily Rate @) x-# eH 550 —42.5 1,806.25 — (—}12.5)* 420 1725 29,756.25 > (-172.5)? 560 32.5 1,056.25 > (4825)? 500 92.5 8,556.25 700 1075, 11,556.25 670 775 6,006.25 860 267.5 71,556.25 480 -1125 12,656.25 4740 | Yo-n=0 (2)? = 142,950 Step 3: Solve for the variance and standard deviation. D@e-H? _ 142,950 _ pe = 2042143 — — (2@=%7 _ 20,421.43 = 142.90 n—1 Therefore, the variance is P20,421.43 and the standard deviation is P142.90. Learning Tasks/Activities A. Measures of Central Tendency 1. In one hour of fishing, nine fishermen caught the following number of tilapias: 7, 4,8,6,5,8,10,7,8 Find the three measures of central tendency. 2. Ifthe smallest and largest numbers are removed from the set, which of the three measures of central tendency would decrease? Remain the same? Increase? 3. How many fish should a tenth fisherman catch in order to increase the mean by 1? B. Measures of Relative Position ‘Suppose the arrayed grades of 40 high school students are as follows: a9 | 90 | 80 | 98 | 75 | a7 | a8 | 93 | 79 | 80 79 | 83 | 91 | a9 | 84 | a2 | 90 | 95 | 84 | 70 92 | 87 | 79 | 77 | 75 | a5 | 90 | 92 | 86 | 76 a7 | a5 | a1 | 82 | 92 | 93 | 87 | 77 | 76 | 90 Vision: ‘Aglobally compettve university for sclence, technology and environmental conservation Page 20 of 122 Mission: Development of a highly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge ‘TP.AMD-02 and innovative tecanologies for sustainable communities and environment, wean30 Math 1n: Mathematics in the Modem World 1. Find the 1 and 3° quartile and interpret the results. 2. Find the 50"* and 75" percentile and interpret the results. 3. Find the 38" percentile and interpret the result. C. Common Measures of Variation The following scores were obtained from a 15 ~ item test in English Boys: 9, 10, 13, 6, 10,7, 9, 10,8 Girls: 9, 7,5, 12,3,8, 10, 2,8, 10, 14,7 Find the range, absolute deviation, variance, and standard deviation 1. For the boys 2. For the girls 3. For the whole class Assessment Answer the following problems: 1. Apizza parlor sells colas in three sizes: small, medium, and large. The small size costs P25, the medium P35, and the large P50. Yesterday, 120 small, 250 medium, and 100 large colas were sold. What was the weighted mean price per cola? 2. Aclass of 300 students had test scores that are adequately described by a normal distribution with a mean of 76 and a standard deviation of 8. If a certain student had a z-score of —0.625, determine his/her test scores. 3. The report card of Alvin shows that his grade in Math is 89 and Science is 93. The mean grade in Math is 85, and the standard deviation is 5. In ‘Science, the mean grade is 80, and the standard deviation is 8. In which subject does Alvin perform better? 4. Construct a boxplot for the data set: 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58, and 55. Describe the distribution of the data set. Instructions on how to submit student output Refer to the course policies and course content plan. Page 30 of 122, ‘TP.1MD-02 Vision: A globally competitive university for sclenee, technology, and environmental conservation, Mission: Development of a highly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge and innovative tecanologies for sustainable communities and environment,