CHAPTER

OVERVIEW:
INTRODUCTION
TO ICT AND IT

Instructor:
ENGR. VIDALYN C. GERONIMO, LPT, MEngg
College of Arts and Sciences
[email protected]
 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

MODULE 01: Introduction of ICT and IT

Subject: Subject Description:

ELEC007:
This explores the science, culture, and ethics of information technology, its various
Living in the IT Era uses and applications, as well as its influence on culture and society. It also aims to
strike a balance between conceptual instruction and socially-and culturally-
Time Frame: oriented discussions as it not only explains the basic concepts or key terms in IT but
18 Weeks also features the major IT trends along with the issues and challenges these
54 hours development brings.
Year Level/Period: LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Unit
Synchronous Asynchronous Duration:
1st Year /
Second Semester, 4 Weeks
Video conferencing via Zoom or 1. Access through our (Google
S/Y 2020 – 2021 Google meet : classroom or FB Social
REMINDERS: EMC-DAT 1A Learning Group)
https://meet.google.com/lookup/gbr 2. Embedded video files and
hfnd5xg?authuser=0&hs=179 video learning materials,
1. Please submit your
activities/answers in electronic articles (pdf)
google classroom. EMC-DAT 1B 3. Pre-recorded video learning
https://meet.google.com/lookup/bjk material
2. Ask your instructor if gl6wumk?authuser=0&hs=179ttps://m
you can type or eet.google.com/lookup/bjkgl6wumk
encode your answers.
3. You can write your BSCE
answer in a separate https://meet.google.com/lookup/gsg
paper and once done qo4azv5?authuser=0&hs=179
you need to scan or
took a photo then BSED-SCIENCE
submit in google https://meet.google.com/lookup/eys
classroom. bud62f4?authuser=0&hs=179
4. Don’t forget to TURN IN
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter you should be able to:
1. Define Information and Communication Technology and Information Technology.
2. Provide an overview and concepts of the main components of a computer system.
3. Describe the different types and parts of computer.
4. Explain why computers are powerful.

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW: Introduction to Information and Communications Technology and
Information Technology

Define Information Communication Technology and Information Technology

Information Technology Timeline

Different Parts of the Computer system

Categories of computer peripherals

Why computers are considered powerful thinking machines

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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

CHAPTER OVERVIEW: INTRODUCTION TO ICT and IT

1
CHAPTER OVERVIEW

In this chapter we are going to explore the concept of Information and Communication
Technologies (ICT), its evolution and its nature and how ICT and communication evolved.
Also, it will provide you with an understanding of the fundamental behavior and
components of a typical computer system.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

In this chapter, you will:

 Define Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and Information

Technology.
 Understand the evolution of ICT and communication.
 Provide an overview and concepts of the main components of a computer system.
 Know the categories of computer peripherals
 Explain and understand why computers are considered powerful thinking machines.

W
E
INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY and E
K
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

We are in a digital era. It is difficult to think of any event in our daily life that is not using
Information and Communication Technology. Our schools and classrooms are no exceptions.
This course is meant for introducing you with these technologies with the intension that you
meaningfully integrate technology in your practices related to teaching and learning.

As an ordinary citizen as well as a teacher, you handle enormous data all the time. Data refers
to facts, events, activities and transactions which have been recorded. Data is the raw
material from which information is produced. Number of boys and girls in your class is a factual
description of your classroom. This is an example of data related to the students in the class. In
this sense, data is a description of the world. Information is making meaning from the data.
Based on the data, you can conclude if girls are more in number in your class. This conclusion
is information. In other words, information is processed data. Most of the decisions taken in and
around the world by and large are based on the data and information. Information is the key
guiding force of the world today.

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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

For a wider use of the information, the information must be communicated to people. It is only
when the information reaches the intended audience, the purpose of creation of information
as well as its communication would be served.

Information Communication Technologies (ICT) is the combination of computer-based

technologies (such as computing devices and smartphones) with communication
technologies (such as telephones, cell phones and the internet). In practice, it refers to all the
hardware, software, and systems essential to communicate electronically.

Over the last twenty years, the field of ICT has grown from a small niche field to one of the most
important fields in the world. Refer to the YouTube video to see how ICT has changed over the
years. Also, watch the video to get an idea of what a computer really is. And think about this
question: Are we (human beings) computers?

HOW ICT CHANGED OVER THE YEARS DOUBLE CLICK ON THE ICON BELOW

DISCUSSION

ICT SYSTEMS AND IT

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) refers to technologies that capture,

transmit and display data and information electronically and includes all devices, applications
and networking elements that allow people to connect in a digital world.

An ICT system refers to the overall set-up, consisting of hardware, software, data and its users.
ICT systems as a whole include:

 People – to supply the data and to make decisions from the output supplied from the
system information, which is based on the results from processing data and
the output from an ICT system.
 Hardware – e.g. input devices, storage, processor, output devices and communication
devices.

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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

 Procedures – to determine what needs to be done and when. This causes the passing
of data or information between people.
 Software – the computer programs which provide the step-by-step instructions to
complete the task.
 Data – raw material that is processed by the system to provide the information for the
output provided by the system. Data can come in different formats, such as
sounds, images, and videos, etc.

In order for an ICT system to function, it needs to receive, store, retrieve, manipulate and
transmit data.

Computers are programmable electronic devices designed to accept data, perform

prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and display the results of these
operations. Computers are used in Information Technology (IT) – which is a subset of ICT.
Computers store, transmit, retrieve and manipulate data for businesses and other enterprises.
Computers refer to the hardware, and since computers cannot initiate functionality on their
own, they start functioning as soon as they receive data to work with (to process). This data is
then stored on the computer, the computer manipulates the data according to the
instructions it has received, before sending the new information back to the user.

Thus, we can say that Information technology (IT) is the development, maintenance and use
of computer systems, software, and networks for processing and communicating data.

SUMMARY

WHAT IS ICT?

 ICT stands for Information Communication Technology

 ICT is the technology required for information processing, in particular, the use of
electronic computers, communication devices and software applications to convert,
store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime.
 The most common and important tool of ICT is the computer

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City of Naga
ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

INFORMATION

 Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or

research.

COMMUNICATION

 act of transmitting messages.

 It is a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals using symbols,
signs or verbal interactions. Previously, people communicated through sign or symbols,
performing drama and poetry. With the advent of technology, these ‘older’ forms of
communication are less utilized as compared to the use of the Internet, e-mail or video
conferencing.

TECHNOLOGY

 the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create processes and
products that fulfill human needs. Technology is vital in communication.

Aiding Communication Telephone and fax machines are the devices used in extending
communication.

Spreading Information to broadcast information such as news or weather reports effectively.

Radio, television, satellites and the World Wide Web (www) are powerful tools that can be
used.

Through the years, communication has evolved. The way people communicate with each
other today is entirely different from the prehistoric era. Before, communicating is limited to
interpersonal interaction – person to person. Until it evolved to alphabets, signs and symbols,
letters, and telephone.

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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

Watch the videos of Evolution of ICT and Evolution of Communication

DOUBLE CLICK ON THE ICON BELOW

EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION.mp4

REFERENCE

Unit - 1 : Information and Communication Technology - Bethany Christian College of Teachers'

Education (google.com)

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City of Naga
ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

W
HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY E
E
K

INTRODUCTION

Information technology has been around for a long, long time. Basically as long as people
have been around, information technology has been around because there were always
ways of communicating through technology available at that point in time. There are 4 main
ages that divide up the history of information technology. Only the latest age (electronic) and
some of the electromechanical age really affects us today, but it is important to learn about
how we got to the point we are at with technology today.

DISCUSSION

FOUR AGES

1. PREMECHANICAL

The pre-mechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined
as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking about a long time ago. When
humans first started communicating they would try to use language or simple picture
drawings known as petroglyths which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were
developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.

Petroglyph

As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down, pens
and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper was
created out of papyrus plant. The most popular kind of paper made was probably by the
Chinese who made paper from rags.

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 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

Now that people were writing a lot of information down they needed ways to keep it all in
permanent storage. This is where the first books and libraries are developed. You’ve probably
heard of Egyptian scrolls which were popular ways of writing down information to save. Some
groups of people were actually binding paper together into a book-like form.

Also during this period were the first numbering systems. Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9
system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later)
that the number 0 was invented. And yes now that numbers were created, people wanted
stuff to do with them so they created calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an
information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus.

2. MECHANICAL

The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology
and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840.
A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large explosion in interest with
this area. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for multiplying and
dividing) were invented. Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular
mechanical computer. Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated
polynomial equations using the method of finite differences.

Difference Engine

There were lots of different machines created during this era and while we have not yet gotten
to a machine that can do more than one type of calculation in one, like our modern-day
calculators, we are still learning about how all of our all-in-one machines started. Also, if you
look at the size of the machines invented in this time compared to the power behind them it
seems (to us) absolutely ridiculous to understand why anybody would want to use them, but
to the people living in that time ALL of these inventions were HUGE.

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City of Naga
ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

3. ELECTROMECHANICAL

The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840 and 1940. These
are the beginnings of telecommunication. The telegraph was created in the early 1800s.
Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the most
popular forms of communication ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of these were extremely crucial
emerging technologies that led to big advances in the information technology field.

The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1
created by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide,
and weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was programmed using punch cards. How does your PC
match up to this hunk of metal? It was from huge machines like this that people began to
look at downsizing all the parts to first make them usable by businesses and eventually in
your own home.

Harvard Mark 1

4. ELECTRONIC

The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940
and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being
reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to
be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark
1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes to do
its calculations.

There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era of vacuum tubes and
punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for internal
storage. The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were
replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic
cores for internal storage. Also during this time high-level programming languages were
created such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The third generation replaced transistors with
integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core

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City of Naga
ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

turned into metal oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system showed up around this
time along with the advanced programming language BASIC. The fourth and latest
generation brought in CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and
control circuits all on a single chip. The personal computer was developed (Apple II). The
graphical user interface (GUI) was developed.

Apple 2

For a more detailed visual description of the evolution of ICT please visit the
site below:

• Introduction of IT | Savvytech (wixsite.com)

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City of Naga
ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

ACTIVITY 1.1 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. Define the following terms:

a. Petroglyph i. Radio
b. Phoenician Alphabet j. Mark 1
c. Pascaline k. ENIAC
d. Difference Engine l. FORTRAN
e. Premechanical Age m. COBOL
f. Mechanical Age n. Apple II
g. Morse Code o. Graphical User Interface
h. Telephone

(NOTE: Do not encode your answer)

2. Current Technologies: Research an articles about new technologies coming out. You
will bring an article that talks about a new technology (either just came out or about
to come out). As a class you will discuss each person’s article and the technology that
goes with it.

The goal is to have a good understanding of how new technologies come around and
how quickly they spring up. When you are picking your articles you should look for any
important technologies but also try to find some that most people might not have
heard of. The more variety of technologies and articles people have, the more the
entire class will learn about emerging technologies. Pay attention to any trends you
see in these emerging technologies. Look at the changes from a current technology
to its predecessors and future plans for that technology. Also take note of how these
emerging technologies relate to the Internet.

3. Create a Timeline: Now that you have learned a lot about the history of information
technology, create a timeline that covers all of the key topics from 3000B.C. to the
present. Make sure to separate your timeline into the 4 different ages and include all
of the technologies covered in the lesson AS WELL as other key technologies you
research online.

Your timeline can be in the form of a website, PowerPoint, or anything you find to be
creative.

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REFERENCES

History Of Information Technology — Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

(openbookproject.net)

Introduction to Information — Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

(openbookproject.net)

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ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

W
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM E
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER PERIPHERALS E
K

INTRODUCTION

In this lesson you will take a look at hardware/software and the categories of computer
peripherals. You will learn the differences between hardware and software, as well as
examples of each. Also, look at the different components (parts) of a computer system and
see what role each component plays within the computer system. You will also get to
understand the features of each component. This section also briefly introduces the different
forms of storage devices that we use to hold out data.

LESSON OBJECTIVES

 Define and describe the difference of hardware and software, giving examples
 Describe the difference between hardware and software
 Know what a computer system is and be able to identify and describe the main
components of a computer system.
 Identify the main components of a general-purpose computer: central processing unit,
main/internal memory (including ROM and RAM), input devices, output devices,
secondary/backing storage and computer peripherals.


DISCUSSION

HARDWARE

All the physical parts of a computer that you can see, touch and pick up. Physical means that
can be touched and picked up.

Hardware works with computer code to carry out jobs such as:
 Producing an image on a computer screen
 Producing sound
 Moving cursors / pointers around a screen

EXAMPLES OF HARDWARE

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ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

Other examples of hardware include:

 Graphics Card
 Sound Card
 Network Card
 Computer Case
 Cooling Fan
 Modem
 Router
 CD/DVD Reader
 CD/DVD Burner
 Power Supply
 Cables

SOFTWARE

It is a collection of instructions and data that tells the computer how to work. This is in contrast
to physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the work. Software,
instructions that tells a computer what to do. Software comprises the entire set of programs,
procedures, and routines associated with the operation of a computer system.

Software cannot be touched or picked up. This is because software is not physical. It exists as
computer code inside the computer. It also refers to the programs that we run on our
computer and it tells the hardware how to do something useful.

Software is basically a set of instructions (written in computer code) that tells the hardware
what to do. Without software, most hardware would be useless.

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ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

There are two types of software:

1. System Software
2. Application Software

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

This type of software includes operating systems and different utilities to allow your system to
run smoothly. System software often manages the computer's resources.

Examples:

Other examples of system software:

 Graphic Drivers
 Debuggers to identify system errors
 Compression Software
 Encryption Software
 Disk Check

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Everyday programs that you use to produce something useful. Microsoft Word and PowerPoint
are good examples.

Examples:

Other examples of application software:

 Presentation Program (PowerPoint)

 Database Program (Access)
 Web Browser (Internet Explorer)

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ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

 CAD Design Software

If you are asked to name types of software you should NOT use brand names.

For example: you should use 'Graphics Editor' rather than 'PhotoShop'.

COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM AND STORAGE DEVICES

WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?

Definition. Components form the complete computer system. A computer system is made up
of 4 main types of components:
 Input Devices (keyboard, mouse etc)
 Output Devices (monitor, speakers etc)
 Secondary Storage Devices (hard disk drive, CD/DVD drive etc.
 Processor and Primary Storage Devices (CPU, RAM)

EXAMPLE:

COMPUTER COMPONENTS

Definition. "All the different pieces of electrical hardware that join together to make up the
complete computer system."

Examples of common Computer Hardware (components):

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ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

W
FEATURES OF INTERNAL HARDWARE COMPUTER COMPONENTS E
E
Internal computer components are designed to fit INSIDE the computer system: K

 Motherboard
 Processor (central processing unit)
 Internal Memory (RAM and ROM)
 Video Card (aka graphics card)
 Sound Card
 Internal Hard Disk Drive

1. MOTHERBOARD
 The motherboard is central to any computer
system. It is a main circuit board.
 All components plug into the
motherboard either directly (straight into the
circuit board) or indirectly (via USB ports).
 Once connected to the motherboard, the
components can work together to form
the computer system.

2. PROCESSOR (CPU)
 CPU is the brain of the computer
 CPU controls what the
computer does and is
responsible for performing
calculations and data
processing.

3. INTERNAL MEMORY (RAM AND ROM)

 There are two types of internal memory - RAM and ROM.
 RAM and ROM are used to store computer data and this can be directly accessed by
the CPU.
 RAM and ROM are sometimes referred to as 'Primary Storage'.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

 RAM is used to temporarily store
information that is currently in use by the
computer. This can include anything from
word documents to videos.
 RAM can be read from and written to and
so the information stored in RAM can
change all the time (it depends what tasks
you are using the computer for). Random Access Memory

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 RAM is a fast memory. Data can be written to and read from RAM very quickly. RAM is
generally measured in GB (Gigabytes).
 RAM is Volatile Memory. This means that information stored in RAM is deleted as soon
as the computer is turned off.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

 ROM is used to permanently store instructions that tell the computer how to boot (start-
up). It also loads the operating system (e.g. Windows).
These instructions are known as the BIOS (Basic input/output system) or the boot
program.
 Information stored in ROM is known as READ ONLY. This means that the contents of ROM
cannot be altered or added to by the user.
 ROM is fast memory. Data stored in ROM can be accessed and read very quickly.
 ROM is Non-Volatile memory. This means that stored information is not lost when the
computer loses power.
 Other examples of ROM include:
 DVD/CD ROMS bought in stores containing pre-recorded music and movie files.
These are played back at home but cannot be altered.
 ROM in printers which is used to store different font types.

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4. VIDEO CARD

 Graphics cards are hardware devices that plug into the motherboard and enables the
computer to display images on the monitor.
 Graphics cards usually require the installation of software alongside the hardware. The
software instructs the computer how to use the graphics card and also allows you
to alter settings to change image quality and size.

5. SOUND CARD

 Sound cards are internal hardware devices that plug into the motherboard.
 A sound card's main function is to allow the computer system to produce sound but
they also allow users to connect microphones in order to input sounds into the
computer.

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6. STORAGE DEVICES (SECONDARY BACKING STORAGE)

 Secondary storage devices are used to store data that is not instantly needed by
the computer.
 Secondary storage devices permanently store data and programs for as long as we
need. These devices are also used to back-up data in case original copies are lost or
damaged.

 There are two categories of storage devices:

 Internal Storage - Internal Hard Disk Drives

 External Storage - External Hard Disk Drive, Memory Stick etc

FEATURES OF EXTERNAL HARDWARE COMPUTER COMPONENTS

External computer components connect to a computer system from OUTSIDE. They are not
necessary for the system to function but make our experiences easier or better. We will discuss
the following:
 Input Devices (used to get data into a computer)
 Output Devices (used to get information out of a computer)
 Peripherals

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INPUT DEVICES

 Input devices are pieces of hardware that get raw data into the computer ready for
processing.
 Processing involves taking raw data and turning it into more useful information.
 Input devices fall into two categories:
 Manual Input Devices - Need to be operated by a human to input information
 Automatic Input Devices - Can input information on their own.

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OUTPUT DEVICES

 When inputted raw data has been processed it becomes usable information. Output
devices are pieces of hardware that send this usable information out of the computer.
 Some output devices send information out temporarily and some send information out
permanently:

 Temporary Output Devices - E.g. Monitors which constantly refresh the outputted
image on the screen
 Permanent Output Devices - E.g. Printers which output information onto paper as
a hard copy.

EXAMPLES

PERIPHERAL DEVICES

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ACTIVITY 1.2 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

TASK 1.

Double click the icon (task1_hardware_and_software.xlsx) below and answer what is being asked.
Submit the answered file in google classroom.

task1_hardware_an
d_software.xlsx

NOTE: If you cannot directly open the icon, the file is also uploaded in google classroom.

TASK 2.

In the table below you should list every example of Computer Hardware and Software that
you can possibly think of.

Hardware Software
1 System Software:
2 1
3 2
4 3

Application Software:
1
2
3

NOTE: Write as many as you know. It has a corresponding value/points. PLEASE be HONEST.

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TASK 3.

In the table below you should describe the functions of each computer component.

COMPUTER COMPONENT DESCRIPTION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF EACH COMPONENT



Motherboard




CPU





RAM
Explain what “Volatile” means:




ROM
Explain what “Non-Volatile” means:



Storage Devices



Graphics Card 



Peripherals


25 MODULE 1| INTRODUCTION TO ICT and IT

 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

ACTIVITY 1.3 REFLECTION.

In the text box below answer this question: Why computers are considered powerful thinking
machines? Prove your answers by citing examples. (Minimum of 200 words and Maximum of
250 words)

NOTE: You can encode your answer.

26 MODULE 1| INTRODUCTION TO ICT and IT

 BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
City of Naga
ELEC007 – LIVING IN THE IT ERA

REFERENCES

Timothy J. O’Leary, Linda I. O’Leary. 2008. Computing Essentials

IGCSE ICT Types of Computers (ictlounge.com)

IGCSE ICT - Hardware/Software (ictlounge.com)

27 MODULE 1| INTRODUCTION TO ICT and IT