LAB 5

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BMMA 1333 STATICS

LAB SHEET 5

FORCES IN CRANE JIB

Learning LO2 Construct statics experiments to recognize the engineering

Outcome (LO):
mechanics of statics principles.

Program PO4 Conduct investigations of broadly-defined problems;locate, search

Outcome:
and select relevant data from codes, data bases and literature,
design and conduct experiments to provide valid conclusions.
Synopsis: This lab activity will enrich students’ knowledge on static. Students are exposed
to the concept of Forces in Crane.

Related Lecture’s 1. Forces in Crane Jib

Topic:

Prepared by: Ts. Siti Nor’ain bt Mokhtar Date 26 April 2021

:
Approved by Date
LM/SLM/HOD

QMS : REVISION RECORDS

Revision Date Approved by

Description Prepared by :
No (DD/MM/YY) LM/SLM/HOD:

1
 STUDENT’S NAME MATRIX NO:
S1. MOHD SYAFIQ BIN ALI AHMAD B092010154
S2. AHMAD NAQIUDDIN ARIF BIN MOHD FAZIL B092010218
S3. SARVEEN A/L NARINDRA MOHAN KUMAR B092010354
S4. MUHAMMAD DANISH BIN JOHARI B092010403
S5.

PROGRAMME

YEAR

INSTRUCTION

1. Laboratory Report shall be in ENGLISH .

2. Submit your report ONCE only in a SINGLE file.
3. Submit your report ONLINE.
4. This lab report/activity accounts for 5% of the total marks for the course.
PART A: OBJECTIVES

1. Determination of crane internal forces.

2. Force resolution in crane.
3. Calculation of equilibrium of forces.

PART B: EQUIPMENT

Figure 1.1

1 Base Plate 6 Guide pulley

2 Upright 7 Hanger with weights
3 Clamping Element 8 Link chain
4 Lower spring balance 9 Adjuster
5 Upper spring balance 10 Rope with hook
Hook, broad, for centering the weights (not illustrated)
PART C: SYNOPSIS AND THEORY

Forces in equilibrium: Triangle of forces

Statics is study of forces in equilibrium also called in balanced condition. A single force cannot
exist alone and it is under an unbalanced condition. For equilibrium it must be balanced by an
equal and opposite force acting along the same straight line. For instance as Figure 1.2, the load of
10N on the point A is balanced at the joint O by an equal and opposite force of 10N exerted on
the point B. Thus, both forces are exist in pairs. Other than that, a single force may also can be
balanced by varies number of the other forces.

Figure 1.2

The conditions for three forces in the same plane to be in equilibrium:

• They must have their lines of action all passing through one point and must be concurrent.
• They may be represent in magnitude and direction by the three sides of a triangle taken
in order such as triangle of forces (Figure 1.3).

Figure 1.3 (a) Figure 1.3 (b)

The condition that all forces must passing through one point is particular useful in solving mechanics
problem.

For example, the light jib crane shown in Figure 1.3 (b) is in equilibrium under the action of three
forces. The jib carries a load W along the force A, the free end is supported by a cable in which the
tension is T; the end C is pinned to the wall by a joint which allows free rotation of the jib C. The
reaction F of the joint on the jib is completely unknown and the magnitude of T is unknown but its
direction must be that of the cable. Since the three forces are in balance their lines of action must
pass through one point. And, the lines of action of W and T intersect (point Z, Figure 1.3 (b)). The line
of action of F is therefore found by joining C to Z. Since the magnitude of W is known and the
directions of the three forces have been determined, the triangle of forces can now be drawn, Figure
1.3 (b). The sense of the forces T and F are determined by taking the sides of the triangle force in
order, by going round the triangle showing the vectors ‘head to tail’, starting with the known sense of
the load W, it is vertically downwards.
Resultant and equilibrant: parallelogram of forces

Figure 1.4

The forces A and B of Figure 1.4 may also be represented by the two sides ad and ab respectively,
of the parallelogram abcd. In the sense of a to c, is the resultant R of the two forces A and B acting
together. This resultant force is equivalent to, and may represent completely of these two forces.
The resultant ac may be balanced by an equal and opposite force ca called the equilibrant.

This is in fact the force F as Figure 1.2. According to this construction, by which two forces are
replaced by a single equivalent force, is known as the parallelogram of forces. It can only be used if
the two forces are specified in both magnitude and direction.

Resolution of forces

Figure 1.5

Since the forces represented by ab and ad in Fig 1.4 may be replaced completely by a single
force ac, it is often useful to carry out the reverse process by replace a single force by two other
forces in any two convenient directions. These two forces are then known as the components of the
single force. Physically this is equivalent to finding the effects of the single force in the two chosen
directions.

The most convenient choice of directions in which to resolve a force is in two directions by using right
angles. Figure 1.5 shows a force R = ac resolved into forces X=ab and Y=ad along the two
perpendicular directions Ox and Oy, respectively. Since the three forces shown do not represent
independent forces, the components of R are shown in broken lines. Let R make an angle θ with
the Ox-direction, then we get the following equations:

And,
ab = ac cos θ X =
R cos θ

ad = ac sin θ Y = R
sin θ
PART D: PROCEDURES/ WORK PROCESS/ METHODOLOGY

Figure 1.6a Measuring position of pulley axis

Figure 1.6b Moving central point to x/y position

Figure 1.6c Positioning of Central Point

 1. Place the Force Apparatus on a level table. Adjust the leveling feet if necessary.
2. Select desired crane arrangement
3. Measure and note down position of pulley axes x and y (central point A) without load (Fig.
1.6a).
4. Adjust the rod to desired degree.
5. Adjust the chain to get the desired length.
6. Record down the initial value in the spring balances F10 and F20 (tension and compression)
without load
7. The weight hanger is attach on the string which joint to flexible clamp. Put the weight on
the hanger (Fig 1.6b). Attach desired weights (either suspend from rope or directly at
pulley axis using the broad hook).
8. Move central point back to previously measured x/y position using the adjuster and by
altering the length of the chain so as to re-establish the previously set geometry. (Fig.
1.6c)
9. The lower bar can be extended or shortened via an adjuster (9), the upper bar by altering
the length of the link chain. This makes it possible to vary the position of the central point
(A) without altering the clamping elements (3).
10. Make sure link chain is always securely fixed in position in hook.
11. Record down the reading show on the spring balances (tension and compression).
12. Check the degree, if the degree has changed please adjust it back to the
initial degree.
13. Measure and note down distances a, b, and c. (Figure 1.7)
14. Check the length of rod and chain, if they have changed please adjust it back to
the initial length.
15. After all the settings have been adjusting back to the initial setting start the
experiment again with different weight
16. Repeat the step 7- 15
17. Tabulate the results in a table
18. This experiment can be test under different degree and length by
adjusting the connecting rod and chain.

NOTE

Do not overload the spring balance.

PART E: EXPERIMENT DATA

AC distance = 50 cm
AB distance = 44 cm
BC distance = 40 cm

The experiment setup is shown in Figure 1 below

The set angles can be determined as
follows:
Data Measurement
Data Calculation
PART F: EXPERIMENT RESULT

a) Determination of resultant rope force FR

i. Choose one applied load and draw the polygon diagram according to the force obtained, Load, W (N), F1
Tension (N), F2 Compression (N), and given angle (use graph paper).
ii. The (identical) rope forces, W act on the central point. Construction of the polygon of forces produces a
resultant force of FR
iii. Calculate the resultant force (string force) and determine the angle.
 b) Resolution into components

i. The resultant FR obtained is then resolved into the bar directions

(α and  ) by way of translation
ii. Calculate following bar forces, F1 and F2
iii. Determine the percentage of error between measured and calculated bar forces F1 and
F2

PART G: QUESTIONS

1) State the force type of rod and chain.

2) From the experiment you done, how can you apply this engineering theory in
actual case?

PART H: DISCUSSION

Analyze and discuss the observation and results as obtained in this study. Highlight any source of
errors that may be seen during your experimental works. Give your suggestions to improve the results
or minimize it.

PART I: CONCLUSION

Write down your conclusion based on the observation, results and findings obtained in this study.
 BMMA 1333 (STATICS)

LAB ASSESSMENT

Title of Experiment: Forces in Crane Jib

Lab No: 5
Program/ Section :
Date:

No. Name Matrix No. Marks

Very Weak Modest Good Excellent

Item Description Weak 1 2 3 4 Weight Score
0
Unable to No mistakes Students are
Ability to choose Able to Minor mistakes
Procedure identify and while using 2
and use identify but while using comfortable
mishandling equipment,
equipment unable to use equipment with the
the but
equipment equipment not comfortable equipment
Ability to Most of the Work
construct and Work process Major work Some work work process
is missing or process are process are 3
understanding process are are
Work of experiment unclear missing missing followed followed
Process correctly correctly
and in
order
All data are All data are
All data are Most data are Most data are taken but
Ability to show correctly 2
missing or missing or correctly taken, minor data are
data taken
incorrect incorrect no missing incorrect
data
Data, figures,
graphs, tables, Most data, All data,
diagrams, figures, figures, All data,
contain errors graphs, graphs, tables, figures,
Show results or are poorly tables, diagram, are graphs,
(Simulation No record
of results at constructed, diagram are correctly tables, 3
and/or have missing recorded, drawn, and diagrams
all in any
Hardware) titles, captions, some labeled but are
form.
labeled or labeled still some have correctly
numbers, units missing minor drawn, are
missing or some problems or numbered,
Outcome incorrect, etc. important or could still be are labeled
required improved and
features contain
titles/captio
ns.
 All
Incomplete or Some of the Almost all of important
No incorrect results have the results trends and
interpretation interpretation of been correctly have been data
of trends and trends and interpreted correctly compariso
Explain interpreted and ns have
comparison comparison of and 3
purpose of discussed. been
of data, data, discussed;
experiment observation Observation interpreted
observation and understandin
and conclusion g of results is and comments correctly
conclusion indicating a lack still evident, are good. and
indicating a of observation Requires only discussed.
lack of understanding and minor Understan
understandin of results. comments improvements. ding of
g of results. are results is
acceptable. conveyed
through
observatio
n and
comments.
Ability to Conform to
Major flaws Minor flaws to Minor flaws
Discipline perform lab and dress code, Conform 2
to criteria, 10 criteria, 5 to dress minor flaw to
safety to all
regulations minutes late minutes late code and safety
safety criteri
a
TOTAL