EEE 2230

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

LECTURE 3

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 LECTURE ROADMAP

• Star-Delta Transformation Question

• Circuit Analysis-Theorems
– Thevenin’s Theorem

– Norton’s Theorem

– Maximum Power Theorem

– Examples
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 Practice Question

• With the help of star/delta transformation, obtain the value of current

supplied by the battery in the circuit shown in Fig. (i)

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Solution

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Solution

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 Thevenin’s Theorem
• Thevenin’s theorem as applied to d.c. circuits is stated below :
• Any linear, bilateral network having terminals A and B can be replaced by a
single source of e.m.f. VTh in series with a single resistance RTh.
• (i) The e.m.f. VTh is the voltage obtained across terminals A and B with load,
if any removed i.e. it is open-circuited voltage between terminals A and B.
• (ii) The resistance RTh is the resistance of the network measured between
terminals A and B with load removed and sources of e.m.f. replaced by their
internal resistances. Ideal voltage sources are replaced with short circuits and
ideal current sources are replaced with open circuits.
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 Thevenin’s Theorem

• Consider the circuit shown in Fig. (i). As far as the circuit behind terminals AB
is concerned, it can be replaced by a single source of e.m.f. VTh in series with a
single resistance RTh as shown in Fig. b (ii).

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• (i) Finding VTh. The e.m.f. VTh is the voltage across terminals AB with load
(i.e. RL) removed as shown in Fig. (ii).
• With RL disconnected, there is no current in R2 and VTh is the voltage appearing
across R3

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• (ii) Finding RTh. To find RTh, remove the load RL and replace the battery by a
short-circuit because its internal resistance is assumed zero. Then resistance
between terminals A and B is equal to RTh as shown in Fig. 3.84 (i). Obviously,
at the terminals AB in Fig. 3.84 (i), R1 and R3 are in parallel and this parallel
combination is in series with R2.

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 Procedure for Finding Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
• (i) Open the two terminals (i.e., remove any load) between which you want to
find Thevenin equivalent circuit.
• (ii) Find the open-circuit voltage between the two open terminals. It is called
Thevenin voltage VTh.
• (iii) Determine the resistance between the two open terminals with all ideal
voltage sources shorted and all ideal current sources opened (a non-ideal source
is replaced by its internal resistance). It is called Thevenin resistance RTh.
• (iv) Connect VTh and RTh in series to produce Thevenin equivalent circuit
between the two terminals under consideration.
• (v) Place the load resistor removed in step (i) across the terminals of the
Thevenin equivalent circuit. The load current can now be calculated using only
Ohm’s law and it has the same value as the load current in the original circuit.
• Note. Thevenin’s theorem is sometimes called Helmholtz’s theorem
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 Practice Problems
• Use Thevenin's theorem to find the current flowing in the 10Ω resistor for the
circuit shown in Fig below.

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Solution

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 Practice Problems

• Using Thevenin’s theorem, find the current in 6 Ω resistor in Fig.2 (i).

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Solution

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 Practice Problem

• Using Thevenin’s theorem, find the current through resistance R connected

between points a and b in Fig.(i). [4.3A]

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Solution

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Solution…

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 Practice Question

• Calculate the power which would be dissipated in a 50 Ω resistor connected

across xy in the network shown in Fig. below. [2·08 W]

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 Advantages of Thevenin’s Theorem

• It reduces a complex circuit to a simple circuit viz. a single source of e.m.f. VTh in
series with a single resistance RTh.

• It greatly simplifies the portion of the circuit of lesser interest and enables us to
view the action of the output part directly.

• This theorem is particularly useful to find current in a particular branch of a

network as the resistance of that branch is varied while all other resistances and
sources remain constant.

• Thevenin’s theorem can be applied in successive steps. Any two points in a circuit
can be chosen and all the components to one side of these points can be reduced to
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit. 19
 Norton’s Theorem

• Any linear, bilateral network having two terminals A and B can be replaced by
a current source of current output IN in parallel with a resistance RN.

a) The output IN of the current source is equal to the current that would flow
through AB when A and B are short-circuited.

b) The resistance RN is the resistance of the network measured between A and B

with load removed and the sources of e.m.f. replaced by their internal
resistances. Ideal voltage sources are replaced with short circuits and ideal
current sources are replaced with open circuits.

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 Procedure for Finding Norton Equivalent Circuit
• To determine the current flowing in a resistance R of a branch AB of an active
network:
i. Open the two terminals (i.e. remove any load) between which we want to find
Norton equivalent circuit.
ii. short-circuit branch AB and determine the short-circuit current ISC (IN) flowing in
the branch
iii. remove all sources of e.m.f. and replace them by their internal resistance (or, if a
current source exists, replace with an open-circuit), then determine the resistance r,
(RN) ‘looking-in’ at a break made between A and B
iv. Connect IN and RN in parallel to produce Norton equivalent circuit between the
two terminals under consideration.
v. Place the load resistor removed in step (i) across the terminals of the Norton
equivalent circuit. The load current can now be calculated by using current-divider
rule.
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 Practice Problems

• Use Norton’s theorem to determine the current flowing in the 10 Ω resistance

for the circuit shown in Fig (a) and in 4Ω in Fig (b)

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Solution

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 Practice Question

• Two batteries, each of e.m.f. 12 V, are connected in parallel to supply a

resistive load of 0.5 Ω. The internal resistances of the batteries are 0.12 Ω
and 0.08 Ω. Calculate the current in the load and the current supplied by
each battery using Norton’s theorem.

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Solution

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Solution…

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 Practice

• Using Norton’s theorem, calculate the current in the 5 Ω resistor in the

circuit shown in Fig. [4A]

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 Practice

• Find Norton equivalent circuit for Fig below. Also solve for load current
and load voltage.[0.24A; 2.4V]

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 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
• This theorem deals with transfer of maximum power from a source to load and may
be stated as under :
• In d.c. circuits, maximum power is transferred from a source to load when the load
resistance is made equal to the internal resistance of the source as viewed from the
load terminals with load removed and all e.m.f. sources replaced by their internal
resistances.

• According to maximum power transfer theorem, maximum power will be

transferred from the circuit to the load when RL is made equal to Ri, the Thevenin 29
resistance at terminals AB.
Proof of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

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 Important Points

• The circuit efficiency at maximum power transfer is only 50% as one-half of the
total power generated is dissipated in the internal resistance Ri of the source.

• Under the conditions of maximum power transfer, the load voltage is one-half
of the open circuited voltage at the load terminals.

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 Practice Problem

• Find the value of the load resistor RL shown in Fig. that gives maximum power
dissipation and determine the value of this power.

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Solution

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 Problem

• Calculate the value of R which will absorb maximum power from the circuit of
Fig.(i). Also find the value of maximum power.

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Solution

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 Practice
• Find the value of RL in Fig. below necessary to obtain maximum power in RL.
Also find the maximum power in RL.[150Ω ; 1.042W]

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