PE 14 Team Sports Introduction:

This module is prepared for students to gain knowledge on the importance of play, game, and
sports. It will help the students to improve self- expression through team sports, creating and
performing basic sports techniques.

I. Learning Outcomes:

After finishing the lesson, the students should be able to;

 Learn and understand the different types of play
 Discuss the Origin and History of the Olympic games
 Identify the social and academic benefits of team sports.

II. Course Content:

Lessons:
 Introduction to Play, Game and Sports
 Categories / Types of play
 School Sports Program
 Origin and History of Olympic Games

III. Learning Experiences:

Introduction to Play, Game and Sports

 According to Johann Huizinga play is an activity that is free, stands outside ordinary life; it is serious, regulated
by rules that evolve during the process of the activity, and results in no material to be gained.

There are 4 categories of play:

 1. Alea- this is games of luck

 2. Mimicry- it is pretence or the action or art of imitating someone or something, typically in order to entertain or
ridicule.

3. Vertigo- whirling and turning activities

4. Agon- a struggle or contest, dramatic conflict between the chief characters.

Types of play

1.Unoccupied play: A child is relatively stationary and appears to be performing random movements with no apparent
purpose. It is relatively infrequent style of play.

2. Solitary play: A child is completely engrossed in playing and does not seem to notice other children. It is most often
seen in children between 2 and 3 years-old.

3. Onlooker play: A child takes an interest in other children’s play but does not join in. May ask questions or just talk to
other children, but the main activity is simply to watch.
4. Parallel play: A child mimics other children’s play but doesn’t actively engage with them. For example they may use
the same toy.

5. Associative play: Children are more interested in each other than the toys they are using. This is the first category
that involves strong social interaction between the children while they play.

6. Cooperative play: Some organization enters children’s play, for example the playing has some goal and children often
adopt roles and act as a group.

 Play is a serious business.

The pioneering developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky thought that, in the preschool years, play is the leading
source of development.

Through play children learn and practice many basic social skills.

They develop a sense of self; learn to interact with other children, how to make friends, how to lie and how to
role-play.

 According to Roger Caillois- Play is an activity that contains and elements of play, characterized by playful
competition, physical limitation is defined by rules and an outcome is determined by skill, strategy and by
chance.

Game is uncertain, no planning/preparation are required and it is an instant occurrences.

Classification of Games:

                1. Tag games

                2. Relay games

                3. Social games

                4. Games with equipment

                5. Games without equipment

                6. Ball games

According to Peter Mcintosh- Sports is an activity that may contain one or more elements of play and game but
more specially, has the components of competition, physical prowess, skill and superiority.

Sport is highly organized, it is an institutionalized game, patterns and it is a social institution.

School Sports Program:               

1. Intramural sports  or  intramurals - are recreational sports organized within a particular institution, usually an
educational institution, or a set geographic area. The term, which is chiefly North American, derives from
the Latin words intramuros meaning "within walls", and was used to describe sports matches and contests that
took place among teams from "within the walls" of an institution or area.
2. Private Schools Athletic Association - founded in February 17, 1953, is an association of private
schools, Christian schools, and home school athletic departments throughout the Philippines. The PRISAA exist
to bring exposure and credibility to private schools across the nation.
3. CVRAA stands for Central Visayas Regional Athletic Association (Philippines)
4. National Game---The Palarong Pambansa (Tagalog for "National Games") is an annual multi-sporting event
involving student-athletes from 17 regions of the Philippines organized and governed by the Department of
Education or DepEd.
  Student-athletes from private and non-private schools from elementary and secondary levels are legitimately
can joined the national event as long as they are qualified and they are regional champions.
 Started in 1948, the Palarong Pambansa Program is an annual multi-level national scholastic athletic competition
conducted by the DepEd and participated in by elementary and secondary students from both public and private
schools. It is the culmination of sports activities in Philippines schools, which start with local school intramurals,
followed by the district, division, and regional athletic meets.

The objectives of the Palaro are:

(1)To promote Physical Education and sports as an integral part of the Basic Education curriculum for holistic
development of the youth;
(2) Inculcate the spirit of discipline, teamwork, excellence, fair play, solidarity, sportsmanship, and other values
inherent in sports;
(3) Promote and achieve peace by means of sports;
(4) Widen the base for talent identification, selection, recruitment, training and exposure of elementary pupils and
secondary students to serve as a feeder to the National Sports Association (NSA) for international competitions; and
provide a database for a valid and universal basis to further improve the school sports development programs.

 The legal basis of the Palarong Pambansa is stipulated in the provision of the 1987 Philippine Constitution Article
XIV, Section 19.

Different Levels of School Sports

1. INTRAMURALS
-Intramurals start with a competition among the members of each section.
-Those that are selected in the process become members of the section team who will play in the next level called
intersection
-At times instead of bearing the nameand the number of the section, their representations color-coded; it is called
intercolor.

Intramurals
-The games to be played are classified into singles, doubles, and team.

2. DISTRICT ATHLETIC MEET

-In the district athletic meet, the different schools within the district compete.
-Each school sends its best athletes to participate in the events in which they have been -training.
-The athletic meet serves as a process of selection of the best athletes and the best teams who will compete in the
division athletic meet.

3. DIVISION ATHLETIC MEET

-Districts are duty-bound to participate in the division athletic meet, they play against each other as represented by their
chosen best athletes and teams.

4. CITY ATHLETIC MEET

-City athletic meet is a dual meet where champions of the public schools and private schools compete.
-This meet is held after the division level competition in the public schools. The private schools in the same manner,
undertake selections by having a competition among themselves

*Actually, the players that represent the city in the higher meet come from the joint public and private schools force.

*Basketball and Volleyball are the centerpiece sports of the league but it also stage several events as well.

5. PROVINCIAL ATHLETIC MEET

6.REGIONAL ATHLETIC MEET

7. NATIONAL ATHLETIC MEET

International Games

1. The Southeast Asian Games (also known as the SEA Games), is a biennial multi-sport event involving

participants from the current 11 countries of Southeast Asia. The games is under regulation of the Southeast
Asian Games Federation with supervision by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Olympic Council
of Asia.
2. Olympic games

Origin and History of the Olympic Games

The Rise of the Games

They were dedicated to the Olympian gods and were staged on the ancient plains of Olympia. They continued for nearly
12 centuries, until Emperor Theodosius decreed in 393 A.D. that all such "pagan cults" be banned.

The Olympic Games originated long ago in ancient Greece. Exactly when the Games were first held and what
circumstances led to their creation is uncertain. We do know, however, that the Games were a direct outgrowth of the
values and beliefs of Greek society. The Greeks idealized physical fitness and mental discipline, and they believed that
excellence in those areas honoured Zeus, the greatest of all their gods.

One legend about the origin of the Olympic Games revolves around Zeus. It was said Zeus once fought his father,
Kronos, for control of the world. They battled atop a mountain that overlooked a valley in south western Greece. After
Zeus defeated his father, a temple and immense statue were built in the valley below to honour him. This valley was
called Olympia, and soon religious festivals developed there as people came to worship Zeus and to approach as nearly
as possible his great strength. It is believed that these religious festivals eventually led to the famed Games of the
Olympics.

Although we do not know just when the Games were first played, the earliest recorded Olympic competition occurred in
776 B.C. It had only one event, the one-stade (approximately 630-foot or 192-meter) race, which was won by a cook
named Coroebus. This was the start of the first Olympiad, the four-year period by which the Greeks recorded their
history.

Athletic competition became so important to the Greeks that the Olympic festivals were a peaceful influence on the
warlike city-states. Sparta was famous for the strict military training of its citizens. But it would wait until the Games
were over before sending fighters into battle. Other cities followed this example.

For the first 13 Olympic Games, the only event was the one-stade run. But over the years, new sports were added to the
Games. The hoplitodrome, for instance, was a footrace the athletes ran wearing fullarmour. The pentathlon, in which
the athletes competed in five events (jumping, javelin, sprint, discus, and wrestling), was added to the Games in 708 B.C.
The pancration was introduced in 648 B.C. This brutal sport had no rules and combined boxing and wrestling. A winner
was named only when one man raised his hand in defeat or lay unconscious on the ground.

In addition to the pre-existing religious shrines and altars, a vast complex of buildings and structures was constructed at
Olympia to accommodate the growing number of sports and athletes. Chariot races, first run in 680 B.C., were held in
the hippodrome. Boxers and wrestlers trained in the Palaestra, which was adjacent to the gymnasium. The Leonidaion
housed the athletes.

Generally, only freeborn men and boys could take part in the Olympic Games (servants and slaves were allowed to
participate only in the horse races). Women were forbidden, on penalty of death, even to see the Games. In 396 B.C.,
however, a woman from Rhodes successfully defied the death penalty. When her husband died, she continued the
training of their son, a boxer. She attended the Games disguised as a man and was not recognized until she shouted with
joy over her son's victory. Her life was spared because of the special circumstances and the fact that her father and
brothers had been Olympians.

At first, the Games were strictly for Greek citizens. Eventually, however, athletes from all over the Roman Empire (which
covered the entire Mediterranean region) were permitted to participate.

All athletes were required to take an oath that they would observe all the rules and standards. In spite of the luxurious
facilities offered to athletes, all had to remain amateurs. That is, they had to pay their own expenses, and they could
receive no monetary awards.

Winners of the Games were crowned with wreaths of olive leaves and hailed as heroes. They were showered with
material gifts, and sometimes a special entrance was cut in the wall surrounding their home city just for them to pass
through; a symbol that the people of the city felt well protected with an Olympic champion living among them.

Perhaps the greatest athlete of the ancient Games was Milo of Croton, a wrestler who lived in the 500's B.C. He won the
wrestling crown six times, and he was said to be so powerful that he could carry a full-grown bull on his shoulders.

The ancient Olympic Games also honoured, and inspired artists. The poet Pindar wrote many odes in praise of the
Games' winners. The Olympic buildings were prime examples of the beauty of Greek architecture, and the remains of
Zeus' great statue bear the signature of the famous Athenian sculptor and architect Phidias. Like the athletic champions,
artistic champions were awarded olive wreaths and

Olympia
Olympia, the site of the ancient Olympic Games, is in the western part of the Peloponnese which, according to Greek
mythology, is the island of "Pelops", the founder of the Olympic Games. Imposing temples, votive buildings, elaborate
shrines and ancient sporting facilities were combined in a site of unique natural and mystical beauty. Olympia
functioned as a meeting place for worship and other religious and political practices as early as the 10th century B.C. The
central part of Olympia was dominated by the majestic temple of Zeus, with the temple of Hera parallel to it.  

The Games and religion

The Olympic Games were closely linked to the religious festivals of the cult of Zeus, but were not an integral part of a
rite. Indeed, they had a secular character and aimed to show the physical qualities and evolution of the performances
accomplished by young people, as well as encouraging good relations between the cities of Greece. According to
specialists, the Olympic Games owed their purity and importance to religion.

Victory Ceremonies
The Olympic victor received his first awards immediately after the competition. Following the announcement of the
winner's name by the herald, a Hellanodikis (Greek judge) would place a palm branch in his hands, while the spectators
cheered and threw flowers to him. Red ribbons were tied on his head and hands as a mark of victory.

The official award ceremony would take place on the last day of the Games, at the elevated vestibule of the temple of
Zeus. In a loud voice, the herald would announce the name of the Olympic winner, his father's name, and his homeland.
Then, the Hellanodikis placed the sacred olive tree wreath, or kotinos, on the winner's head.

The Athletes
Through the 12 centuries of the Olympic Games, many wonderful athletes competed in the stadium and the
hippodrome of ancient Olympia's sacred area, moving the crowds with their great achievements. Although mortal, their
Olympic victories immortalised them. Of the best athletes who left their mark on the sacred valley of Olympia, some
surpassed all limits and became legends by winning in successive Olympic Games and remaining at the forefront of their
sport for more than a decade. It is worth mentioning some of their extraordinary achievements, which, even by today's
standards, would be the envy of athletes such as Nurmi, Zatopek or Lewis.

Participants
All free male Greek citizens were entitled to participate in the ancient Olympic Games, regardless of their social status.
Orsippos, a general from Megara; Polymnistor, a shepherd; Diagoras, a member of a royal family from Rhodes;
Alexander I, son of Amyndas and King of Macedonia; and Democritus, a philosopher, were all participants in the Games.

Married women were not allowed to participate in, or to watch, the ancient Olympic Games. However, unmarried
women could attend the competition, and the priestess of Demeter, goddess of fertility, was given a privileged position
next to the Stadium altar.
Astylos of Croton
Astylos of Croton in southern Italy won a total of six victory olive wreaths in three Olympiads (488-480 B.C.) in the stade
and the diaulos (twice the stade) events. In the first Olympiad, he ran for Croton and his compatriots honoured and
glorified him. In the two successive Olympiads, however, he took part as a citizen of Syracuse. The people of Croton
punished him by demolishing his statue in their city and converting his house into a prison.

Milon of Croton
Milon, a pupil of the philosopher Pythagoras, was one of the most famous athletes in Antiquity. He came from the Greek
city of Croton in southern Italy. He was six times Olympic wrestling champion. He first won in 540 B.C., in the youth
wrestling event, and then five times in men's wrestling.

Leonidas of Rhodes
Leonidas of Rhodes was one of the most famous runners in Antiquity. His was a unique achievement, even by today's
standards. For four consecutive Olympiads (164-152 B.C.), he won three races, - the stade race, the diaulos race and the
armour race. He won a total of 12 Olympic victory wreaths. He was acclaimed as a hero by his compatriots.

Melankomas of Caria
Melankomas of Caria was crowned Olympic boxing champion in 49 B.C., and was a winner in many other events. He
went down in history for the way in which he fought. His movements were light, simple and fascinating. He would
defeat his opponents without ever being hit himself, nor ever dealing a blow

Kyniska of Sparta
Kyniska, daughter of King Archidamos of Sparta, was the first woman to be listed as an Olympic victor in Antiquity. Her
chariot won in the four-horse chariot race in the 96th and 97th Olympiads, (396 B.C. and 392 B.C. respectively). In the
Olympic Games, it was forbidden for women to be present and Kyniska broke with tradition, since, in the equestrian
events, the victory wreath, or kotinos, was won by the owner, not the rider, of the horse.

The Sport events

The ancient Olympic Games were initially a one-day event until 684 BC, when they were extended to three days. In the
5th century B.C., the Games were extended again to cover five days.
The ancient Games included running, long jump, shot put, javelin, boxing, pankration and equestrian events.

The Decline of the Games

After Rome conquered Greece in the 100's B.C. , Olympic standards began to decline. Competition for the common good
was ignored by the glory hunters, who were willing to use any trick or deceit to win. For instance, in A.D. 67 the emperor
Nero brought his own cheering section and competed in events himself. Even though he fell from his chariot during the
race, he was named the champion. In A.D. 394 the Roman emperor Theodosius I, a Christian who considered the Games
a pagan festival, ordered them stopped.

Olympia then began to crumble. The great statue of Zeus was taken away to Constantinople, where it was destroyed in a
fire. In 426, Roman emperor Theodosius II ordered all the temples destroyed. Earthquakes later helped finish what
human hands had started, as well as flooding caused by a change in the course of the river that flowed through Olympia.
The once-great city was eventually buried.

In 1829, German archaeologists began uncovering Olympia. Today, the site of the ancient Olympic Games is only a
shadow of its former glory. Many of the building foundations remain, but few walls and pillars still stand, and the
stadium where footraces were held long ago is now just a broad stretch of barren ground

 
Meaning of the Olympic Rings

The meaning of the Olympic Rings is a very symbolic meaning and it was designed by Frenchman who was named Baron
Pierre de Coubertin in 1912, he is also regarded as the father of the modern day Olympics, and the founder of the
International Olympic Committee. Baron Pierre de Coubertin wanted there to be an important meaning of the Olympic
rings and he wanted to ensure that the Olympic flag would be universally accepted for all the nations involved and he
wanted to make this flag a part of the new Olympic Tradition. As you can see the flag is still flown today in both the
winter and the Summer Olympic events, and this is just as important to the Olympics as the traditional Olympic torch.

The original thoughts as to the meaning of the Olympic rings on the flag of the Olympic Games is the symbolism of the
five different colored rings, all interlinked together. These five multicolored Olympic rings stand for the five continents
where the athletes traveled from to take part in the sporting competitions of these Olympic events. The reason for the
interlocking rings on the Olympic flag is symbolic in showing that the Olympic Games are intended for all nations to be
able to come and compete against one another in unity. The meaning of the Olympic rings colors is not of any important
significance, but the five colors of the Olympic rings and the white background have at least one color of every nation’s
flag in them. The design of the Olympic flag was first made in 1914 but it was not flown in the Olympic Games until 1920,
when the games were held in the city of Antwerp, Belgium and it has been flown in every Olympic Event since that was
not cancelled due to war.

Every national flag in the world contains at least one of the colors of the rings, but there not in a specific order. (From
left to right) blue, yellow, black, green, and red.

Symbolic Banner
The Olympic flag measures 2.06 m long, 60 cm high and is completely white with five circles in the center. The top three
circles, from left to right, are blue, black and red. The bottom two circles, from left to right, are yellow and green. The
white background symbolizes peace and truth. The five rings represent the five continents of the world, but a prevalent
post-facto interpretation has tied specific colors to specific continents:

• Blue representing Europe

• Black representing Africa
• Red representing America
• Yellow representing Asia
• Green representing Australia (Oceania)

A Surrogate Flag
The Olympic flag is a symbol of peace, goodwill, and global solidarity and tolerance. True to this meaning, she has lent
her colors to many athletes who were unable to compete under their own flag.

TEAM SPORTS
 A team sport includes any sport where individuals are organized into opposing teams which compete to win. Team
members act together towards a shared objective. This can be done in a number of ways such as outscoring the opposing
team. Team members set goals, make decisions, communicate, manage conflict, and solve problems in a supportive,
trusting atmosphere in order to accomplish their objectives.
 Examples are basketball, volleyball, rugby, water polo, handball, lacrosse, cricket, baseball, and the various forms
of association football and hockey.
 Team sports are practiced between opposing teams, where the players generally interact directly and simultaneously
between them to achieve an objective. The objective often involves teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or
similar object in accordance with a set of rules, in order to score points.

THE SOCIAL AND ACADEMIC BENEFITS OF TEAM SPORT

 Team sports are about so much more than their physical benefi ts. This is especially so when group sports
acti viti es are incorporated into a young person’s life.
 Physical acti vity naturally increases blood fl ow to the brain and acti vates endorphins, chemicals
that are released when you exercise. Endorphins can impact your mood and work performance,
meaning athletes may be more willing and capable of tackling that next big problem.
 Team sports can also help with emoti onal development.  Exercise can lead to a unique state of
short-term relaxati on. That relaxati on can promote increased concentrati on, bett er memory,
enhanced creati vity, more effecti ve problem solving, and an improved mood — all benefi ts that
will extend into the classroom.
  Team sports foster mentorship between older players and younger players, coaches and athletes,
and more.
 Team sports are an excellent source of soft skills development, as they allow athletes to grow
within a supporti ve environment. 

Few of the soft skills fostered through team sports:

1. Communicati on Skills - Communicati on skills are key in maintaining a functi oning sports team
2. Decisive Acti on - Sports plays happen fast, and athletes develop the skills needed to make eff ecti ve
snap decisions.
3. Teamwork - Teamwork is all about collaborati ng with others to reach a common goal. Team sports
also teach a sense of group and individual responsibility.
4. Time Management - Team athletes know that every second counts, and this value of ti me will
translate to their everyday life
5. Build Self-Esteem and a Sense of Community - Team sports are said to bolster the fi ve C’s:
competence, confi dence, connecti ons, character, and caring. At the heart of this is self-esteem  – an
increased sense of self as a result of bett er social interacti ons, stronger relati onships, and higher
academic performance.

  The opportunity to parti cipate in team sports provides athletes with valuable skills that will take
them beyond the fi eld, pitch, and court.

IV. References:

http://hnupe.weebly.com/school-sports-program.html
https://www.edutopia.org/discussion/social-and-academic-benefits-team-sports