American Language Course Placement Test: Grammar

Grammar.
American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-
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American Language Course

Placement Test
HANDBOOK
Alcpt1Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
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Grammar. American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-
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Book 13 lesson 1
DO YOU IMAGINE THEY’LL WIN THE GAME? I GUESS SO!
Juimagjinoni se ata do tëfitojnëndeshjen? Unëmendojkështu!
We use so after some some verbs as a substitute for a that-noun clause. The most
common verbs followed by so are think, believe, guess, hope, imagine, and
suppose.
Will Jack come to the party?

I think so. (I think that Jack will’ come.)
Has Bill finished his work?
I hope so. (I hope that Bill has finished his work.)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The negative depends on the verb:
I think so. ------------I don’ t think so.Une/nukmendojkeshtu

I believe so. ---------- I don’ t believe so.besoj
I imagine so.----------I don’ t imagine so.imagjinoj
I suppose so.--------- I don’ t suppose so.supozoj
I guess so.-------------I guess not. mendoj
I hope so.--------------I hope not.shpresoj
We use a that-clause after the adjectives certain, sure, and positive to express an
opinion about someone or something.
I’ am certain that I can go this weekend.
He’ s sure that we’ ll pass the test.
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We’ re positive that we’ ll have enough money for the car.
The conjunction “that” is many times omitted in conversation.
-ER AND EST FORMS OF ADVERBS
The –er and –est forms are used with one-syllable adverbs.
herët ¤ Early¤ Earlier (than) The earliest

larg Far Farther The farthest
Further The furthest
shpejte Fast Faster The fastest
rëndë hard Harder The hardest
i lartë high Higher The highest
vonë late Later The latest
ulët low Lower The lowest
pranë near Nearer The nearest
ngadalë slow Slower The slowest
shpejte soon Sooner The soonest
drejt straight straighter The straightest
¤
early is an exception to the rule.
Could I leave earlytoday ? Yes, you can.

Can I borrow your car Friday night? No, you can’t. I need it.
Could I take some leave next week? Yes. You can.

Can I go to Sara’s house after school? Yes, you can.
May I leave a little early today? No. you can’t.
Your shoes might be under the bed. It could be real gold
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Jane may go to college next year. Jimmy can run ten miles.
He isn’t able to move that heavy table.
Nancy couldn’t read all of book in one night.
Could is frequently used to request permission.

It is like may and can.
Could I borrow your book, please?
May I ask you a question?
Can I leave early today?
Can or can’t are usually used as responses to a request for permission
with could.
Could I borrow your book, please?
Yes, of course you can.
REVIEW
Could I leave early today? OF MODALS
I’m sorry. You can’t.
We have a meeting at 1500.
May, might, and could are used to express possibility.

Where’s Joe?
He may be in his office.
He might be eating lunch.
He could be at home.
Can and is/am/are able to are used to express ability in the present or
future.
Could and was/were able to are used for the past.
She can speak three languages.
Kerkese
They are able to speak French and Spanish.

I couldn’t swim when I was young.
My grandfather was able to speak Russian.
May, can, and could are used to request permission.
May I come in? NOUN ADJUNCTS
Can I swim here?
Could I use your phone?
Adjectives usually modify or describe nouns
A nice day
A cold winter
Nouns can also modify nouns. They are called noun adjuncts.
A store that sells shoes is a shoe store.
When a noun modifies. They are called noun adjuncts.
A store that sells shoes is a shoe store.
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When a noun modifies another noun, the first noun is stressed.
a can opener
a wedding ring
some paint brushes
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Book 13 lesson 3
Jim is going to hang up his clothes. Jim is going to hang his clothes up. Jim is going to
hang his clothes up. Jim is going to hang them up.
What did Captain Rogers tell you?
He told me that he could see me at 1430.
Jack Smith drives a bus. He’s a bus driver.
PHRASAL VERBS
The term phrasal verbsrefers to a verb and an adverb that are together. This verb and
adverb have a special meaning.
He put on his hat.
She wrote down the telephone number.
They threw away the old newspapers.
Many times a phrasal verb will have an object. There are two possible for the object.
If the object is a noun, it can come before the adverb or after it.
If the object is a noun, it can come before the adverb or after it.
He turned on the radio
He turned the radio on
She’ll look up the word in the dictionary.
She’ll look the word up in the dictionary.
If the object of a phrasal verb is a pronoun ( me, you, him, her, etc.) the pronoun must
be between the verbLanguage
Alcpt5Defense and the adverb.
Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
IBase,
like the hat. Try in on.
Texas
I’ll give you the money, but you must pay it back.
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MODALS IN REPORTED SPEECH
When a modal is used in direct speech, it is frequently changed

in reported speech.
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

(presenttense) (past tense)
May (mund)might
Might might
Can could
Could could
Am/is/are/able to was/where/able to
SUFFIX –ER AND –OR
The suffix –er and –or can be added to some verbs to make nouns to express the
meaning of “one who”
He teaches students to read.
He’s a teacher.
She collects stamps

She’s a stamp collector
Book 13 lesson 4
HOW + ADJECTIVES
Sasi +mbiemer
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The question word how has many uses. It is often used with adjectives to ask
questions.
How long asks about length.
How high asks about height
How tall asks about height.
How far asks about distance.
How wide asks about depth.
How old asks about age.
How heavy asks about weight

How hot/cold asks about temperature.
A question with what can be used for a question with how.
How long is it?
What’s its length?
Tall is used to refer to someone or something from the ground up; high is used
when talking at point above the ground.
IF CLAUSESES
Certain if-conditional sentences express something that is true. The simple present
tense can be used in the if-clause and the imperative or present tense in the main
clause.
IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

(condition) (result)
If the TV doesn’t work, push this button.

If I get up at 0600, I get to work on time.
If I don/t eat lunch, I become hungry by 2:00 p.m.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
LARGE QUANTITIES
Many is used to refer to count nouns.

Much is used to refer tononcount nouns. It’s usually used in negative sentences.
A lot is used to refer to both count and noncount nouns.
_______________________________________________________________________________
SMALL QUANTITIES
A few is used to refer to count nouns.
A little is used to refer to noncount nouns.
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_________________________________________________________________________________
GENERAL QUANTITIES
Some, any, and none are used to refer to both count and noncount nouns.
Use some in an affirmative statement and questions.
Use any in a negative statement and question.
Use none in an affirmative statement only.
Book 14 lesson 1
Count nouns are nouns that may be preceded by a or an the singular.
A book a man
An apple a fish
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Count nouns can be made plural
Regular plurals are formed by adding

-es to word -es, changing the y -s to words ending Irregular plurals
ending in these to i to words ending in a vowel +y and have different
Letters s, z, x in a consonant +y other words. forms
ch, and zh
Boxes Families Books Fish
Sandwiches Duties Chairs Deer
Dresses Cities Tables Children
Inches Libraries Words Feet
wishes Boys Men
Faces Women
Pages knives
The –esthat is added to count nouns to form the plural has three different
pronunciations.
/iz/ /s/ /z/
Boxes Books Tables
Dresses Suits Sons
Sandwiches Cooks Words
Dishes Cups Windows
Pages Boots Boys
Quizzes Crops Duties
Horses Recruits Jobs
Chances Ranks Times
Classes basics Caves
services eggs
JUST/SUN
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Just andSoon are adverbs of time.

Just is used to indicate recent completion in the past.
Soon is used to indicate expected completion in the near future.
John just arrived from New York.
His brother will arrive from Los Angeles soon.
AS……AS COMPARISONS
{aq}……….{sa}
We use an as as construction with adjectives and adverbs to make

comparisons.
Look at the examples.
1. Jack is twenty years old.

Bill is twenty years old.
Jack is as old as Bill.
[= They are the same age.]
2. Fred is rich.
He is richer than his brother John.
John isn’t as rich as his brother Fred.
[= Fred is richer.]
3. Linda finished her work in two hours.

Betty finished in the same time.
Betty worked as fast as Linda worked.
[=Betty and Linda worked at the same speed.]
4. Bob studies hard every night.
Mary sometimes studies.
Mary doesn’t study as hard as Bob does.
[=Bob studies harder than Mary.]
FUTURE PROGRESIVE
The future in progressive is formed with
Will + be + Verb – ing
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It is used to express an action that will be in progress at or up to a
particular time in the future.
We’ll be leaving at noon on Friday.
Tom won’t be leavinguntil midnight tonight.
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Book 14 lesson 2
ADVERBS OF DEGREE
We can use certain adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs to

make the meaning stronger .
These adverbs have the general meaning of very. For example:
Extremely cheep {adverb + adjective}
Really interesting {adverb + adjective}
Rather good {adverb + adjective}
Terriblynoisy {adverb + adjective}
Quitefast {adverb + adverb}

So well {adverb + adverb}
Veryquickly {adverb + adverb}
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH WHERE AND WHEN
Where is used in an adjective clause to modify a place.It comes right after

the place.
We found a restaurant.
The food was good {at the restaurant}
We found a restaurant where the food was good.
{Whererefers torestaurant, a place}.
When is used in an adjective clause to modify noun of time. It comes right

after the noun.
The summer was hot.
We went to San Francisco {during that summer}.
The summer when we went to San Francisco was hot.
{when refers to summer, a noun of time}.
IF CONDITIONAL
Certain if conditional sentences express something that is true.The

present progressive or the present perfect can be used in the if clause,
and the future, a modal, or the imperative can be used in the main
clause.
IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
{Condition} {Result}
Present ProgressiveFuture\Modal\Imperative
If you’re looking for Bill, you’ll find him in the library.
You can find him in the library.
Go to the library.
Present Perfect Future\Modal\Imperative
If you haven’t been to the park, we’re going to go this Sunday.
You should go this Sunday.
Go this Sunday.
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Book 14 lesson 3
GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
A gerund is the -ing form of a verb. Examples: eating, playing, sleeping.

A gerund is used as a noun .The most common noun function of a gerund is
the object of a verb.
The gerund plus the words that go with it is called a gerund phrase.
He enjoys teaching English. We finished working about an hour ago.
A gerund or gerund phrase can also be used as the subject of a sentence.

Driving on wet roads can be dangerous.
Learning a second language is fun.
A gerund or gerund phrase can be used as the object of a preposition.
You can turn off the radio by pushing this button.
Are you interested in learning German?
He apologized for being late.
The following is a list of common preposition combinations with verbs and

adjectives that gerund can follow:
verb + preposition
apologize for look forward to

believe in plan on
decide on talk about
finish with hank someone for think of
adjective + preposition
afraid of nervous about
bored with proud of
excited about scared of
fond of tired of
frightened of
Alcpt13Defense Languageworried about
Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
happy about
interested
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MUST AS PROBABILITY
Must is used with the simple present tense of the present progressive to
express probability.
Steve is smiling. He must be happy.
I smell smoke. Something must be burning.
Must not is used for the negative.

John’s lights are off. He must not be at home.
Betty isn’t eating. She must not be hungry.
MAKING DEDUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
We use the modals must, may, might,and could to make deductions and
conclusions from the information that we receive.
Must is used when we are very sure of very certain about something.
May, might,and could are used when we are less sure or certain.
must very sure
may
might
could less sure
REVIEW OF MODALS
Must and have\has to both expressnecessity and obligation.

You must have money to buy a car.
I can’t go. Language
Alcpt14Defense I have to Institute
study forEnglish
a test. Language CenterLockland Air Force
Must not is used to express prohibition.
Base, TexasYou must not smoke.in the building. {Don’t smoke in the building.}
You must not drive through a red light. {Don’t drive through a red
light.}
Not have\has to is used to express lack of necessity.
Tomorrow is Saturday. We don’t have to go to class. We have a lot of time.We
don’t have to study.
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Will and be going to are both used to express future time.

Frank will finish packing tonight.
He is going to finish packing tonight.
Could and would are used to make requests.
Would you close the window, please?
Could you please hand me the sugar?
Book 14 lesson 4
OUGHT TO AS ADVICE
Should and ought toare both used to give advice.

You don’t look good. You should see a doctor.
You don’t look good. You ought to see a doctor
INDIRECT/REPORTER SPEECH
When a modal is used in direct speech,it is frequently changed in

reported speech.
DIRECT SPEECH REPOTED SPEECH
{present tense} {past tense}
will would
present-BE going topast-BE going to
Alcpt15Defense Languagehad
must {necessity} Institute
to* English Language CenterLockland Air Force
have/has to had to
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not have to didn’t have to
must not {prohibition} must not
*Notice that had tois used instead of must in past tense repotted speech
when must means necessity.
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IRREGULAR ADVERBS
Some adverbs have irregular comparisons .

ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Well better than the best
badly worse than the worst
The comparative form is used when referring to two people or things.

The superlative form is used when referring to three or more people or things
Book 15 lesson 1
NEVER EVER SELDOM ALWAYS USUALLY OFTEN FREQUENTLY
Asnjehere, ndonjehere,rralle here, gjithmone, sakonisht, shpesh, vazhdimisht
OCCASIONALLY SOMETIMES
Ndonjehere,
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There are some adverbs that are called adverbs of frequency.

Notice where they are in the sentences. The most common position is
before the verb, but after Be.
They can also come at the beginning or end of the sentence.
_________________________________________________________________________
She is seldom on time.
Is
HOW OFTEN . . . ? usually on time?
She never comes here.
Does she always come here?
Usually frequently seldom

Ever never always
occasionally sometimes often
More and most are used with adverbs of 2 or more syllables for the
comparative and superlative forms.
ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Slowly more slowly than the most slowly

Carefully more carefully than the most carefully
Frequently more frequently than the most frequently
These are some examples of adverbs formed by adding – ly to

adjectives.*Note the spelling changes.
Correct correctly careful carefully

Alcpt 17Defense
Beautiful Language
beautifully Institute English Language
cautious CenterLockland Air Force
cautiously
natural naturally slow slowly
Base,soft
Texassoftly nervous nervously
quiet quietly quick quickly
easy easily angry angrily
reasonable reasonably.
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Book 15 lesson 2
PROMOTE PROMOTIO
The suffix –ion may be added to some verbs to form nouns. Note the
spellingYOU
WOULD changes.
LIKE TO COME TO OUR PARTY.
Collect –collection confuse- confusion
educate-education instruct-instruction
locate-location select-selection
operate-operation promote-promotion
We use will and would to say what we want or want to do.
Can I help you please? Yes, I’dlike a cheese sandwich.

{=I want a cheese sandwich}
We’re having a party next weekend. Can you come?

Yes, I’dlove to. {=Yes, I want to come.}
That box looks heavy. I’llhelp you with it.
{=I want to help you with it.}
REVIEW OF MODALS
Should, ought to, and be supposed tohave the same meaning. They are
used to give advice.
You should study more. You ought to do better. We’re supposed to take
off our hats inside.
Used to is used to express an activity, situation, or a habit that existed in
Alcpt 18Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
the past but which no longer exists. I used to smoke ten years ago, but I
don’t any longer.
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Would is used to express an action that was repeated regularly in the past.
Used to can also be used this way.
When I was a boy, my father would play baseball with us.
When I was a boy, my father used to play baseball with us.
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WHAT CAN WE DO
Can is used to say that something is possible.
We can see the lake from the living room.
You can walk to the pool. It’s very close. Flying in an airplane can be
dangerous.
LET’S GO SOMEWHERE
To express an indefinite place or location we use the adverbs somewhere,

anywhere, and nowhere.
This is how they are used: somewhere in affirmative question/statements,

anywhere in affirmative question/negative statements, nowhere in short
answers
Are you going somewhere?

Are you going anywhere?
Yes, I’m going somewhere.
No ,I’m not going anywhere.
Where are you going?

WAS/WHERE GOING TO
Nowhere
The word else is used with adverb and pronoun compounds of some-, any-, no-, and
every-:
Someone else/somebody else = some other person
Anyone
Was/where going to is used to say what=someone
else /anybody else any other person to do in the past, but
intended
No one
didn’t. else/nobody else = no other person
Everyone
JohnAlcpt else/everybody
was19Defense
going to fly to else
Paris,Institute
Language = everyhis
but he changed
English other person
mind.
Language My sister was going
CenterLockland Airto
Force
meet me for dinner, but she forgot.
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something else = some other thing somewhere else = in/at/to some other
place
anything else = any other thing anywhere else = in/at/to any other
place
nothing else = no other thing nowhere else = in/at/to no other place
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ELSE
DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH
Book 15 lesson 4
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
When a modal is used in direct speech. Notice will/would.
DIRECT SPEECH {present tense} REPORTED SPEECH {past tense}
Ought to {advice} ought to

Should {advice} should
Used to/would {past routine} used to/would
Used to {discontinued past habit} used to
Must {deduction} must
Must not {deduction} must not
Was/where going to was/where going to
Would like to {desire} would like to
Will*/would {willingness} would
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He looked at himself in the mirror
She injured herself during the game.
The children went to the movies by themselves.
Sometimes reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis.
The following words are reflexive pronouns:

Myself ourselves LINKING VERBS
yourself yourselves
himself themselves.
herself
itself
A reflexive pronoun is used as an object and refers to the

subject of the sentence or clause.
We use adjectives after certain verbs called linking verbs. When an adjective is
used after a linking verb, the adjective modifies the subject of the sentence.
The most common linking verbs are:
Appear, get smell
Be keep sound
become remain stay
feel seem taste.

Example:
Your friend is very nice.
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TheTexas
coffee tastes strong.
Tom appeared calm during the storm.
The food will remain cold on the ice.
Bill seems nervous about his operation.
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SUFFIX -LY
The suffix -LY can be added to nouns of time to make adjectives and
adverbs. The most common nouns are:
Day + -LY daily
Hour + -LY hourly
Month + -LY monthly
Night + -LY nightly
Week + - LY weekly
Year + -LY yearly
The - LY words above can be used as both adjectives and adverbs.
Book 16 Lesson 1
IT’S SAFER TO JOG DURING THE DAY
A good plan to savemoney every month.

It’s expensive to take a taxi.
Not healthy to skip meals.
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Fun to swim
YOU BETTER PAY THE RENT.
pay the rent today.
You had better get to class on time.
‘d better stop at the red light.
forget to pay the rent.
You had better not be late for class.
‘d better not run the red light.
YOU SHOULD GET MORE REST.=WHY DON’T YOU GET MORE REST?
=WHY NOT GET MORE REST?
Use the infinitive of the verb [without to] after ‘’why don’t you’’ and ‘’why not’’.
I ask for a drink?

whyDon’t you call him?
We watch the news?
Not start jogging ?
Open it now?
AFTER THEY HAD CLEANED THE APARTMENT, MUVED INTO IT.
The past perfect tense expresses an activity that was completed before another
activity occurred in the past.
Hi started the car after they’d fastened their seat belts.
I hadn’t met him before he came to our class.
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She had gone inside by the time he thought to ask her.

The past perfect tense is formed by using had with the past participle of the verb. It
is used when you are talking about two things that have already happened.
Had –asked, caused, dropped, hoped, lived, moved, bought, eaten, heard,
seen, thought.
I had = I’d
You had = You’d
We had = We’d
They had = They’d
He had = He’d
She had = She’d
Had + not = Hadn’t
Book 16 Lesson 2
PASSIVE VOICE: BE-PASSIVE
SUBJECT VERB OBJECT

AGENT
ATIVE VOICE: The secretary types the letters.
PASSIVE VOICE: The letters are typed{by the secretary}.
To form the Be-Passive:
Add be + -ed {past participle} to the verb. Move the object of the sentence to the
subject position.
Add by to the original subject and move it to the agent position. The agent may be
omitted.
DAN HAD BEEN DRIVING FOR 10 YEARS BEFORE HE GOT A TICKET.
The soldiers had been marching for hours before dinner.
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The tourists napping during the rain storm.

Ted and Bob hadn’t been watching TV while I was shoping.
Book 16 Lesson3
WHICH DO YOU PREFER?
I meat to chicken.
You
He boating to skiing.
She prefer{s}
We tea rather than coffee.
They to ride rather than walk.
THE ROADS WERE DANGEROUS TO DRIVE ON.
He was easy to understand.

It’s impossible {for me} to eat ice cream on cold days.
I am difficult to be with when I’m mad!
IS IT SAFETO DRINK WATER FROM THIS LAKE?
Be easy to walk
Is safe to speak
Was difficult to carry
Were impossible to finish
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Book 16 Lesson 4
WE WERE UNABLE TO FIX.
I am, was
Sue, he is wasunable to fix it.
You Bill and I, They are were
Isn’t able to
Sue is unable to install the battery.
can’t
wasn’t able to
Frank is unable to be here last night.
can’t
HE’S OLD ENOUGHTO DRIVE A CAR.
I’m dirty enoughto take a shower.

Jim couldn’t jogfast enoughto catch Bill.
Do you swim regularly enoughto keep fit?
HE WATCHES TOO MANY MOVIES ON TV.
Count nouns are things that No count nouns are things that
can be counted. can’t be counted.
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Lessons Information
Showers Rain
Dollars Money
Spoons Sugar
Cups Coffee
Glasses Water
Minutes Time
people News
Too many is used to express Too much also means ‘’more

‘’more than enough’’. than enough’’.
Use too many with count Use too much with nocount
nouns. nouns.
I IMAGINE WRITERS HAVE GOOD IMAGINATIONS.
Apply application
Cancel cancellation
Continue continuation
Examine + action examination
Imagine imagination
invite invitation
recommen recommendatio
d n
Book 17 Lesson 1
The linking verbs in the list are used to express a state or condition. They also reflect a
point of view.
John is his father.
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Tastes the cake we had in Paris.

Sounds a good idea.
It Looks a nice place to stay.
Smells smoke in this room.
Feels another cold evening.
Seems the right thing to do.
appears { to me*} like
*This can also be placed at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
To be often follows the verbs appear and seem in this pattern:
angry.
seems a nice person.
He appears { to To be in a hurry.
me*}
interested in books.
*This is sometimes placed at the beginning or at the end of the

sentence.
INDIRECT SPEECH: YES/NO QUESTIONS
Direct Speech John : Can we go fishing?
Indirect Speech John asked whether they could go fishing.

{Sam} if
Direct Speech Jack: Do you to go to Europe?

want
Jack asked Whether I wanted to go to Europe.
{me if
Alcpt28Defense
} Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
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Indirect Speech
Note that the present tense verbs change to past tense, the order of the verb and
the subject changes, and the pronouns and possessive adjectives change from
one person to another.
Decide Decision
Destroy Destruction
Divide Division
Intend Intention
Introduce Introduction
Prescribe Prescription
Reduce Reduction
solve solution
Book 17 Lesson 2
EMBEDDED YES/NO QUESTIONS AS NOUN CLAUSES

{Statements}
Is it supposed to rain?
I don’t know
I wonder
I can’t remember If It’s supposed to rain {or not}.
I’ve forgotten whether
I’m not sure
I have no idea
When a yes/no question is changed to a noun clause, whether or if is used to introduce
the clause.
EMBEDDED YES/NO QUESTIONS AS NOUN CLAUSES

{questions}
Is Major Simms in?
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Do you know
Can you tell me
Could you tell me If
Could you please tell me whether Major Simms is in {or not}?
Do you have any idea
Do you by any chance know
EMBEDDED QUESTION-WORD QUESTIONS AS NOUN CLAUSES

{statements}
Where is the library?

When will he leave?
Who can help me?
I wonder
I don’t know
I can’t remember where the library is.
I’ve forgotten when he will leave.
I’m not sure who can help me.
I have no idea
JANET PREFERS HER HAIR LONG
SUBJECT VERB DIRECT ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENTS

OBJECT
I prefer my coffee Hot.

like Black.
Strong.
Note that in this type of sentence, the noun or pronoun comes before
the adjective.
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EMBEDDED QUESTION-WORD QUESTIONS AS NOUN CLAUSES

{questions}
Whe does the library open?

n time is it?
what
Do you know
Can you tell me
Could you tell me when the library opens?
Could you please tell me what time is it?
Do you have any idea
Do you by any chance know
When a question-word question is changed to a noun clause, the

same question work is used to introduce the clause.
Book 17
Lesson 3 SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
will
PASSIVE
must
VOICE
ought to
WITH
They should put on
MODALS
can wear shoes.
may remove hats.
might take off gloves.
could
have to
ACTIVE
don’t have to
VOICE SUBJECT VERB AGENT
will
must
Alcpt31Defense Language
oughtInstitute
to English Language CenterLockland Air Force
should put on
Base, Texas wear
Shoes can
Hats may b remove {by them}.
Gloves might e take off
could
have to
don’t have to
24ST F
PASSIVE
VOICE
RELATIVE PRONOUNS/ADJ/ADV + INFINITIVES
decide
find out
forget when to leave.
know which to buy.
I didn’t learn how to cook.
remember who to ask.
where to go.
show {her} what to do.
tell {him
teach }
ask {the
m}
MANY PEOPLE {you}
DRIVE 65 MPH
EVEN THOUGH THE SPEED LIMIT IS 55.
Al though my apartment is quite small, I like it a lot.

I like my apartment a lot al though it is quite small.
Though that restaurant is very expensive, it’s always full.

That restaurant is always full though it is very expensive.
Even though the parade was long, many people stayed.
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24ST F
Many people stayed even though the parade was long.
Book 17 Lesson 4
HIS DEATH SADDENED THEM ALL.
The fire soft

I weak the pots.
You black the dishes.
hard
dark
We short -en{s} the pool.

The workers wide the lake.
Bill deep -ened
tight
sharp the screw.
loose
The death sad the children.
TAG QUESTIONS
doesn’t study every day, does
He hasn’t written his family, has

he?
isn’t leaving tomorrow, is
should do your homework, shouldn’t
Base, Texas
You have a large family, don’t
you?
are a student here, aren’t
24ST F
WE HAVE TO READ THESE DIALOGS, DON’T WE?
HE LOVES THIS BOOK, AND SO DO I.
He went downtown I went She doesn’t like fish. They don’t like
downtown fish.
He went downtown, I did too. She doesn’t like fish, Neither do
and so did I. and they.
They don’t
either.
Base, Texas
24ST F
Book 18 Lesson 1
PAST PASIVE VOICE WITH BE
SUBJECT VERB DIRECT AGENT

OBJECT
Lt Hill flew The plane.
The plane was flown _____________ By Lt Hill.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs to join nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs,
phrases, and clauses.
Both…and{ dhe…dhe} and not only…but also{jo vetem…por dhe} indicate addition.
Either…or{ose…ose} indicates choice/alternative.
Neither…nor {as…as} indicates negative choice/addition.
Each conjunction should be placed immediately in front of the word, phrases, or clause it
connects.
EXSAMPLES: Both Janet and her sister arrived last night.

You can either go with me or stay here.
He’s not only intelligent but also wealthy.
Roy drives neither carelessly nor fast.
When the compound subjects of a sentence are joined by either…or/neither…nor, the

general rule is that the number of the verb is determined by the number of the noun
phrase closest to it.
EXSAMPLES: Either Mr. Reynolds or his sons always attend the company’s annual
meeting.
Neither the passengers nor the bus driver was injured in the
accident.
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24ST F
INDIRECT SPEECH
When a question is reported in indirect speech, the question word or words remain
the same. However, some of the other words in the original question do not.
1. Present tense verbs change to the past tense.

2. Pronouns and possessive adjectives change from first or second person to third
person {unless someone is reporting his own words}.
DIRECT Ann: What is the

SPEECH matter, Tom?
{present Why are you so
tense} late?
Ann asked {Tom} What the

INDIRECT matter was.
SPEECH Why he
was so late.
Book 18 Lesson 2
ANTICIPATORY IT
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In some sentences the pronoun it comes before, or anticipates, the subject of a

sentence. It does not refer to a particular person or thing ; it only takes the position
before the verb usually filled by the subject. An anticipatory it is often used in the
pattern below.
IT BE- ADJECTIVES THAT NOUN CLAUSE

VERB
is possible Someone made a mistake.
IT {that
wa clear } The party was over.
s
IF - CLAUSES
{UNREAL PRESENT CONDITIONAL}
If – clauses that refer to an unreal, or hypothetical, situation*in the present use verbs
in the subjunctive mood. Their forms are the same as those of the past tense, except
for the verb be. Were, not was, is used with singular nouns and I, he, she, and it.
CONDITIONAL CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE {EFFECT}

{CAUSE}
If he exercised regularly, he would probably feel better.
If you called Steve now , you might be able to reach him.
If we left earlier, we could get home before dark.
If I were you, I’d follow the doctor’s advice.
The if-clause can also follow the main clause. In this pattern there is no comma
between the clauses.
MAIN CLAUSE {EFFECT} CONDITIONAL CLAUSE {CAUSE}

Sam wouldn’t get so confused if he followed instructions.
You could get your money back if you had your sales slip.
Base, Texas
24ST F
I might understand her better if she spoke more slowly.

This would be a better movie if it weren’t so long.
WISH + THAT NOUN CLAUSE {PRESENT UNREAL SITUATIONS}
When we’d like to be able to change the present situation, we often use the pattern
below to express the way that we feel. Since the situation presented in the noun
clause is not real, past subjunctive verb forms are used in it.
WISH THAT NOUN CLAUSE
The students wish they graduated sooner.

My instructor wishes she could retire next year.
Captain Wilson [that} he were a four-star general.
wishes they weren’t in the service.
The trainees often he were living in Europe.
wish
Jim often wishes
BE USED TO / ACCOSTUMED TO VERSUS USED TO
Used to can indicate a discontinued past habit—something that was once done
regularly but is not anymore. When it is used in this way, it is followed by an infinitive
without to {the simple form of the verb}.
USED TO INFINITIVE WITHAUT TO
Harry work in an office downtown.

Janet used teach classes at the university.
to ride to work together every day.
They
Used to can also express the same meaning as accustomed to. Then, like
accustomed to, it is followed by a noun or a gerund.
Base, Texas
24ST F
BE USED TO / BE NOUN / GERUND

ACCOSTUMED TO
They are used to beef and potatoes for dinner.
Jean isn’t used to eating supper at six o’clock.
We were accustomed to dry weather in Arizona.
I wasn’t accustomed to carrying an umbrella everywhere.
Book 18 Lesson 3
VERB + DIRECT OBJECT + TO – INFINITIVE
SUBJECT VERB DIRECT TO - INFINITIVE

OBJECT
I advice you to make a reservation.

We expect everyone to leave the meeting.
They requir their to pay in advance.
e customers
These are some of the verbs which can appear in this

pattern :
Ask instruct teach

Advise invite tell
Allow need want
cause order warn
convince permit would like
expect require
help select
NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
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Negative question are formed by adding the word after the verb or modal.
EXAMPLE: Were you not at the meeting?
Did the secretary not notify you?
Why was everyone not told about it?
However, a contraction of not and the verb or modal is almost always used in
informal speech and writing.
EXAMPLE: Weren’t you at the meeting?
Didn’t the secretary notify you?
Why wasn’t everyone told about it?
The use of a negative yes-no question indicates that the speaker things he already
knows the answer. He hopes for or expects an affirmative response from the listener,
even though he does not always receive one.
EXAMPLE: Wasn’t the game postponed?

Yes, it was put off until next weekend.
Haven’t we meet somewhere before?

No, I don’t believe so.
A negative question that begins with a question – word is simply a request for
information.
EXAMPLE: Why wasn’t the game held today?
The coach had to be out of town.
Who hasn’t met the new commander yet?

No one in our office has.
TAG QUESTION
STATEME TAG
NT
You’re a pilot, aren’t you?
They study a lot, don’t they?
We can leave now, can’t we?
He’s not a pilot, is he?
They don’t study a lot, do they?
We can’t leave now, can we?
Base, Texas
24ST F
Tag questions are statements with a short question attached. The short question, or
tag, asks the listener to agree with or confirm the speaker’s statement.
If the verb in the statement is affirmative, the verb in the tag is negative.
EXAMPLE: You were there, weren’t you?
If the verb in the statement is negative, the verb in the tag is affirmative.
EXAMPLE: The captain wasn’t there, was she?
The contracted forms of negative verbs are almost always used in both the statement
and the tag.
CAN’T /COULDN’T AS LOGICAL IMPOSSIBILITY
Can’t and couldn’t are often used to mean ‘’it’s not possible that’’
or ‘’it’s impossible that……..’’
EXAMPLE: It’s not possible for the car to be out of gas.
It’s impossible for the car to be out of gas.
The car can’t/couldn’t be out of gas.
Book 18 Lesson 4
HAVE, MAKE, AND GET
Have, make, and get are often used to indicate that one person has the power to
force another to do something.
EXAMPLE: If the major can’t attend the meeting, he’ll have the captain go
instead.
When the Jacksons work in their house or yard, they make their
children help.
I’ve been calling the store for an hour, but I can’t get anyone there
to answer the phone.
Get is followed by a noun or pronoun and a to-infinitive. Have and make are followed
by a noun or pronoun and an infinitive without to.
had
He made fix the car
Base, Texas
24ST F
got the to fix

mechanic
PERFECT MODALS
Modals in the perfect tense have the following meanings: May have,
might have, and could have express possibility about a past action
or condition.
EXAMPLE: The secretary may have gone to lunch.

They might have taken a different flight.
You could have cashed a check at the BX.
Must have indicates that a deduction is being made about a past

action or condition.
EXAMPLE: They’re not hungry. They must have already

eaten.
Should have and ought to have indicate that a past obligation

wasn’t fulfilled. They also express the idea that a sensible action was
not taken.
EXAMPLE: We should have asked Ted to eat dinner with us.

I ought to have studied more for the test.
Should not have is used to indicate that a past action or condition

was not wise.
EXAMPLE: He shouldn’t have changed lanes without signaling.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
MAIN CLAUSE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

She’s
Alcpt a person {who I’d like to meet.
42Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force
Is that the m} the teacher gave you?
book
Base, Texas {which I borrowed from you.
Here’s the }
money {that}
24ST F
Adjective clauses, like adjectives, describe nouns, pronouns, or words serving as

nouns. They are often introduced by the relative pronouns who or whom, which,
and that. When these pronouns are the objects of verbs or prepositions, they can be
omitted.
EXAMPLES: The book which I wanted was not available. --- The book I wanted was
not available.
That is the man whom*I was talking about. --- That is the man I was
talking about.
There is the car that I want to buy. --- There is the car I
want to buy.
THE SUFFIX -MENT
VERB SUFIX NOUN

advertis Advertisement
e + -ment Agreement
agree = appointment
appoint
The suffix –ment can be added to certain verbs to form a noun that means ‘’the act
or result of’’ something.
EXAMPLES: retirement = the act or result of retiring
enlistment = the act or result enlisting
government = the act or result governing
Base, Texas
24ST F
Book 19 Lesson 1
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
To show that people own or posses something, we add an apostrophe

and –s {‘s} to a singular noun or irregular plural noun. The
pronunciation is the same as with plural nouns.
When the final sound is voiced { words that and with the letters m, n,
b, v, l, r, g, or a vowel} , we pronounce ‘s as /z/.
EXAMPLES: Sally rents this apartment.

This is Sally’s apartment.
The women own that car.

That’s the women’s car.
The restroom for men is next to the elevator.

The men’s restroom is next to the elevator.
When the final sound is voiceless { words that and with the letters s, t,
p, f, k }, we pronounce ‘s as /s/.
EXAMPLES: The report the lieutenant made was long.

The lieutenant’s report was long.
When the final sound ends in the letters s, sh, ch, ge, x, or z, we
pronounce ‘s as /ez/.
EXAMPLE: This book belongs to Les.

This is Les’s book.
When we have a plural noun, we add only the apostrophe {‘}after the
final –s. The pronunciation doesn’t change.
Example: The students have books.

Those are the student’s books.
The lunchroom for the employees is closed.

The employees’ lunchroom is closed.
Base, Texas
24ST F
SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS
SUBJECT I you He she it we they

PRONOUNS
OBJECT me you him her it us them
PRONOUNS
POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESIVE PRONOUNS

my mine
your yours
his his
her hers
its Its*
our ours
their theirs
Possessive adjectives are used before nouns.
This is my pen.
That’s your book.
These are her papers.
Possessive pronouns are used alone without nouns.
This pen is mine.

That book is yours.
These papers are hers.
*The pronoun its is not commonly used.
Whose book is this?

It’s my book.
This book is mine. or It’s mine.
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24ST F
I own this notebook.

This notebook belongs to me.
This is my notebook.
This is mine.
INSEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS AND PHRASAL PREPOSITIONAL VERBS
Many phrasal verbs and phrasal prepositional verbs are

inseparable. That is, they cannot be separated by an object.
Some, however, can be either separable or inseparable—they
often have an meaning when they are separable and a
different one when they are inseparable. These verbs are
included in the list and are marked with an asterisk {*}.
Be back = to return
Be up for = to be eligible for
Blow out* = to burst or explode
Check in = to register; to report your arrival
Check out* = to leave; to report your departure
Clear up* = to become clear, speaking of the weather
Come back = to return
Come in = to arrive as expected
Come over = to make a short informal visit
Cut down on = to reduce in quantity or amount
Drop by = to visit unexpectedly or informally
Drop in = to pay a visit informally
Drop off* = to fall asleep
Drop over = to visit unexpectedly or informally
End up = to finish in a certain place/way
Fall in = to line up in information
Get along with = to be in agreement
Get in = to arrive
Get off = to leave a vehicle; to leave work
Get on = to enter a vehicle
Get rid of = to free oneself from; to throw away; to give away
something
Get up* = to rise from a sitting or lying position
Go back = to return
Go out = to leave the house, especially for fun; to stop
burning/shining
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24ST F
Go over = to review; to make a short, informal visit

Hold on = to wait; to wait on the phone
Look forward to = to anticipate pleasurably
Look out {for} = to take care/be careful of
Put up with = to tolerate without complaining
Run into = to encounter; collide with
Run out of = to use the entire supply
Sign in/out* = to write one’s name on roll for recordkeeping
purposes
Sit down = to take a seat/occupy a chair
Stand up* = to rise to upright position on your feet
Take care of = to assume responsibility for
Take part in = to participate in
Take off* = to depart
Watch out for = to take care/be careful of
Work on = to repair
Work out = to exercise
Book 19 Lesson 2
COULDN’T HAVE
We use couldn’t have + past participle to express logical

impossibility about a past action.
EXAMPLES: Mark couldn’t have quit the job.
I saw him at work just this morning.
Lt Rice couldn’t have been promoted jet.

He only recently became a lieutenant.
George couldn’t have been in school the

25th.
It was a Sunday.
COULD HAVE
We use could have + past participle to express past
unfulfilled ability. EXAMPLES: Curtis could have gone to
college.
He decided to get a job instead.
Molly could have been a supervisor,

but she turned down the offer.
Base, Texas
24ST F
FEW/LITTLE VS. A FEW/A LITTLE
Few/a few and little/a little can be used as adjectives and as

pronouns. When we use them as adjectives, we use a
few/few with count nouns and a little/little with non count
nouns.
EXAMPLES: Michelle has a few friends.
Michelle has few friends.
{Friends can be counted.}
Jan likes a little sugar in her coffee.

Jan likes little sugar in her coffee.
{Sugar cannot be counted.}
A few and a little express, in a positive way, the presence of
something even though in a small quantity.
EXAMPLES: A few people attended the concert.
{Several people were there.}
John knows a little about computers.
{He knows something.}
Few and little express, in a negative way, the absence of
nearly all quantity.
EXAMPLES: Few people attended the meeting .
{Not many people went.}
Larry knows little about physics.

{He knows almost nothing about it.}
Book 19 Lesson 3
CONDITIOAL SENTENCES: PAST UNREAL CONDITION OR SITUATION
Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-clause and the main clause. One type of
conditional sentence is used to show a past unreal condition or situation. It tells what
could, would, or might have happened in the past if a certain condition or situation
had been true. The if-clause has the past perfect tense, and the main clause uses
could have/might have/would have + a past participle. Note that the if-clause may
come before or after the main clause.
Base, Texas
24ST F
Could
If we had left we Might have been on time.
earlier, would
MAINE CLAUSE IF CLAUSE
E Could
d Might have If he had studied harder.
would passed
could
If you had had more wha might you have done?
money, t would
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24ST F
MAIN CLAUSE IF CLAUSE
Could
Might You have If you had finished your work?
Would gone
SUFIXES: -ABLE/ -IBLE
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24ST F
The suffixes –able and –ible are added to certain nouns and verbs to
make adjectives. These adjectives have the meaning of ‘’capable of’’ or
‘’showing/having’’ .
EXAMPLES: We can refund your money.

Your money is refundable.
Smoking isn’t permitted here.

It’s not permissible here.
Here is a partial list of some nouns and verbs to which –able and ible can
be added:
accept/acceptable love/lovable
adjust/adjustable
manage/manageable
advise/advisable
measure/measurable
afford/affordable mistake/mistakable
agree/agreeable
move/movable/moveable
believe/believable notice/noticeable
break/breakable obtain/obtainable
change/changeable permit/permissible
collect/collectible/collectable prefer/preferable
comfort/comfortable prevent/preventable
compare/comparable profit/profitable
control/controllable
question/questionable
depend/dependable reason/reasonable
disagree/disagreeable refund/refundable
enjoy/enjoyable rely/reliable
honor/honorable respect/respectable
inflate/inflatable sense/sensible
knowledge/knowledgeable tax/taxable
like/likable wash/washable
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Book 19 Lesson 4
WISH: PAST UNREAL SITUSTIONS
We use wish + THAT noun clause {containing a past perfect verb}to

express regret about a past situation. The word ‘’that ‘’ is optional.
EXAMPLES: I wish {that}I had become a doctor instead of a teacher.
Amy wishes {that}she hadn’t bought that dress last week
because it’s on
sale now.
Do you wish {that} you had gone to college instead of

getting married?
TOO AND VERY
Very is used to express ‘’to a great degree.’’ It means a lot or much.
EXAMPLES: This box is very heavy, but Ray can pick it up.
My coffee’s very hot –just the way I like it.
Too is used to express excessiveness; it means more than enough.

The use of too implies a negative result.
EXAMPLES: This box is too heavy. Ray can’t pick it up.

My coffee’s too hot to drink. I’ll wait until it cools off.
Both too and very are placed before adjectives or adverbs.
Base, Texas
24ST F
PASSIVE TO-INFINITIVE AS DIRECT OBJECT
A passive to-infinitive {to + be +past participle} can be used as a direct object

of certain verbs such as expect, hope, like, need, prefer, and want.
EXAMPLE: Mike expects to be observed on his job today.

Lt Wyn hopes to be considered for that assignment.
The general would like to be served immediately.
The colonel needs to be answered honestly.
Mr. Smith prefers not to be disturbed before 9:00.
The women want to be given respect.
INDIRECT SPEECH: REPORTED PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
A present progressive tense in direct speech should be changed to the past

progressive in indirect speech.
DIRECT ANN: I’m going to the coast this weekend.
SPEECH
INDIRECT Ann said that she was going to the coast this weekend.
SPEECH
DIRECT Ed: Al, are you taking the bus to work tomorrow?
SPEECH
INDIRECT Ed asked me if/whether I was taking the bus to work
SPEECH tomorrow.
DIRECT LEE: Sid, when are you planning to go hunting?
SPEECH
INDIRECT Lee asked Sid when he was planning to go hunting.
SPEECH
Base, Texas

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Grammar.

American Language Course Placement Test BK 13-

American Language Course

Alcpt1Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

DO YOU IMAGINE THEY’LL WIN THE GAME? I GUESS SO!

Juimagjinoni se ata do tëfitojnëndeshjen? Unëmendojkështu!

Will Jack come to the party?

The negative depends on the verb:

I think so. ------------I don’ t think so.Une/nukmendojkeshtu

Alcpt2Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

-ER AND EST FORMS OF ADVERBS

herët ¤ Early¤ Earlier (than) The earliest

Could I leave earlytoday ? Yes, you can.

Could I take some leave next week? Yes. You can.

Alcpt3Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

Could is frequently used to request permission.

May, might, and could are used to express possibility.

They are able to speak French and Spanish.

What did Captain Rogers tell you?

He told me that he could see me at 1430.

Jack Smith drives a bus. He’s a bus driver.

MODALS IN REPORTED SPEECH

When a modal is used in direct speech, it is frequently changed

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

SUFFIX –ER AND –OR

She collects stamps

Alcpt6Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

How heavy asks about weight

IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

If the TV doesn’t work, push this button.

Many is used to refer to count nouns.

Alcpt7Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

Count nouns are nouns that may be preceded by a or an the singular.

Alcpt8Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

Count nouns can be made plural

Regular plurals are formed by adding

Alcpt9Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

Just andSoon are adverbs of time.

We use an as as construction with adjectives and adverbs to make

1. Jack is twenty years old.

3. Linda finished her work in two hours.

We can use certain adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs to

Quitefast {adverb + adverb}

Alcpt11Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH WHERE AND WHEN

Where is used in an adjective clause to modify a place.It comes right after

When is used in an adjective clause to modify noun of time. It comes right

Certain if conditional sentences express something that is true.The

Alcpt12Defense Language Institute English Language CenterLockland Air Force

GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

A gerund is the -ing form of a verb. Examples: eating, playing, sleeping.

A gerund or gerund phrase can also be used as the subject of a sentence.

The following is a list of common preposition combinations with verbs and

apologize for look forward to

Must not is used for the negative.

MAKING DEDUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

Must and have\has to both expressnecessity and obligation.

Will and be going to are both used to express future time.

Should and ought toare both used to give advice.