A

LOCATION TOLERANCE
FORM TOLERANCES

GDT PROBLEMS
Are all of these auto parts made in the same factory
by the same company?
 What is the purpose of GDT?
It is used on mating parts in order to assure that
they are ‘interchangeable’.
 Where did GDT come from?

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (ASME)

CREATED A GLOBAL STANDARD TITLED ASME Y14.5-2009 FOR
DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING.
What does this sign mean?
What are the LIMITS?

Any speed in between

the limits is within the
SPEED
acceptable range or
LIMIT
zone.

65 UPPER LIMIT MAX.

40 LOWER LIMIT MIN.

MINIMUM
What happens if you
go out of that zone?
 What is the TOLERANCE?

The difference between the

SPEED upper and lower limit
LIMIT equals the Tolerance zone.
65 UPPER LIMIT
65 25
-40 LOWER LIMIT
25 = TOLERANCE ZONE
40
MINIMUM

is the total amount that

a dimension is permitted to vary.
 What are the LIMITS?

SPECIFIED DIMENSION

12.75
12.50 + 0.25 12.25

TOLERANCE LIMITS
 MMC & LMC
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION
AND
LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION
What is the difference between these two glazed
doughnuts?
Both of these doughnuts cost 90 cents. Which one
is the best buy? Why?
Which one was made with the most or maximum
amount of dough?

M MMC = Maximum L LMC = Least

Material Condition Material Condition
M MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) =
IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF
MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS.
(SEE BOOK EXAMPLE 1-8 & 1-9)

1.75
n Look at the limits of the O.D.
1.73
and the I.D. of the washer.
Which ones represent the
washer at MMC?
0.75
n
0.73
M MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) =
IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF
MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS.
(SEE BOOK EXAMPLE 1-8 & 1-9)

1.75 MMC OF THE O.D.

n
1.73

0.75
n
0.73 MMC OF THE I.D.
L LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION (LMC) =
IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE LEAST AMOUNT OF
MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS.
(SEE EXAMPLE 1-10, 1-11)

1.75
n Look at the limits of the O.D.
1.73
and the I.D. of the washer.
Which ones represent the
washer at LMC?
0.75
n
0.73
L LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION (LMC) =
IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE LEAST AMOUNT OF
MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS.
(SEE EXAMPLE 1-10, 1-11)

1.75
n
1.73 LMC OF THE O.D.

0.75 LMC OF THE I.D.

n
0.73
M MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) =
IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF
MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS.
(SEE BOOK EXAMPLE 1-8 & 1-9)

1.75 MMC OF THE O.D.

n
1.73

0.75
n
0.73 MMC OF THE I.D.
 RFS
Sometimes a geometric tolerance will be applied
to a dimension at its MMC or it LMC.

However………..

REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE (RFS) = IS THE TERM USED

WHEN A GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE OR DATUM APPLIES AT ANY
INCREMENT OF SIZE WITHIN ITS UPPER OR LOWER LIMIT.
(SEE EXAMPLE 4-7)
 Review
1. What does ASME Y14.5-2009 stand for?
IT IS A GLOBAL STANDARD FOR DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING.
2. What is tolerance?
IT IS THE TOTAL AMOUNT THAT A DIMENSION IS PERMITTED TO
VARY.
3. What are limits?
ARE THE LARGEST AND SMALLEST (THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM)
NUMERICAL VALUE THAT A FEATURES DIMENSIONS CAN BE.
4. How do they differ?
TOLERANCE IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DIMENSIONS UPPER
AND LOWER LIMITS.
5. What is meant by Maximum Material Condition?
IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF
MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS.
6. What is meant by Least Material Condition?
IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE LEAST AMOUNT OF
MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS.
7. What is meant by RFS?
REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE
Geometric Chacteristic Symbols
 Feature Control Frame
A SYMBOL MADE UP OF COMPARTMENTS CONTAINING THE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC
SYMBOL AND THE TOLERANCE. (SEE PAGE 44, EXAMPLE 2-10)
A DATUMS
 Locate the projector
If we wanted to mount our projector
from the ceiling what three dimensions
would we need……. and in what order?
Screen

Projector

Plan View
Screen
Locate the projector

Projector

Plan View
 Locate the projector

Mounting Bracket
Screen

A B C
Projector

Elevation View
Floor
 A DATUMS

DATUMS = ARE PLANES, SURFACES, POINTS, LINES OR AXES

FROM WHICH MEASUREMENTS ARE MADE. THEY IDENTIFY
SURFACES OR AXES THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO THE FUNCTION OF
THE DESIGN.
A Datum Planes
A Datum Planes
A Datum Planes
A
A Datum Placement on Drawings

DATUM FEATURE
SYMBOLS ARE PLACED
ON THE EDGE VIEW OR
ON EXTENSION LINES.

THE ORDER IN WHICH THE

DATUM REFERENCE LETTERS
ARE PLACED IN THE FEATURE
CONTROL FRAME SIGNIFY
THEIR IMPORTANCE. THIS IS
CALLED THE ORDER OF
PRECEDENCE.
A Datum Axis Placement on Drawings

.25

DATUM AXIS
A Datum Axis Placement on Drawings

ON THE OUTSIDE ON THE LEADER

SURFACE (THE EDGE) LINE SHOULDER
OF A CYLINDRICAL
FEATURE.

THE SYMBOL CAN ALSO BE

PLACED ON THE EXTENSION LINE.
A Datum Axis Placement on Drawings

THE DATUM SYMBOL CAN

ALSO BE ATTACHED TO THE
FEATURE CONTROL FRAME.
A Datum Target Placement on Drawings
At times only a small area on a surface will be
used as a datum.
To identify these areas a Datum Target Symbol
is used.

12
X

DATUM TARGET SYMBOL =

ARE USED TO DESIGNATE POINTS OR A SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA. THEY ARE USED
WHEN IT MAY NOT BE POSSIBLE TO ESTABLISH AN ENTIRE SURFACE AS A DATUM.
(SEE EXAMPLE 3-12 PAGE 71)
12
X
 Review
1. Define Datum?
Are planes, surfaces, points, lines or axes from
which measurements are made. They identify
surfaces or axes that are important to the function
of the design.
2. Describe the Datum Feature symbol?

A
3. List three areas where datum symbols should be placed?
• Edge view
• Extension lines
• Leader line shoulder
• Feature control frame
 Review (cont.)
4. When are Datum Target Symbols used?

They are used to designate points or a

specific surface area. They are used when
it may not be possible to establish an entire
surface as a datum.
5. Describe the Datum Target symbol?
GDT Problems
Problem 1 Solution
Problem 2 Solution
 FORM
TOLERANCES
 Objectives
Identify form tolerance symbols, explain
their purpose, and apply them to a drawing.

• Straightness

• Flatness

• Cylindricity

• Circularity
 What are Form Tolerances?
• Form Tolerances are applied to single features
and, therefore, are not related to a datum.
• They specify a zone in which the dimensioned
feature must be controlled.
STRAIGHTNESS
 Straightness
a Form Tolerance

A condition where an
element of a surface or an
axis is in a straight line.
 What does this mean?

HOLE DIA.

By requiring a .04 tolerance zone allowance is

made for the imperfection of the rod while stating
an acceptable range for it use in the assembly.
FLATNESS
 Flatness
a Form Tolerance

A condition of a surface where all

of the elements are in one plane.

The problem is….

 ….can any surface be made perfectly flat?

So the designer must establish a range or zone of

allowable variation. The form tolerance ‘Flatness’ is
used to control the amount of variation on a flat
surface.
Unlike straightness
which controls the
form of an object…
flatness is used to
control only a
surface.
CIRCULARITY
 Circularity
a Form Tolerance

What kind of ride would you get if the wheels

on you car were ‘out-of-round’?

Is it possible How do you

to make a control the
wheel that is amount of
perfectly allowable
round? variation?
 Circularity
a Form Tolerance

Circularity is established by two concentric

circles created by a cross-section thru a rod
or the center of a sphere.

0.25

The problem is….

CYLINDRICITY
 Cylindricity
a Form Tolerance

Cylindricity is established by two concentric

cylinders within which the entire surface of
the cylinder must lie.

0.25

The problem is….

Cylindricity
a Form Tolerance

OUT OF
TOLERANCE
ORIENTATION
TOLERANCES
 Objectives
Identify orientation tolerance symbols, explain
their purpose, and apply them to a drawing.

Parallelism

Perpendicularity

Angularity
 What are Orientation Tolerances?
• Orientation Tolerances control the relationship of
features to one another. One or more datum
features shall be referenced.
• These Orientation Tolerances are total, meaning
that all elements of a related surface or axis fall
within the specified tolerance zone.
 Parallelism
an Orientation Tolerance

Parallelism is a condition of a
surface or center plane equidistant
from a datum plane or axis.
 Parallelism
an Orientation Tolerance

NOTICE THAT A DATUM

IS REFERENCED
A
Perpendicularity is a condition of a
surface, center or axis at a right angle
(90 degrees) to a datum plane or axis.
PERPENDICULARITY
an Orientation Tolerance
.312 A

A
PERPENDICULARITY
an Orientation Tolerance
.312 A

.312 WIDE
TOLERANCE ZONE
ANGULARITY is a condition of a surface,
center plane or axis at any specified
angle from a datum plane or axis.
 Angularity
an Orientation Tolerance

A
 LOCATION
TOLERANCES
 Objectives
Identify location tolerance symbols, explain their
purpose, and apply them to a drawing.

Position

Concentricity

Symmetry
 What are Location Tolerances?
• Location tolerances are used for the
purpose of locating features from datums.
• They are also used for establishing
coaxiality or symmetry.
Positional Tolerance is used to define a
zone in which the center, axis, or center
plane of a feature is permitted to vary.
 THINK OF THE ARROW AS THE CENTER OR AXIS OF THE DRILL.

CONSIDER THE
BULLSEYE ON THE
TARGET AS THE
ACCEPTABLE
TOLERANCE ZONE.

ANY HIT WITHIN THAT ZONE IS

CONSIDERED TO BE A BULLSEYE.
 Positional
a Location Tolerance
TRUE POSITION AXIS
 WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE FEATURE
CONTROL FRAME SHOWN BELOW?

IT MEANS = THE IDENTIFIED HOLE IS TO BE

POSITIONED WITHIN A 0.5 DIAMETER OF ITS TRUE
(EXACT) POSITION, AT ITS MAXIMUM MATERIAL
CONDITION.
THE HOLE WILL BE PERPENDICULAR TO DATUM-A,
AND LOCATED FROM DATUM-B AND DATUM-C.
Positional Tolerance Application
Concentricity Tolerance is used to
establish a relationship between the
axes of two or more cylindrical features
of an object.
When two or more cylindrical features
share the same axis, they are said to be
coaxial.
Concentricity
a Location Tolerance
Symmetry Tolerance is a center plane
relationship of the features of an object
establishing a median point to center
plane control.
Symmetry
a Location Tolerance
A
GDT Problems

M L
GDT Pin & Ring Problem
 GDT Placement Problem 1
Instructions: Ortho sketch, model and
detail the Tool Post. Add the required GDT
shown below.
• Top surface is to be a primary
datum
• Top surface to be smooth
within .002
• Rear surface is to be a
secondary datum
• Right-side surface is to be a
tertiary datum
• .625 Dia hole in top to be
positioned within .002
• .625 Dia hole in base to parallel
to .625 Dia. at top within .002
 GDT Placement Problem 2
Instructions: Ortho sketch model and
detail the Frame Guide. Add the required
GDT shown below.

• Bottom surface is to be a
primary datum
• Right-side surface is to be a
secondary datum
• Front surface is to be a
tertiary datum
• The two 10 Dia holes in top to
be positioned within .01, at
maximum material condition
• The right-side surface is to be
at right angles with the base
within .02
 GDT Placement Problem 3
Instructions: Model and detail the
Roller Stud and add the required GDT
shown below.

• Axis of the 57.07 – 57.15 Dia

is to be a primary datum
• The 44.37 – 44.45 Dia to be
on the same center as the
57.07 – 57.15 Dia within .01
• The 28.52 – 28.58 Dia to be
straight within .01, at
maximum material condition
 GDT Placement Problem 4
Instructions: Model and detail the
Center Bushing and add the required
GDT shown below.

• Axis of the 1.372 Dia hole is to

be a primary datum
• Bottom surface is to be a
secondary datum
• Bottom surface is to be flat
within .002
• 1.372 Dia hole is to be 90
degrees to the bottom surface
within .005 at LMC.
• Upper 4.750 Dia surface to be
parallel to the bottom within
.005.
• The three .375 Dia holes are to
be positioned within .001 at
MMC.