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Solid State

Clas 12 Chem Notes

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139 views45 pages

Solid State

Clas 12 Chem Notes

Uploaded by

Sanjay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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eo ( Unct 4 SOLID grark| 4 ClasstReotton Qrae Zn0=> HiT A sdid. a a matter ushich. possesses pposesses pose wegedity A hence is the. form of a. dafernc-te hope Dokinits, volume. Gourwal thavacterwtics OF & stole Db they Shoe defini mass va 24s ti) Thkermolkenlar clistanes are short i) Thtemerelan ras ane shrong W) The constitumt posticles Catorns tons or roclecubes) Frowe Fixe pesckions+ cam only oscillotit abouk they mean postkons. Tue moke the sokids : i aig + incompressible. Geye Amorphous [o> the basis of nodue of ak OF, Serre TOF canst Destinckon Between talline ¢ Arneyphous Solids Fropesty | Crystallene. | Amo: Shape Defente ehavacterskic geormakvcaL Terregulan Shope shape i Noelterng Sharp mp Melt Cscften) over Undergo a cleam Undergo an eleava tyrequlay cut Definite “+ STE po not Dave. defiat faston | Aeat of fusceon Doak of -fuscon Anisotooy| Amisotropic vn _pature | Tsolvopic > hafine te pooperteas Dike ellechrread [é & electoteal conduckih. conduckvily, veFractive | | refractive tral, herr verrcal Ueoa linden, Abermal oxpansial Lcpomrseo ake are I ale Tone differar|velus| clurticad oo oh in different Aivectons directions © [Natore True. gated s Pseuclo sdicls ov i ‘ guperccoled Biguicls Order bong vamge order | sinott somge order ° Geteds ane superceded Diquids or pseudo sctids Sider + Glass of the weindew pares oF Some ery otel thouses are found +o be thicket at the bollom team ok the top , showing some Ffluedity possessed by glass. Amorphous sods Thave shovt range evden. Ord ernall past of G & orderly arranged @ crystalline: Thi cystalline past oF amnorfpneus god te called Crystalltes Some glass _otyects_ from. amecunt cévilisakions ant found fe become milky Ww appearane 6 tox of some eaystallicohin f glass + During femp. saniation ammerpbous fown. get converted to eqsalne form com maternal eam ea rade, aoe a or ssy either by rete cooling. ts melt or ae cts aapaur Quota ts tolfine SO on melking $rape expel hb oe wm fo glass Cin whrel eo 18 odin are vramdomby foi ened to each other ? [[Molecedar Tone metallic Covetemt Now nsfay L. Potay 1 -bonded Propertes of the four of satis — Refer “Text Rook He =) a Fntext Ouecttons “Canswers) constituent partecles of & solid Shave xed poscteons 4 ane aot Gree = amove abouk + & thay pave. aeige haty, + tence Hey [nave defn vel Coystalline —> Petyuvethone , teflon”, cellophane Pvc bre lass Botkd is tsoteopte hence. armoarphous Wel) Molecular | Towe Covalent Meballee Bongime KS, Gera phil Sh Cnon. potar) *nS sic Rb Urea Cpelar) AAA(H-bonded) 4,0. Cu-bonded) Ay Cnen péfar) LT) Govalmt Snetwork slit K 1:8 | Tp motten olali tonic solid dissociol. fo gure Pree ions + June com emnduct sbictricily . To soficl stati as the tons are not Pree bul -reroun hel fogelber by strong electaostalie fortes of allvactton | they, cannot _comduct alictoiccly ql Metallic sctide Text Book @nercese 1:3) Torte = ny), POH, LBY Metallve — Brass Rb cwvalknt = Graph | SiC Si Metecular = BOw, Tah Amorphous - Plast’ eoystal Laltices + Unit Cells The maim charactersttc_of erystalline sole js a regullan + repeating palter OF conetituant — particles Cousted halen: A regulon 3 - pémensiond arramgmert of cmskfumt partecle Cpeints) in space is called crystal. fattece There ane th posséble SD Latkes calle Bravais Latkes Chayactersties OF Gystal Latice + Bach point in a Melita ts cold Qaitece peak or faltte. scle - ° adh pork im a eoystal fale sepresensts ona comstitumat pavtecle which may be a alem, a anduale or ar lon: + tale points ave joined by straight Lines to being ouk the geormalay oF the Rotten Unck Gil— Tt © the srmallist porkon of a coystol Daltke. exhich wun sepectad 01 different divections , gunevols the entire Recttice ened A _umit cell is characterised The dimensions along the 3 "ae bee | Ther edger nowy ov Proy aot be reutually Ls + Angle bf the ie: (bf bre) | B (by 2+c)t ¥ (bie arb Thas a nnet o chavacteri'sed by 6 paramekers—> 46 6 Pp 7 | | 4— Unit OU | = G6, C > _eclge length xB, Y—> Sle bly rAges Based on porometers of te writ all —C2dge bungth +4le bho edn) thee ane grin types eagstal yskr /orystal habets Coystal | Fondling [Axel Angles eeareples Syst | edger bergh Ka pavers | Natl wa Zeneblende | @uubcic a=b=c tbae Fn, SROs “ehragonal a=b#ee Aa=pa7 = WO TeOn » CAS%, Crborbombie| ax b#e |<=P =Ta 9g __| Rrombie sulphur y RNs, BaSO4, heamgera) [a=b#e |xt=p=90 2126 [Graphite An0, cds Bhombobdt aa b=e Rapa ZA | aces gs agonal 1. monoding | eFeFe | tH Ja a0, PEA _Moneclinote Sulphur : N@, SO," OHO Tadinte | web ee. | 4t pet Pe | 60 casos? = HaBOs Premilive, & Non pumiliveCeombred) Onut Gile 1 ow cesnstifuent particles - on thee “corner _poscteons oF cabled. prienitive. urrak al. Conrbredl OmeE edt 1 eee a arvk all embdune [ome or more “constituent partcles recent ob | poscteons olher fham cotners in addition to these Lak corners, e+ » called, cambred ounck all | ere are 3 types of hon prméhve umitall a) as G@nbred FP When en addetion to the particles at the corners ther is one pashcle Le present ak tae sate of te be of te arutall e& & caled contre umil all, lf Face Contre oe Ct} when te parkcles presen po af th, corners bub also alte ctr. of each face of the unckall & & called Fon cortred nit eal. [ip _@nd_Gmtved) when tn additee to pavhcles at The corners, there one particles ab te ante oF ony = Oppostle Paws, tt & called amd ambred Oak Louwt Gi | a 1 Tsmniise I [hes pumitve | Sr v [Bedyunbed] ae anlved | [endGntel | coal] Wea erred | Tener aoe Pie eh ip: | 7 No. of Atoms th A Unik Gil A_ crystal Unie stall Tole treocba. wp of a very Barge, pe. of unuk tolls p avenp “[Rattte. point Sis oscupted by one _constetounb | pevsticle | for cabenlakng no. of atom] unit Leal we shall comsedin 8 types of cba omik _eclls + assume thak the wonsitie particles teach type of mil call is an alors. 1 | Ll Primitive Guble Unk Gall I Tt bas atoms only of ds Corners: @ach aborn at the comnes is shared © _azgbt adjacent uct ells. * only Yah of on labors actually Belong to a pavhcalay unital - A cubet umitMeall has 8 comets “po. of atoms /umit all) = ant afl a vo primitive cube amit ull } 3 SS [ov strmpl. ube Iota, | 2. Body Crotred Cubte Unit ol Coed) A_bedy umlved cubic (bec) omit alll has am ak each of ts comers dala one aterm at ths body wnbe . Atom at the body centre wholly belongs to fhe unit ell io which [ck is Present & “EY & nol shared among acliacnh unt alle . Combribution by 8 ators present on the corners ' = axle | lorbribution by atom atthe boy ante = | =) No of atoms /unit alll m bee 1+] fm 2 akems] | Face Combreel Cubco Omit calf (Fes) A face combrec| cubic uk cell combaime ators at oll the wrnes 4ot tthe woke of all the -Faws of the ube 2ach is alom at Fae ome chard bo 2 adjaumt uml alls + mly 17, of each atom balongs to a uml call + Cubrc unit eel bas G fous. Comfeibukion by atoms a the comers = 3x Y= Combi button by atoms on tu faces = 6xy¥ =3 [Nox OF atsms /umit call wo $cc. ee = [4 stems \ GQ Ipted Auestons> I-10) Zach datkece pomt vepresents one constiurmb particle of Pu seid which may be alum Gm oy iroctecule contaun @ atorns at tu corners of umd calh + Gabor al the fan wrt = po Of date poink fn ome _unrtell of face antired whe » 8+6 =1h BCC conan G atoms at the wrhexs of unil alll a&lak the body wntve - nor of Lattice ptt Ip me unt celh of body cenfeed ceubic = B+l1=9 i) Tonre corystale are hard boas there ave Story daclrosiake ras of altvacton areeng the oppesctaly charged. wns «They ave beettle b’eos tonie Bond 3 non directional . two different ways = The sphoten Aon tie Seon Anu ase Mi Auch 9 ng Ahat ne Que Fouching te Splures 8 the [ove Sia i Scanned with CamScanner Wie E p Sphros 1k x | nabe nUGix. ebhix t sleheres tt ta scald a sacking | loken Ze Scanned with CamScanner Moke backed ova, loagonal lag} chung 18 dio oliemmmstens—. dromensronal — cloe_ packing aw ranged im_~ Aexagonah Alay backed bolt Whe Second. Layer. af — Scanned with CamScanner Eq'_ Nickel Toon Gober Sewer Gol a ae 2£6p pr lec | he ood malian murals in bel, | peat aad cep ts 12. Scanned with CamScanner PE Tn a CR stalline Sobd Fi amok Bae = Nain ma cubic lose patkun - Ghiom A_| My dushyé bultd bet-wween Obahed val | aod ttbrahedsal verds. ‘1) al) Jk | | ockohedyal vei da axe. curpied , whak ih Lie eacrewsle of toe 63 ss Bs | Subbose the number of anom Be Nl Scanned with CamScanner = Behe, Me het we [He 1-20 ee es Tne lattice | Rlabinships bebween | Clalion bebiwcen | dP toni col Pee elo he ah na en | Gable cubec. fous cevbved | Body cenbed Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner 1 Dae / | Page =e : 7 De fee Es ane basic. wlonibies the See | a axvaogemenk et a | | eleviahi 20 steep scghian ain sSallra sot —i r Pacts — happen — hap peo chen on fallcahen paroecs. | | al! fost | moclrate vale mockyate vale. rib ox vs 3 aint lead auangemeny ‘araund a Penge ro epSive Yous — takhice puis Frenkel ~ Senet | we seit ial Mela) ei | 4 — @ | Stoichiomebne me fects = ee = nol Truk the.” Glo iehiomel of fhe Solick | : Plso called ae inyrinsic dafec! Js) Tthodlyram fe | cS Ss : - - a | @)| Vacancy Deft - pea! erally auses cee ke absorphion of | Lt Wpesclle in the duesence in the densihy of toe _| cw fuclerrieetie Lobersti bial Defecl-:= ae Sd | ape ae eons hitiaeal andicses ame | presed= re the inbevshitial sites , the Caged | is said to have ioberstibal defect oe | [Ton tenia selpels —, they show these de fecks cg | Seholtky andaligeakes". laf sae atts Shot Sane oa i number. cahions finan jorke Caplal f e ape ATBeqpal |nebralily Bias _mainlained .— , { Ak) (Basically — Wiis Wa vacancy dfecr Seeptes se anions Ait missing — vom Sher |altice Shes So thak fi id = ; ft Ta | ti. lipore ¥ eae punas tohich have. = fe asuadly seen in- Me Ogusis ee = ae missing tote the Lahice. neubotlh at usoll as tom om 4 the ae iome au manlaned This alfed- is aA 2 consbinalna- of vine ty ane |. Lmore Common to fiod the! cabroo era inSetshhal elegec)=_ - = This—difecl is also called dislocabon_difec|_” Cabiens are _Usu. smalhey, sta is — Si \ eteupp c sabershibial asthe, |. | cola to-oxclinahon —numbey 1 . ae haa ope tothe. "he sige of hen | —feg = as (Ashe) Agel, Age i be ® a intevshi fal sikes. — joes > presen eel an he doves anions —__ Bema OE ae consageances oh Scholl ae © 2 See eee cf | eee "4 eae aby Epub pecan of cles. the shabidy phe. [at ela eit ate: cacgscoee Ee a incvente © of cbelodric Consiaal- & the cashed. B im parity De fee SS Ee Teco atise when foreign alms ore | as preseol al the dilfrer site in, af hash | i atoms or at the Yaeao!- pntenshtred .sifeq\.. e me Af Soil “contatote a Lith amt | 4 Sct), hs Uyshalbssed seme siles_of | - Wit oe ae See a aces Lip Na™ rons 4 |The Cabiome Vacancies Vous prrocluced ane —| RAIA See OE > % ; —C ||Non= Shoichtamebna Defecks = efecks NS sye_abaichiomalay a ; CN ue bo anionre Vatanda.~ 2.9 Nadi kes | _ _tohen’ Cxyshals of Nat) ane dati) tp ___akmosphere Sodium Vapour, the Secline aloms axe 0sist) on the S aa of _ Ke crystal The. GA~ rong diffuse to the Surface, Lg * ; jad. ce combsne Lwith Na atoms " = ae ye Nac). This happens Ly Joss pet “i eam alom: \> dos NN et || _ veleased elacbio ns di fete _inko He Copstod { — land 2 —_aoronie sikes As the vesutk a He the cop now Aas Qo excess of Secbium.—|— [the codowr use ull bon of these | leleebans token cor toon Hye | Nvsibbe Legh: peli a0 ‘a a Other oT aca Excess - k. Pei ese aoe a eal ne tp thee cryabad | o {aad ths —ofersade Becomes Za, ; Th orien colina - - Siles and he eliclions bo neighbouring | _liolersbhad— Shep ehh Se eg ales ae oF two different ways = The sphoten Aon tie Seon Anu ase Mi Auch 9 ng Ahat ne Que Fouching te Splures 8 the [ove Sia i Scanned with CamScanner Wie E p Sphros 1k x | nabe nUGix. ebhix t sleheres tt ta scald a sacking | loken Ze Scanned with CamScanner Moke backed ova, loagonal lag} chung 18 dio oliemmmstens—. dromensronal — cloe_ packing aw ranged im_~ Aexagonah Alay backed bolt Whe Second. Layer. af — Scanned with CamScanner Eq'_ Nickel Toon Gober Sewer Gol a ae 2£6p pr lec | he ood malian murals in bel, | peat aad cep ts 12. Scanned with CamScanner PE Tn a CR stalline Sobd Fi amok Bae = Nain ma cubic lose patkun - Ghiom A_| My dushyé bultd bet-wween Obahed val | aod ttbrahedsal verds. ‘1) al) Jk | | ockohedyal vei da axe. curpied , whak ih Lie eacrewsle of toe 63 ss Bs | Subbose the number of anom Be Nl Scanned with CamScanner = Behe, Me het we [He 1-20 ee es Tne lattice | Rlabinships bebween | Clalion bebiwcen | dP toni col Pee elo he ah na en | Gable cubec. fous cevbved | Body cenbed Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner 1 Dae / | Page =e : 7 De fee Es ane basic. wlonibies the See | a axvaogemenk et a | | eleviahi 20 steep scghian ain sSallra sot —i r Pacts — happen — hap peo chen on fallcahen paroecs. | | al! fost | moclrate vale mockyate vale. rib ox vs 3 aint lead auangemeny ‘araund a Penge ro epSive Yous — takhice puis Frenkel ~ Senet | we seit ial Mela) ei | 4 — @ | Stoichiomebne me fects = ee = nol Truk the.” Glo iehiomel of fhe Solick | : Plso called ae inyrinsic dafec! Js) Tthodlyram fe | cS Ss : - - a | @)| Vacancy Deft - pea! erally auses cee ke absorphion of | Lt Wpesclle in the duesence in the densihy of toe _| cw fuclerrieetie Lobersti bial Defecl-:= ae Sd | ape ae eons hitiaeal andicses ame | presed= re the inbevshitial sites , the Caged | is said to have ioberstibal defect oe | [Ton tenia selpels —, they show these de fecks cg | Seholtky andaligeakes". laf sae atts Shot Sane oa i number. cahions finan jorke Caplal f e ape ATBeqpal |nebralily Bias _mainlained .— , { Ak) (Basically — Wiis Wa vacancy dfecr Seeptes se anions Ait missing — vom Sher |altice Shes So thak fi id = ; ft Ta | ti. lipore ¥ eae punas tohich have. = fe asuadly seen in- Me Ogusis ee = ae missing tote the Lahice. neubotlh at usoll as tom om 4 the ae iome au manlaned This alfed- is aA 2 consbinalna- of vine ty ane |. Lmore Common to fiod the! cabroo era inSetshhal elegec)=_ - = This—difecl is also called dislocabon_difec|_” Cabiens are _Usu. smalhey, sta is — Si \ eteupp c sabershibial asthe, |. | cola to-oxclinahon —numbey 1 . ae haa ope tothe. "he sige of hen | —feg = as (Ashe) Agel, Age i be ® a intevshi fal sikes. — joes > presen eel an he doves anions —__ Bema OE ae consageances oh Scholl ae © 2 See eee cf | eee "4 eae aby Epub pecan of cles. the shabidy phe. [at ela eit ate: cacgscoee Ee a incvente © of cbelodric Consiaal- & the cashed.

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