In the name of Allah, the most beneficent, the most merciful

Advanced Database Systems

Lecture # 8
3NF + Advanced NFs (revision)

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

Third normal form (3NF) - definition
• A table (or relation) is in 3NF when already in 2NF and no transitive
dependency present in it

• Transitive dependency: If A,B and C are three attributes such that, A

is determinant of B (A → B) and B is determinant of C (B → C), then C
is transitively dependent on A

A→B→C

C is transitively dependent on A
Instructor: Furqan Shahid
 Normalization example-3
STUDENT
RegNo Name Address DateOfBirth DegreeTitle DegreeDuration DegreeFee
1001 Usman H#1,St#1, City1 17-May-1990 BS CS 8-semester 250,000
1002 Uzair H#2,St#2,City1 09-Aug-1991 MS CS 4-semester 175,000
1003 Bilal H#1,St#1,City2 19-Apr-1989 BS CS 8-semester 250, 000

• No repeating group (i.e. in 1NF)

• No partial dependency (i.e. in 2NF)
• No composite identifier, no partial dependency
• Transitive dependencies:
RegNo → DegreeTitle → DegreeDuration
RegNo → DegreeTitle → DegreeFee

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

 Normalization example-3 (cont.)
STUDENT
RegNo Name Address DateOfBirth DegreeTitle DegreeDuration DegreeFee
1001 Usman H#1,St#1, City1 17-May-1990 BS CS 8-semester 250,000
1002 Uzair H#2,St#2,City1 09-Aug-1991 MS CS 4-semester 175,000
1003 Bilal H#1,St#1,City2 19-Apr-1989 BS CS 8-semester 250, 000

• Anomalies:
• Can’t insert record of “Degree” without “Student”
3NF

STUDENT:
RegNo Name Address DateOfBirth DegreeTitle DEGREE:

1001 Usman H#1,St#1, City1 17-May-1990 BS CS Title Duration Fee

1002 Uzair H#2,St#2,City1 09-Aug-1991 MS CS BS CS 8-semester 250,000

1003 Bilal H#1,St#1,City2 19-Apr-1989 BS CS MS CS 4-semester 175,000

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

 Normalization example-4
MANAGER:
MgrNO Name Experience DateOfHiring AllocatedCarNo CarModel CarPrice CarInsurer InsurerOffice InsurerContact
1001 Usman 5 years 17-May-2016 IDG 6877 2015 650,000 SLP Islamabad 051-xxxxxx
1002 Uzair 7 years 09-Aug-2017 RI 567 2017 775,000 JIP Lahore 042-xxxxxx
1003 Bilal 4 years 19-Apr-2014 LHR 3003 2014 550, 000 SLP Islamabad 051-xxxxxx

• A manager has max. one car

• A car has max. one insurer
• No repeating group (i.e. in 1NF)
• No partial dependency (i.e. in 2NF)
• Contains Transitive dependencies (i.e. not in 3NF)
• E.g. CarRegNo → CarModel, CarPrice

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

MANAGER:
Solution example-4
MgrNO Name Experience DateOfHiring AllocatedCarNo CarModel CarPrice CarInsurer InsurerOffice InsurerContact
1001 Usman 5 years 17-May-2016 IDG 6877 2015 650,000 SLP Islamabad 051-xxxxxx
1002 Uzair 7 years 09-Aug-2017 RI 567 2017 775,000 JIP Lahore 042-xxxxxx
1003 Bilal 4 years 19-Apr-2014 LHR 3003 2014 550, 000 SLP Islamabad 051-xxxxxx

MANAGER:
MgrNO Name Experience DateOfHiring AllocatedCarNo • Still contains transitive
1001 Usman 5 years 17-May-2016 IDG 6877 dependencies
1002 Uzair 7 years 09-Aug-2017 RI 567
InsurerCode → Office, Contact
1003 Bilal 4 years 19-Apr-2014 LHR 3003
CAR:
CarRegNo CarModel CarPrice CarInsurer InsurerOffice InsurerContact
IDG 6877 2015 650,000 SLP Islamabad 051-xxxxxx
RI 567 2017 775,000 JIP Lahore 042-xxxxxx
LHR 3003 2014 550, 000 SLP Islamabad 051-xxxxxx Instructor: Furqan Shahid
 Solution example-4 (cont.)
MANAGER:
MgrNO Name Experience DateOfHiring AllocatedCarNo
1001 Usman 5 years 17-May-2016 IDG 6877
1002 Uzair 7 years 09-Aug-2017 RI 567
1003 Bilal 4 years 19-Apr-2014 LHR 3003

CAR:
CarRegNo Model Price InsurerCode
IDG 6877 2015 650,000 SLP
RI 567 2017 775,000 JIP
LHR 3003 2014 550, 000 SLP
INSURER:
InsurerCode Office Contact
SLP Islamabad 051-xxxxxx
JIP Lahore 042-xxxxxx

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

 Normalization example-5
STAFF:
StafNO Name Salary DateOfHiring AssignedProject PrjDuration PrjCost RoleOnPrj PrjSponsor SpsOffice SpsPhone
1001 Usman 50000 17-May-2016 PRJ-1 6 month 7 billion Testing AA Ent. Karachi 021-xxxxxx
PRJ-3 1.5 month 3 billion Planning AB Co. Islamabad 051-xxxxxx
1002 Uzair 70000 09-Aug-2017 PRJ-1 6 month 7 billion Architect AA Ent. Karachi 021-xxxxxx
PRJ-2 8 month 12 billion Designing AM Co. Lahore 042-xxxxxx
1003 Bilal 40000 19-Apr-2014 PRJ-3 1.5 month 3 billion Testing AB Co. Islamabad 051-xxxxxx

• Contains repeating group (i.e. not in 1NF)

• An employee can be assigned to many projects

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

STAFF: Solution example-5 (1NF)
StafNO Name Salary DateOfHiring AssignedProject PrjDuration PrjCost RoleOnPrj PrjSponsor SpsOffice SpsPhone
1001 Usman 50000 17-May-2016 PRJ-1 6 month 7 billion Testing AA Ent. Karachi 021-xxxxxx
1001 Usman 50000 17-May-2016 PRJ-3 1.5 month 3 billion Planning AB Co. Islamabad 051-xxxxxx
1002 Uzair 70000 09-Aug-2017 PRJ-1 6 month 7 billion Architect AA Ent. Karachi 021-xxxxxx
1002 Uzair 70000 09-Aug-2017 PRJ-2 8 month 12 billion Designing AM Co. Lahore 042-xxxxxx
1003 Bilal 40000 19-Apr-2014 PRJ-3 1.5 month 3 billion Testing AB Co. Islamabad 051-xxxxxx

• Make “ProjectCode” part of the primary key (for 1NF)

• Contains partial dependencies (i.e. not in 2NF)
(StafNo, ProjectCode) → Name, Salary, DateOfHiring
(StafNo, ProjectCode) → Duration, Cost, Sponsor, Office, Phone

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

 Solution example-5 (2NF)
STAFF: StafRoleForProject:
StafNO Name Salary DateOfHiring StafNO ProjectCode Role
1001 Usman 50000 17-May-2016 1001 PRJ-1 Testing
1002 Uzair 70000 09-Aug-2017 1001 PRJ-3 Planning
1003 Bilal 40000 19-Apr-2014 1002 PRJ-1 Architect
1002 PRJ-2 Designing
1003 PRJ-3 Testing

PROJECT:
Code Duration Cost Sponsor SpsOffice SpsPhone
PRJ-1 6 month 7 billion AA Ent. Karachi 021-xxxxxx
PRJ-2 8 month 12 billion AM Co. Lahore 042-xxxxxx
PRJ-3 1.5 month 3 billion AB Co. Islamabad 051-xxxxxx

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

 Solution example-5 (3NF Yes/No?)
STAFF: StafRoleForProject:
StafNO Name Salary DateOfHiring StafNO ProjectCode Role
1001 Usman 50000 17-May-2016 1001 PRJ-1 Testing
1002 Uzair 70000 09-Aug-2017 1001 PRJ-3 Planning
1003 Bilal 40000 19-Apr-2014 1002 PRJ-1 Architect
1002 PRJ-2 Designing
1003 PRJ-3 Testing

PROJECT:
Code Duration Cost Sponsor SpsOffice SpsPhone • Contains transitive dependencies
PRJ-1 6 month 7 billion AA Ent. Karachi 021-xxxxxx (not in 3NF)
PRJ-2 8 month 12 billion AM Co. Lahore 042-xxxxxx SponsorCode → Office, Phone
PRJ-3 1.5 month 3 billion AB Co. Islamabad 051-xxxxxx

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

 Solution example-5 (3NF)
STAFF: StafRoleForProject:
StafNO Name Salary DateOfHiring StafNO ProjectCode Role
1001 Usman 50000 17-May-2016 1001 PRJ-1 Testing
1002 Uzair 70000 09-Aug-2017 1001 PRJ-3 Planning
1003 Bilal 40000 19-Apr-2014 1002 PRJ-1 Architect
1002 PRJ-2 Designing
1003 PRJ-3 Testing

PROJECT: SPONSOR:
Code Duration Cost SponsorCode Code Office Phone
PRJ-1 6 month 7 billion AA Ent. AA Ent. Karachi 021-xxxxxx
PRJ-2 8 month 12 billion AM Co. AM Co. Lahore 042-xxxxxx
PRJ-3 1.5 month 3 billion AB Co. AB Co. Islamabad 051-xxxxxx

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

Boyce Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
• Advanced version of 3NF
• A relation is in BCNF when already in 2NF and every determinant is a
candidate key
• 3NF fails to remove anomalies when there are multiple overlapping
candidate keys in the table

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

Fourth normal form (4NF)
• A relation is in 4NF when already in 3NF/BCNF and no multi-valued
dependency present in it
• Multi-valued dependency: When two attributes in a table are
independent of each other but, both depend on a third attribute
EMPLOYEECONTACT:
EmpNo CellNo Email

• Both CellNo and Email depend on EmpNo, however, independent of each

other

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

Multi-valued dependency
EMPLOYEECONTACT:
• Anomalies:
EmpNo CellNo Email
• Can’t insert CellNo if no Email is present, and vice versa
1 Cell11 Mail11 • Increased data duplication
1 Cell12 Mail11
1 Cell13 Mail11
1 Cell11 Mail12
1 Cell12 Mail12
1 Cell13 Mail12
2 Cell21 Mail21
2 Cell22 Mail21
3 Cell31 Mail31
3 Cell31 Mail32

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

 Removing multi-valued dependency
EMPLOYEE_CONTACT:
EmpNo CellNo Email
1 Cell11 Mail11
EMPLOYEE_CELL: EMPLOYEE_EMAIL:
1 Cell12 Mail11
EmpNo CellNo EmpNo Email
1 Cell13 Mail11
1 Cell11 1 Mail11
1 Cell11 Mail12
1 Cell12 1 Mail12
1 Cell12 Mail12
1 Cell13 2 Mail21
1 Cell13 Mail12
2 Cell21 3 Mail31
2 Cell21 Mail21
2 Cell22 3 Mail32
2 Cell22 Mail21
3 Cell31
3 Cell31 Mail31
3 Cell31 Mail32

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

Domain key normal form (DKNF)
• A relation is in DKNF when it contains no constraint except the
domain constraints and the key constraints
• Domain constraints:
• GPA must be less or equal 4.0
• Salary must be greater than zero
• First name can contain just alphabets etc.

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

Key constraints
• Primary key constraint: The primary key (or identifier) must be
unique and non-null
• Also known as entity integrity

• Foreign key constraint: Each non-null value in the foreign key must
already be existing in the corresponding parent key
• Also known as referential integrity

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

Thank you

Instructor: Furqan Shahid