Axially Loaded Columns

1
 INTRODUCTION

 Columns are members used to support axial compressive loads

and have a ratio of height to the least dimension of 3 or greater.
greater
 In reinforced concrete buildings, concrete beam, floors and
columns are cast monotonically,
monotonically causing some moments in the
columns due to end restraint.
 A column
l subjected
bj t d to
t pure axial
i l loads
l d does
d nott exist
i t in
i concrete
t
buildings.
 It can be assumed that axially loaded columns are those with
relatively small eccentricity, e ≤ 0.1h. Where h is the total depth of
the column.
2
 INTRODUCTION
 Columns
C l are vertical
i l compression
i members
b off a structurall frame
f
intended to support the load-carrying beams. They transmit loads
from the upper floors to the lower levels and then to the soil through
the foundations.

Loads

Beam Beam
P Column
h Slab

b Column Beam Beam

Beam

h l
b Slab
Footing
Beam Beam

Soil

3
Column Load: Tributary area method

4
Column
Co u Load:
o d: Beam
e reaction
e c o method
e od

5
Load Summation on Column Section for Design
g

6
Analysis and Design of Short Columns

C l
Column T
Types:
1. Tied
2. Spiral
3 Composite
3.

7
Behavior of Tied and Spirally-Reinforced Columns

Axial loading tests have proven that tied and spirally reinforced
columns having the same cross-sectional
cross sectional areas of concrete and
steel reinforcement behave in the same manner up to the ultimate
load.
At that
h load
l d tied
i d columns
l f il suddenly
fail dd l due d to excessivei cracking
ki
in the concrete section followed by buckling of the longitudinal
reinforcement between ties within the failure region.
g For spirally
p y
reinforced columns, once the ultimate load is reached, the
concrete shell covering the spiral starts to peel off. Only then, the
spiral comes to action by providing a confining force to the
concrete core, thus enabling the column to sustain large
deformations before final collapse occurs.

8
Behavior of Tied and Spirally-Reinforced Columns

Failure of a tied column Failure of a spiral column

Deformation

9
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads

P0  0.85 f c *  Ag  Ast   f y Ast

Ag = gross area = bb*hh

Ast = area of long steel
ff’c = concrete
t compressive
i strength
t th
fy = steel yield strength

10
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads

Maximum Nominal Capacity for Design  Pn

Pn  KP0
K = Reduction factor to account for accidental eccentricity

K = 0.80
0 80 ( tied )
ACI 10.3.6.3
K = 0.85 ( spiral )

11
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads

 Pn  Pu
 Pn   K  Ag  0.85 f c  Ast  f y  0.85 f c   Pu
   
 concrete steel 

ACI 9.3.2.2 ACI 10.3.6.3

 = 0.65 for
f tied
i d columns
l K = 0.80 ( tied )
 = 0.75 for spiral columns (was K = 0.85 ( spiral
p )
0.70 in ACI318-05)
12
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads

 Pn  Pu
0 85 f c  Ast  f y  00.85
 Pn   K  Ag  0.85 85 f c   Pu
   
 concrete steel 

or

 Pn   KAg 0.85 f c  g  f y  0.85 f c   Pu

13
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads

 Pn  Pu
* when g is known or assumed:

Pu
Ag 
  K 0.85 f c  g  f y  0.85 f c 

14
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads

Reinforcement Requirements (Spiral)

Spiral Reinforcement Ratio, s

Volume of Spiral in One Loop

s 
Volume
l off Core
C for
f a Spacing
S i s
as  Dc  d s  4as  Dc  d s 
 
 2  Dc2 s
 Dc  s
4 

15
Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads
Reinforcement Requirements (Spiral)
A   f 
   c
 s  0.45 *   1 *  
g

A f 
 c   y
Ag  cross-sectional area of spiral reinforcement
 Dc2
Ac  core area 
4
Dc  core diameter: outside edge to outside edge of spiral
s  spacing pitch of spiral steel (center to center)
f y  yield strength of spiral steel   420MPa 

16
D i Considerations
Design C id i

Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast)

ACI Code 10.9.1 requires

0.01A g  A st  0.08A g

17
D i Considerations
Design C id i

Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast)

- Minimum Number of Bars ACI Code 10.9.2
10 9 2

min. of 6 bars in spiral arrangement

min. of 4 bars in rectangular or circular ties
min.
i off 3 bars
b iin triangular
ti l ties
ti

18
D i Considerations
Design C id i

Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)

ACI C
Code
d 7.10.5.1
7 10 5 1

size  8 bar if longitudinal

g bar  30 bar
 12 bar if longitudinal bar   32 bar
 12 bar if longitudinal bars are bundled

19
D i Considerations
Design C id i

Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)

Vertical spacing: (ACI 7.10.5.2)

s  16 db ( db for longitudinal bars )

s  48 dstirrup
s  least lateral dimension of column

20
D i Considerations
Design C id i

R i f
Reinforcement
t Requirements
R i t (Lateral
(L t l Ties)
Ti )
Arrangement Vertical spacing: (ACI 7.10.5.3)

1.) At least every other longitudinal bar shall have

lateral support from the corner of a tie with an
included angle  135o.
2) N
2.) No llongitudinal
it di l bar
b shall
h ll be
b more than
th 15cm
15
clear on either side from “support” bar.

21
22
23
D i Considerations
Design C id i

Examples of
lateral ties

24
D i Considerations
Design C id i

Reinforcement Requirements (Spirals )

ACI C
Code
d 7.10.4.2
7 10 4 2

size  10 mm diameter

ACI 7.10.4.3
2.5cm  clear spacing
between spirals  7.5cm

25
D i Considerations
Design C id i

Clear Distance between Reinforcingg Bars

ACI Code specify that for tied or spirally reinforced columns, clear
distance between bars,, shown in Figure,
g , is not to be less than the
larger of 1.50 times bar diameter or 4 cm. This is done to ensure free
flow of concrete among reinforcing bars.

26
Design
g Considerations
Concrete Protection Cover
ACI Code specifies that for reinforced columns, the clear concrete cover is not to be
taken less than 4 cm for columns not exposed to weather or in contact with ground. It is
essential for protecting the reinforcement from corrosion or fire hazards.
Minimum Cross Sectional Dimensions
The ACI Code does not specify minimum cross sectional dimensions for columns.
Column cross sections 20 × 25 cm are considered as the smallest practicable sections.
For practical considerations,
considerations column dimensions are taken as multiples of 5 cm.
cm
Lateral Reinforcement
Ties are effective in restraining the longitudinal bars from buckling out through the
surface of the column, holding the reinforcement cage together during the construction
process, confining the concrete core and when columns are subjected to horizontal
forces they serve as shear reinforcement.
forces, reinforcement

27
Design
g Considerations
Factored Loads
For ggravityy loads only,
y,
Pu = 1.2 PD+1.6 PL
For dead, live and wind loads,
Pu = 1.2 PD+1.0 PL+1.6 PW
For dead and wind loads,
Pu = 0.9
0 9 PD + 1.3
1 3 PW or Pu = 1.2
1 2 PD + 0.8
0 8 PW
For dead, live and earthquake loads,
Pu = 1.2 PD+1.0 PL+1.0 PE
For dead and earthquake loads,
Pu = 0.9 PD + 1.0 PE

28
Design Procedure for Short Axially Loaded Columns

1. Evaluate the factored axial load Pu acting on the column.

2. Decide on a reinforcement ratio ρg that satisfies ACI Code limits. Usually
ya
1 % ratio is chosen for economic considerations.
3. Determine the g
gross sectional area Ag of the concrete section.
4. Choose the dimensions of the cross section based on its shape.
5. Readjust
j the reinforcement ratio byy substituting
g the actual cross sectional area
in the respective equation. This ratio has to fall within the specified code
limits.
6. Calculate the needed area of longitudinal reinforcement ratio based on the
adjusted
j reinforced ratio and the chosen concrete dimensions.

29
Design
g Procedure for Short Axiallyy Loaded Columns
7. From reinforcement tables, choose the number and diameters of needed
reinforcing
g bars. For rectangular
g sections,, a minimum of four bars is
needed, while a minimum of six bars is used for circular columns.

8. Design the lateral reinforcement according to the type of column, either

ties or spirals.

9. Check whether the spacing between longitudinal reinforcing bars satisfies

ACI Code requirements.

10. Draw the designed section showing concrete dimensions and with required
l
longitudinal
it di l and
d lateral
l t l reinforcement.
i f t
30
Example 1
The cross section of a short axially loaded tied column is shown in
Figure. It is reinforced with 6 Φ16mm bars. Calculate the design load
Ties Φ8@25cm
capacity of the cross section.
280 kg/cm2 and fy = 4200 kg/cm2.
Use fc′=280
25 6Φ16

Solution:
A s 6  2.01 40
ρg    0.012  1.21%
A g 25  40 Figure [1]

ρ min  1 %  ρ g  1.21%  ρ max  8 % OK

Sc=12.8 cm

Clear distance between bars Sc 25 6Φ16

40  2(4)  2(0.8)  3(1.6)
Sc   12.8  15 cm
2
40
Only, one ties is required for the cross section
31
Example 1
The spacing between ties is not exceed the smallest of
16 db =16(1.6)
16(1 6) = 25.4
25 4 cm
48 ds = 48(0.8) = 38.4 cm Φ 8mm ties spaced @ 25 cm

25 cm
Thus, ACI requirements regarding reinforcement ratio, clear distance
between bars and tie spacing are all satisfied.
Th design
The d i load
l d capacity
i ΦPn
 Pn  0.65(0.8) A g 0.85f c  g  f y  0.85f c  


Φ Pn  0.52Ag 0.85fc 'ρ g f y  0.85fc ' 
Φ Pn  0.52 40  250.85 280  0.01214200  0.85 280
Φ Pn  148,688
148 688 kg  148.7
148 7 tons.
tons

32
Example 2

Design a short tied column to support a factored concentric load

of 1000 kN, with one side of the cross section equals to 25 cm.
fc  30MPa f y  420MPa  g  1%

Solution
Pu
Ag 
0.65  0.8 0.85f c  g  f y  0.85f c  

1000 103
Ag 
0.65  0.8 0.85  30   0.01 420  0.85  30  
A g  65311mm 2
33
 Ag  65311mm 2
 b  250mm
h  261mm
use column 25cm  30cm
A st  0.01(25  30)  7.5cm 2
use 614

Check spacing

h  No. of bars  d b  2  cover  dstirrup 

s
 No. of bars  1
30  3 1.4   2  4  0.8 

2
 88.1cm
1 < 15cm
15 okk
34
 Sti
Stirrup design
d i
 16d b  16 1.4cm   22.4cm  governs

s max  48d stirrup  48  0.8
0 8   38.4cm
38 4cm
 smaller b or d  25cm


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