Recent Advances in Dielectric-Resonator Antenna

Technology j

P
A. Petosa, A. Ittipibo n, Y. M. MAntar’, D. Roscoe,
and M. Cuhaci

Communications Researdh Centre

3701 Carling Ave. ~

PO Box 11490, Station H

Ottawa, ON
Canada K2H 8S2 ~

Tel: (613) 991-9352

Fax: (613) 990-8360
I0
E-mail: aldo.petosa@crc. oc.ca

‘Royal Military College f Canada

Kingston ON ~

Canada K7K 5LO

Keywords: Dielectric loajed antennas, dielectric resonator new?’ This section is intended to answer these questions by illus-
antennas, antenna arrays ~ trating the salient features of DRAs, and bringing to light some of
~ their advantages.

1. Abstract ~
A DRA is a resonant antenna, fabricated from low-loss
microwave dielectric material the resonant frequency of which is
This paper features Lome of the recent advances in dielectric- predominantly a function of size, shape, and material permittivity.
resonator antenna techn4logy at the Communications Research The basic rectangular DRA-fed by slot coupling, in this case-is
Centre. Several novel el+ents are presented that offer significant shown in Figure 1. The impedance bandwidth is a function of the
enhancements to parameders such as impedance bandwidth, circu- material’s permittivity and aspect ratio. For this particular DRA, a
lar-polarization bandwidbh, gain, or coupling to various feed 10 dB return-loss bandwidth of 6% is obtained (Figure 2a). Band-
structures. Several linear1 and planar arrays are also presented, to widths of up to 10% can be easily achieved with simple rectangular
of dielectric-resonator antenna elements DRAs, with relative permittivity values of 10 or less. The rectan-

2. Introduction I
i
0 ver the past seven y ars, the Communications Research Cen-
P
tre (CRC), in clos, collaboration with the Royal Military

I
College (RMC) of Canad , has been pursuing a program to inves-
tigate the capabilities of ielectric-resonator antenna (DRA) tech-
nology as an alternative t more traditional antennas. Much of the
initial work focused on cqaracterizing the basic properties of DRAs
for a variety of simple shhpes and feed configurations, to illustrate

I ‘DRA
Microstrip Feed Line ( & =17.6)

mentation, to demonstrate/ the feasibility of using DRAs in an array

environment. This paper’summarizes recent work carried out in Grounded Substrate I
I
this program, focusing o the novel DRA configurations and the
various arrays that have bben developed.

3. Why DRAs? ~
Microstrip Feed Line
asked questions by those first hearing Figure 1. A basic rectangular DRA fed by a slot-coupled
they?’ and “What do they offer that’s microstrip line.

IEEE Antennas and Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 3, June 1998 IEEE
1045-9243/98/$10.0001998 35
 several feeding mechanisms can be used (probes, slots, microstrip
lines, dielectric image guides, co-planar lines), making DRAs
amenable to integration with various existing technologies;

various modes can be excited, producing broadside or conical-

-1 0 shaped radiation patterns for different coverage requirements;
h

a'
S-15 a wide range of permittivity values can be used (fkom about 6 to
CA
CA loo), allowing the designer to have control over size and band-
3.-20 width (i.e., wide bandwidth is achievable using low permittivity,
and compact size is achievable with high permittivity);
2 -25
U
DRAs are not as susceptible to tolerance errors as microstrip
2 -30 antennas, especially at higher frequencies.

These features make DRAs very versatile elements, which can be

-35 adapted to numerous applications by appropriate choice of the
design parameters. Also, as will be shown, many of the techniques
used for enhancing microstrip-antenna performance are equally
9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 applicable to DRAs. A good overview of the early work on DRAs
is given in [51].
Frequency (GHz)
Figure 2a. The return loss of the rectangular DRA.
4. Advances in DRA technology

This section features some of the latest developments in DRA

0 technology achieved at the CRC. The research has been divided
-5 into two categories: novel DRA elements and array configurations.
n -10
9 -1 5
-20 4.1 Novel DRA elements
-25
The research carried out on novel DRAs can be categorized
-30 into the following groups:
-35
2N -40 9 wide-band;
compact;
circular polarized;
high gain;
active.

This section presents some of the research in each of these five

categories.

Figure 2b. The normalized H-plane radiation pattern of the 4.1.1 Wide-band DRAs
rectangular DRA at 10.5 GHz.
For many of the existing and emerging communication appli-
cations, wide-band antenna operation is desirable to accommodate
gular DRA radiates like a short horizontal magnetic dipole. The the increasing data rates required for services such as video-
normalized H-plane pattem, at 10.5 GHz, is shown in Figure 2b. conferencing, direct digital broadcast, EHF portable satellite com-
The E-plane pattem is, in theory, uniform, but in practice it is munications, local multi-point communications, and indoor wire-
strongly influenced by the size and shape of the ground plane on less. Some of these requirements may be met by existing pnnted-
which the DRA is mounted. Although the first reported investiga- antenna technology, but with the added cost and complexity asso-
tion of DRAs dealt with a linear array [12], most of the initial ciated with multi-layer configurations required for achieving broad
research focused on the characterization of the performance of bandwidths. This section presents some novel DRAs of relatively
individual elements of vanous common shapes [13-50]. This simple design, which have demonstrated wide-band performance,
research has demonstrated that DRAs offer several attractive fea- and may serve as suitable antenna candidates for these various
tures, including: applications.

high radiation efficiency (> 95% ), due to the absence of con-

ductor or surface-wave losses; The notch DRA. Simple rectangular DRAs of low permit-
tivity can offer impedance bandwidths of about 10%. For wider
various shapes of resonators can be used (rectangular, cylindrical, bandwidths, a notched rectangular DRA (as shown in Figure 3) has
hemispherical, etc.), allowing for flexibility in design; been reported (patent pending), offering bandwidths of up to 28%

36 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40,No.3, June 1998

 h
0
8 -5
2
E
Y
-10
a" -15
.s -20
-25
a:
-30

k
The multi-segment RA. For integration with printed tech-
nology, direct coupling be een DRAs to microstrip lines is desir-

J
able. In general, to achieve strong coupling, the DRA must be fab-
ricated from high-permitti ,ity materials. However, to operate over

Figure 4b. The normalized H-pane radiation patterns of the

notched rectangular DRA ( Ll = 10 mm and L, = 5 mm).

Figure 3a. A gotched rectangular DRA.

Figure 5a. A multi-segment DRA.

Centre Portion
Removed (Notch) Slot Aperture
/ Microstrio
Dielectric

Figure 3b. A schematic iagram of the notched rectangular

DRA shown in Figure 3a.

Permittivities

Microstrip Feed Line

Figure 5b. A schematic diagram of the multi-segment DRA in

Figure 5a.
-5
h

3
m
a wide bandwidth, the DRA must have a low dielectric constant.
0" To resolve this conflicting requirement, the multi-segment DRA
4-10 (MSDRA), shown in Figure 5, has been reported (patent pending)
E [55, 561. It consists of a rectangular DRA of relatively low permit-
+
tivity, under which one or more thin segments of higher permittiv-
2 ity are inserted. These inserts serve to transform the impedance of
-15 the DRA to that of the microstrip line by concentrating the fields
undemeath the DRA, and thus significantly improving the cou-
pling performance. In a practical antenna system, the number of
inserts should be minimized, to reduce the complexity of the fabri-
cation process and ultimately the cost. Research has thus focused
-20
on developing an MSDRA with a single insert. Figure 6 depicts the
11 12 13 14 15 16
requency (GHz) return loss of an MSDRA, compared to the simple DRA. Coupling
is significantly enhanced by the insert, and the MSDRA achieves
Figure 4a. The return lois of the notched rectangular DRA. bandwidths of up to 20%. The MSDRA is amenable to integration
~

IEEE Antennas and Propbgation Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 3, June 1998 37
with printed technology, and is being used as a wide-band array 0
element in a large low-profile array (Section 4.2). A similar con-
figuration, using cylindrical DRAs, was reported in [57].
-5

Parasitic DRAs. Wide bandwidth can also be achieved with h

parasitic DRAs, using a similar technique as with microstrip a -10

2.
patches. Figure 7 shows a slot-fed DRA with two parasitic ele- 0

ments. The three DRAs are tuned to different frequencies, and the i;
-15
combined retum-loss performance is shown in Figure 8. The indi- e
vidual resonators have bandwidths of up to 5.8%, but when com- u

bined, the three-element antenna exhibits a 17% bandwidth for a 2

-20
10 dB return loss. This configuration remains quite compact,
requiring a single feed with no matching network, and has the
-25

-30
-5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7

-10 Frequency (GHz)

8m -15
Figure 8. The return loss of the slot-fed DRA with parasitics.
m

2E -20 I
a E-Field Lines
2 -25

-30

-35

-40
5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (GHz) I \ Ground Plane
Figure 6. The return loss of an MSDRA compared to that of Figure 9a. A front view of a short-circuit rectangular DRA.
the simple rectangular DRA.

I
Grounded
Substrate

Microstrip
Feed Line\ DRAs

Figure 9b. A side view of the short-circuit rectangular DRA in

Slot Figure 9a.

Figure 7a. A top view of a slot-fed DRA with two parasitic ele- advantage that each DRA can be individually tuned for either
ments. wide-band or multiple-frequency-band operation [58, 591.

4.1.2 Compact DRAs

Since the volume of the DRA increases by a factor of eight

each time the frequency is halved, the use of DRAs at lower fre-
quencies becomes questionable, due to the increase in their dimen-
sions (and thus their weight and cost). The size of the DRAs can be
of the slot-fed DRA in Figure 7a. significantly reduced by fabricating them from materials with very

/€€€Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40,No. 3, June 1998

high permittivity [IO]. Tde disadvantage of this approach is the 5

e
accompanying decrease in bandwidth. An altemative method
involves the introduction f a short circuit, as shown in Figure 9.
By placing the short circ it at a location of symmetry in the E-
an be removed, while still maintain-
ation. Alternatively, placing a short
0

-5

-1 0
xisting D U will result in a lowering
of the resonant freque s approach has been investigated for -1 5
probe-fed rectangular and with decreases of as much
as 65% of the original 11. Although, there -20
is an accompanying d bandwidth can be
increased by using an a compact antenna
with moderate bandwi

4.1.3 DRAs for circular pblarization

required in applications such as

where depolarization due to
Figure l l a . The normalized radiation pattern of the cross DRA

I Slot Aperture
/
at 11.2 GHz.

4r-

1.5 1

0.5
10.8 11 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8

Slot Feed
"9' b , A '
/ /
L
Ground ed
Frequency (GHz)
Figure l l b . The axial-ratio bandwidth of the cross DRA.

propagation effects preclude the use of linearly polarized systems.

\
Substrate Unless antennas are used that are inherently circular polarized (Le.,
helices, spirals), there is added complexity in the design required to
produce CP radiation. In general, a two-point feed is used, where
the feed points are spatially 90" apart, and are fed with equal-
amplitude signals in phase quadrature. The required power-divid-
ing circuit takes up additional real estate, and increases the inser-
I \
Microstrip Line tion loss (thus decreasing radiation efficiency). This added com-
plexity can be avoided by adopting a single-point feed system,
which, in the case of microstrip-patch antennas, involves designing
a patch with a perturbation to excite dual-orthogonal-mode opera-
tion. The disadvantage of the single-point-fed microstrip configu-
rations is that they usually produce narrow CP pattern bandwidths
(1 - 2% for 3 dB axial ratios) [62]. For DRAs, on the other hand,
single-point-fed configurations have been designed with up to 7%
CP bandwidth [63-661.

ating circular polarization: A quasi- Figure 10 shows two configurations: a quasi-square DRA,
a slot aperture or a probe. and a cross-shaped DRA. Both elements generate similar CP

IEEE Antennas and Prop,/igation Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 3, June 1998 39
 the cross and quasi-square DRAs have been demonstrated to offer
wide-band, wide-beam CP performance, which is difficult (if not
impossible) to achieve with a single-point-fed, single-layer micro-
strip patch.

4.1.4 High-gain DRAs

At higher frequencies, conductor and surface-wave losses

increase significantly for printed technology. In a large planar
array, the majority of losses will occur in the printed feed-distribu-
tion network. These losses could be reduced if fewer elements
were required in the array. This can be achieved for certain fixed-

-
?3
10
90

0
E
a
*
;;j -10
Figure 12a. A DRA-fed cavity element. a
z
N
.i
-20

Cross DRA -30

\
-40 0

Cavity

Figure 13. The normalized radiation pattern of the cross-DRA

cavity element at 20GHz.
Slot Feed

Coupling Aperture
\

Microstrip Line
Figure 12b. A schematic diagram (top and side views) of the
DRA-fed cavity element in Figure 12a.
i.
Z I
Microstrip Feed Line FRA
Figure 14a. A slot-fed rectangular FRA (top view).

Applied Magnetic Bias Fields

radiation pattems by exciting two spatially orthogonal TE,
modes (which radiate like short horizontal magnetic dipoles) in
phase quadrature. Figure 11 shows the radiation pattem and bore-
sight axial ratio versus frequency of a cross DRA, designed at X
band. The pattern exhibits a 100" beamwidth over which the axial
ratio is less than 3 dl3.For wider CP bandwidths, a dual-point-fed Permanent
ring DRA has been designed, with about a 12% CP bandwidth Microstrip Feed Line Magnet
[67]. Also, a compact 2 x 2 array has been designed with the cross
DRAs fed using sequential rotation, to achieve wideband CP per-
formance (17% for 3 dB axial ratio) [68]. Cross DRAs have also Figure 14b. A slot-fed rectangular FRA (side-view cross sec-
been designed to operate at frequencies of up to 30 GHz [69]. Both tion).

40 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 3, June 1998
 DRA

Y
t? Substrate ( ~ r )
a,

r3
kZ
10.5
Figure 17b. A side-view schematic of the multi-layer branch-
line linear array of MSDRAs in Figure 17a.
2'310
s Multi-Segment DRAs
9.5

9
0.0 5 1 .o 1.5
pplied Magnetic Bias Microstrir, Branch-Line Feed
We)
Figure 17c. A top-view schematic of the multi-layer branch-line
Figure 15. The frequenc shift versus applied magnetic bias of linear array of MSDRAs in Figure 17a.
the FRA.
20 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 '

Microstrip Line I
10

-1 0

-20

-30

-40
t:; I I I 1 1 , I ,
I
I , I , I , I , I , I , I I I I I I I I I , 1 , I , i
-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90
Angle (Degrees)
I
I
Grounded Substrate Figure 18. The radiation pattern of the branch-line MSDRA
array.

Coaxial Launcher

Figure 16. A linear D&4 array fed by a microstrip line.

Figure 17a. A multi-I yer branch-line linear array of Figure 19. A seven-element array of cross-DRA cavity ele-
MSDRAs. ments, designed at 30 GHz.

IEEE Antennas and Prodagation Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 3,June 1998 41
beam or limited-scan applications by using high-gain elements. A parameter that can be varied to adjust the amount of coupling
DRA-fed cavity element, shown in Figure 12, has been developed between the line and the DRA. Arrays have been successfully
for high-gain operation at K and Ka bands [69, 701 (patent pend- designed with 20 dB Taylor amplitude distributions, and with
ing). The antenna consists of a circular cavity machined into a broadband impedance characteristics [79, 821.
metal block, and is fed by a DRA located at the bottom center of
the cavity. The DRA is, in turn, fed by slot coupling from a micro- There are two disadvantages of the series-fed linear array of
strip line, located under the cavity. A dielectric cover is placed DRAs. The first is the scanning of the main beam with frequency
over the cavity, to provide impedance matching to free space. In (common to all series-fed arrays), which precludes the use of this
addition to producing high gain, the cavity was designed for inte- array in wide-band fixed-beam applications. The second is that, in
gration with power amplifiers that are attached directly to the metal general, only a small amount of coupling is achievable between the
block, which serves as an excellent heat sink for the amplifiers microstrip line and the DRAs. Thus, to make an efficient array,
[71]. The gain of this element is a function of cavity diameter. many DRAs are required to maximize radiated power. To over-
Using the cross DRA for CP operation, a gain above 13 dB,, has come these disadvantages, a multi-layer microstrip-branch-line
been measured at K band for cavity diameters of two wavelengths. array has been developed, as shown in Figure 17 [84]. The array
A typical pattern is shown in Figure 13. The cross-DRA-fed cavity consists of a microstrip branch line, fed in the center by a slot-cou-
is being used in an element for a reflector feed array [88]. pled microstrip line, located on a second substrate. MSDRAs are
placed at the ends of the branches, instead of simple DRAs. This is
done since, as shown previously, they have significantly more cou-
4.1.5 Active DRAs pling, and thus higher radiation efficiency can be achieved using
only a few elements. To avoid beam squint with frequency, the
Some of the properties of DRAs can be actively controlled by microstrip branch is center fed. A multi-layer approach was
using low-loss ferrite materials. When unbiased, these ferrite-reso- adopted, to allow for the integration of active devices in a large
nator antennas (FRAs) exhibit similar behavior to DRAs. How- array of parallel branches (described in Section 4.2). By using the
ever, when a dc magnetic bias is applied, the tensor nature of the second layer, more area is made available for mounting any active
ferrite permeability is invoked, and various parameters can be con- devices, and good isolation is provided to prevent any spurious
trolled electronically. FRAs have been designed that exhibit active radiation of the devices from interfering with the antenna pattem.
frequency tuning and polarization agility [72-751. Figure 14 shows The impedances of the various branches can be designed to provide
a slot-fed rectangular FRA, designed to operate at 10 GHz in its the desired amplitude distribution to the elements. The path lengths
unbiased state. When a dc magnetic bias is applied, the resonant of the various branches were chosen to provide equal phase to each
frequency of the FRA will shift either up or down, depending on element at the design frequency. The branch-line array is a com-
the direction of the bias field. Measured results are plotted in Fig- pact structure, which takes up the same amount of area as an end-
ure 15. Frequency shifts of k8% were obtained for this FRA, but fed series array, making it amenable to integration in a larger pla-
much wider shifts are possible by using ferrite material with higher nar array. Figure 18 shows the measured pattern of a 10 element
saturation magnetization. Permanent magnets were used in the lab MSDRA, designed at C band. The array achieved a peak gain of
environment to demonstrate this ability, but in practical applica- 15.2 dBi, with a 3 dB gain bandwidth of 17%, and boresight cross-
tions, electromagnets would be more suitable. FRAs have also polarization levels on the order of 20 dB below the peak co-polari-
been designed with polarization agility [74]. By making use of the zation levels.
tensor nature of the ferrite permeability, the polarization of a cir-
cular-disk FRA can be magnetically switched from linear to CP.
This may prove useful in applications that would benefit from Top View
polarization diversity.
Radiating Boarr
DRA Elements
\
5. Linear and planar arrays

Much of the work reported on DRAs has focused on the

characterization of single elements. A significant effort has been
undertaken at the CRC to investigate the performance of DRAs in
/
an array environment. Numerous linear arrays have been developed Branched
and, presently, large low-profile two-dimensional arrays are being Microstrip
Feed
designed. Some of the research activities are highlighted in this
section

5.1 Linear arrays

Several linear arrays of DRAs have been investigated,

including probe-fed DRAs with parasitic elements at L band [61],
dielectric image-guide-fed DRAs at K band [76], slot-fed arrays at
Q band (40 GHz) [77], and several microstrip-line-fed arrays [78-
831. Microstrip transmission lines offer a simple, practical method
for feeding linear arrays of DRAs. A typical array is shown in Fig-
ure 16. This configuration is a series-fed array, with the DRAs Ground P

spaced a guided wavelength apart for in-phase excitation. The

position of the DRAs with respect to the microstrip line is a Figure 20. A low-profile active phased array of MSDRAs.

42 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40, No.3, June 1998
 40 in 16 columns. Amplifiers and digital phase shifters are integrated
within the array, which is capable of electronic beam steering in
the azimuth plane. The active array pattems for the fixed-beam
30 antenna (which include 15 dB-gain LNAs) are shown in Figure 2 1.
-
.-
A peak active gain of 39 dBi has been achieved, with a 3 dB gain
bandwidth of 15%. Work is continuing on these arrays, to integrate
8 four-bit digital phase shifters for electronic beam steering in azi-
g 20 muth.
.-?
<
I

10
6. Summary

This article has featured some of the recent advances in DRA

technology, developed at the CRC. The research has focused on
0 novel DRA elements and arrays to meet the continually increasing
challenges posed by emerging communications systems. The work
to date has demonstrated the advantages and flexibility of DRAs,
-10 which have been shown in several instances to offer superior per-
30 60 90 formance to more-traditional antennas. Although not stressed in
zimuth Angle (degrees) this article, a significant amount of attention has been paid to the
practical implementation of DRAs, by looking at such factors as
of the active MSDRA array
the manufacturing of the DRAs in large quantities, the placement
and bonding of DRAs onto printed boards in a large array, and the
effect of fabrication tolerances. The findings to date have been very
encouraging, although a significant amount of work is still required
in areas such as long-term environmental effects, as well as in the
area of analysis and design. As DRA technology matures, however,
it should prove a viable alternative to the more-established antenna
30
candidates, offering the engineer more options to solve potentially
challenging problems.

20
7.Acknowledgments

A significant amount of the research on DRAs reported in

10
this article has been carried out by numerous graduate students, a
majority of whom hail from the Royal Military College, in King-
ston, but also with representatives from the University of Mani-
0 toba, in Winnipeg, and Carleton University, in Ottawa. Their dili-
gent efforts over the years have made a strong impact on the pro-
gress of this ongoing investigation, and their contribution has been
substantial. Particular acknowledgmentsare due to Richard Larose,
-10
30 60 90
from the Department of National Defence, for his significant col-
laborative efforts in the development of the low-profile phased
arrays. Finally, the authors wish to thank Rene Douville, Director
of Antennas and Integrated Electronics at the CRC, for lending his
enthusiastic support and commitment to the DRA project.

5.2 Planar arrays 1 8. References

Work has also out on various planar arrays of 1. J. St. Martin, Y. M. M. Antar, A. A. Kishk, A. Ittipiboon and M.
DRAs. Early work the effects of mutual coupling Cuhaci, “Dielectric Resonator Antenna Using Aperture Coupling,”
between slot-fed rect s in a 2 x 2 planar array [85-871. Electronics Letters, 26,24, Nov. 1990, pp. 2015-2016.
More recent work has on more ambitious designs, includ-
2. J. St. Martin, Y. M. M. Antar, A. A. Kishk, A. Ittipiboon and M.
Cuhaci, “Aperture-Coupled Dielectric Resonator Antenna,” 1991
IEEE Intemational Symposium on Antennas and Propagation
Digest, London, Ontario, Canada, pp. 1086-89.
with the capability of beam steering. Figure 20 shows an
active low-profile ph , consisting of 320 MSDRA ele- 3. A. Ittipiboon, R. K. Mongia, Y. M. M. Antar, P. Bhartia, and M.
ments [89-901. The obtain a low-profile, wide-band Cuhaci, “An Integrated Rectangular Dielectric Resonator,” 1993
IEEE Intemational Symposium on Antennas and Propagation
Digest, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 604-607.

I.
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4. A. Ittipiboon, R. K. Mongia, Y. M. M. Antar, P. Bhartia, and M. 18. M. Tsuji, H. Shigesawa, K. Takiyama, “Analytic and Experi-
Cuhaci, “Aperture Fed Rectangular and Triangular Dielectric mental Investigations on Several Resonant Modes in Open Dielec-
Resonators for Use as Magnetic Dipole Antennas,” Electronics tric Resonators,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and
Letters, 29,23, Nov. 1993, pp. 2001-2002. Techniques, MTT-32, June 1984, pp. 628-633.

5. R. K. Mongia, A. Ittipiboon, P. Bhartia, and M. Cuhaci, “Elec- 19. M. Haneishi, H. Takazawa, “Broadband Circularly Polarised
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tronics Letters, 29, 17, Aug. 1993, pp. 1530-1531. nas,” IEE Electronics Letters, 21, 10, May 1985, pp. 437-438.

6. R. K. Mongia, A. Ittipiboon, Y. M. M. Antar, P. Bhartia, and M. 20. R. A. Kranenburg, S. A. Long, “Microstrip Transmission Line
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Feb. 1993, pp. 38-39
21. A. A. Kishk, B. Ahn, and D. Kajfez, “Broadband stacked
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8. R. K. Mongia, A. Ittipiboon, M. Cuhaci, and D. J. Roscoe, Antennas and Propagation Society Newsletter, 31, 1, February
“Radiation Q-Factor of Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Anten- 1989, pp. 7-16.
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9. R. K. Mongia, A. Ittipiboon, and M. Cuhaci, “Measurements of
Radiation Efficiency of Dielectric Resonator Antennas,” Micro- 24. R. K. Mongia, “Resonant Frequency of Cylindrical Dielectric
wave and Guided Wave Letters, 4, 3, March 1994, p. 80-82. Resonator Placed in an MIC Environment,” IEEE Transactions on
Microwave Theory and Techniques, MTT-38, June 1990, pp. 802-
10. R. K. Mongia, A. Ittipiboon, and M. Cuhaci, “Low Profile 804.
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Material,” Electronics Letters, 30, 17, Aug. 1994, pp. 1362-1363. 25. R. Kranenberg, S. A. Long, J. T. Williams, “Coplanar
Waveguide Excitation of Dielectric-Resonator Antennas,” IEEE
11. M. G. Keller, M. B. Oliver, D. Roscoe, R. K. Mongia, Y. M. Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-39, 1, 1991, pp.
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47. A. A. Kishk, A. Ittipiboon, Y. Antar and M. Cuhaci, “Slot-

Excitation of the Dielectric Disk Radiator,” IEEE Transactions on
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48. K. P. Esselle, “Circularly Polarised Higher-Order Rectangular

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49. G. P. Junker, A. A. Kishk, and A. W. Glisson, “Two-Port

Analysis of Dielectric Resonator Antennas Excited in TE,, Mode,”
Electronics Letters, 32, 7, March 1996, pp. 617-618.

50. Z. Li, C. Wu, and J. Litva, “Adjustable Frequency Dielectric

Resonator Antenna,” Electronics Letters, 32, 7 , Feb. 96, pp. 606-
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52. A. Ittipiboon, A. Petosa, D. Roscoe, and M. Cuhaci, “An

Investigation of a Novel Broadband Dielectric Resonator
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Feb. 1976, pp. 108-112.

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pp. 705-708.

56. N. R. S. Simons, A. Petosa, M. Cuhaci, A. Ittipiboon, R.

Siushansian, J. Lovetri, S. Gutschling, “Validation of Transmission
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Time-Domain Simulations of a Multi-Segment Dielectric Resona-
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(ACES-97), Monterey, CA, March 1997.

57. G. P. Junker, A. A. Kishk, D. Kajfez, A. W. Glisson, and J.

44. K. P. Esselle, “ ite-Difference Time-Domain Analysis Guo, “Input Impedance of Microstrip-Slot-Coupled Dielectric
of a Rectangular Di Resonator Antenna,” Journal of Elec- Resonator Antennas Mounted on Thin Dielectric Layers,” Znterna-
tional Journal of Microwave and mm- Wave Computer Aided Engi-
neering, 6, 3 , May 1996, pp. 174-182.

58. Z. Fan, Y. M. M. Antar, A. Ittipiboon, A. Petosa, “Parasitic

Coplanar Three-Element Dielectric Resonator Antenna Subarray,”
Electronics Letters, 32, 9, April, 1996, pp. 789-790.
national Symposium on as and Propagation Digest, New-
port Beach, CA, pp. 1998 59. Z. Fan, Y . M. M. Antar, “Slot-Coupled DR Antenna for

0
IEEE Antennas and Pr pagation Magazine, Vol. 40,No. 3, June 1998 45
Dual-Frequency Operation,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and 73. A. Petosa, R. K. Mongia, A. Ittipiboon, and J. S. Wight,
Propagation, AP-45,2, Feb. 97, pp. 306-308. “Experimental Investigations on a Magnetically Tunable Ferrite
Resonator Antenna,” Proceedings of the Symposium on Antenna
60. M. Cooper, A. Petosa, A. Ittipiboon, J. S. Wight, “Implement- Technology and Applied Electromagnetics ANTEM-94, 1994,
ing Dielectric Resonator Antennas at L-Band for Communications Ottawa, Canada, pp. 697-700.
Applications,” Proceedings Wireless 96 Conference, Calgary ,
1996. 74. A. Petosa, R. K. Mongia, A. Ittipiboon, and J. S. Wight,
“Switchable LPICP Ferrite Disk Resonator Antenna,” Electronics
61. M. Cooper, A. Petosa, A. Ittipiboon, J. S. Wight, “Investigation Letters, 31, 3 , February, 1995, pp. 163-164.
of Dielectric Resonator Antennas for L-Band Communications,”
Proceedings of the Symposium on Antenna Technology and 75. A. Petosa, “Ferrite and Dielectric Antennas for Personal Com-
Applied Electromagnetics ANTEM-96, 1996, Montreal, Canada, munications,” PhD Dissertation, Carleton University, 1995.
pp. 167-170.
76. A. Petosa, R. K. Mongia, A. Ittipiboon, and J. S. Wight,
62. J. R. James, P. S. Hall (eds.), Handbook of Microstrip Anten- “Investigation of Various Feed Structures for Linear Arrays of
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63. A. Ittipiboon, D. Roscoe, R. K. Mongia, and M. Cuhaci, “A pp. 1982-1985.
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Feed,” Proceedings of the Symposium on Antenna Technology and 77. M. G. Keller, M. B. Oliver, D. Roscoe, R. K. Mongia, Y . M.
Applied Electromagnetics ANTEM-94, 1994, Ottawa, Canada, pp. M. Antar, A. Ittipiboon, “Millimeter-Wave Dielectric Resonator
427-430. Antenna Array,” 1995 USNC/URSI National Radio Science
Meeting Abstracts, Newport Beach, CA, pp. 69.
64. M. B. Oliver, R. K. Mongia, Y. M. M. Antar, “A New
Broadband Circularly Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antenna,” 78. R. K. Mongia, A. Ittipiboon, and M. Cuhaci, “Experimental
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Digest, Newport Beach, CA, pp. 738-741. Antenna Arrays,” Proceedings of the Symposium on Antenna
Technology and Applied Electromagnetics ANTEM-94, 1994,
65. M. B. Oliver, Y . M. M. Antar, R. K. Mongia, and A. Ittipiboon, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 81-84.
“Circularly Polarised Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna,”
Electronics Letters, 3 5 6 , 1995, pp. 418-419. 79. A. Petosa, R. K. Mongia, A. Ittipiboon, and J. S. Wight,
“Investigation on a Microstrip-Fed Series Array of Dielectric
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Antennas,” International Conference on Electromagnetics in
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Oliver, “Circularly Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array,”
67. R. K. Mongia, A. Ittipiboon, M. Cuhaci, and D. Roscoe, “Cir- 1996 USNCKJRSI National Radio Science Meeting Abstracts,
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ters, 30, 17, Aug. 1994, pp. 1361-1362.
81. A. Petosa, D. Roscoe, A. Ittipiboon, M. Cuhaci, “Dielectric
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82. A. Petosa, A. Ittipiboon, M. Cuhaci, R. Larose, “Bandwidth
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Propagation Digest, Baltimore, MD, pp. 734-737. strip-Fed Array of Multi-Segment Dielectric Resonator Antennas,”
IEE Proceedings-Microwaves Antennas and Propagation, 144, 6,
71. D. J. Roscoe, M. Cuhaci, A. Ittipiboon, L. Shafai, “EHF Active Dec. 1997, pp. 472 - 476.
Integrated Arrays Designed for Device Integration,” Proceedings
of the Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electro- 85. G. D. Loos, Y. M. M. Antar, A. Ittipiboon, and R. K. Mongia,
magnetics ANTEM-96, 1996, Montreal, Canada, pp. 555-558. “Array Factor Considerations for Rectangular Dielectric Resonator
Antennas,” Proceedings of the Symposium on Antenna Technology
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netically Tunable Ferrite Resonator Antenna,” Electronics Letters, pp. 73-79.
30, 13, June 1994, pp. 1021-1022.

46 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40,No.3, June 1998

86. G. D. Loos, Y. M. ar, “A New Aperture-Coupled Rec- in Electrical Engineering from the University of Manitoba, Winni-
tangular Dielectric Re peg, Manitoba, Canada. Since 1985, he has been with the Commu-
nications Research Centre, Ottawa, where he is currently a Senior
Antenna Research Scientist. He is also an Adjunct Professor in
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of
Manitoba. He has been involved in research and development work
tary College, 1994. on novel printed antennas, dielectric antennas, and active phased
arrays. His interests include applied electromagnetics, millimeter-
wave technology and devices, and wireless communications.

M. Cuhaci, R. Larose, “Low Profile

Resonator Antennas,” IEEE Interna-
Array Systems and Technology, 1996,
Boston, MA, pp. 1

Yahia M. M. Antar was born on November 18, 1946, in

Meit Temmama, Egypt. He received the BSc (Hons) degree in
1966 from Alexandria University, Egypt, and the MSc and PhD
degrees from the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, in
1971 and 1975, respectively, all in electrical engineering.

In 1966, he joined the Faculty of Engineering at Alexandria,

where he was involved in teaching and research. At the University
of Manitoba, he held a University Fellowship, an NRC Postgradu-
ate, and postdoctoral Fellowships. In 1976-1977, he was with the
Faculty of Engineering at the University of Regina. In June, 1977,
he was awarded a Visiting Fellowship from the Government of
Canada to work at the Communications Research Centre in the
Department of Satellite Technology with the Space Electronics
group. In May, 1979, he joined the Division of Electrical Engi-
neering, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, where he
worked on polarization radar applications in remote sensing of pre-
cipitation, radiowave propagation, electromagnetic scattering, and
radar cross section investigations. In November, 1987, he joined
the staff of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
at the Royal Military College of Canada, in Kingston, where he is
market antenna-engin for computer-aided design of now Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. He is pres-
antennas and arrays. I ed at GANDEC Corporation, ently the Chairman of the CNC/URSI Commission B, holds
Ottawa, on the develo anar base-station antenna arrays adjunct appointment at the University of Manitoba, and has a cross
appointment at Queen’s University in Kingston.

Carleton University.

David J. Roscoe received the MSc and PhD degrees in Elec-

trical Engineering from the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada in 1989 and 1993, respectively. He joined the
Directorate of Antennas and Integrated Electronics at the Commu-
Apisak Ittipiboon received the BE (Hons) degree from nications Research Centre in 1992, as a Research Scientist. He is
Khonkaen University, Thailand, and the MSc and the PhD degrees also an Adjunct Professor with the Department of Electrical and

t
IEEE Antennas and Pro1 agation Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 3, June 1998 47
Computer Engineering at the University of Manitoba, and a part-
time Professor at the University of Ottawa. His primary research Correction
interests include active antennas and phased arrays.
The antenna patterns in Figures 18b and 18c, on page 19,
were interchanged in the article by Brian A. Austin and Kevin P.
Murray, “The Application of Characteristic-Mode Techniques to
Vehicle-Mounted NVIS Antennas,” IEEE Antennas and Propaga-
tion Magazine, 40, 1, February, 1998, pp. 7-21. The Magazine
regrets the error.

Changes of Address
Michel Cuhaci received the BaSC and MaSc degrees in Information regarding subscription addresses is maintained
Electrical Engineering from the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, by IEEE headquarters. It is not maintained, nor can it be changed,
Ontario, Canada, in 1975 and 1979, respectively. He joined the by any member of the Magazine Staff. If you are a member of the
Communications Research Centre, Ottawa, in 1977, as a micro- IEEE, your subscription is sent to the address in your IEEE mem-
wave engineer whose activities involved the design of MICs and ber record. To record a change of address, contact IEEE headquar-
MMICs. Since 1987, he has been the project leader for the Anten- ters: Member Address Records, IEEE Headquarters, 445 Hoes
nas and Component Integration group. In 1994, he initiated the Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331; Tel: (908) 981-0060 or (800)
study on the application of gas lattice cellular automata to EM 678-4333; Fax: (908) 981-9667; E-mail: [email protected].
analysis, as an alternative to conventional methods. His research If you are an institutional subscriber, contact IEEE Customer
activities include the design and development of phased-array Service at the above address, telephone and fax numbers; E-mail:
antenna sub-systems, the study of novel planar radiating structures, [email protected]. Do not send requests to any member of
and the development of workstation-based EM-analysis software. the Magazine Staff.
He is a member of the IEEE MTT and AP Societies. :{F

1998 IEEE-APS CONFERENCE

ON ANTENNAS AND
PROPAGATION FOR
WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS

Waltham, MA
November 2-4,1998

Plan to attend the 1998 Conference on Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communications!

As Co-chairs of the 1998 IEEE-APS Conference on Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communi-
cations, and on behalf of the Organizing Committee, we would like to invite you to attend the confer-
ence to be held November 2-4, 1998, in Waltham, Massachusetts. It is an exciting time to be working in
the field of antennas and propagation, due in no small part to the explosive growth of wireless commu-
nications.
Deployment of cellular telephone equipment, PCS, and wireless local loop service is rapidly evolving
worldwide. Commercial application of systems which were originally developed for defense applica-
tions, such as GPS and spread spectrum techniques, are adding new capabilities and improvements in
performance to consumer applications Technical sessions will cover topics relevant to real-world
problems in wireless antennas and propagation, and each session will begin with an overview presented
by an expert in the field. And because this conference is small and focused, you will have the opportu-
nity to discuss these developments with the speakers and other conference attendees. In addition, we will
be hosting an exhibit hall for companies involved with wireless products, and will be conducting several
short courses specifically on topics in wireless antennas and propagation.
We think this will be an exciting conference, and look forward to seeing you there!

David M. Pozar and Tuli Herscovici

Conference Co-Chairmen

For more details call the conference office at 781-890-5290, email to [email protected] or visit
the conference website at http://www.tiac.net/users/tuli/apwc98/advance/ where you can
review the technical program and download the registration form.

48 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40,No. 3,June 1998