Lovely Professional University Term Paper OF Digita L Communicaton System (Data Compression)
Lovely Professional University Term Paper OF Digita L Communicaton System (Data Compression)
Lovely Professional University Term Paper OF Digita L Communicaton System (Data Compression)
TERM PAPER
OF
(DATA COMPRESSION)
BY : Joginder singh
Roll:34
Sec:B6803
ABSTRACT: This term paper deals with the term data Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was
compression. how it is done ,lossy compression, it also explain an American mathematician, electronic engineer, and
about limitations and future aspects of data compression. cryptographer known as "the father of information theory".
At first glance, this seems very mysterious. How can you reduce
the number of bits and bytes and then add those exact bits and
bytes back later? As it turns out, the basic idea behind the process
is fairly straightforward. In this article, we'll examine this simple
method as we take a very small file through the basic process of
compression.
Most types of computer files are fairly redundant -- they have the
same information listed over and over again. File-compression
programs simply get rid of the redundancy. Instead of listing a
piece of information over and over again, a file-compression Lossy compression:-
program lists that information once and then refers back to it
whenever it appears in the original program. In information technology, "lossy" compression is a data encoding
method which compresses data by discarding (losing) some of it.
As an example, let's look at a type of information we're all familiar The procedure aims to minimise the amount of data that needs to
with: words. be held, handled, and/or transmitted by a computer. Typically, a
substantial amount of data can be discarded before the result is
sufficiently degraded to be noticed by the user.
In John F. Kennedy's 1961 inaugural address, he delivered this
famous line:
Lossy compression is most commonly used to compress
multimedia data (audio, video, still images), especially in
"Ask not what your country can do for you -- ask what you can do applications such as streaming media and internet telephony. By
for your country." contrast, lossless compression is required for text and data files,
such as bank records, text articles, etc. In many cases it is
The quote has 17 words, made up of 61 letters, 16 spaces, one dash advantageous to make a master lossless file which can then be used
and one period. If each letter, space or punctuation mark takes up to produce compressed files for different purposes; for example a
one unit of memory, we get a total file size of 79 units. To get the multi-megabyte file can be used at full size to produce a full-page
file size down, we need to look for redundancies. advertisement in a glossy magazine, and a 10 kilobyte lossy copy
made for a small image on a web page.
Lowering resolution:-
Another use is for backward compatibility and graceful
degradation: in color television, encoding color via a luminance-
chrominance transform domain (such as YUV) means that black- A general kind of lossy compression is to lower the resolution of
and-white sets display the luminance, while ignoring the color an image, as in image scaling, particularly decimation. One may
information. also remove less "lower information" parts of an image, such as by
seam carving.
Another example is chroma subsampling: the use of color spaces
such as YIQ, used in NTSC, allow one to reduce the resolution on Many media transforms, such as Gaussian blur, are, like lossy
the components to accord with human perception – humans have compression, irreversible: the original signal cannot be
highest resolution for black-and-white (luma), lower resolution for reconstructed from the transformed signal. However, in general
mid-spectrum colors like yellow and green, and lowest for red and these will have the same size as the original, and are not a form of
blues – thus NTSC displays approximately 350 pixels of luma per compression.
scanline, 150 pixels of yellow vs. green, and 50 pixels of blue vs.
red, which are proportional to human sensitivity to each
Lowering resolution has practical uses, as the NASA New
component.
Horizons craft will transmit thumbnails of its encounter with Pluto-
Charon before it sends the higher resolution images.
Information loss:-
Lossless data compression:-
Lossy compression formats suffer from generation loss: repeatedly
compressing and decompressing the file will cause it to
progressively lose quality. This is in contrast with lossless data In general:-
compression, where data will not be lost via the use of such a
procedure. Refers to data compression techniques in which no data is lost. The
PKZIP compression technology is an example of lossless
Information-theoretical foundations for lossy data compression are compression. For most types of data, lossless compression
provided by rate-distortion theory. Much like the use of probability techniques can reduce the space needed by only about 50%. For
in optimal coding theory, rate-distortion theory heavily draws on greater compression, one must use a lossy compression technique.
Bayesian estimation and decision theory in order to model
Note, however, that only certain types of data -- graphics, audio,
perceptual distortion and even aesthetic judgment.
and video -- can tolerate lossy compression. You must use a
lossless compression technique when compressing data and
Transparency:- programs.