EDUCATIONAL

LEADERSHIP AND
MANAGEMENT (8605)
SAWAIRA IKRAM

ROLL NUMBER: CE610568

Assignment -01

B.ED (spring)
Question #01.
Explain the scope of Islamic administration and discuss the dynamic of
Islamic administration.
The word administration is derived from two Latin words, “Ad” and “Ministiare”.
Ad, means “to” while Ministiare means “serve”. Public administration is
concerned with the administrative activities of government. Islamic
administration is also public administration. Islamic administration is the body of
people which executes the orders of Islamic state upon the citizens and manages
the public affairs and makes state governable on the basis of Islamic Sharia. It is
simply the formulation and implementation of Shariyah laws to create a good
society.

Scope of Islamic administration:

The holy Quran gives us complete code of life. It
gives us legislature to deal with every aspect of life. Some laws are flexible and
allow to take decision according to situation. However, some laws are rigid and
even little deviation equal to hair’s breath is not allowed. A Professor of Islamic
History in a Karachi University, Qamarudin Khan is of the opinion that “the Holy
Quran does not aim to create a state but to create a society”. So whatever clearly
stated laws given by Allah (SW.T) and His messenger about life and society. Holy
Prophet (PBUH) is the ideal philosopher as well as king, who outstrips in both
theory and practice the qualities which Plato sought in his ideal, are found from a
famous Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) as the founder and
theoretician of administration of Islamic state had a unique position as its
executive head.
As there are three main arms of the government legislature, executive
and judiciary. Our Holy prophet was an ideal legislative, executive and also judge.
After the revealed commands he was answerable to anyone except Allah
Almighty. But he was used to consult his companions if the details of any matter
were not revealed. And this was also commanded by Allah Almighty. The Holy
Quran commands the Prophet “And consult them (i.e. those around you) in
(important) matters. Ummah and the Shari’ah are two significant and essential
components. The Holy Quran has elaborated these two concepts. Prophet
Muhammad (S.A.W) was himself the focal point of these two concepts. Therefore,
with the death of the Prophet, the Prophecy came to an end. Thus there was
created a gap between the Sharia and the Ummah. The new link was created by
the Ijma of the community in the form of the institution of the Khilafah which
constitutes the third element of Islamic political theory. The fourth element
would be the concept of Dar al-Islam and the Mumin living therein.

Dynamics of Islamic administration:

The Islamic idea of governance is inextricably linked to
certain social conceptions that Islam espoused. The Islamic state is the result of a
long societal transformation from polytheism to monotheism, from customary
rule to legal rule, from natural blood ties to moral and spiritual ties, and from
natural monarchy to power conferred by Allah (S.W.T). It indicated a shift from
shirk to Towhid, from Jahallya to Shariah, from Asabiyya to Taqwa, and from Mulk
to Wilaya in Arabic.
History was the process by which the society of religious ignorance,
dedicated to worldly objectives, held together by natural solidarity, and ruled by
kings, was replaced by the ideal Muslim society for an orthodox Muslim society.
However, the central concern was the manifestation of Allah's (S.W.T.) will as
revealed in the Quran, history, society, and state.
The Structure of Islamic Model
 Sovereignty belongs to Allah (S.W.T):
In an Islamic state, Allah (S.W.T) has sovereignty,
which means that the Quran's injunctions will be the exclusive source for
determining the state's legal and constitutional formula. A monarchy, a theocracy,
or a secular democracy cannot exist in an Islamic state. It is founded on a system
of ‘controlled democracy,' in which the Quranic injunctions serve as the absolute,
unalterable supreme rule of the land, and people exercise their freedoms within
the Quranic limitations.
The Sunnah and Hadith:
The second, and undoubtedly secondary, source from which Islamic law is derived
is known as the Prophet's tradition. The word "Sunnah" literally means "method,
rule, or way of acting." In its original sense, Sunnah denotes the actions of the
Holy Prophet (PBUH), whereas Hadith denotes his sayings; however, both cover
the same ground and are applicable to his actions, practices, and sayings; Hadith
being the narration and record of the Sunnah, but also containing various
Prophetical and historical elements of Islam. As broad topics are discussed is
Quran but the Sunnah gives us the details of all topics.
Ijtihad:
Keeping in mind the common perception of Sharia as a full law of life.
Asad (1961) makes a strong case for expanding the scope of free legislation. He
claims that the genuine Sharia only has a few laws based on the Sunnah of the
Quran. The rest are laws derived from each age's Ijtihad. Such regulations, which
are based on the independent thinking of prior Muslim scholars, are not sacred
and can thus be amended or replaced. In the temporal realms, every generation
has the right to exercise Ijtihad. As a result, the third source from which the laws
are derived is Ijtihad.
In Islam, the following Hadith is considered the foundation of Ijtihad.
He replied “by the law of the Quran”. “But if you do not find any direction in
the Quran. How would you decide”, asked the Prophet. He replied, “I will
apply the Hadith and Sunnah”. “But if you do not find any guidance in the
Hadith as well?” He was again asked, “I will then exercise my judgment and
act on that, “came the reply. The Prophet raised his hands and said, “Praise
be to Allah who guides His messenger as he pleases.”
This Hadith demonstrates not only that the Holy Prophet approved of the practice
of judgment, but also that his companions were well aware of the concepts and
that Ijtihad was freely reinstated by his followers, even during the Prophet's
lifetime, when necessary.
 Ijma:
 Ijma is the fourth source of Islamic law, and it has two meanings:
composing and settling a matter that has been perceived as unsettled, and so
deciding and resolving on an affair, and agreeing or combining in opinion. Ijma
refers to a consensus of the Mujtahids, or an agreement of Muslim jurists, of a
certain age on a topic of law in Muslim language. Ijma, on the other hand, is not a
stand-alone source of law; it is just Ijtihad on a larger scale, and it, like Ijtihad, is
subject to change
Duties of Islamic Administrator:
The above-mentioned sources of law must be kept in mind and followed by an
administrator of an Islamic state. He must also fulfil the following responsibilities:
1. Dispensation of justice and resolution of all disputes in line with Shariah, thus
putting the powerful and the vulnerable on an equal footing.
2. Maintaining law and order so that people can live in peace, carry out their
economic activities freely, and travel around the country without fear.
3. Enforcing the Quran's criminal code so that individuals do not break Allah's
(S.W.T) prohibitions; this is actually included in the first obligation to implement
Shari'ah.
4. Defense of the Islamic State's borders against foreign incursions in order to
ensure the safety of Muslims and non-Muslims alike.
5. Organization and conduct of religious war against those who oppose Islam's call
or refuse to enter the Islamic state's protection as non-Muslim subjects, since the
leader is obligated by Allah's (S.W.T) promise to establish Islam's supremacy over
all other religions and faiths.
Question # 02:
Discuss the broad sense of school management. And give suggestions
for improving our school management.
What is management?
The term 'management' encompasses a wide range of tasks.
It encompasses far more than just organisation and management. The act of
bringing people together to achieve desired objectives is known as management.
Planning, Organizing, Resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an
organisation (a collection of one or more individuals or entities) or activity for the
purpose of achieving a goal are all examples of management. Management is
defined as the application of means and resources to accomplish certain goals.

What is school management?

School management simply means managing the school's affairs. School
administration entails directing the school's operations in accordance with the
desired educational policies. It considers all components of the school (rules,
materials and human resources, programs, activities, and equipment, among
others) and weaves them together into a cohesive whole. Good school
administration encourages instructors and students to put up their best efforts.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SCHOOL MANAGEMENT:

The aims and objectives of the school management are follows;
1. To instil a deep and abiding loyalty to Islam and Pakistan in the hearts and
minds of the people of Pakistan in general, and students in particular, as well as a
living consciousness of their spiritual and ideological identities, resulting in the
strengthening of the people of Pakistan's outlook on the basis of justice and fair
play.
2. To make every student aware that he, as a citizen of Pakistan, is also a member
of the Universal Muslim Ummah, and that it is expected of him to contribute fairly
to the welfare of fellow Muslims around the world on the one hand, and to assist
in the spread of the Islamic message throughout the world on the other.
3. To educate residents about the Pakistani movement, its ideological roots,
history, and culture, so that they can be proud of their past and have firm trust in
the country's future as an Islamic state.
4. To develop and instil the character, conduct, and motivation expected of a
sincere Muslim in conformity with the Quran and Sunnah.
5. To give and secure equitable educational opportunities for all Pakistani citizens,
as well as suitable facilities for minorities' cultural and religious development, so
that they can successfully contribute to the total national effort.
6. To provide high-quality education and to fully develop, according to their
abilities, each individual's potentialities through training and retraining, as well as
to develop people's creative and innovative faculties in order to improve their
ability to effectively manage social, natural, and productive forces, in accordance
with Islam's value system.
7. To give all people of the country, particularly the young, with a minimum
acceptable level of functional literacy and fundamental education, irrespective of
faith, caste, or creed, so that they can contribute positively to the overall effort.

Principles of school management:

Schools will be able to add tempo to the struggling democracy if the following
principles are taken into consideration while administering them.
1. Democratic Philosophy of Education
2. Freedom
3. Student-Centered
4. Flexible, Adoptable and Stable
1. Democratic Philosophy of Education
 In a democratic educational institution, the administrator is a friend and a
mentor.
 He consults with his coworkers, respects their perspectives, collaborates
with them in staff meetings, and meets them informally at social gatherings
and clubs.
 He recognizes the value of each individual's child, determines his potential,
and provides assistance and guidance in accordance with his needs.
 As a result, the entire management team, including the headmaster,
instructors, and students, becomes a joint show.

2. Freedom:
 Everyone should be given sufficient freedom to exercise their strength
and talents.
 Individuals can only acquire the power of critical thinking, which is a
necessary component of democracy, in a free environment.

 Students should also be given sufficient latitude to develop to their

greatest potential.

3. Student-Centered

 The majority of educational management must be oriented on the

students. The welfare of the kids is the goal of all of his educational
initiatives.
 Enough possibilities must be offered for students' holistic growth.
 Whatever is done in school should be done by students, for students,
and for students.

4. Flexible, Adoptable and Stable:

 Educational leadership must cling to what is excellent, modify what needs
to be changed, and be fruitful in understanding individual diversity among
all personalities engaged.
  Only via its educational institutions, which will teach its students the
democratic way of life, can democracy become a reality.
 Only then can appropriate leadership and followership training be delivered
in educational institutions where there is an atmosphere of justice,
freedom, and cooperation.

The aspects of school management:

The main aspects of school management are;

 Environment and society

 Policy and objectives
 Resources
 Outcomes

input;
process; resources
policy and
objectives

output;
outcomes

environment and society

Issues related to school management:

Input issues- The issues related to resources

Policy and objectives- the issues related to policy making, managerial skills
Output issues-The issues related to outcomes.(unproductive outcome)
Environment issues-social issues
Basic Techniques of the school management:
In the broader sense, the school management also has some proper
techniques and principles. Luther Gulick coined a word POSDCORB to
describe all these techniques.
P stands for planning. It is very important process in school management like
in all other organizations. It means to make proper plan of their objectives and
also methods which should be adopted to achieve that goals.
While O stands for organizing. It involves in building the structure of authority
and we can say proper division or powers and roles in achieving that
objectives. S stands for staffing, it involves the appointment of proper staff.
D stands for directing. It means head of organization issues the orders and
directions to all staff.
Co stands for cooperation. It means there should be good working relation
between whole staff. And this is very important factor because without
cooperation between staff members it would be almost impossible to achieve
the goals and objectives.
R represents the reporting. And last one is the Budgeting. It is all about the
financial activities of the school or any organization.

P-Planning
O-organizing
S-Staffing
D-directing
Co-cooperating
R-reporting
B-budgeting
Importance of school management:
It provides well-defined policies and
programs, a good teaching-learning environment, human growth and
development, the use of appropriate materials, effective development of human
qualities, program execution, activity arrangement, and attempts to achieve the
objectives, among other things.

Suggestions/techniques to improve school management:

School
management approaches play a big role in developing a sophisticated society of
literates around the world. However, due to the lack of a universal education
system, implementing, formulating, and disseminating school administration
approaches has become a global challenge. As a result, school boards, the federal
government, and state governments must establish new techniques to manage
their resources and, ultimately, create a productive school culture. The following
are the five most effective methods for improving the school management
system.
 Adopt smart school administration:
To improve efficiency and professionalism
in school administration, school administrators should apply smart
administration. Administrators can change student information using
WPSchoolPress smart administrative capabilities like add/update/delete students
information. Other administrator functions include the ability to update instructor
information and manage system user logins, which include teachers, parents, and
students.
An administrator can send notification or news messages to all user dashboards
and conduct chat conversations using the extensive admin features. Information
such as school events and services such as transportation must also be managed.
 Provide the students stress-free environment.
School administrators
must foster a stress-free environment. Biweekly interactive activities that
promote teaching and overall management are incorporated into a well-
organized school. Administrators must aim to create a vibrant learning
environment that supports academic policy management. Mind games,
motivational talks, and entertainment seminars all contribute to a vibrant school
community.
 Boost Daily Productivity:
School administrators spend a lot of time managing
and organizing data. A school management system can assist school
administrators in increasing their productivity.
 Reduce Teacher Workload:
Teachers in certain schools are paid less, but their
workload is excessive. Not only would a school management system assist
instructors, but it will also improve school administration.
 Wise use of money/funds:
Using a school management system is not only the simplest
but also the most cost-effective approach to improve your school administration
by up to 70%. The school management system will take care of everything for
you, including saving you time and money.
 By creating a school management system, you will be able to concentrate
on achieving your objectives. You'll also be increasing education quality. By
deepening the learning in technology, the school management system will
boost student involvement.
  Students Enrollment:
Student enrollment grows, making it difficult to keep track
of everything. However, the school administration system can keep track of the
total number of pupils who enroll in the school for the first time. They can also
effectively handle their information.
 Upgrade the teaching methods:
It is quite true that the school management
system contains numerous management approaches that aid in the improvement
of the school's teaching methods. School management systems help improve
teaching standards by allowing parents and teachers to communicate more
effectively, which is the first step toward bettering school administrations.
 Management of Fees:
Fee management is the final area that a school
management system can help you improve your school administration. Many
students dropped out of school without paying months' worth of fees.
Additionally, the school administration may forget to notify the student about the
fee payment. However, if school administrators give the school administration
system complete control, such issues will not arise in the future.
So, by adopting these methods we can bring improvement in our school
management.
Question #03.
Differentiate the inspection and supervision and discuss the
characteristics of supervision
What is inspection?
An inspection entails looking at something, examining it,
and making a decision about it. We may inspect a structure or organisation to
ensure that it complies with certain requirements. Inspectors must check that
everything is in working order and that no one is violating any rules. They must
also ensure that the object they are inspecting is safe.
What is supervision?
‘Supervision' is made up of two words: ‘super', which means
superior or extra, and ‘vision,' which meaning sight or viewpoint. The phrase
"supervision" literally means "to watch over" or "to inspect the work of others."
As a result, the term "supervision" refers to the act of a person inspecting or
supervising the work of another to determine whether they are operating
properly or not. Supervision is the process of directing, guiding, and controlling a
work force in order to ensure that they are operating according to plan and on
time. Furthermore, they are receiving all feasible assistance in completing their
allocated tasks.

Difference between inspection and supervision:

Inspection is the process of examining the task, products, systems, people, and
buildings to see if orders, quality standards, regulations, laws, and rules are being
followed, among other things.
On the other hand, supervision is the process of providing constant oversight
while issuing orders and ensuring that they are carried out in a timely, effective,
and meticulous manner.
Inspection is carried out by inspector, who is professional. Inspectors may set a
timetable for conducting inspections. Inspectors aren't always the ones who issue
orders. They may serve as a link between appropriate authorities and their
subordinates, ensuring that rules, safety, and quality requirements are met.
Inspectors may provide system improvement recommendations. The scope of
employment varies from one organisation or government to the next.
It is the responsibility of supervisors to guarantee that their subordinates follow
out orders as directed. Supervisors are in charge of issuing orders and directions.
Supervisors may not need to check if employees have completed their tasks
because they are frequently present.
Inspection is not done on a regular basis. It could be scheduled based on time
intervals. Complaints may affect inspection in some situations. Inspectors may be
encouraged to check individual food outlets or producers if, for example,
consumers are becoming ill as a result of food intake.
On the other hand, supervision is carried out on a constant basis. A supervisor
may be physically present or just a phone call away from his or her subordinates.

Characteristics of supervision:
The inspection concept must be changed to one
of healthy supervision and guidance. All human beings involved in the educational
process—students, teachers, administrators, and supervisors—are valuable
individuals with distinct qualities and abilities. The fundamental goal of
supervision should be to maximize the rent value of each individual so that their
full potential can be achieved. The philosophy of democracy, the psychology of
group dynamics, interpersonal interactions, professional leadership, and other
topics have left an indelible mark on modern supervision theory and practice.
Education is a dynamic force in the democratic social order. Supervision is very
influential in nature.

 The framework and spirit of supervision must be democratic and

cooperative.
Because education is a collaborative and creative enterprise in which all
teachers, students, parents, and administrators participate, and supervisors
are their academic leaders who stimulate, guide, and advise them in
improving teaching and learning, the main purpose of supervision should
simply be to provide effective leadership and develop cooperative working
relationships. As a result, modern supervision must also be focused on
attitudes, more cooperative efforts, helpful recommendations, a larger
sense of "we-ness," and the teaching of shared goals.

 The priority of supervision should be on developing good

interpersonal interactions.
The effectiveness of a group is affected by the performance of its human
relationships, and the supervisor must continually strive to increase group
cohesiveness. As a result, supervision should maintain a high level of face-
to-face contact. It would be inefficient and fruitless otherwise.

 The supervisor is concerned with group communication since

leadership relies on improved social interaction-communication,
which should be a two-way process. Because information exchange is
always beneficial to policy formulation and implementation, it should
be broad in scope and include the I programme as well as the right
articulation required by supervisory authorities. Today, supervision
should focus on improving all aspects of the teaching and learning
process.
 It's important to be innovative when it comes to supervision.
Teaching is a form of art, and supervising is a creative endeavor. As a
result, the goal of supervision should be to bring out the best in
instructors by igniting their hidden abilities, stimulating initiative, and
encouraging uniqueness and self-expression. As a result, supervision
should place a premium on their accomplishments and strengths, while
ignoring their flaws and failures. Supervisors should always be able to
come up with fresh ideas, be resourceful, and think beyond the box.
 Scientific supervision is required.
In order to improve instruction, the supervisor should employ scientific
approaches. He should make his performance more scientific and
effective by doing surveys, experiments, and action research. He will
urge instructors to think critically and constructively, while discouraging
flattering and prejudiced opinions.
 Supervision should be trial-and-error and self-critical.
The evolving idea of supervision, in contrast to autocratic and
authoritarian types, encourages experimentalism and self-criticism. As a
result, any part of the learning situation that is discovered to be
inefficient or detrimental to achieving a better situation should be
discarded or modified by the supervisor, who will lead and guide the
teachers to accomplish their jobs effectively.

Question #04
Describe the concept of educational planning. Also highlight
the different types of educational planning.
Educational planning, like general planning, is important. Educational
Planning is the process of putting together a collection of decisions
about the educational enterprise in such a way that the aims and
purposes of education can be accomplished in the future with the
resources available.
In its broadest meaning, educational planning is the application of
rational, methodical analysis to the process of educational
development with the objective of improving educational
effectiveness and efficiency in response to the requirements and goals
of students and society.
It is also defined as;
“Educational Planning is a continuous process of obtaining and
analyzing facts and, from empirical base, of providing information to
decision makers on how well the education system is accomplishing its
goals in particular, on how the cost effectiveness of education
programme and specific projects can be improved.”
The major interests of Educational Planning include
 The Preparation of Alternatives Decisions,
 Goals and Objectives,
 Programme and Services,
 Human Resources,
 Physical Resources,
 Finance,
 Governmental Structure.
The focus of education planning include:
 to express a system-wide philosophy, goals, and objectives for the
system as well as the requirements in a simple or explicit manner;

 To explore alternatives in the formulation of priorities, to provide for

communication and information retrieval, to analysis resources, to
evaluate the achievement of objectives, and to see them in the
context of the future.
Importance of educational planning:
 It ensures the success of an institution. It considers the most
important educational difficulties, limits, situations, and factors. The
emphasis is on prospective goals, objectives, and vision. This is
practical in nature since it emphasizes the ability and perception to
use theory and profit from it before engaging in action. It discusses
the objectives as well as the methods for achieving them. As a result,
it removes the trial-and-error method, decreases the risk of failure,
and ensures success. It provides intelligent guidance for actions.
 Education is limited by the availability of economic or other non-
material resources. Planning is a response to such conflicts that looks
into the possibility of alternative applications and the best use of
limited resources.
 Planning that is effective and well-organized saves time, effort, and
money.
 This is the method of achieving the predetermined goals in a
coordinated manner.
 Education is a government-provided public service that is demanded
by the public. Planning is absolutely vital for any government
undertakings of such magnitudes as education.
 Educational planning is one of the components of a country's overall
socioeconomic growth. The planning must include educational
objectives as well as funding for educational development in order to
achieve these goals.
 Education, with adequate planning, can be the most effective means
of preserving and developing society's future value system, individual
way of life, knowledge, skills and applications, and country culture.

 The means and ends of society can be adequately interacted through

the educational system with proper educational planning. It means
that the educational system employs a considerable proportion of
 the country's educated talent and consumes a significant amount of
public funds.

 Educational planning is essential for creating a blueprint or action

plan for any educational institution or organization's programme.

 It researches and proposes the most effective methods for

maximizing the use of available resources in order to achieve
educational objectives.

 Educational planning makes it easier to bring together educational

specialists, teachers, supervisors, and administrators to make
decisions on how to achieve the educational program's goals.

 Educational planning prioritizes the goals of various types of experts,

such as sociologists, economics, scientists, politicians, and educators.

Types of educational planning:

Here is some types of educational planning on
the basis of area.

1. Imperative/centralized planning:
Imperative planning is defined as
planning done at the federal level or by a central organisation such as the
government's planning commission. The federal government sets the goals
and allocates the resources needed to complete the plans. The provincial
government is in charge of implementation.

2. Indicative Planning or Local Level Planning:

 This form of planning is
carried out at the local or grassroots level of society. Priorities are set by the
people in the area. They work with professionals to prepare projects. The
government allocates funds for the execution of local initiatives. With the
support of District Nazims in the affected areas, Pakistan has begun this type
of planning.

3. Sect Oral Planning:

Projects are prepared by each sector
separately in this form of planning. The secretary of the department receives
funds for the projects' implementation. At this time, all
departments/ministries are working hard to finish developmental initiatives.
There is less collaboration between departments. Each department is in charge
of setting its own priorities. The development projects are spread around the
country. This form of planning encompasses the entire country. In this style of
planning, the rate of development is slow.

4. Integrated Planning:
A pilot region is chosen for development in this sort
of planning. The growth of that specific area is the focus of all departments.
They plan initiatives based on the needs of the community. All of the projects
have been approved, and monies are being distributed to all of the agencies in
charge of execution at the same time. As a result, the development of that
area is ensured, complete with all necessary amenities. However, there is a
flaw in this form of planning: the most in need locations are overlooked, and
their turn comes after a long period of time.
Types of educational planning (on the basis of nature):
1. Administrative planning:
Administrative planning, in general, refers to
planning from an administrative standpoint. Administrative planning in the realm
of education refers to the distribution of tasks and authorities at various levels of
education. Administrative responsibilities and powers are phase-wise arranged in
connection to the level of different educational administrators in administrative
educational planning.

2. Academic planning:
This form of educational planning refers to the
preparation of a syllabus for any course at any level of education in order to
ensure a smooth academic transaction. It includes the planning of education in
respect to the individuals and society's needs and desires. It includes the teaching
methods, library planning etc.

3. Co-curricular planning:
This educational planning is required for the overall
growth of a student on one hand and the total development of an educational
institution or organisation on the other. Planning for student welfare services,
sports and games, social activities and programs, cultural activities and programs,
hobbies, and so on are all examples of this type of planning.

4. Instructional planning:
This type of educational planning is macro-level in
nature, since it deals with planning in the classroom in connection to a specific
topic of a subject. This preparation pertains to the classroom's emotional and
organizational atmosphere.

5. Institutional Planning:
This type of educational planning gives the meaning of
educational planning a physical reality. Educational planning, in this context,
refers to the demands and requirements of each institution that must be met
through the construction and maintenance of a planning environment within
the institution. Despite the fact that institutional planning encompasses all of
the aforementioned planning categories while focusing on academic and co-
curricular planning, there is a need for a discussion on institutional planning.
 Question # 05
Critically examine the techniques and principles of classroom
management. Also give suggestions for improving our classroom
system.
Classroom management is a technique that allows/permit teachers to direct
and control the learning in their classroom. Classroom management is used by
teachers to keep pupils focused on studying while preventing disruptions from
slowing down the learning process. Teachers employ a variety of classroom
management approaches, ranging from hands-off classroom management
centered on cooperation to class direction to ensure pupils are not disrupting
their colleagues. Classroom management is one of the most important parts of
high-quality education because it keeps classes on track and prevents
disturbances from slowing down the learning process.
Effective classroom management is crucial to ensuring that students can learn
in a distraction-free atmosphere. Effective classroom management is
necessary to ensure that students achieve their full academic potential.
Students are more likely to obtain better academic performance when
teachers can effectively regulate the direction and behaviour of a classroom.
This necessitates the use of an effective classroom management system by
both teachers and students. High-quality classroom management allows
teachers to regulate the course of their classroom while also avoiding students
from disrupting their peers and limiting their learning potential.
Principles of classroom management:
 Expectations and needs of teachers as well as students should be
discussed in very first class:
The student should arrive to class prepared with proper class materials and an
eagerness to study. Pupils are expected to treat the teacher and other
students with respect. The teacher is expected to employ instructional
methods that will encourage pupils to participate in important learning
activities.
 Nurturing and healthy environment of class room:
Classroom should be neat and clean. The chairs/desks should be properly
arranged in the class. The students should not be humiliated but treated with
respect. Classroom’s environment must be healthy so that kids/students feel
comfortable. There should be the environment of cooperative learning.
 Proper rules and regulations in the classroom:
Teacher with the consensus of students should make a proper list of rules and
regulation of the classroom. And it will be mandatory for everyone in the class
room to follow those rules. And as a reminder the list of those rules should be
displayed in the classroom.
 A proper routine should be followed in the classroom:
Teacher should make a daily routine chart. And usually students make
disturbance in the class. So, if they know the proper routine they will not do
so. Moreover students should be assessed in every class with some
assignment.

 Teacher should make learning a fun for the student rather than
burden:

Teacher should make learning attractive for the students. The topic should be
presented well and in the proper flow so that students should. Interesting
activities should be done in the classroom.
 Quick and wise response over any misbehavior in the classroom :
Teacher should pay attention on every student. Attention seeker students
usually make disturbance in class to seek attention. So teacher should ensure
their positive involvement in the classroom. And by non-verbal actions teacher
should make every student aware that he/she is observing him. And in case in
any misbehavior, teacher should use it to teach other.
Techniques for the better classroom discipline:

 Focusing:
Before you begin your lecture, make sure you have everyone's
attention in the room. Don't try to educate over kids who aren't paying
attention's conversation. Inexperienced teachers may believe that by starting
their lesson, the class will automatically relax. The kids will notice that things
are moving forward and that it is time to go to work. This can work in some
cases, but it also gives the impression that you are willing to compete with
them. You don't mind if people chat while you talk. You are willing to speak
louder after you have begun the lecture so that they can continue their
conversation. They get the impression that you don't mind if they aren't paying
attention.

 Direct instruction:

The degree of enthusiasm in the classroom rises as the

level of uncertainty rises. Direct instruction is when you start each lesson by
telling the students exactly what will happen. The teacher gives an overview of
what he and the pupils will be doing during this time. For some duties, he may
establish time constraints. Include time at the conclusion of the term for
students to do activities of their choice, which is a great approach to combine
this technique with the first.
 Environmental control:
A classroom can be a healthy and welcoming
environment. Students like being in a setting that changes on a regular basis.
Study centers with pictures and colour pique your interest in the subject.
Young folks are curious about you and your hobbies. Personal items should be
included in your classroom. Personal dialogues with your students can be
sparked by a family photo or a few items from a hoppy or collection on your
desk. You'll see less discipline issues as they come to know you better. There
are occasions when you may wish to impoverish your classroom, just as there
are others when you may want to enrich it.

 Monitoring:
Monitoring is very important in class discipline. While your
students are working, get up and walk around the room, making the rounds.
After the pupils have begun a writing project, an effective teacher will make a
pass through the entire room about two minutes later to check on their
progress. She double-checks that each pupil has begun, that they are on the
correct page, and that everyone has written their name 100 times on their
papers.

 Positive discipline:
Spread positivity in the classroom by using positive
phrases. Also motivate the students. Praise students for their good work.

Suggestions for improving classroom discipline:

 A well-run classroom will be built on strong personal ties with your

pupils. Spend time getting to know your children right away in the
classroom. Learn their names and practice using them.
 It is essential to have prepared lessons in advance in order to have a
classroom that runs well. Lessons should be well-planned and engage
pupils at their own level of understanding.
 Praise from a teacher is one of the most potent benefits a student can
receive. After all, as the gatekeeper to knowledge, you have a great deal
of authority as a teacher and role model. This, however, comes with a
caveat: praise must be earned, honest, and specific.
 It may appear that having a well-run classroom necessitates being a
strict disciplinarian. Reprimanding, on the other hand, is kept to a
minimum in the best-run classrooms. In the long term, specific, timely
praise is a more effective technique.
 The more you chastise, the more your students will become accustomed
to it, and the desired effect will fade.
 Your lesson plans must be very specific. Every second of your day should
be actively driving you toward that aim. You should begin each day with
clarity about what kids should know and be able to do by the end of the
class time.
 More a more give attention to students, more you receive.
 Do not make students afraid of you. Give them nurturing environment.