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Advanced Database Systems (Lecture-3)

The document provides an overview of key concepts in entity-relationship (ER) modeling including: 1) It defines entities, entity types, entity instances, attributes, and different types of attributes such as single-valued, multi-valued, simple, composite, required, optional, and derived. 2) It discusses the difference between strong and weak entities and examples of each. 3) It explains the concept of identifiers and primary keys in ER modeling. 4) It describes relationships between entities including degree of relationship, binary relationships, and ternary relationships. 5) Finally, it covers cardinalities in relationships including minimum, maximum, one-to-one, one-to-many

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66 views10 pages

Advanced Database Systems (Lecture-3)

The document provides an overview of key concepts in entity-relationship (ER) modeling including: 1) It defines entities, entity types, entity instances, attributes, and different types of attributes such as single-valued, multi-valued, simple, composite, required, optional, and derived. 2) It discusses the difference between strong and weak entities and examples of each. 3) It explains the concept of identifiers and primary keys in ER modeling. 4) It describes relationships between entities including degree of relationship, binary relationships, and ternary relationships. 5) Finally, it covers cardinalities in relationships including minimum, maximum, one-to-one, one-to-many

Uploaded by

Visual Tech
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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In the name of Allah, the most beneficent, the most merciful

Advanced Database Systems


Lecture # 3

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


Quiz-1 (Max. time = 15 minutes)
Section-A
• Define the terms:
• Data, database, DBMS, data model, data dictionary
• Define database application. Also draw a figure to show association
among components of a database application.
• Explain the three types of database designs (schemas).
Section-B
• Differentiate between:
• Data vs. Meta-data (with example), Database server vs. client, DBMS vs. application
program, Structured vs. unstructured data (with example)
• Describe ANSI-SPARC architecture of database
• Define database application. Also draw a figure to show association among
components of a database application.
Instructor: Furqan Shahid
ER modeling revision
• Entity: A person, place, thing etc. about which data is to be stored
• Examples: EMPLOYEE, PRODUCT, SHIPMENT
• Entity type: Same as entity
• Entity instance: Single occurrence of an entity
• Examples: Ammar (instance of EMPLOYEE), Soap (instance of PRODUCT)
• Attribute: Desired characteristics of an entity
• Examples: Employee_name, contact, date_of_birth etc.

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


ER modeling revision (types of attributes)
• Single-valued vs. multi-valued
• E.g. Employee_date_of_birth vs. contact_no
• Simple (atomic) vs. composite
• E.g. Employee_first_name vs. address
• Address can be divided into sector, street_no, house_no etc.
• Required vs. optional attribute
• E.g. Employee_date_of_birth vs. secondary_Email_id
• Derived attribute
• E.g. Age can be derived from date_of_birth

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


ER modeling revision (strong vs. weak entity)
Employee:
Emp_no Name Contact Email Salary Date_of_
birth Strong entity
101 Hammad 0333-xxx hmd@... 50000 05-Feb-92
102 Ubaid 0300-xxx ubd@... 40000 18-Jun-93

Emp_Qualification:
Emp_no Degree Year Grade Board/
University
101 Matric 2002 B+ BISE
Weak entity
101 F.Sc. 2004 A BISE
102 DAE 2005 A PBTE
102 BS 2009 B AIOU
102 MS 2012 A QAU

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


ER modeling revision (identifier/primary key)
• An attribute (or a set of attributes) that gives unique identification to
the rows of a table (or to the instances of an entity)
• Can neither be duplicate
• Nor be null
• For example, cnic_no of employee
• Date_of_birth (is not identifier, why?)
• Secondary Email_id (is not identifier, why?)

• What is a composite identifier?

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


ER modeling revision (relationship)
• Meaningful association among entities
• Examples:
• STUDENT enrolls in a DEGREE
• STUDENT reads COURSE
• EMPLOYEE works in DEPARTMENT

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


ER modeling revision (degree of relationship)
• Number of entities participating in a relationship
• Types:
• Unary relationship
• EMPLOYEE supervises EMPLOYEE
• Binary relationship
• EMPLOYEE works in DEPARTMENT
• Ternary relationship
• VENDOR supplies ITEM on WAREHOUSE

Instructor: Furqan Shahid


ER modeling revision (cardinalities)
enrolled in
STUDENT DEGREE

reads offers

COURSE DEPTT

Fig. 5: An example ERD

• Minimum cardinality : either zero (optional) or one (mandatory)


• Maximum cardinality: either one or many (more than one)
• Types: One-to-one, One-to-many, many-to-many
Instructor: Furqan Shahid
Thank you

Instructor: Furqan Shahid

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