Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli Chapter 4

CHAPTER 4

1. If we select the sled and child as the object, we apply Newton’s second law to find the force:
·F = ma;
F = (60.0 kg)(1.15 m/s2) = 69.0 N.

2. If we select the bike and rider as the object, we apply Newton’s second law to find the mass:
·F = ma;
255 N = m(2.20 m/s2), which gives m = 116 kg.

3. We apply Newton’s second law to the object:

·F = ma;
F = (9.0 × 10–3 kg)(10,000)(9.80 m/s2) = 8.8 × 102 N.

4. Without friction, the only horizontal force is the tension. We apply Newton’s second law to the car:
·F = ma;
FT = (1050 kg)(1.20 m/s2) = 1.26 × 103 N.

5. We find the weight from the value of g.

(a) Earth: FG = mg = (66 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 6.5 × 102 N.
(b) Moon: FG = mg = (66 kg)(1.7 m/s2) = 1.1 × 102 N.
2
(c) Mars: FG = mg = (66 kg)(3.7 m/s ) = 2.4 × 102 N.
(d) Space: FG = mg = (66 kg)(0 m/s2) = 0.

6. (a) The weight of the box depends on the value of g:

(a)
FG = m2g = (20.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 196 N.
FN
We find the normal force from y
·Fy = may;
FN – m2g = 0, which gives FN = m2g = 196 N.
m2g x
(b) We select both blocks as the object and apply Newton’s
second law:
(b)
·Fy = may;
FN2 – m1g – m2g = 0, which gives
FN2 = (m1 + m2)g = (10.0 kg + 20.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 294 N.
m1g FN1
If we select the top block as the object, we have FN2
·Fy = may; m1g
FN1 – m1g = 0, which gives
FN1 = m1g = (10.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 98.0 N. m2g

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7. The acceleration can be found from the car’s one-dimensional motion:

v = v0 + at;
0 = [(90 km/h)/(3.6 ks/h)] + a(8.0 s), which gives a = – 3.13 m/s2.
We apply Newton’s second law to find the required average force
·F = ma;
F = (1100 kg)(– 3.13 m/s2) = – 3.4 × 103 N.
The negative sign indicates that the force is opposite to the velocity.

8. The required average acceleration can be found from the one-dimensional motion:
v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0);
(175 m/s)2 = 0 + 2a(0.700 m – 0), which gives a = 2.19 × 104 m/s2.
We apply Newton’s second law to find the required average force
·F = ma;
F = (7.00 × 10–3 kg)(2.19 × 104 m/s2) = 153 N.

9. Because the line snapped, the tension FT > 22 N. +y

We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the fish: FT
y-component: FT – mg = ma, or FT = m(a + g).
We find the minimum mass from the minimum tension:
22 N = mmin(4.5 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2), which gives mmin = 1.5 kg. mg
Thus we can say m > 1.5 kg.

10. The average acceleration of the ball can be found from the one-dimensional motion:
v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0);
0 = (45.0 m/s)2 + 2a(0.110 m – 0), which gives a = – 9.20 × 103 m/s2.
We apply Newton’s second law to find the required average force applied to the ball:
·F = ma;
F = (0.140 kg)(– 9.20 × 103 m/s2) = – 1.29 × 103 N.
The force on the glove has the same magnitude but the opposite direction:
1.29 × 103 N in the direction of the ball’s motion.

11. The average acceleration of the shot can be found from the one-dimensional motion:
v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0);
(13 m/s)2 = 0 + 2a(2.8 m – 0), which gives a = 30.2 m/s2.
We apply Newton’s second law to find the required average force applied to the shot:
·F = ma;
F = (7.0 kg)(30.2 m/s2) = 2.1 × 102 N.

12. We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the car: +y

y-component: FT – mg = ma, or FT
FT = m(a + g) = (1200 kg)(0.80 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2)
= 1.3 × 104 N.

mg

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13. We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the bucket:

y-component: FT – mg = ma; +y
63 N – (10 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = (10 kg)a, FT
which gives a = – 3.5 m/s2 (down).

mg

14. The maximum tension will be exerted by the motor when the elevator is
accelerating upward.
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the elevator: +y
FT
y-component: FTmax – mg = ma, or
FTmax = m(a + g) = (4850 kg)(0.0600 + 1)(9.80 m/s2) = 5.04 × 104 N.
The minimum tension will be exerted by the motor when the elevator is
accelerating downward. We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the car:
y-component: FTmin – mg = ma, or
mg
FTmin = m(a + g) = (4850 kg)(– 0.0600 + 1)(9.80 m/s2) = 4.47 × 104 N.

15. To have the tension less than the weight, the thief must have a
downward acceleration so that the tension FT ² meffectiveg.
FT
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the thief:
y-component: mg – FT = ma.
We find the minimum acceleration from the minimum tension:
mg – meffectiveg = mamin ; mg
(75 kg – 58 kg)(9.80 m/s2)= (75 kg)amin , which gives amin = 2.2 m/s2. +y a
Thus we can say a (downward) ³ 2.2 m/s2.

16. The scale reads the force the person exerts on the scale. From +y
Newton’s third law, this is also the magnitude of the normal
force acting on the person.
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the person: FN
y-component: FN – mg = ma, or
0.75mg – mg = ma, which gives a = (0.75 – 1)(9.80 m/s2) = – 2.5 m/s2 (down). mg

17. The maximum tension will be exerted by the motor when the elevator has
the maximum acceleration.
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the elevator: +y
FT
y-component: FTmax – mg = mamax ;
21,750 N – (2100 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = (2100 kg)amax ,
which gives amax = 0.557 m/s2.

mg

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18. With down positive, we write ·F = ma from the force diagram FR

for the skydivers:
mg – FR = ma;
(a) Before the parachute opens, we have
mg
mg – (mg = ma, which gives a = +g = 7.4 m/s2 (down). +y
(b) Falling at constant speed means the acceleration is zero,
so we have
mg – FR = ma = 0, which gives
FR = mg = (120.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 1176 N.

19. From Newton’s third law, the gases will exert a force on the rocket that is +y
equal and opposite to the force the rocket exerts on the gases.
(a) With up positive, we write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the rocket:
Fgases – mg = ma; mg
33 × 106 N – (2.75 × 106 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = (2.75 × 106 kg)a,
which gives a = 2.2 m/s2.
(b) If we ignore the mass of the gas expelled and any change in g, we can Fgases
assume a constant acceleration. We find the velocity from
v = v0 + at = 0 + (2.2 m/s2)(8.0 s) = 18 m/s.
(c) We find the time to achieve the height from
y = y0 + v0t + !at2;
9500 m = 0 + 0 + !(2.2 m/s2)t2, which gives t = 93 s.

20. We find the velocity necessary for the jump from the motion when the +y
person leaves the ground to the highest point, where the velocity is zero:
v2 = vjump2 + 2(– g)h;
0 = vjump2 + 2(– 9.80 m/s2)(0.80 m), which gives vjump = 3.96 m/s. mg
We can find the acceleration required to achieve this velocity during the FN
crouch from
vjump2 = v02 + 2a(y – y0);
(3.96 m/s)2 = 0 + 2a(0.20 m – 0), which gives a = 39.2 m/s2.
Using the force diagram for the person during the crouch, we can write ·F = ma:
FN – mg = ma;
FN – (66 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = (66 kg)(39.2 m/s2), which gives FN = 3.2 × 103 N.
From Newton’s third law, the person will exert an equal and opposite force on the ground:
3.2 × 103 N downward.

21. (a) We find the velocity just before striking the ground from
v12 = v02 + 2(– g)h;
v12 = 0 + 2(9.80 m/s2)(4.5 m), which gives v1 = 9.4 m/s. mg F
legs
(b) We can find the average acceleration required to bring the person to
rest from +y
v2 = v12 + 2a(y – y0);
0 = (9.4 m/s)2 + 2a(0.70 m – 0), which gives a = – 63 m/s2.
Using the force diagram for the person during the crouch,
we can write ·F = ma:
mg – Flegs = ma;
(45 kg)(9.80 m/s2) – Flegs = (45 kg)(– 63 m/s2), which gives Flegs = 3.3 × 103 N up.

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22. (a) If we assume that he accelerates for a time t1 over the first 50 m and reaches a top speed
of v, we have
x1 = !(v0 + v)t1 = !vt1 , or t1 = 2x1/v = 2(50 m)/v = (100 m)/v.
Because he maintains this top speed for the last 50 m, we have
t2 = (50 m)/v.
Thus the total time is T = t1 + t2 = (100 m)/v+ (50 m)/v = 10.0 s.
When we solve for v, we get v = 15.0 m/s; so the acceleration time is
t1 = (100 m)/(15.0 m/s) = 6.67 s.
We find the constant acceleration for the first 50 m from
a = Æv/Æt = (15.0 m/s – 0)/(6.67 s) = 2.25 m/s2.
We find the horizontal force component that will produce this acceleration from
F = ma = (65 kg)(2.25 m/s2) = 1.5 × 102 N.
(b) As we found in part (a): v = 15.0 m/s.

23. If the boxes do not move, the acceleration is zero.

FT FT
Using the force diagrams, we write ·F = ma.
For the hanging box, we have y
FT – FG2 = 0, or FT = FG2 .
For the box on the floor, we have
FT – FG1 + FN = 0, or FN = FG1 – FT = FG1 – FG2 .
(a) FN = 70 N – 30 N = 40 N. FG2
FN
(b) FN = 70 N – 60 N = 10 N. FG1
(c) FN = 70 N – 90 N = – 20 N.
Because the floor can only push up on the box, it is not possible to have a negative normal force.
Thus the normal force is 0; the box will leave the floor and accelerate upward.

24. In order for the resultant to have no northerly component, the N

second force must have a northerly component equal in magnitude
to that of the first force but pointing toward the south. Because
the magnitudes of both the forces are equal and their northerly F1
F2
components are equal, the westerly components must also be equal.
From the symmetry, the second force must be in the
southwesterly direction. W
R

25.
(a) (b)

mg
mg

FN

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26.
(a) (b)
Fbat
mg mg

Note that we ignore air resistance.

27. (a) For the components of the net force we have

Fax = – F1 = – 10.2 N; (a) y
Fay = – F2 = – 16.0 N. x
We find the magnitude from F1 α
Fa2 = Fax2 + Fay2 = (– 10.2 N)2 + (– 16.0 N)2, F2
which gives Fa = 19.0 N. Fa
We find the direction from
tan α = |Fay |/|Fax | = (16.0 N)/(10.2 N) = 1.57,
which gives α = 57.5° below – x-axis.
The acceleration will be in the direction of the net force:
aa = Fa/m = (19.0 N)/(27.0 kg) = 0.702 m/s2, 57.5° below – x-axis.
(b) y
(b) For the components of the net force we have
Fbx = F1 cos θ = (10.2 N) cos 30° = 8.83 N;
Fby = F2 – F1 sin θ = 16.0 N – (10.2 N) sin 30° = 10.9 N. F2 Fb
We find the magnitude from
Fb2 = Fbx2 + Fby2 = (8.83 N)2 + (10.9 N)2, β
x
which gives Fb = 14.0 N. θ
We find the direction from F1
tan β = |Fby |/|Fbx | = (10.9 N)/(8.83 N) = 1.23,
which gives β = 51.0° above + x-axis.
The acceleration will be in the direction of the net force:
ab = Fb/m = (14.0 N)/(27.0 kg) = 0.519 m/s2, 51.0° above + x-axis.

28. (a) y
(b) Because the velocity is constant, the acceleration is zero. F
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the mower: θ x
x-component: F cos θ – Ffr = ma = 0, which gives
Ffr = (88.0 N) cos 45° = 62.2 N.
(c) y-component: FN – mg – F sin θ = ma = 0, which gives
Ffr = (14.5 kg)(9.80 m/s2) + (88.0 N) sin 45° = 204 N. Ffr
FN mg
(d) We can find the acceleration from the motion of the mower:
a = Æv/Æt = (1.5 m/s – 0)/(2.5 s) = 0.60 m/s2.
For the x-component of ·F = ma we now have
F cos θ – Ffr = ma;
F cos 45° – 62.2 N = (14.5 kg)(0.60 m/s2), which gives F = 100 N.

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29. (a) We find the horizontal acceleration from the horizontal component of the force exerted on the
sprinter, which is the reaction to the force the sprinter exerts on the block:
F cos θ = ma;
(800 N) cos 22° = (65 kg)a, which gives a = 11 m/s2.
(b) For the motion of the sprinter we can write
v = v0 + at = 0 + (11.4 m/s2)(0.38 s) = 4.3 m/s.

30. (a) Because the buckets are at rest, the acceleration is zero.
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for each bucket:
lower bucket: FT2 – m2g = m2a = 0, which gives FT1
FT2 = m2g = (3.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 29 N.
upper bucket: FT1 – FT2 – m1g = m1a = 0, which gives
FT1 = FT2 + m1g = 29 N + (3.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 58 N.
(b) The two buckets must have the same acceleration. y m1g
FT2
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for each bucket:
lower bucket: FT2 – m2g = m2a, which gives
x
FT2 = m2(g + a)
FT2
= (3.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2 + 1.60 m/s2) = 34 N.
upper bucket: FT1 – FT2 – m1g = m1a, which gives
FT1 = FT2 + m1(g + a)
= 34 N + (3.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2 + 1.60 m/s2) = 68 N. m1g

31. (a) We select the helicopter and the car as the system.
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram:
Fair – mhg – mcg = (mh + mc)a, which gives Fair +y
Fair = (mh + mc)(a + g)
= (6500 kg + 1200 kg)(0.60 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2)
= 8.01 × 104 N.
(b) We select the car as the system. mhg FT
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram:
FT – mcg = mca, which gives
FT = mc(a + g)
mcg mcg
= (1200 kg)(0.60 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2)
= 1.25 × 104 N.

32. (a) Because the speed is constant, the acceleration is zero.

FT
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram:
FT + FT – mg = ma = 0, which gives +y FT
FT = !mg = !(65 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 3.2 × 102 N.
(b) Now we have:
FT′ + FT′ – mg = ma;
2(1.10)(!mg) – mg = ma, which gives
a = 0.10g = 0.10(9.80 m/s2) = 0.98 m/s2.
mg

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33. If we select the first and second cars as the system, the only
horizontal force is the tension in the coupling between the locomotive
locomotive and the first car. From the force diagram, we have 2 1
·Fx = (m1 + m2)ax , or F1 = (m + m)a = 2ma.
If we select the second car as the system, the only horizontal x
force is the tension in the coupling between the first car and F1
2 1
the second car. From the force diagram, we have
·Fx = m2ax , or F2 = ma. F2
Thus we have F1/F2 = 2ma/ma = 2, for any nonzero acceleration. 2

34. From the motion of the car we can find its acceleration, which is the y
acceleration of the dice:
v = v0 + at;
θ
(20 m/s) = 0 + a(5.0 s), which gives a = 4.0 m/s2. θ
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the dice:
FT
x-component: FT sin θ = ma;
x
y-component: FT cos θ – mg = 0.
If we divide the two equations, we get mg
tan θ = a/g = (4.0 m/s2)/(9.80 m/s2) = 0.408, which gives θ = 22°.

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35. (a)
(b) If we select all three blocks as the system, we have F
m1 m2 m3
·Fx = max: F = (m1 + m2 + m3)a,
which gives a = F/(m1 + m2 + m3). x
FN1
(c) For the three blocks individually, for ·Fx = max we have F12
F
Fnet1 = m1a = m1F/(m1 + m2 + m3);
Fnet2 = m2a = m2F/(m1 + m2 + m3); m1g
Fnet3 = m3a = m3F/(m1 + m2 + m3).
(d) From the force diagram for block 1 we have F21 FN2 F23
Fnet1 = F – F12 = m1a, which gives
F12 = F – m1a = F – m1F/(m1 + m2 + m3)]
m2g
= F(m2 + m3)/(m1 + m2 + m3).
This is also F21 (Newton’s third law). FN3
F32
From the force diagram for block 2 we have
Fnet2 = F21 – F23 = m2a, which gives
m3g
F23 = F21 – m2a = F – m1a – m2a
= F – (m1 + m2)F/(m1 + m2 + m3)]
= Fm3/(m1 + m2 + m3).
This is also F32 (Newton’s third law).
(e) When we use the given values, we get
a = F/(m1 + m2 + m3) = (96.0 N)/(12.0 kg + 12.0 kg + 12.0 kg) = 2.67 m/s2.
2
Fnet1 = m1a = (12.0 kg)(2.67 m/s ) = 32 N.
Fnet2 = m2a = (12.0 kg)(2.67 m/s2) = 32 N.
Fnet3 = m3a = (12.0 kg)(2.67 m/s2) = 32 N.
Because the blocks have the same mass and the same acceleration, we expect
Fnet1 = Fnet2 = Fnet3 = 32 N.
For the forces between the blocks we have
F21 = F12 = F – m1a = 96.0 N – (12.0 kg)(2.67 m/s2) = 64 N.
F32 = F23 = F – m1a – m2a = 96.0 N – (12.0 kg)(2.67 m/s2) – (12.0 kg)(2.67 m/s2) = 32 N.

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36. Forces are drawn for each of the blocks. Because the string
doesn’t stretch, the tension is the same at each end of the
string, and the accelerations of the blocks have the same
magnitude. Note that we take the positive direction in the
direction of the acceleration for each block.
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for each block:
y-component (block 1): FT – m1g = m1a;
y-component (block 2): m2g – FT = m2a.
By adding the equations, we find the acceleration: y
a = (m2 – m1)g/(m1 + m2) FT
FT
= (3.2 kg – 2.2 kg)(9.80 m/s2)/(3.2 kg + 2.2 kg)
= 1.81 m/s2 for both blocks. a a
For the motion of block 1 we take the origin at the ground
and up positive. Until block 2 hits the ground, we have y
v12 = v012 + 2a(y1 – y01) m1g
m2g
2
= 0 + 2(1.81 m/s ) (3.60 m – 1.80 m), which gives
v1 = 2.56 m/s.
Once block 2 hits the floor, FT → 0 and block 1 will have the downward acceleration of g.
For this motion of block 1 up to the highest point reached, we have
v2 = v12 + 2a(h – y1)
0 = (2.56 m/s)2 + 2(– 9.80 m/s2) (h – 3.60 m), which gives h = 3.93 m.

37.
y
FT2 FT2 FT1 FT1 FP
m2 m1
x mc

The blocks and the cord will have the same acceleration. If we select the two blocks and cord as the
system, we have
·Fx = max: FP = (m1 + m2 + mc)a, which gives
a = FP/(m1 + m2 + mc) = (40.0 N)/(10.0 kg + 1.0 kg + 12.0 kg) = 1.74 m/s2.
For block 1 we have ·Fx = max:
FP – FT1 = m1a;
40.0 N – FT1 = (10.0 kg)(1.74 m/s2), which gives FT1 = 22.6 N.
For block 2 we have ·Fx = max:
FT2 = m2a;
FT2 = (12.0 kg)(1.74 m/s2) = 20.9 N.
Note that we can see if these agree with the analysis of ·Fx = max for block 3:
FT1 – FT2 = m3a:
22.6 N – 20.9 N = (1.0 kg)a, which gives a = 1.7 m/s2.

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38. The friction is kinetic, so Ffr = µkFN. With constant velocity, FN

the acceleration is zero. y
Using the force diagram for the crate, we can write ·F = ma: F
N
x-component: F – µkFN = 0;
x
y-component: FN – Mg = 0.
Thus FN = Mg, and Ffr Mg
F = µkFN = µkMg = (0.30)(35 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 1.0 × 102 N.
If µk = 0, there is no force required to maintain constant speed.

39. (a) In general, static friction is given by Fsfr ² µsFN. Immediately

FN
before the box starts to move, the static friction force reaches y
its maximum value: Fsfr,max = µsFN. For the instant before the box F
starts to move, the acceleration is zero. N
Using the force diagram for the box, we can write ·F = ma: x
x-component: F – µsFN = 0;
y-component: FN – Mg = 0. Ffr Mg
Thus FN = Mg, and
F = µsFN = µsMg ;
40.0 N = µs(5.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2), which gives µs = 0.82.
(b) When the box accelerates and the friction changes to kinetic, we have
F – µkFN = Ma;
40.0 N – µk(5.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = (5.0 kg)(0.70 m/s2), which gives µk = 0.74.

40. (a) (b) ( c)

FN Ffr FN Ffr FN
θ θ θ
Ffr

mg mg mg
In (a) the friction is static and opposes the impending motion down the plane.
In (b) the friction is kinetic and opposes the motion down the plane.
In (c) the friction is kinetic and opposes the motion up the plane.

41. The drawer will suddenly open when the resisting static friction force reaches its maximum value: Fsfr,max
= µsFN. Frequently drawers are stuck from pressure on the sides and top of the drawer. Here
we assume that the friction force is produced only by the normal force on the bottom of the drawer.
For ·F = ma we have
x-component: F – µsFN = 0;
y-component: FN – Mg = 0.
Thus FN = Mg, and
F = µsFN = µsMg;
8.0 N = µs(2.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2), which gives µs = 0.41.

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42. We can find the required acceleration, assumed constant, from

x = v0t + !at2;
(0.250 mi)(1610 m/mi) = 0 + !a (6.0 s)2, which gives a = 22.4 m/s2.
If we assume that the tires are just on the verge of slipping, Fsfr,max = µsFN , so we have
x-component: µsFN = ma;
y-component: FN – mg = 0.
Thus we have µs = ma/mg = a/g = (22.4 m/s2)/(9.80 m/s2) = 2.3.

43. If motion is just about to begin, the static friction force y

will be maximum: Fsfr,max = µsFN , and the acceleration
will be zero. We write ·F = ma from the force
diagram for each block:
FN1 FT
x-component (block 1): FT – µsFN = 0;
Ffr x FT
y-component (block 1): FN – m1g = 0;
y-component (block 2): m2g – FT = 0.
m1g
Thus we see that
FT = µsm1g = m2g.
y
This allows us to find the minimum mass of body 1: m2g
(0.30)m1 = 2.0 kg, which gives m1 = 6.7 kg.

44. The kinetic friction force provides the acceleration. For ·F = ma we have
x-component: – µkFN = ma;
y-component: FN – mg = 0.
Thus we see that
a = – µkg = – (0.20)(9.80 m/s2) = – 1.96 m/s2.
We can find the distance from the motion data:
v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0);
0 = (4.0 m/s)2 + 2(– 1.96 m/s2)(x – 0), which gives x = 4.1 m.

45. (a) The two crates must have the same acceleration.
From the force diagram for crate 1 we have F
m1 m2
x-component: F – F12 – µkFN1 = m1a;
y-component: FN1 – m1g = 0, or FN1 = m1g. x
From the force diagram for crate 2 we have FN1
F12
x-component: F12 – µkFN2 = m2a; F
y-component: FN2 – m2g = 0, or FN2 = m2g.
Ffr1 m1g
If we add the two x-equations, we get
F – µkm1g – µkm2g = m1a + m2a;
F12 FN2
730 N – (0.15)(75 kg)(9.80 m/s2) – (0.15)(110 kg)(9.80 m/s2) =
(75 kg + 110 kg)a, which gives a = 2.5 m/s2.
(b) We can find the force between the crates from the Ffr2 m2g
x-equation for crate 2:
F12 – µkm2g = m2a;
F12 – (0.15)(110 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = (110 kg)(2.5 m/s2), which gives
F12 = 4.4 × 102 N.

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46. (a) If the automobile does not skid, the friction is static, with Fsfr ² µsFN. On a level road, the
normal force is FN = mg. The static friction force is the only force slowing the automobile and will
be maximum in order to produce the minimum stopping distance. We find the acceleration from
·Fx = max:
– µsmg = ma, which gives a = – µsg .
For the motion until the automobile stops, we have
vfinal2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0);
0 = v2 + 2(– µsg)(xmin), which gives xmin = v2/2µsg .
(b) For the given data we have
xmin = [(95 km/h)/(3.6 ks/h)]2/2(0.75)(9.80 m/s2) = 47 m.
(c) The only change is in the value of g:
xmin = [(95 km/h)/(3.6 ks/h)]2/2(0.75)(1.63 m/s2) = 2.8 × 102 m.

47. If the crate does not slide, it must have the same acceleration as the truck. The friction is static, with Fsfr ²
µsFN. On a level road, the normal force is FN = mg. If we consider the crate as the system, the static
friction force will be opposite to the direction of motion (to oppose the impending motion of the crate
toward the front of the truck), is the only force providing the acceleration, and will be maximum in order
to produce the maximum acceleration. We find the acceleration from the horizontal component of ·F =
ma:
µsmg = ma, which gives
a = µsg = – (0.75)(9.80 m/s2) = – 7.4 m/s2.

48. We simplify the forces to the three shown in the diagram. y

If the car does not skid, the friction is static, with Fsfr ² µsFN.
The static friction force will be maximum just before the car FN
x
slips. We write ·F = ma from the force diagram:
x-component: mg sin θmax – µsFN = 0;
y-component: FN – mg cos θmax = 0. Ffr
When we combine these, we get θ mg
tan θmax = µs = 0.15, or θmax = 8.5°.
Thus a car will slip on any driveway with an incline greater than 8.5°.
The only driveway safe to park in is Bonnie’s.

49. The kinetic friction force will be up the slide to oppose the motion.
FN
We choose the positive direction in the direction of the acceleration. y
From the force diagram for the child, we have ·F = ma:
x-component: mg sin θ – Ffr = ma; Ffr
y-component: FN – mg cos θ = 0. x
When we combine these, we get mg
a = g sin θ – µkg cos θ = g(sin θ – µk cos θ).
For the motion of the child, we have
v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0) = 0 + 2ad, where d is the distance along the slide.
If we form the ratio for the two slides, we get
(vfriction/vnone)2 = afriction/anone = (sin θ – µk cos θ)/sin θ;
(!)2 = (sin 28° – µk cos 28°)/sin 28°, which gives µk = 0.40.

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50. We find the maximum permissible deceleration from the motion until the automobile stops:
v = v0 + at;
0 = [(40 km/h)/(3.6 ks/h)] + amax(3.5 s), which gives amax = – 3.17 m/s2.
The minimum time for deceleration without the cup sliding means that the static friction force,
which is the force producing the deceleration of the cup, is maximum. On a level road, the normal
force is FN = mg. The maximum static friction force is Fsfr,max = µsFN. For the horizontal component of
·F = ma, we have
– µsmg = mamax , which gives
µs = – amax/g = – (– 3.17 m/s2)/(9.80 m/s2) = 0.32.

51. From the force diagram for the soap, we have ·F = ma: FN
x-component: mg sin θ = ma;
y-component: FN – mg cos θ = 0.
θ
From the x-equation we find the acceleration: y
a = g sin θ = (9.80 m/s2) sin 7.3° = 1.25 m/s2.
For the motion of the soap, we find the time from θ
x = x0 + v0t + !at2; x mg
2.0 m = 0 + 0 + !(1.25 m/s2)t2,
which gives t = 1.8 s.
Because the acceleration does not depend on the mass, there will be no change.

52. (a) From the force diagram for the block, we have ·F = ma: FN
x-component: mg sin θ = ma;
y-component: FN – mg cos θ = 0. θ
From the x-equation we find the acceleration: y
a = g sin θ = (9.80 m/s2) sin 22.0° = 3.67 m/s2.
(b) For the motion of the block, we find the speed from θ
v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0);
x mg
v2 = 0 + 2(3.67 m/s2)(9.10 m – 0), which gives v = 8.17 m/s.

53. We choose the origin for x at the bottom of the plane. Note that down the
plane (the direction of the acceleration) is positive. FN
(a) From the force diagram for the block, we have ·F = ma:
θ
x-component: mg sin θ = ma;
y-component: FN – mg cos θ = 0. y
From the x-equation we find the acceleration:
a = g sin θ = (9.80 m/s2) sin 22.0° = 3.67 m/s2. θ
For the motion of the block, we find the distance from x mg
v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0);
0 = (– 3.0 m/s)2 + 2(3.67 m/s2)(x – 0), which gives x = – 1.2 m.
Thus the block travels 1.2 m up the plane.
(b) We find the time to return to the bottom from
x = x0 + v0t + !at2;
0 = 0 + (– 3.0 m/s)t + !(3.67 m/s2)t2, which gives t = 0 (the start), and t = 1.6 s.

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54. Note that down is the positive direction in both problems.

While the block is sliding down, friction will be up the FN
plane, opposing the motion. The x-component of the force
θ
equation becomes
x-component: mg sin θ – Ffr = madown. y
Thus the acceleration is now
adown = g sin θ – µkg cos θ = g(sin θ – µk cos θ) θ
= (9.80 m/s2)[sin 22.0° – (0.20) cos 22.0°] = 1.85 m/s2. x mg
While the block is sliding up, friction will be down the v
plane, opposing the motion. The x-component of the force
FN
equation becomes
x-component: mg sin θ + Ffr = maup. θ
Thus the acceleration is now y
aup = g sin θ + µkg cos θ = g(sin θ + µk cos θ) Ffr
2 2
= (9.80 m/s )[sin 22.0° + (0.20) cos 22.0°] = 5.49 m/s . v θ
(a) For the motion of the block down the plane, the acceleration
will be 1.85 m/s2. x mg
We find the speed from
v2 = v02 + 2adown(x – x0);
v2 = 0 + 2(1.85 m/s2)(9.10 m – 0), which gives v = 5.81 m/s.
(b) For the motion of the block up the plane, we find the distance from
v2 = v02 + 2aup(x – x0);
0 = (– 3.0 m/s)2 + 2(5.49 m/s2)(x – 0), which gives x = – 0.82 m.
Thus the block travels 0.82 m up the plane.
Because the acceleration changes, we must treat the motions up and down the plane separately.
We find the time to reach the highest point from
v = v0 + auptup;
0 = (– 3.0 m/s) + (5.49 m/s2)tup , which gives tup = 0.55 s.
We find the time to return to the bottom from
x = x0 + v0tdown + !adowntdown2;
0 = – 0.82 m + 0 + !(1.85 m/s2)t2, which gives tdown = 0.94 s.
Thus the total time is
T = tup + tdown = 0.55 s + 0.94 s = 1.49 s.

55. While the roller coaster is sliding down, friction will be up FN

the plane, opposing the motion. From the force diagram for
the roller coaster, we have ·F = ma: θ
x-component: mg sin θ – Ffr = mg sin θ – µkFN = ma. y
y-component: FN – mg cos θ = 0. Ffr
We combine these equations to find the acceleration: θ
a = g sin θ – µkg cos θ = g(sin θ – µk cos θ) x mg
= (9.80 m/s2)[sin 45° – (0.12) cos 45°] = 6.10 m/s2. v
For the motion of the roller coaster, we find the speed from
v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0);
v2 = [(6.0 km/h)/(3.6 ks/h)]2 + 2(6.10 m/s2)(45.0 m – 0), which gives v = 23 m/s (85 km/h).

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56. While the box is sliding down, friction will be up the

FN
plane, opposing the motion. From the force diagram for
the box, we have ·F = ma: θ
x-component: mg sin θ – Ffr = ma.
y
y-component: FN – mg cos θ = 0. Ffr
From the x-equation, we have
θ
Ffr = mg sin θ – ma = m(g sin θ – a )
= (18.0 kg)[(9.80 m/s2) sin 37.0° – (0.270 m/s2)] x mg
= 101 N. v
Because the friction is kinetic, we have
Ffr = µkFN = µkmg cos θ;
101.3 N = µk(18.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2) cos 37.0°, which gives µk = 0.719.

57. When the cart is pushed up the ramp at constant speed,

y
friction will be down, opposing the motion. From the
FN x
force diagram for the cart, we have ·F = ma:
x-component: F – mg sin θ – Ffr = ma = 0; v
y-component: FN – mg cos θ = 0; θ
with Ffr = µkFN. F Ffr
For a 5° slope we have
θ
F = mg(sin θ + µk sin θ)
mg
= (30 kg)[(9.80 m/s2)[sin 5° + (0.10)cos 5°]
= 55 N.
Because this is greater than 50 N, a 5° slope is too steep.

58. For each object we take the direction of the acceleration as y

the positive direction. The kinetic friction from the table
will oppose the motion of the bowl.
(a) From the force diagrams, we have ·F = ma:
x-component(bowl): FT – Ffr = mbowla; FN FT
y-component(bowl): FN – mbowlg = 0; Ffr x FT
y-component(cat): mcatg – FT = mcata.
With Ffr = µkFN , we have
mbowlg
FT = Ffr = mbowla + µkmbowlg.
When we eliminate FT , we get y
mcatg
(mcat – µkmbowl)g = (mcat + mbowl)a;
[(5.0 kg) – (0.44)(11 kg)](9.80 m/s2) = (5.0 kg + 11 kg)a, which gives a = 0.098 m/s2.
(b) We find the time for the bowl to reach the edge of the table from
x = x0 + v0t + !at2;
0.9 m = 0 + 0 + !(0.098 m/s2)t2, which gives t = 4.3 s.

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59. Before the mass slides, the friction is static, with Fsfr ² µsFN.
FN
The static friction force will be maximum just before the mass
slides. We write ·F = ma from the force diagram: θ
x-component: mg sin θmax – µsFN = 0; y
y-component: FN – mg cos θmax = 0. Ffr
When we combine these, we get θ
tan θmax = µs = 0.60, or θmax = 31°.
x mg

60. We assume there is no tension in the rope and simplify the

forces to those shown. From the force diagram, we have ·F = ma:
x-component: FNshoes – FNwall = 0, Ffrshoes FNwall
Ffrwall
so the two normal forces are equal: FNshoes = FNwall = FN;
y-component: Ffrshoes + Ffrwall – mg = 0. y
For a static friction force, we know that Fsfr ² µsFN. FNshoes
The minimum normal force will be exerted when the static x
friction forces are at the limit: mg
µsshoesFNshoes + µswallFNwall = mg;
(0.80 + 0.60)FN = (70 kg)(9.80 m/s2), which gives FN = 4.9 × 102 N.

61. (a) The forces and coordinate systems are shown in the
diagram. From the force diagram, with the block m2 FT
as the system, we can write ·F = Ma: FT FN
y-component: m2g – FT = m2a.
θ x
y
From the force diagram, with the block m1 as the
system, we can write ·F = ma: y
x-component: FT – m1g sin θ = m1a. θ
When we eliminate FT between these two equations, m2g m1g
we get
a = (m2 – m1 sin θ)g/(m1 + m2).
(b) Because up the plane is our positive direction, we have
a down (negative) requires m2 < m1 sin θ.
a up (positive) requires m2 > m1 sin θ.

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62. The direction of the kinetic friction force is determined by FT

the direction of the velocity, not the direction of the FN
FT
acceleration. The block on the plane is moving up, so the
friction force is down. The forces and coordinate systems θ x
y
are shown in the diagram. From the force diagram, with
the block m2 as the system, we can write ·F = Ma: y
y-component: m2g – FT = m2a. θ Ffr
From the force diagram, with the block m1 as the system, m 2g m 1g

we can write ·F = ma:

x-component: FT – Ffr – m1g sin θ = m1a;
y-component: FN – m1g cos θ = 0; with Ffr = µkFN.
When we eliminate FT between these two equations, we get
a = (m2 – m1 sin θ – µkm1 cos θ)g/(m1 + m2)
= [2.7 kg – (2.7 kg) sin 25° – (0.15)(2.7 kg) cos 25°](9.80 m/s2)/(2.7 kg + 2.7 kg)
= 2.2 m/s2 up the plane.
The acceleration is up the plane because the answer is positive.

63. With the block moving up the plane, we find the coefficient of kinetic friction required for zero
acceleration from
a = (m2 – m1 sin θ – µkm1 cos θ)g/(m1 + m2);
0 = [2.7 kg – (2.7 kg) sin 25° – µk(2.7 kg) cos 25°](9.80 m/s2)/(2.7 kg + 2.7 kg).
which gives µk = 0.64.

64. Both motions have constant velocity, so the acceleration is zero.

From the force diagram for the motion coasting down the hill, FN x
we can write ·F = ma: FR
x-component: mg sin θ – FR = 0, or FR = mg sin θ.
From the force diagram for the motion climbing up the hill,
we can write ·F = ma: θ
mg
x-component: F – mg sin θ – FR = 0, so
F = FR + mg sin θ = 2mg sin θ
= 2(65 kg)(9.80 m/s2) sin 6.0° = 1.3 × 102 N.

65. The acceleration can be found from the blood’s one-dimensional motion:
v = v0 + at;
0.35 m/s = (0.25 m/s) + a(0.10 s), which gives a = 1.00 m/s2.
We apply Newton’s second law to find the required force
·F = ma;
F = (20 × 10–3 kg)(1.00 m/s2) = 2.0 × 10–2 N.

66. We apply Newton’s second law to the person:

·F = ma;
F = (70 kg)(– 30)(9.80 m/s2) = – 2.1 × 104 N (opposite to motion).
We find the distance from
v2 = v02 + 2a (x – xo)
0 = [(90 km/h)/(3.6 ks/h)]2 + 2(– 30)(9.80 m/s2)(x – xo), which gives x – xo = 1.1 m.

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67. (a) For the object to move with the ground, the static friction force must provide the same
acceleration. With the standard coordinate system, for ·F = ma we have
x-component: Fsfr = ma;
y-component: FN – mg = 0.
For static friction, Fsfr ² µsFN , or ma ² µsmg ; thus µs ³ a/g.
(b) For the greatest acceleration, the minimum required coefficient is
µs = a/g =(4.0 m/s2)/(9.80 m/s2) = 0.41.
Because this is greater than 0.25, the chair will slide.

68. From the force diagram for the car we have

y
x-component: F – FT = mcara;
y-component : FN,car – mcarg = 0.
From the force diagram for the trailer we FN, trailer FN, car
x
have FT FT
x-component: FT – µkFN,trailer = mtrailera;
y-component: FN,trailer – mtrailerg = 0,
or FN,trailer = mtrailerg. Ffr F
mtrailerg mcarg
If we add the two x-equations, we get
F – µkmtrailerg = mcara + mtrailera;
3.5 × 103 N – (0.15)(450 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = (1000 kg + 450 kg)a, which gives a = 1.96 m/s2.
We can find the force on the trailer from the x-equation for the trailer:
FT – µkmtrailerg = mtrailera;
FT – (0.15)(450 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = (450 kg)(1.96 m/s2), which gives FT = 1.5 × 103 N.

69. On a level road, the normal force is FN = mg. The kinetic friction force is the only force slowing the
automobile. We find the acceleration from the horizontal component of ·F = ma:
– µkmg = ma, which gives
a = – µkg = – (0.80)(9.80 m/s2) = – 7.84 m/s2.
For the motion until the automobile stops, we have
v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0);
0 = v02 + 2(– 7.84 m/s2)(80 m), which gives v0 = 35 m/s (130 km/h).

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70. We find the angle of the hill from

sin θ = 1/4, which gives θ = 14.5°. y
The kinetic friction force will be up the hill to oppose FN
the motion. From the force diagram for the car,
we have ·F = ma:
x-component: mg sin θ – Ffr = ma; Ffr x
y-component: FN – mg cos θ = 0. θ
mg
When we combine these, we get
a = g sin θ – µkg cos θ = g(sin θ – µk cos θ).
(a) If there is no friction, we have
a = g sin θ = (9.80 m/s2) sin 14.5° = 2.45 m/s2.
We find the car’s speed from
v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0);
v2 = 0 + 2(2.45 m/s2)(50 m), which gives v = 16 m/s.
(b) If there is friction, we have
a = g(sin θ – µk cos θ) = (9.80 m/s2)[sin 14.5° – (0.10) cos 14.5°] = 1.50 m/s2.
We find the car’s speed from
v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0);
v2 = 0 + 2(1.50 m/s2)(50 m), which gives v = 12 m/s.

71. We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the fish:

y-component: FT – mg = ma, or FT = m(a + g). +y
(a) At constant speed, a = 0, so we have FT
FTmax = mmaxg;
45 N = mmax(9.80 m/s2), which gives mmax = 4.6 kg.
(b) For an upward acceleration, we have mg
FTmax = mmax(a + g);
45 N = mmax(2.0 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2), which gives mmax = 3.8 kg.
Note that we have ignored any force from the water.

72. For the motion until the elevator stops, we have

v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0);
0 = (3.5 m/s)2 + 2a (3.0 m), which gives a = – 2.04 m/s2. FT
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the elevator:
y-component: mg – FT = ma; or
+y
(1300 kg)(9.80 m/s2) – FT = (1300 kg)(– 2.04 m/s2),
which gives
FT = 1.5 × 104 N. mg

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73. (a) We assume that the block will slide down;

friction will be up the plane, opposing the FN1
y
motion. From the force diagram for box 1,
without the tension, we have ·F = ma: Ffr1
x-component: m1g sin θ – µk1FN1 = m1a1. x
y-component: FN1 – m1g cos θ = 0. θ F T FT
Combining these, we get the acceleration: m 1g FN2
a1 = (sin θ – µk1 cos θ)g
θ Ffr2
= [sin 30° – (0.10) cos 30°](9.80 m/s2)
= 4.1 m/s2.
From the force diagram for box 2, without the θ
tension, we have ·F = ma: m2g
x-component: m2g sin θ – µk2FN2 = m2a2.
y-component: FN2 – m2g cos θ = 0.
Combining these, we get the acceleration:
a2 = (sin θ – µk2 cos θ)g
= [sin 30° – (0.20) cos 30°](9.80 m/s2) = 3.2 m/s2.
(b) We see from part (a) that the upper box will have a greater acceleration. Any tension in the string
would increase this effect. Thus the upper box will slide faster than the lower box and the string
will become lax, with no tension. Until the upper box reaches the lower box, when a normal force is
created, the accelerations will be the same as in part (a):
a1 = 4.1 m/s2, and a2 = 3.2 m/s2.
(c) In this configuration, we see that the lower box will try to pull away from the upper one, creating a
tension in the string. Because the two boxes are tied together, they will have the same
acceleration. The x-components of the force equation will be
box 1 (lower): m1g sin θ – FT – µk1m1g cos θ = m1a;
box 2 (upper): m2g sin θ + FT – µk2m2g cos θ = m2a.
We add these equations to eliminate FT , and get the acceleration:
a = {sin θ – [(µk1m1 + µk2m2)/(m1 + m2)] cos θ}g
= (sin 30° – {(0.10)(1.0 kg) + (0.20)(2.0 kg)]/(1.0 kg + 2.0 kg)} cos 30°)(9.80 m/s2) = 3.5 m/s2.

74. We take the positive direction upward.

+y
The scale reads the force the person exerts on the scale. From
Newton’s third law, this is also the magnitude of the normal
force acting on the person. The effective mass on the scale is
mscale = FN/g. FN
We write ·F = ma from the force diagram for the person: mg
y-component: FN – mg = ma, or
mscale = FN/g = m(a + g)/g.
(a) When the elevator is at rest, a = 0:
mscale = m(0 + g)/g = m = 75.0 kg.
(b) When the elevator is climbing at constant speed, a = 0:
mscale = m(0 + g)/g = m = 75.0 kg.
(c) When the elevator is falling at constant speed, a = 0:
mscale = m(0 + g)/g = m = 75.0 kg.
(d) When the elevator is accelerating upward, a is positive:
mscale = m(a + g)/g = (75.0 kg)(3.0 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2)/(9.80 m/s2) = 98.0 kg.
(e) When the elevator is accelerating downward, a is negative:
mscale = m(a + g)/g = (75.0 kg)(– 3.0 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2)/(9.80 m/s2) = 52.0 kg.

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75. (a) We select the origin at the bottom of the ramp, with y
up positive. We find the acceleration from the motion up x
FN
the ramp:
v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0); v
θ
0 = v02 + 2a(d – 0), which gives a = – v02/2d.
When the block slides up the ramp, kinetic friction will Ffr
be down, opposing the motion. From the force diagram
θ
for the block, we have ·F = ma:
x-component: – mg sin θ – µkFN = ma; mg
y-component: FN – mg cos θ = 0.
When we eliminate FN from the two equations and use the result for a, we get
– mg sin θ – µkmg cos θ = m(– v02/2d), which gives
µk = (v02/2gd cos θ) – tan θ.
(b) Once the block stops, the friction becomes static and will be up the plane, to oppose the impending
motion down. If the block remains at rest, the acceleration is zero. The static friction force must be
² µsFN and we have
x-component: – mg sin θ + Ffrs = 0, or Ffrs = mg sin θ ² µsmg cos θ.
Thus we know that µs ³ tan θ.

76. On a level road, the normal force is FN = mg. The kinetic friction force is the only force slowing the
motorcycle. We find the acceleration from the horizontal component of ·F = ma:
– µkmg = ma, which gives
a = – µkg = – (0.80)(9.80 m/s2) = – 7.84 m/s2.
For the motion through the sandy stretch, we have
v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0);
v2 = (17 m/s)2 + 2(– 7.84 m/s2)(15 m), which gives v = ± 7.3 m/s.
The negative sign corresponds to the motorcycle going beyond the sandy stretch and returning, assuming
the same negative acceleration after the motorcycle comes to rest. This will not occur, so the motorcycle
emerges with a speed of 7.3 m/s.
If the motorcycle did not emerge, we would get a negative value for v2, indicating that there is no real
value for v.

77. We find the acceleration of the car on the level from

v = v0 + at; y
(21 m/s) = 0 + a(14.0 s), which gives a = 1.5 m/s2. x FN
This acceleration is produced by the net force:
Fnet = ma = (1100 kg)(1.5 m/s2) = 1650 N.
If we assume the same net force on the hill, with no Fnet
acceleration on the steepest hill, from the force mg
θ
diagram we have
x-component: Fnet – mg sin θ = 0;
1650 N – (1100 kg)(9.80 m/s2) sin θ = 0, which gives sin θ = 0.153, or θ = 8.8°.

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Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli Chapter 4

78. The velocity is constant, so the acceleration is zero.

(a) From the force diagram for the bicycle, we can write ·F = ma: FN x
x-component: mg sin θ – FR = 0, or Ffr
mg sin θ = cv;
(80 kg)(9.80 m/s2) sin 5.0° = c(6.0 km/h)/(3.6 m/s), which gives
c = 41 kg/s. θ
mg
(b) We have an additional force in ·F = ma:
x-component: F + mg sin θ – FR = 0, so
F = cv – mg sin θ
= [(41 kg/s)(20 km/h)/(3.6 m/s)] – (80 kg)(9.80 m/s2) sin 5.0° = 1.6 × 102 N.

79. From the force diagram for the watch, we have ·F = ma: y
x-component: FT sin θ = ma;
y-component: FT cos θ – mg = 0, or FT cos θ = mg.
If we divide the two equations, we find the acceleration:
θ
a = g tan θ = (9.80 m/s2) tan 25° = 4.56 m/s2. FT
For the motion of the aircraft, we find the takeoff speed from
v = v0 + at = 0 – (4.56 m/s2)(18 s) = 82 m/s (300 km/h).
x

a mg

80. There are only three tensions. The tension in the

rope that goes around both pulleys is constant:
FT1 = FT2 = F. y FT3
We choose up positive and assume that the piano
is lifted with no acceleration. FT4
If the masses of the pulleys are negligible, FT2 FT1
we can write ·Fy = may.
FT2 F
(a) If we select the piano and bottom pulley as
the system, we have
FT2 + FT1 – Mg = 0, which gives FT4 FT1
2FT1 = Mg, or FT1 = F = !Mg.
Mg Bottom pulley Top pulley
(b) For the individual elements, we have
piano: FT4 – Mg = 0, which gives
FT4 = Mg.
bottom pulley: FT2 + FT1 – FT4 = 0, which gives
2FT1 = Mg, or FT1 = FT2 = !Mg.
top pulley: FT3 – FT1 – FT2 – F = 0, which gives
FT3 = 3FT1 = 8Mg.

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Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli Chapter 4

81. (a) If motion is just about to begin, the static friction y

force on the block will be maximum: Fsfr,max = µsFN ,
and the acceleration will be zero. We write
·F = ma from the force diagram for each object:
FN FT
x-component (block): FT – µsFN = 0;
Ffr x FT
y-component (block): FN – m1g = 0;
y-component (bucket): (m2 + msand)g – FT = 0. m1g
When we combine these equations, we get
(m2 + msand)g = µsm1g, which gives y
(m2 + msand)g
msand = µsm1 + m2 = (0.450)(28.0 kg) – 1.00 kg
= 11.6 kg.
(b) When the system starts moving, the friction becomes kinetic,
and the tension changes. The force equations become
x-component (block): FT2 – µkFN = m1a;
y-component (block): FN – m1g = 0;
y-component (bucket): (m2 + msand)g – FT2 = m2a.
When we combine these equations, we get
(m2 + msand – µkm1)g = (m1 + m2 + msand)a, which gives
a = [1.00 kg + 11.6 kg – (0.320)(28.0 kg)](9.80 m/s2)/(28.0 kg + 1.00 kg + 11.6 kg) = 0.879 m/s2.

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