Basic Principle, Concept and definition

1-1 SYSTEM UNITS

𝒎𝒂
In relation to Physics2nd Law of Newton ’s. The F= 𝑲
Statement made that acceleration of a particular body
is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on
it and inversely proportional to its mass.
SI UNITS ( INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS )

K is a proportional constant

1 dyne 1 Newton 1 lbf

1 gm 1 Kgm 1 Kgm

1 cm/s 2 1 m/s 2 1 ft/s 2

. cm
K = 1 gm
dyne . s2
kgm . m
K = 1 Newton K = 1 slug . ft
. s2 lbf . s2
 System of units where k is not unity

1 lbf 1g 1 Kgf
1 lbm 1 gm 1 Kgm

32.2 ft/s 2 980.66 cm/s 2 9.8066 m/s 2

. ft .m
K = 32.174 lbm
lbf . s2
K = 980.66 gmgf .. scm
2
K = 9.8066 Kgm
kgf . s2
 Relation Between Kgf and Newton ( N )

Kgm . m Kgm . m
K = 1 Newton . s2 K = 9.8066 kgf . s2

Kgm . m .m
Therefore; 1 Newton . s2
= 9.8066 Kgm
kgf . s2

1 Kgf = 9.8066 N

Relation Between lbm and slug

. ft . ft
K = 1 slug
lbf . s2
K = 32.174 lbm
lbf . s2

. ft lbm . ft
Therefore; 1 slug
lbf . s2
= = 32.174 lbf . s2

1 Slug = 32.174 lbm

ACCELERATION
A unit of force is one that produces unit acceleration
𝒎𝒂
in a body of unit mass. F= 𝑲
1 poundal
1 lbm 1 poundal = ( 1 lbm )( 1 ft/s 2 )
F is force in piundals
𝑚
𝑘
is mass in pounds
1 ft/s 2 a is acceleration in ft/s 2

𝒎𝒂
F=
𝑲
1 lbf
1 slug 1 poundal = ( 1 slug )( 1 ft/s 2 )
𝑙𝑏𝑓 .s2
1 slug = 1 𝑓𝑡
F is force in piundals
𝑚
1 ft/s 2 is mass in pounds
𝑘
a is acceleration in ft/s 2
MASS AND WEIGHT

The mass of a body is the absolute quantity of matter

in it. The weight of a body means the force of gravity
(Fg) on the body.

𝒎 𝑭 𝑭𝒈
𝑲
= 𝒂
= 𝒈
Where:
g = acceleration produces by force Fg
a = acceleration produced by another force F

At or near the surface of the earth, k and g are

numerically equal, so are m and Fg
SI BASE UNITS
Quantity Unit Name Symbol

Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric Current ampere A
Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin k
Amount of Matter mole mol
Luminous Intensity candela cd
DERIVED UNITS
AREA SQUARE METER m2
VOLUME CUBIC METER m3
SPEED, VELOCITY METER PER SECOND m/s
ACCELERATION METER PER SECON SQUARE s/m2
DENSITY KILOGRAM PER CUBIC METER Kg/m2
SPECIFIC VOLUME CUBIC METER PER KILOGRAM m3 /Kg
CURRENT DENSITY AMPERE PER SQUARE METER A/m2

FORCE NEWTON N m. Kg/s 2

PRESSURE PASCAL Pa Kg/(m. s 2 )
FREQUENCY HERTZ Hz 1/s
ENERGY,WORK,HEAT JOULE J m2 . Kg/s 2
POWER WATT W m2 . Kg/s 3
PROBLEM -1
What is the weight of a 55 Kgm man at STANDARD condition?
Given:
m = 55 Kgm g = 9.81 m/s 2

Solution:
𝒎𝒂 𝟓𝟓 𝑲𝒈𝒎 . 𝟗.𝟖𝟏m/s2
Fg= =
𝑲
9.81 Kgm .m
kgf . s2

Fg= 55 Kgf
PROBLEM -2
A block whose mass of 3 metric tons is accelerated uniformly
from standstill to 100 Km/h in 8 sec. Find the Mass in Pounds?,
The acceleration?, and the driving Force in Newton.
Given:
m = 3 metric tons; v2 = 100 Km/h; t = 8 sec
Solution:
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈 𝟐.𝟐 𝒍𝒃
@ mass = 3 metric ton ( 𝟏 𝒎 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔 ) ( 𝟏 𝒌𝒈
) = 6600 lbm
@ velocity formula:
V2 = V1 – at
𝒌𝒎 𝒌𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎
𝒗𝟐 −𝒗𝟏 (𝟏𝟎𝟎 −𝟎 )( ) m
𝒉 𝒉 𝟏𝒌𝒎
a= = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄 = 3. 47
𝒕 𝟖 𝒔𝒆𝒄 s2
𝟏 𝒉𝒓
@ force
𝒎
𝒎𝒂 (𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈)(𝟑.𝟒𝟕 2 )
s
F=
𝑲
= 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎 = 10,410 N
𝟏
𝑵 .s2
1-2 Seatwork

Send your answer to [email protected]

examination will take only 20mins
SPECIFIC VOLUME, DENSITY AND SPECIFIC WEIGHT
The density ρ of any substance is its mass (not weight) per unit
volume.

𝒎 𝒌𝒎 𝒈𝒎 𝒍𝒃 𝒍𝒃 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈𝒔
ρ = 𝑽 = ( m3 , cm3 , in3 , ft3 , 𝑓𝑡 3 )
The specific volume 𝑣 is the volume of a unit mass.

𝑽 𝟏
𝑣 = 𝒎= ρ
The specific weight γ of any substance is the force of gravity on
a unit volume.
𝑭𝒈 𝒎𝒈 ρ𝒈
γ= ( = ) ( g = 9.81 m/s2 ) SI UNITS
𝑽 𝑽 𝒌
( g = 3.2 ft/s 2 ) ENGLISH UNITS
PROBLEM -1
What is the specific weight of a water of STANDARD condition?
Given:
m
g = 9.81 s2
𝒌𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈 𝒈𝒎 𝟏𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎𝑵 𝟔𝟒.𝟒 𝒍𝒃𝒔
Water Standard = ( ,, , , 3 , )
𝑳 m3 cm3 m3 𝑚 ft3
Solution:

𝒌𝒈𝒎 𝒎
ρ𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ( 𝟗.𝟖𝟏 ) 𝒌𝒈𝒇
γ= = 𝒎𝟑 𝒔𝟐
= 1000
9.81 Kgm . m
𝒌 𝒎𝟑
kgf . s2
PROBLEM -2
A fluid that occupies a volume of 24L weights 225 N at a location
where the gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2 . Determine the
mass of this fluid and its density.
Given:
m
W = 225 N g = 9.81 V= 24L
s2
Solution:

W
m= = 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝑵 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎
= 22.93 kg
𝒈 9.81sm2 𝑵 .s2

𝒎 𝟐𝟐.𝟗𝟑 𝒌𝒈 𝑘𝑔
ρ= = m3
= 955.416 m3
𝑽 24 L1000 𝐿
PRESSURE https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=gsz50msdqmo

Pressure Standard
Patm = 1 atm = 29.92 in
= 14.7 psi = 34 ft
N
= 101325 m3
= 10. 336 m
= 746 mm Hg = 760 Torr
1. By using manometers
(a) Absolute pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure ( Pabs ˃ Patm )
Po
P = absolute pressure
Po = atmospheric pressure
Pg = gage pressure, the
Pg pressure due to the
P hg
liquid column hg

P = Po + Pg
(b) Absolute pressure is less than atmospheric pressure ( Pabs ˂ Patm )

P = Po - Pg
P
hg Pg Po The gage reading is called
vacuum pressure or the vscuum

2. By using pressure gage

a device for measuring gage pressure.
GAGE PRESSURE

Po P = Po + Pg

Fg ρg hg
Fg hg Pg Pg = A
= γ hg = K

P = Po + ρg hg
P
PROBLEM -1
A pressure gage connected to a tank reads 500 kPa at a location
where the atmospheric pressure is 94 kPa. Determine the absolute
pressure in the tank
Given:
Pg = 500 kPa Patm = 94 kPa
Solution:

Pabs = Patm + Pgage

= 500 kPa + 94 Kpa

= 594 Kpa
PROBLEM -2
kg
A 50 meter vertical tank of water (ρ = 1890 m3 ) is located where
m
g = 9.63 s2 . Find the pressure at the base of the tank.
Given:
kg m
ρ = 1890 m3 g = 9.63 s2 .
Solution:
ρg hg
Pg = K

1890mkg3 m
(9.63 2 )
s
= 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎 ( 50 m )
1
𝑵 .s2

N
= 910,035 or 910 kPa
m2
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure(Patm)

Po
ho Po = γ ho

ho = height of column of liquid

supported by Po
Barometer
PROBLEM -3
A vertical column of water will be supported to
what height by standard atmospheric pressure.

At standard condition
γw = 62.4 lb/ft 3 Po = 14.7 ft/in2 or psi

Solution:
in2
Po ( 14.7 )( 144 lb
in2 ft2
)
ho = γw = = 33.9 ft
62.4 lb ft3

SPECIFIC GRAVITY ( spgr )

γ
Is a ratio of the specific weight of Sp.gr =
the substance to that of water γw
PROBLEM -4
kg
The pressure of a boiler is 9.5 the barometer pressure of the
cm2
atmosphere is 768 mm of Hg and spgr of 13.6. Find the absolute
pressure in the boiler.
Given:
kg kg
Pg = 9.5 cm2 hg = 768 mm Hg γw = 1000 m3
Solution:

Po = γ ho = γhg ho = spgr(γw ) ( ho )
kg
Po = 13.6(1000 )( 0.768 m)
m3
kg 1m kg
Po = 10,444 m2 ( 100 𝑐𝑚 )3 = 1.04 cm2
kg kg kg
P = Po + Pg = 1.04 cm2 + 9.5 cm2 = 10.54 cm2
TEMPERATURE https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=6BHbJ_gBOk0

Derive the relation between degrees Fahrenheit

and Degrees Centigrade. 9
̊F = 5 ̊ C + 32

212 ̊F 100 ̊C
5
̊C = ( ̊ F ) − 32
t ̊F t ̊C 9

32 ̊F 0 ̊C ̊R = ̊ F + 460
t ̊F −32 t ̊C − 0
212 −32
= 100 − 0 ÷20 ̊K = ̊ C + 273
(divisible by 20 )
.9
̊F−32 ̊C 180 ̊ C
= , ̊F = + 32
180 100 100.5