building technology 5

SHELL
STRUCTURES
GROUP 7
Melocoton, Ginelle
Morante, Joanna
Rasgo, Ralph
Saludares, CG
Table of introduction
history
Contents types of shell construction
aspects affecting the shape of the shell
- pros and cons
fundamentals
construction methods
application
local examples
interview
list of references
INTRODUCTION
SHELL STRUCTURES
Shell structure, in building construction, is a thin, curved
plate structure, membrane or a slab shaped to transmit
applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses
that act in the plane of the surface. They are usually
constructed with concrete reinforced with steel mesh. The
shell structure is used as both structure and covering
membrane.
Shell Structures are defined as structures that are capable of maintaining their shape
and the support loads without any help of the frame or the solid mass materials.
The term shell is generally used to describe structures that possess high strength and
rigidity due to their thin form.
The best feature of the shell structures is their continuity and curvature. Due
to its structural continuity, the shells can transmit the loads in a number of
different directions.
The main purpose of constructing the shell structure is to reduce the
self-weight of the structure by making the structure as thin as possible.
HISTORY
SHELL STRUCTURES
Shell construction began in the 1920s; the shell emerged as a major long-span
concrete structure after World War II. Thin parabolic shell vaults stiffened with
ribs have been built with spans up to about 300 ft (90 m). More complex forms of
concrete shells have been made, including hyperbolic paraboloids, or saddle
shapes, and intersecting parabolic vaults less than 0.5 in. (1.25 cm) thick.
Pioneering thin-shell designers include Felix Candela and Pier Luigi Nervi.
Felix Pier Luigi
Candela Nervi
Los Manantiales Restaurant by Félix Candela, located in Mexico
City
Chapel Lomas de Cuernavaca by Félix Candela, located in Cuernavaca, Mexico.
1959
Norfolk Scope Arena in Norfolk, Virginia, USA, completed in
1971.
Orbetello Hangars in Orvieto, Terni, Orvieto Hangars in Orvieto, Terni, Umbria,
Umbria, Italy, built in 1939 - 1942, Italy, completed in 1935 and later
later destroyed. destroyed.
 During the early twentieth century, planetariums became
very popular in Europe and the U.S. The problem was
that the quality of the space used for viewing rarely
matched the quality of the projector. Thus, The Carl Zeiss
Company sought a high-quality dome design that could
be produced efficiently. Zeiss hired engineers, Dyckerhoff
and Widmann, who created the solution known as the
“Zeiss Dywidag System.” This system was patented in the
U.S. and licensed to the Roberts & Schaefer Company in
Chicago, which employed the structural engineer, Anton
Tedesko
ANTON TEDESKO
(1903-1994)
The introduction and success of thin-shell structures in the
United States is attributed to Anton Tedesko, according to
Hines and Billington in “Anton Tedesko and the Introduction
of This Shells in the United States, June 9, 2003.” They assert
that Tedesko’s introduction of thin concrete shells in the U.S.
is captured in the story of three structures:

ANTON TEDESKO
(1903-1994)
Hayden Planetarium
Hersheys Sports Arena
 Tedesko's longest spanning shell was the 340 ft span used for
U.S. Air Force Hangars at Rapid City, South Dakota and
Limestone, Maine built in 1948.
 TYPES AND
FORMS OF
SHELL
STRUCTURES
SHELL STRUCTURES
 1. Folded Plates
It is a type of concrete shell structure that
made up of thin flat slabs. These slabs are
jointed along their edges to construct three-
dimensional structure. However, difficult
shuttering, requirement for extensive labor
work and supervision, high cost, and difficulty
in rising roofs are drawbacks of this type of
plates.
There are three types of folded plates
which include:

Prismatic folded plates

It composites of planar thin slabs joining
along their longitudinal edges to form a
beam-like structure spanning between
supports.
Non-prismatic folded plates

It composites of planar thin slabs

joining along their longitudinal edges
to form a beam-like structure
spanning between supports.
Faceted folded plates
It consists of triangular or polygonal
planar thin slabs joining along their
edges to form thin plate structure.
2. Cylindrical barrel Vaults
Barrel vaults are deep concrete beams with
considerably thin web member that can be
designed using conventional reinforced
concrete design. Moreover, this type of
concrete thin shell composes of cylinder,
frame or ties at the ends including columns,
and side elements which include a
cylindrical element; a folded plate element;
columns; or combination thereof.
3. Short
shell
It is a cylindrical shell that has a
considerably large radius in
comparison with its length. Short
shells consist of shell element
spans between arches, arch
structure, and edge beams
provided at the lowest point of the
shell.

The short shell carries load in two

ways; as an arch carrying load to
the lower elements and as a
curved beam to the arches. Lastly,
the thickness of the shell can be
quite thin due to these properties.
4. Domes

They are structures that cover a more or less square or circular area. Domes are
hemisphere in shape and used as a roof structure. Support element of domes include
columns, circular or regular polygon shaped wall. Furthermore, in a dome of uniform
thickness, under its own weight, the ring stresses are compression until the angle to
the vertical is about 57 degrees. Lastly, if the dome is less than a full hemisphere, a
ring is required at the base of the dome to contain the forces.
5. Folded plate
domes
It is a type of thin concrete shell
structure that consists of plane
slabs and plates. Domes may be
constructed with small angles
between the plates or with large
angles between plates and the
structural action may be
considerably different for each
type. Folded plate dome
surfaces is easier to construct
since they are flat.
 6. Translation Shells

A translation shell is a dome set on

four arches. The shape is different
from a spherical dome and is
generated by a vertical circle moving
on another circle. All vertical slices
have the same radius. It is easier to
form than a spherical dome. The
stresses in a translation shell are
much like a dome at the top, but at
the level of the arches, tension forces
are offset by compression in the arch.
However, there are high tension forces
in the corner.
7. Wrapped surfaces
Warped surfaces have a
great advantage for shell
structures because they may
be formed from straight form Conoid Shell
boards even though they are
surfaces of double curvature.
There are two types which
are most useful namely
Conoid and hyperbolic
paraboloid shell.

Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shell

8. Combinations

Intersection shells, barrel shell and folded

plate, barrel shell and short shell, barrel
shells and domes of revolution, and barrel
shells and conoids are all concrete shell
combinations. So, numerous combinations
can be formed to reach the desired safety
and capacity.
 ASPECTS
AFFECTING
THE SHAPE
OF THE SHELL
SHELL STRUCTURES
PRESSURE
LOAD VECTOR

A pressure load vector normally acts at each point of the

formwork's surface. It is an external force which has to be
counterbalanced by the internal forces within the form work
membrane. This relation is represented by the equations of
equilibrium.

https://d-nb.info/1014277787/34
FORMWORK A formwork membrane is exclusively
subjectedto tensile stress. As a result,
primary
the stresses within the formwork

MEMBRANE membrane are limited to the non-negative.

These inequalities must also be met at every
point of the formwork.

In terms of authenticity, the curvature of a

structure has no bearing on whether or not it
is pneumatically efficient. The work and
challenges associated with establishing that
a certain shape is pneumatically achievable
can be avoided if, throughout the form-
finding process, the shape of the formwork
loaded by internal pressure is designed
rather than the shape of the concrete shell.
The formwork can then be pneumatically
operated.
LOAD BEARING
BEHAVIOR
The loading behavior of such shape of concrete shell can only be advantageous
when the internal pressure and deadweight lines of action almost coincide in
shallow shapes, the concrete shells of this shape will be subjected to uniform
biaxial compressive stress at all points when subjected to the dead weight load,
while the associated formwork membrane is only tensioned by the internal
pressure load.

A shell structures' inherent load-bearing properties are a result of their funicular

form, and the application of funicular forms to architectural or building elements
can be used to improve material efficiency across a structure.

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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/131270/1/IASS18_Tamplin_Iuorio.pdf
 PROS AND
CONS IN
CONSTRUCTION
SHELL STRUCTURES
PROS IN
CONSTRUCTION

The effective resistance mechanism provides for the

highest structural benefit in terms of both internal forces
and displacements with the least amount of materials; their
architectonic value is defined by the ability to cover vast
column-free spaces with an aesthetical and functional
structure.
 ● Shell structures have very high stiffness.
● Shell structures have higher strength with
PROS IN respect to their self-weight.
● Shell structures are used to cover a large
area. It is very simple in design and has
CONSTRUCTION more strength as compared to other types
of structure
● Steel structures are structurally continuous
and it can transfer loads in a number of
directions.
● Shell structures are attractive in appearance
and mostly used for decorative purposes.
● The notes which are applied to the shell
structures are carried to the ground by
tensile, shear, and compressive forces.
● The dead load in the Shell structure can be
reduced by economizing the foundation and
the overall support system.
ADVANTAGES OF
CONCRETE SHELLS
Curved forms are inherently robust constructions
and are frequently utilized for concrete shells.
Shell that may span large expanses without the
necessity of internal supports, resulting in an open,
unobstructed interior.
The use of concrete as a building material lowers
both the cost of materials and the cost of
construction.
Concrete is a low-cost material that can be readily
shaped into complex shapes.
CONS IN
CONSTRUCTION

The construction stage is responsible for many of the

shell's drawbacks. Shell building has traditionally been
expensive because to its labor demanding nature (and
hence high wage costs) and high formwork costs due to its
complicated structure and poor reuse capability. Another
significant drawback is that the variety of shell geometries
increases the difficulty of shell analysis.
CONS IN
CONSTRUCTION In the case of shell structures, it is not
possible to construct a floor above them.
The labor cost required for the construction
of Shell structures is more.
For the construction of the shell structures,
there should be greater accuracy in the
formwork required.
The constructionof the shell structures
required Skilled labor and good supervision.

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DISADVANTAGES OF
CONCRETE SHELLS

Since concrete is porous material, concrete domes

often have issues with sealing. If rainwater isn't
managed properly, it can leak through the roof and
into the building's interior. Concrete domes, on the
other hand, have a continuous construction that
prevents air from escaping, perhaps causing
condensation inside the shell. Shingling or sealants are
common solutions to the problem of exterior moisture,
and ventilation can address condensation.
FUNDAMENTALS
SHELL STRUCTURES
Shell and Surface
Structures
Thin shells and other surface structures are a whole different form of construction
from linear structures, whether they are planar or spatial. Surface structures, which
include thin shells, membranes, slabs, and pneumatic structures, are a vast field
that offers a wide range of approaches to specific problems.

In terms of forces, three-dimensional cables and two-dimensional membranes, for

example, are equivalent, as are arches and shells, and beams and slabs. The
similarity of structural activity seen in each structural behavior leads to this
correlation of planar to three-dimensional structures. Cables and membranes have a
similar behavior that leads them to alter form under varied stress situations. As a
result, only tensile forces are used to stress these two structures.

Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case Studies. In

An Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Shell and Surface
Structures
Moreover, arches and thin shells are related to one
another because of their many similarities. Both
structures feature a curvilinear configuration,
which is the foundation of their structural
strength. In other words, their shape is the
primary source of structural strength.

Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case

Studies. In An Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Thin Shells Thin shells and space frames are at different
extentsof the structural spectrum, their
structuralbehavior is similar enough that they
and Space may be meaningfully compared.

Frames In reality,space frames made upof vast

assemblies of tension and compression
members are skeleton structures, yet they
behave similarly to the complete continuum of
thin shells. If the two structures were equally
supported and loaded, a space frame with an
overall configuration comparable to that of a
similar thin shell would clearly display the stress
conditions within the thin shell.

Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case

Studies. In An Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Thin Shells
The ability to assess the effectiveness of

and Space alternative geometric shapes for shells by

evaluating the distribution of forces and the
deflection in an equivalent space frame using a

Frames computer program is made possible by the

correlation between forces that act on the
space frame and the thin shell.
Stresses from the whole structure are funneled
into small channels, where struts and ties are
designed to absorb them. Instead, thin shells
disperse weights throughout the whole surface.

Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case

Studies. In An Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Curvature
The concept of curvature as an attribute in
and structural strength is explored from a practical,
visual standpoint to aid in comprehending the
relationship between geometricshape and
Strength structural strength

A plane rotating around a line perpendicular to a

surface intersects the surface, thereby
generating an intersecting curve. There is an
infinite number of such planes, and thus an
infinite number of corresponding curves.

Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case

Studies. In An Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Shell
Thickness
Building codes, which differ from country to
country, have a significant impact on the
minimum permitted thicknesses.

The allowed stresses used to be the sole

criterion for determining the minimum shell
thickness, however in current design, other
factors are utilized.

Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case

Studies. In An Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Shell
Thickness
The thickness of the concrete should be
increased due to variables such as vibration,
placement, compaction, penetration of the
concrete through the reinforcement, and
loosening of coarse aggregate components. As a
result, there is a double safety factor in terms of
decreasing construction mistakes and stress.

Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case

Studies. In An Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Thickness-Span
Relationship
The correlation between the thickness and the span of
the structure is a useful metric for measuring the
efficiency of thin shells.
The correlation between the thickness and the span of
the structure is a useful metric for measuring the
efficiency of thin shells. As with any other
construction, the length of the span increases,
eventually reaching a point where the efficiency is so
low that the structure becomes infeasible.

Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case Studies. In An

Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Shells in The shell is found in eggs, sea shells, turtles, skulls, nuts,
and the instinctive nests of certain birds. This high
Nature number of applications demonstrates how effective the
shell can be in certain circumstances.
The eggshell is
perhaps the
most efficient
of these
examples, with
a weight-to-
strength ratio of
incredible
proportions.

Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case

Studies. In An Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Origin of
The discovery of cement, which made reinforced
Man-Made concrete feasible, should be regarded as a fluke
in the history of thin shells.

Shells The Romans' natural cement was just not strong

enough to hold thin shells together. It was
primarily employed for masonry constructions'
mortars or as concrete filler within masonry
masses, but it was never utilized as a self-
supporting material. To make shells, only a new
type of cement with the compressive strength to
bond aggregate could be utilized. It might be
used with materials that can withstand stress.

Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case

Studies. In An Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Origin of
Concrete structures should show themselves in
Man-Made the freedom and curvilinearity of their forms, not
in the rigidity of straight lines and level surfaces,

Shells when regarded from the perspective of being a

natural product appropriate for making creative
shapes. When architectural integrity is
respected, thin shells are the most logical form
of expression for concrete structures.
When architectural integrity is considered, thin
shells are the most logical form of expression for
concrete structures.

Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case

Studies. In An Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Overall
Structure
A entire structure's overall equilibrium can be
achieved in a variety of ways. A structure can be
either a continuous self-standing unit or a
structure made up of different units that only
attain equilibrium when they are joined together.

Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case

Studies. In An Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Overall
Structure
Self-standing Structures
Self-standing structures, whether continuous or
discontinuous, maintain equilibrium using their own support
systems and do not require the assistance of other
structures.

Combined Structures
Two or more thin-shelled structures are combined, they
attain equilibrium. Small groupings of structures can be
joined to create one-of-a-kind compositions with stunning
results.
Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case
Studies. In An Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
CONSTRUCTION
METHODS
SHELL STRUCTURES
 CONSTRUCTION
METHODS
ABSTRACT
DOMES AND CYLINDRICAL SHELL STRUCTURES ARE MADE OF
INTERWOVEN LIGHTWEIGHT METAL OR OTHER LIGHTWEIGHT
MATERIALS.

SEVERAL WEAVING PATTERNS ARE DISCLOSED THAT OFFER WOVEN

STRIPS WITH THE FLEXIBILITY NEEDED TO CONSTRUCT THE WEAVE INTO
A DESIRED SHAPE, SUCH AS A DOMED ROOF OR A CYLINDRICAL SILO.
SHELLS HAVE EXCELLENT STRENGTH-TO-
WEIGHT RATIOS AND ARE DESIGNED TO
ATTENUATE SEISMIC VIBRATIONS,
MAKING THEM
EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT.
STRIPS INTERLACED ON A FLAT
GROUND LEVEL BEFORE
SURFACE BEING HOISTED

PREFABRICATED SHELL MODULES

CAN BE LINKEDTO OTHER
PREFABRICATED SHELL MODULES
ON THE JOB SITE TO CONSTRUCT
THE FULL SHELL.
BACKGROUND

Solid truss, rigid joint structural members, and cage structure type steel frames have been
used for lattice-like structures containing shell-type frames, in which steel frame members are
removably and fixedly connected to each other at respective intersection points, and necessary
portions of these steel frame members are tensioned by fastening rods. These structures, like
the shell of a truss construction, must be erected according to a specified design and have little
freedom in the development of curved surfaces.

Cable-based structures are complex and necessitate means of attaching cables to roof
members or the like. Traditional shells of the general solid truss construction necessitate a high
level of precision in each member's dimension, as well as assembly issues. In comparison to
prior art shell architectures, the current invention delivers improvements.

Martin, V. P. (1977, March 15). Method for constructing a thin-shell concrete structure designed for lifting with
hydraulic apparatus - VANDERKLAAUW; PETER MARTIN. Https://Www.Freepatentsonline.Com/.
https://www.freepatentsonline.com/4011705.html#:%7E:text=A%20method%20for%20constructing%20a%20thin-
shell%20concrete%20structure,to%20allow%20a%20lower%20floor%20to%20be%20constructed.
SUMMARY

The current invention employs elongate strip members, preferably steel, that are relatively easy
to bend and twist, by weaving or interlacing the strip members in two or more directions or by
providing connections that are analogous to weaving or interlacing. The invention has two
preferable construction configurations: cylindrical and dome-like. To form a mesh, the
corresponding elongate strip members cross each other orthogonally or obliquely. The intervals
between aligned elongate strip elements are selected in part to facilitate interlacing so that the
relative positions between the strip members are not greatly disrupted. At respective crossing
sites, the respective elongated strip components are layered in a planar form, but they are not
necessary to be totally fastened to each other during fabrication. When two elongated strip
members are interlaced, some displacement or slippage is allowed both linearly and angularly at
their junction sites.

Martin, V. P. (1977, March 15). Method for constructing a thin-shell concrete structure designed for lifting with
hydraulic apparatus - VANDERKLAAUW; PETER MARTIN. Https://Www.Freepatentsonline.Com/.
https://www.freepatentsonline.com/4011705.html#:%7E:text=A%20method%20for%20constructing%20a%20thin-
shell%20concrete%20structure,to%20allow%20a%20lower%20floor%20to%20be%20constructed.
METHODS
Although selected areas of the shell structure's periphery do not need to be
connected to the hoops, the shell structure is fastened using hoop methods
on its periphery to preserve a preset structural configuration. The respective
joints may be fastened by bolts, bracing may be employed partially or
entirely, or tension members, such as wire, may be used to prevent the shell
construction in a set-up condition from being deformed owing to wind
and/or earthquake.
METHODS
At their respective intersection sites,
the respective elongated strip
components are layered in a planar
form, but they are not required to be
totally fastened to each other during
fabrication. When elongated strip
members are interlaced one with the
other, certain displacement or slippage
is allowed both linearly and angularly at
their crossing locations.
METHODS
Other implementations of the invention are used
instead of weaving or interlacing when weaving or
interlacing elongated strip members is difficult due to
strip member quality or workability constraints.
These implementations use various connection
mechanisms where the strips overlap to resemble
weaving or interlacing, and are based on the same
principle as the woven and interlaced embodiments
to achieve essentially the same desirable innovative
effects.
METHODS
Other implementations of the invention are used instead of weaving or
interlacing when weaving or interlacing elongated strip members is difficult due
to strip member quality or workability constraints.
These implementations use various connection mechanisms where the strips
overlap to resemble weaving or interlacing, and are based on the same
principle as the woven and interlaced embodiments to achieve essentially the
same desirable innovative effects.
 SHELL
STRUCTURE
METHODS EXAMPLE

Martin, V. P. (1977, March 15). Method for constructing a thin-shell concrete structure designed for lifting with
hydraulic apparatus - VANDERKLAAUW; PETER MARTIN. Https://Www.Freepatentsonline.Com/.
https://www.freepatentsonline.com/4011705.html#:%7E:text=A%20method%20for%20constructing%20a%20thin-
shell%20concrete%20structure,to%20allow%20a%20lower%20floor%20to%20be%20constructed.
SHELL
STRUCTURE
METHODS EXAMPLE

Martin, V. P. (1977, March 15). Method for constructing a thin-shell concrete structure designed for lifting with
hydraulic apparatus - VANDERKLAAUW; PETER MARTIN. Https://Www.Freepatentsonline.Com/.
https://www.freepatentsonline.com/4011705.html#:%7E:text=A%20method%20for%20constructing%20a%20thin-
shell%20concrete%20structure,to%20allow%20a%20lower%20floor%20to%20be%20constructed.
APPLICATIONS
SHELL STRUCTURES
APPLICATIONS OF SHELL STRUCTURE

ROOF STRUCTURES IN SOME

BUILDINGS
APPLICATIONS OF SHELL STRUCTURE

BOAT HULLS
APPLICATIONS OF SHELL STRUCTURE

FUSELAGES OF AERO PLANES

VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF SHELL STRUCTURE

The shell structure is commonly used in seismic zones where structures undergo seismic loads.

The reason of using the shell structures in the earthquake-prone areas is that it has high
strength with respect to its self-weight.

Shell Structures are generally used to cover the larger area of the building where the interior of
the building has no columns and walls to support the flat slabs.

Shell Structure has a very interesting and attractive look which is used to beautify the
buildings.
EXAMPLES
SHELL STRUCTURES
Shukhov Rotunda
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Designer: Vladimir Shukhov

Montreal Biosphere
Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Architect: Buckminster
Fuller
 Tokyo Dome Bunkyo, Tokyo,
Japan

Desginers: Takenaka Corporation and nikken sekkei

Sagrada Familia
Barcelona, Spain

Designer: Antoni Gaudi

Parish of the Holy Sacrifice
UP Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

Architect: Leandro Locsin

Saint Andrew the Apostle Parish
Makati, Philipppines

Architect: Leandro Locsin

ST. ALPHONSUS MARY DE LIGUORI PARISH
Makati, Philipppines

Architect: Leandro Locsin

 Queen of Peace Parish
Bacolod, Philippines

Architect: Archt. Eduardo Locsin Consing and Civil Engr. Eduardo So Uychiat
San Antonio Bacolod,
Abad Philippines
Parish

Architect:
Valez
 ST. JOHN MARIE VIANNEY
CHURCH
Silay City, Philippines

Architect: Dominic Diocson

INTERVIE
WITH ARCHITECTS
W SHELL STRUCTURES
Dominic E. Diocson
UAP, PIID, Assoc.
AIA

Former LCC -B BS Arch and BS ID Instructor

Current Freelance Architect and USC
Instructor
 DISCLAIMER: The videos will be presented during the
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Russel J. Pamulaya
United Architects of the Philippines

Architect and LCC-B

Instructor
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 DISCLAIMER: The videos will be presented during the
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List of References
Websites
http://architectuul.com/architecture/shukhov-rotunda
https://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/biosphere-environment-museum-montreal/
https://www.archdaily.com/572135/ad-classics-montreal-biosphere-buckminster-fuller
https://structurae.net/en/structures/tokyo-dome
https://sagradafamilia.org/en/history-of-the-temple
http://benjielayug.com/2021/01/church-of-st-andrew-the-apostle-makati-city-metro-manila.html
http://www.domgalicia.com/2007/08/magallanes-church.html
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Martin, V. P. (1977, March 15). Method for constructing a thin-shell concrete structure designed for lifting with hydraulic apparatus - VANDERKLAAUW; PETER MARTIN.
Https://Www.Freepatentsonline.Com/. https://www.freepatentsonline.com/4011705.html#:%7E:text=A%20method%20for%20constructing%20a%20thin-
shell%20concrete%20structure,to%20allow%20a%20lower%20floor%20to%20be%20constructed.

Books
Melaragno, M. (1991). Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case Studies. In An Introduction to Shell Structures (pp. 115-127). Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Martin, V. P. (1977, March 15). Method for constructing a thin-shell concrete structure designed for lifting with
hydraulic apparatus - VANDERKLAAUW; PETER MARTIN. Https://Www.Freepatentsonline.Com/.
https://www.freepatentsonline.com/4011705.html#:%7E:text=A%20method%20for%20constructing%20a%20thin-
shell%20concrete%20structure,to%20allow%20a%20lower%20floor%20to%20be%20constructed.