Properties of Line Codes:

MODULE 3
Representation of Line Codes:

Unipolar signalling:
Polar NRZ: Polar RZ:

Bipolar Signalling:
 ! ! " #
$ !
%

(a) On-off (RZ)

(b) Polar (RZ)
(c) Bipolar (RZ)
(d) On-Off (NRZ)
Nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) (e) Polar (NRZ)
Return-to-zero (RZ)
 & $ ! , !
' ( ! $ &)
!
$ ,
( ! ( &
* ! +,
$ - (
! ' , . / !0 %
$ ! 1 %
$ !%
' ! 2 !
* %
) ! 1
2 * %

! " #

#3 !
-
! 3 4
0 !
*
* - !4 5 +65 6 7∠5
δ τ τ
πτ
πτ

- 1
 ! "
' * ' '+( !0
A
- !
2
X T ( w)
-B B 2
T X T ( w)
& ' * # 09 , 09
S x ( w) = lim
T →∞ T

A A 8 !

-B2 -B1 B1 B2

For Sx(f) bandlimited [–B,B], B<<fc

# " $ %
4 τ + τ : #τ #
T /2 "
1
Rx (τ ) = limT →∞ x (t ) x (t − τ )dt -
T −T / 2 # %
%
!
! ) '
Rx(ττ)
bk x (t ) = akδ (t − kT ) y (t ) = ak f (t − kT )
Binary Data Impulse k
Pulse k

Source Modulator Filter, f(t)

0 τ
8 ! 1 64 τ 6≤ 4 τ Line Coding
' * 4 τ)⇔ Sx(f)
 "
) ' *
4
/ +/ /
! / #/ %
* " # " "
! " / /
,"." #. ! 7 %
) !1 /
' !
! ' !
%

h(t)=f(t)
Sy(w)=|F(w)|2Sx(w)

) * "

"4 τ !

; " ' %

4 1 4 +4# "
 $
3 "
& ' ! %
! <.= !
$ <,= !
& ! <,= ! >
&
$ <.= ! > "
3 " / - ! / ! . #. /
! .% <.= !>
) "
' %&
&
; ) '( % ! ! @ ","# A"
# - ;% " ! ! ! %
" . #.% " . #.%
/ /?. / /?. ' "
! - ! / ! . #. " ; / /?.
- . ;09 - #. ;09 %

$
" /* ," '
. #." 9'(% "
)

4 ." ) /?.%
* - ! / ! - ..".,",.",,%
, ! /'+ " " ) /?.'+
- % " "
B;0C ) /?.'+ ! ;0C
1 ) /?.% & " - ..
! !
% ) /?.+ #. ;0C
%
$ ,- .$,/ 0 $,/
& . 5 !& 5 & &;D
% 9 % B %3 (. ! %
# # !% 5 & ,2 -
"
%
%
,2 "
- 5 &B %
B & %3 " 000V and B00V, where B=1 conforms to the
% " ! .2 bipolar rule and V=1 violates the bipolar
rule. The choice of sequence 000V or B00V
% ! is made in such a way that consecutive V
7 % pulses alternate signs in order to maintain
& ! ;#1 &;D the dc null in PSD.
•B00V is used when there is an even
! ; ,2 number of 1’s following the last special
;# sequence
! % •000V is used where there is an odd number
of 1’s following the last sequence.

$1/ $2/
&BD $ #B ( &FD . . %3
,2 ,, ! 1 - .2
&,E% ,2 %
! %

!" &GD 9 "

1 ,E&,E&%
 " "
! - H /I
. ! - H /I ! #9
! ,% ! / /#.% ! /
" ! ! ! ! / ."
! % / / ,%
! .2 ,2 %
! !
. !
, %3 !" %
% 3 " . % " ,
%
dk
dk , , . , , . . . ,
d k −1 . . , . . , , ,
mk . , , . , . . ,

# " "
# "
;4D 4 9B9 $ !
( /
/
/ # / & ! %
;4D#3 * 3
* 3

! !

/
%
 " -
" "
'
) ! "
%
/ %
%
' 8
)
- " ! % J
.,,, "
,%,,K " . ,%,,.
" . % 5 " . ,%,,G
" . ! %
!
!%
' 5 /
$ ! 1
" /
%&
%

# " # " "

& % $ F

! 1 !
% ! ! 1
%
# -
3 )
< = %
! " ! ! -
! .%
!
! ,%

! "
! .% $
! ." .%K 9 !
% ; "
%
 $
& &) '
LLM &) -% LLM ! %
$ &) 4 - #1 ' ! ! !
!
; # #; &) ) 6* 6 9%
!
5 # B &
Half-power bandwidth !

Nyquist Pulse or Raised-Cosine pulse

-2T –T 0 T 2T 3T
dB
sinc pulse 1/W

-3/R -2/R -1/R 1/R 2/R 3/R -W W

! " #

3 4 3
! !
" !
$ 7 " ! ! %
3 "
% " ! % %"
3 )"
%
+.0 9) % 4 !
" ! !
! Multilevel line codes Multilevel transmission
4 +9 ) 0 %
3 " 3 ,
/
$ %(
-
%$ " !
!
/ !
! !
!%
!
# %5
!%

, "
;4 $
!
signal noise signal + noise
High !
SNR t
<,= <.=%
t t
(
signal noise signal +
noise ! %
Low
SNR t t
3 "
t
$ >$% &
SNR (dB) = 10 log10 SNR " $?
A=noise free sample voltage at the receiver %
σ2=the total noise power at the detector=(N0)(NBW) !
NBW=noise bandwidth ! ! J %
N0=Power of white noise per Hertz
) ! % $
J %3 ! %
# J ' *%
) <,= " Gauge (diameter)
>$? % 3 N$"
! .% 3 ' 6,
! , " "

# ! /
' ! %

" " 3
' A Peak amplitude (Volts) 4 ! /
Power=A2 σ noise rms amplitude (Volts) B C
σ2' noise power %
#
Power=A2/2 - ! '(4
! &(4
& 0
10 N=number of bits over which parity is generated
Polar
On-Off p=BER assuming independent errors
Bipolar
-2
10
Probability of Error

Power=A2/2 -4
10
!
&(4 - %
-6
10 ( 4 ( ( * .
SNR=Power/σ2
-8
N=length of CRC field (including CRC bits)
10
p=BER assuming independent errors
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
2
Signal-to-Noise Ratio=Power/σ