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Well Foundations

The document discusses well foundations for bridges. It describes the key components of well foundations, including the cutting edge, well curb, bottom plug, steining, top plug, and well cap. It discusses the forces acting on well foundations, including vertical forces like self-weight and buoyancy, and horizontal forces like vehicular load and wind load. It also covers determining the depth, shape, size, and type of well foundation, and calculating the scour depth. Different types of well foundations are mentioned, including box caissons, excavated caissons, floating caissons, open caissons, and pneumatic caissons. Tilts and shifts in well foundations are also discussed.

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Karan Patel
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132 views16 pages

Well Foundations

The document discusses well foundations for bridges. It describes the key components of well foundations, including the cutting edge, well curb, bottom plug, steining, top plug, and well cap. It discusses the forces acting on well foundations, including vertical forces like self-weight and buoyancy, and horizontal forces like vehicular load and wind load. It also covers determining the depth, shape, size, and type of well foundation, and calculating the scour depth. Different types of well foundations are mentioned, including box caissons, excavated caissons, floating caissons, open caissons, and pneumatic caissons. Tilts and shifts in well foundations are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Karan Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Well

Foundations
Nirma UniversityNirma University
Component of Well Foundation
➢ Cutting Edge
➢ Well curb
➢ Bottom plug
➢ Steining
➢ Top Plug
➢ Well Cap
Bearing Capacity of Well
Well shall be design for the ultimate load and
Shall be checked for settlement and stability conditions
Allowable bearing pressure in Sands is given by

qu =
5 .4 N 2
(
B + 16 100 + N D
2
) 
kN / m 2

100
B is smaller dimension of well, D is Depth below Scour level
Forces Acting on the Well
Vertical Forces Horizontal Forces
Self Weight Vehicular Load
Dead Load from Superstructure Forces due to resistance of bearings
Buoyancy Water Current forces
Live Load Centrifugal force in curve bridges
Kentledge during sinking Wind Load
Seismic Load
Other Miscellaneous force
Design of well foundation
Determination of depth of Well Foundation
Determination of shape of Well Foundation
Determination of size of Well Foundation
Determination of type of Well Foundation
Depth of well foundation
The two important requirements that influences the depth of a well
are
◦ minimum grip length below scour depth
◦ Base pressure to be within the permissible limits
The grip length is taken as one third the maximum scour depth. Thus
as per IS 3955 – 1967, the depth of foundation should not be less
than 1.33 times the deepest scour below HFL.
The maximum base should be less than allowable bearing pressure
for safety of the well
Determination of Scour Depth
The maximum scour depth should be measured by soundings in the
vicinity of the bridge site.
Such soundings are best done during or immediately after a flood.
Due allowance should be made in the observed values for additional
scour that may occur due to the design discharge being greater than
the flood discharge for which the scour was observed and also due
to increased velocity due to obstruction to flow caused by the
construction of the bridge.
Scour Depth
Mean Depth of Scour, dsm, below HFL may be calculated as

where, dsm = mean depth of scour below HFL, m,


Db = discharge in m3/s per m width, obtained as the total design discharge divided by the
effective linear waterway,
Ksf = silt factor for a representative sample of bed material (refer table) = 1.76 dm
dm = weighted mean diameter, mm.
When the constricted linear waterway L is less than the regime width W,
the value of dsm computed from above Equation is to be increased by
multiplying the same by the factor (W/L)0.67.
The maximum depth of scour D is to be taken as below:
(i) in a straight reach 1.27dsm
(ii) at a moderate bend 1.50 dsm
(iii) at a severe bend 1.75 dsm
(iv) at a right angled bend 2.00 dsm
(v) at noses of piers 2.00 dsm
Scour Depth
Types of Well
Foundation
Tilts and shifts
Causes for tilts and shift
Non-uniform bearing capacity
Obstruction on one side
Sand blows during the sinking
Method of sinking: Removal of material from inside
Sudden Sinking due to blasting
Irregularity in steining construction
Correction for tilt
Eccentricity grabbing
Eccentric loading
Water jetting
Arresting the cutting edge
Pulling the well
Strutting
Pushing the well by jacks
Caisson
Caisson
Box caissons are watertight boxes that are constructed of heavy timbers and open at the top.
They are generally floated to the appropriate location and then sunk into place with a masonry
pier within it.
Excavated caissons are just as the name suggests, caissons that are placed within an excavated
site. These are usually cylindrical in shape and then back filled with concrete.
Types of Caissons
Box caissons: are watertight boxes that are constructed of heavy timbers and
open at the top. They are generally floated to the appropriate location and then
sunk into place with a masonry pier within it.
Excavated caissons: are caissons that are placed within an excavated site. These
are usually cylindrical in shape and then back filled with concrete.
Floating caissons /floating docks: are prefabricated boxes that have cylindrical
cavities.
Open caissons: are small cofferdams that are placed and then pumped dry and
filled with concrete. These are generally used in the formation of a pier.
Pneumatic caissons: are large watertight boxes or cylinders that are mainly used
for under water construction

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