Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education

DANIEL B. PEÑA MEMORIAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Graduate Studies
Ziga Avenue, San Juan, Tabaco City

Course Code:       Educ. 200

Course Title:         Philo – Socio of Education
Student:        Jeric B. Barcellano
Professor:        Iluminada B. Panong, Ed. D.

Reflection no. 1: NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

I learned that Philosophy is a Greek word that is often translated as “the love of
wisdom.” In other words, philosophy is the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge,
reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline. The
relationship between education and philosophy is that education is process wherein
philosophy formulates the method on how it will work.
Being a teacher, it is important to have your own philosophy of education. It is your
beliefs, values and your understanding in line with your profession as an educator. The
major philosophies of education can be divided into three main types: teacher-centered
philosophies, student-centered philosophies, and society-centered philosophies. A
philosophy of education may influence what subjects or topics are taught, how they are
taught, and perhaps more importantly, the supporting beliefs and values that are taught,
both implicitly and explicitly, within and around the core curriculum.
Reflection no. 2: ROLE OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
I believe that Philosophy Education is both the act of teaching knowledge to others
and the act of receiving knowledge from someone else. The practice of education has
passed through several phases over the course of time. Each theory of education did not
just get there by chance; rather one or the other of the great educators has proposed it,
born out of experience, and others have found it worth practicing. Socrates, Plato, and
Aristotle are the three most legendary ancient Greek philosophers. Socrates is hailed today
as the personification of wisdom and the philosophical life. He gave rise to what is now
called the Socratic method, in which the teacher repeatedly questions students to help
them clarify their own deepest thoughts.
Reflection no. 3: SIGNIFICANCE OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
For me, philosophy greatly contributes to teachers in inculcating new learnings, skills
and ideas on his/her students. Students will always look up to their teacher so therefore
they must have good qualities towards on teaching-learning process. In order to inspire
them, you must have your own philosophy of education. The importance of philosophy in
education is that it is integrated into the educational process in any educational institutions.
The educational process depends on four fundamental aspects: the education institution,
teachers, curriculums, and the students. Each one of those aspects is working side by side to
support the other aspect accurately. In order to become the most effective teacher you can
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DANIEL B. PEÑA MEMORIAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Graduate Studies
Ziga Avenue, San Juan, Tabaco City

be, you must understand your own beliefs, while at the same time it can benefit the four
fundamental aspect of education process
Reflection no. 4: BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY (ETHICS)
I learned that ethics in education helps run the system smoothly. It sets standards
that are applicable and protects the interest of both the learner and tutor. Teachers are
responsible to help develop the personality of students and act as a mentor to them to
influence their personal development and behavior. As an educator, having a professional
code of ethics ensure employees are behaving in a manner that is socially acceptable and
respectful of one another. Ethics in education helps run the system smoothly. It sets
standards that are applicable and protects the interest of both the learner and pupils.
Teachers are responsible to help develop the personality of students and act as a mentor to
them to influence their personal development and behavior
Reflection no. 5: BRANCHES OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
I learned that political philosophy is the study of government, addressing questions
about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions. As a teacher we
need also this kind of philosophy because it can broaden our students knowledge about
what is happening to our society. We teach social studies like Araling Panlipunan so that our
students are well informed about their own country and the other country as well. Studying
social studies helps students figure out their role in society as well as their place in history.
By studying the past, students learn how institutions, traditions and ideals change as society
modernizes. They also learn how cause and effect influence relationships between
individuals, groups and nations Since education is a human activity that shapes learners role
in society they belong, educators are expected to include the social dimension of pedagogy
in the curriculum.
Reflection no. 6: BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY (EPISTEMOLOGY)
I learned that epistemology is a branch philosophical study of the origin of
knowledge. It deals with the theory, nature, scope, and basis of knowledge, or which
investigates the possibility of knowledge itself. It help us to evaluate what we see or
perceive. With improper epistemological knowledge we would just be perceiving a bunch of
images flashing in our mind. As a teacher, we must possess knowledge so that it can benefit
our students and others. In order to achieve that, a teacher needs to understand first the
lesson. Gather all the information in books, magazines, internet before we share it our
students. We should also help our students to answer and ask questions about our lessons
so that they can achieve and improve higher order thinking skills. It helps them to think
more clearly. It gives them wisdom and helps them to learn more about what is happening
in the world which they live in.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DANIEL B. PEÑA MEMORIAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Graduate Studies
Ziga Avenue, San Juan, Tabaco City

Reflection no. 7: Branches of Philosophy (Aesthetics)

I learned that it is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and
appreciation of art, beauty, and good taste. It specifically studies how artists imagine,
create, and perform works of art, as well as how people use, enjoy, and criticize art.
Aesthetics considers why people like some works of art and not others, as well as how art
can affect moods or even our beliefs. Both aesthetics and the philosophy of art ask
questions like "What is art?," "What is a work of art?," and "What makes good art?"
Teachers teach aesthics in MAPEH, specifically in Arts. Aesthetic Education is a way
of regaining touch with the process of learning something new, of being introduced to a
medium never known in a particular way before. It is the incorporation of the arts across the
curriculum in a way that fosters a heightened awareness of and appreciation for all that
touches our lives. It helps our students to express themselves in arts, and gives the
opportunity to combine mind and emotion, cognition and sensory experience, analysis and
intuition toward understanding something as a whole.
Reflection No. 8: BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY (METAPHYSICS)
I learned that it is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality,
including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attribute, fact, and
value. Our basic instinct is to know what is happening and why is it happening. And if we do
not feed that instinct, we won’t be able to attend to our other needs. As a teacher we can
integrate metaphysics in our teaching philosophy by increasing the student capacity to learn
by their curiosity and encourage their desire to learn. To fuel our curiosity, help them raise
questions to the class on what they want to know in your lessons.
Reflection No. 9: PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHTS AND THEIR IMPLICATION TO EDUCATION
(IDEALISM)
I learned that idealism focuses on reasoning and how a person can bring knowledge
up from inside of himself. In this view, the world exists solely in the minds of people and
that ultimate truth relies on a consistency of ideas. The more perfect our ideas become,
therefore, the better we can serve the world. In education idealism are advocated by
learning through reading, lecturing, discussion, imitation and teaching from simple to
complex. Idealism assigns a special role to the teacher. It considers teacher as a spiritual
guide for the child. The teacher serves as a living model for the student. They sets the
environment in which education takes place. He carries the child from darkness to light.
He is to guide the student towards utmost possible perfection
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DANIEL B. PEÑA MEMORIAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Graduate Studies
Ziga Avenue, San Juan, Tabaco City

Reflection No. 10: PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHTS AND THEIR IMPLICATION TO EDUCATION

(REALISM)
I learned that realism prepares the child to become happy and successful in life. It
provides the understanding of the material world through inquiry. It is a study of science
and the scientific method. It transmits culture and develop human nature and there is a
need to know the world in order to ensure survival and good life. Educators integrate this
philosophy in natural science, physical science, health culture, physical exercise, math,
geography, history and astronomy. Teachers must be updated on trends in education in
order to find out the interest of the child and to teach them accordingly. He must be able
to expose and guide the learners towards the hard realities of life.
Education should be fun and interesting for the student and education should prepare
students for life in the real world. Teachers imparts knowledge form basic to complex.
Child is well-mannered and well-informed.
Reflection No. 11: PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHTS AND THEIR IMPLICATION TO EDUCATION
(PRAGMATISM)
I learned that pragmatism emphasizes the practical life of child. Pragmatic
education prepares the child for future life in a very effective manner. In education,
pragmatism implies on the activities of the child. Pragmatists firmly believe that old and
traditional education is dead and lifeless. Education is a continuous re-organizing,
reconstructing and integrating the experience and activities of race. They want to
conserve the worthwhile culture of the past, think out the solutions to meet the new
situations and then integrate the two. Real knowledge can be gained only be activity,
experiments and real life experiences. The teaching methods are based on learning by
doing. The project method is the contribution of pragmatism to modern education. The
teacher must provide opportunities for the natural development of innate qualities of
children. His main task is to suggest problems to his pupils and to guide them to find out
solutions. Teacher’s role is to guide; it is the pupil who acts, learning this becomes a
cooperative venture.
Reflection 12: PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHTS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS TO EDUCATION
(EXISTENTIALISM)
I learned that existentialists believe that each individual is unique and education
must cater to the individual differences. Therefore, the objective of education is to enable
every individual to develop his unique qualities, to harness his potentialities and cultivate
his individualities. It shows students that they must have a growth mindset. Rather than
saying “I can’t” they'll say “I can – and these choices will move me toward my goals”. A
good idea is to present students with case studies of individuals who overcame adversity
by choosing to make an effort and work hard. In this philosophy, the role of an educator is
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DANIEL B. PEÑA MEMORIAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Graduate Studies
Ziga Avenue, San Juan, Tabaco City

to initiate the act of education and influences the lives of his learners throughout his own
life. The teacher is extremely active and welcomes challenges to his ideas from the
learners. Learners can freely choose what subject/s they want to study as long as they are
interested in it.
Reflection 13: PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION UNDER PRE- FILIPINO/COLONIAL PERIOD
I learned that the philosophy of education under pre-Filipino/colonial period was
plain and simple. Their teachers are their mother, father and other older relatives. Their
philosophy in education is all about survival, enculturation, societal and conformity. They
had a system of values such as family solidarity, modesty to women, obedience, respect,
valor of men against invaders. Every home, in effect, is a school. They valued human life
and had commonly held notions of honor and dignity. They had a family system which
deferred to the patriarch of the clan who usually the oldest and the wisest among old. To
sum up, ‘informal’ and ‘unstructured’ are the words best used to describe the education in
the Philippines during the pre-Spanish era.
Reflection No. 14: PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION UNDER SPANISH
I learned that under the colonial period, development of knowledge of the
Christian faith and ethics in preparation mainly for the afterlife, ability to read, write,
count, training for the allegiance to colonial rule of Spain, vocational Skills in agriculture
and trade are the underlying philosophy in education. The type of education in Spanish
regime were parochial, religion-oriented, teacher dominated, authoritarianism and
imposition of severe discipline. Spanish education played a major role in education
transformation. The oldest universities, colleges, vocational schools and the first modern
public education system in Asia were created during the colonial period. Education during
the Spanish regime was privileged only to Spanish students. Several educated Filipinos
referred to as ilustrados began movements directed towards change in the system of
government in the Philippines.
Reflection No. 15: PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION UNDER REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
I learned that the education under revolutionary government, their philosophy in
education is to improve the educational system by designing relevant curriculum. Much of
the blame for the problems in the educational system during the time were directed to
the friars. The reformists accused the friars as well as the resident colonial government for
what they perceive to be a deliberate effort to keep the Filipinos ignorant. Top the leaders
of the movement, the friars and the resident government had a hidden agenda to prevent
communication and understanding between Spanish colonial authorities in Spain and the
"indios" or native Filipinos residing in the islands.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DANIEL B. PEÑA MEMORIAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Graduate Studies
Ziga Avenue, San Juan, Tabaco City

Reflection No. 16: PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION UNDER AMERICAN REGIME

I think that the greatest achievement of the American regime here in our country
was the introduction of public school. Americans introduced an educational system which
was free for all. Education is the top of their list. I learned that the underlying philosophy
was that ‘education is a proven way to improve the wellbeing of the citizens and the
community as a whole and to prepare them to the problems of modern life in a self-
governing nation’. It lead to forming of a national identity and Filipino nationalism. In
short term, education was the strategy towards pacification. In the long run, education
was the strategy towards a self-governing nation. As the goal of education shifted to
preparing the nation towards self-governance, including preparing the people to become
active participants in an economically viable society, the Spanish educational system had
to be revised to catalyze a societal breakthrough. English was introduced as the official
language of instruction. Besides the fact that the Americans did not speak any other
language, introducing English as the official language was believed to spread Americans
values among the people. In this way, education could cause a social transformation.
American teachers infused their students the spirit of democracy and progress as well as
fair play.

Reflection No. 17: PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION UNDER THE COMMONWEALTH

I learned that Under the Commonwealth, vocational and adult education were
given emphasis. It was also during the Commonwealth regime that an organized effort to
develop a common national language was started in compliance with the mandate of the
1935 constitution. The philosophy under Commonwealth is to develop moral character,
personal discipline, civic conscience, and vocational efficiency, and to teach the duties of
citizenship. Curricular emphasis was on, character education and citizenship training. The
methods of teaching were memorization and recitation. Training was done in public
schools. Education under the Commonwealth helps prepare for the coming independence
of a new Filipino nation
Reflection No. 18: PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION UNDER JAPANESE OCCUPATION
I think that Japan philosophy in education is to have life-long learners. Under the
Japanese regime, the teaching of Tagalog, Philippine History, and Character Education was
reserved for Filipinos. Love for work and dignity of labor was emphasized by providing
vocational courses. They want to foster a new Filipino culture based. The Japanese took
away certain subjects like English and English Literature, but kept subjects like Geography
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DANIEL B. PEÑA MEMORIAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Graduate Studies
Ziga Avenue, San Juan, Tabaco City

and Mathematics. NIPPONGO was used and the Japanese tried to stop the Filipino people
from using the English Language however, even some of the teaching staff were not fully
proficient at Japanese themselves therefore the teaching was not as effective.

Reflection 19: PHILOSOPHY ON EDUCATION UNDER THIRD REPUBLIC

I learned that the primary goal of the Third Republic is to uplift the masses form
poverty. Educational system were patterned from American style of education. English
was used as a medium of instruction. Public schools were built to give poor children to
have a chance in free education. Barrio schools were established wherein non-formal
education and vocational school came into existence. There is also provision of guidance
program in every secondary school. Curricular contents that stressed social orientation
manifested by the conservation of the Filipino heritage, training for occupation and
promotion of democratic nation building. Its educational philosophy was to foster love for
country, teach duties being a Filipino citizen, developed moral character, self-discipline,
scientific technological and vocational efficiency.
Reflection 20: THE PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION UNDER NEW SOCIETY
I think that the emphasis of the New Society is on moral values, relevance, proper
methods of teaching, retraining of teachers, vocational and technical education,
bilingualism, national consciousness and cultural values. The ideal Filipino learners are
empowered learners; who are competent in learning how to learn and have life skills so
that they become self-developed persons who are makabayan (patriotic), makatao
(mindful of humanity), Makakalikasan (respect of nature), and Maka-Diyos (Godly).
Education under new society gave opportunities to have better education. Students can
study in their own paced because the school provide mandatory textbooks and
equipment. Skills training programs help out of school youth and a continuing educational
program for illiterate adults. They also have manpower training centers for vocational
students. It develop high-level professions that will provide leadership for the nation and
advance knowledge through research.

Reflection 21: PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION UNDER 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE

PHILIPPINES
I learned that under 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, every Filipino has already
a right to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such
education accessible to all. Under-privileged families can send their children to school by
scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives which shall be
available to deserving students in both public and private schools. Academic freedom shall
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DANIEL B. PEÑA MEMORIAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Graduate Studies
Ziga Avenue, San Juan, Tabaco City

be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning. Every citizen has a right to select a
profession or course of study, subject to fair, reasonable, and equitable admission and
academic requirements. The right of teachers to professional advancement. Non- teaching
academic and non-academic personnel shall enjoy the protection of the State. The State
shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that teaching will
attract and retain its rightful share of the best available talents through adequate
remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and fulfillment. The philosophy that lies
under the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines is that it shall inculcate patriotism and
nationalism, foster love of humanity, respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of
national heroes in the historical development of the country, teach the rights and duties
of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character and
personal discipline, encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and
technological knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency.
Reflection No. 22: THE BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
The Basic Education Curriculum focused on helping every learner become a
successful reader. Teacher used interactive/collaborative learning approaches and teaches
values in all learning areas in a way that the students developed creative and critical
thinking skills. The state shall also encourage the non-formal, in formal and indigenous
learning system, as well as self-learning, independent and out-of –school study programs
particularly those that respond to community needs. It has reduced the number of
subjects from an average of eight to five, focusing on Filipino, English, Science and Math,
which is seen to prepare students for global competitiveness. A fifth subject, Makabayan,
also called as the “laboratory of life,” instructs complete learning to students. Makabayan
intends to develop personal and national identity through adequate knowledge of
Philippine history and its politico-economic system, local cultures, crafts, arts, music and
games. It covers a wide range of values system that stresses the development of social
awareness, understanding and commitment to the common good.
Reflection No. 23: PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION UNDER K-12 CURRICULUM
In this topic, I learned that the program aims to provide sufficient time for mastery
of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary
education, middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship. The
underlying philosophy of K-12 Curriculum are constructivism, progressivism, and
reconstructionism. It is constructivism because it uses the spiral progression, that is, as the
learning progresses, more and more details are introduced. The concepts are taught early
then re-taught in succeeding years with increased sophistication and complexity. Since our
curriculum aims to develop learners who are armed with sufficient competencies which
could be achieved by actively applying and utilizing it in real world, actively testing ideas or
concepts learned. Progressivism is applied in our current curriculum because students are
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DANIEL B. PEÑA MEMORIAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Graduate Studies
Ziga Avenue, San Juan, Tabaco City

to experience the world; it is therefore active and not passive in nature. It is also
reconstructionism because the goals of K-12 highlight social reform, from a 10-year basic
education to a 12-year plan. With the advent of the k12 curriculum, the traditional
understanding that a 10-years basic education is sufficient has been changed to improve
human conditions. K-12 curriculum allows the student to experience and take social action
on real problems. Community-based learning and bringing the world into the classroom
are strategies used.
Reflection No. 24: PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OR FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
I think that the philosophical foundation of curriculum helps determine the driving
purpose of education, as well as the roles of the various participants. While all foundations
propose to set goals of curriculum, philosophy presents the manner of thinking from
which those goals are created. Philosophy of education provides the educational planners,
administrators and educators with the right vision which guides them to attain the
educational goals efficiently. It is very much useful to educational practitioner for his work
and its place in the general scheme of life. These educational philosophies focus heavily on
what we should teach, the curriculum aspect.