Lab Quiz 1

CHEM 1331

Experiment 1: Density of an Acrylic Slug

 Density: mass of a substance per volume

o D=m/v
o Things that influence density:
1. Temperature
2. Pressure
3. Concentration of a salt
o Units: g/mL (1mL=1cm3; 1L=1dm3)
o Pure water at 0C = 1.000 g/mL

 Precision: the experimental or sample-to-sample variation of a measured quantity

 Accuracy: the difference between a measurement and its true value
 Parallax: difference in an object or measurement when viewed from two different
angles

 Intensive Properties: properties that do not depend on quantity (density,

temperature, color)
 Extensive Properties: properties that depend on quantity (mass, volume)

 Sig Fig Rules:

1. Nonzero digits are always significant
2. Zeroes between nonzero digits are always significant
3. Leading zeros are NOT significant
4. Trailing zeros after a decimal point are always significant
5. Multiplication/Division  sig figs = # sig figs in number with smallest #
of sig figs
6. Addition/Subtraction  # decimal places = # decimal places in number
with least # decimal places

 Buoyancy
o The buoyant force on an object immersed in fluid is equal to the mass of
the fluid displaced by the object
 Object is LESS dense than solution  object will FLOAT
 Object is MORE dense than the solution  object will SINK
 Object with density equal to density of solution it will neither float
nor sink, but remain suspended NEUTRAL BUOYANCY
o Neutral Buoyancy: when the density of the fluid and sample are the same
 By measuring density of solution, you measure density of sample
o Set up of a neutral buoyancy experiment:
1. Place empty vial on balance and tare
 2. Draw 1mL water (by overfilling syringe method) and measure mass
(repeat 3 times and average)
3. Use density of water (1.000g/mL) to convert average mass to
average volume
4. Add water to graduated cylinder with sodium thiosulfate and slug,
repeat until neutral buoyancy is reached
5. Match the solution of sodium thiosulfate to the density of acrylic
slug

Practice Problems:

1. After the label fell off a bottle containing a clear liquid believed to be benzene, a
chemist measured the density of the liquid to verify its identity. A 25.0-mL portion
of the liquid had a mass of 21.95 g. A chemistry handbook lists the density of
benzene at 15∘C as 0.878 g/mL. Is the calculated density in agreement with the
tabulated value?
Yes

Additionally, you could confirm the density value by using it to convert between mass
(m) and volume (V). The fraction representing density should be set up such that the
appropriate units cancel. For example, if you convert mass to volume, the mass value
and unit for density should be in the denominator:

V = 21.95 g×1 mL/0.878 g = 25.0 mL

2. An experiment requires 10.0 g of cyclohexane, which has a density of 0.7781

g/mL at 25∘C. What volume of cyclohexane should be used?

V = 12.9 mL

Since the units divide and multiply along with the values (in a dimensional analysis), you
can confirm the accuracy of the calculation by evaluating the final units. In this case, the
correct calculation yields a value with the units of mL , which confirms that the
calculation was set up correctly because you needed to solve for volume. To convert
from volume to mass, simply invert the conversion factor (density) such that units of
volume cancel.
 3. A spherical ball of lead has a diameter of 4.0 cm . What is the mass of the sphere
if lead has a density of 11.34 g/cm3? (The volume of a sphere is 4/3πr 3 where r
is the radius.)

m = 380g

Theoretical volume is based on a perfect sphere, but volume is more accurately

determined by displacement of a liquid in a graduated beaker or cylinder. Density can
change with temperature because volume can change with temperature, but the mass
remains constant for a material that does not react. Therefore, it is usually more useful
to establish the mass under controlled conditions and reference that mass rather than
volume when describing how much of the material is present.

4. A 32.85 g sample of a solid is placed in a flask. Toluene, in which the solid is

insoluble, is added to the flask so that the total volume of solid and liquid together
is 50.00 mL . The solid and toluene together weigh 58.38 g . The density of
toluene at the temperature of the experiment is 0.864 g/mL. What is the density
of the solid?

d = 1.61 g/mL
 5. For the density matching experiment, imagine that you spilled a bit of one
thiosulfate solution sample during the measurement. As a result, your average
mass of the thiosulfate solution was actually 27.5 mg too low. Apply an
appropriate correction to your mass measurement and recalculate your observed
density. In this case, the experimental error underestimates the mass of
thiosulfate solution. Does this error result in an over or underestimate of your
observed density?

Underestimate

Density = mass/volume; The small amount of liquid that was lost during the
measurement would give you a smaller mass than the actual mass for the solution.
Since the volume is assumed to be the same, the calculated density of the thiosulfate
solution will be lower than the actual value.
At neutral bouyancy, we assume that the density of the solution is equal to that of the
acrylic slug and so the error will give an underestimate of the acrylic's density.

6. We recorded the temperature of the thiosulfate solution before carrying out the
density matching experiment but did not use this information in our calculations.
However, the density of thiosulfate solutions does exhibit a strong temperature
dependence with density decreasing with increasing temperature. If you repeated
the experiment at a temperature of 10.0°C higher than you did today, how would
your density measurements change?

In general, temperature changes effect the density of liquids more significantly

than solids. Assume in this case that the temperature change of 10.0°C has a
significant (measureable) effect on the density of the thiosulfate solution but has
an insignifcant (not-measureable) on the density of the acrylic slug.

There would be no effect on the measured density value

The answer to this question is that the outcome (density you measure) will be the same
regardless of the temperature. Regardlesss of the starting conditions, the experiment
concludes with you achieving neutral buoyancy (density of solution = density of acrylic).
It is true that the density of the sodium thiosulfate solution will be slightly lower because
of the elevated temperature. The consequence of this would be that you would add
slightly less water (2 syringes rather than 3) to achieve neutral buoyancy but in the end
the density of the warmer solution (more concentrated) solution would be the same as
the cooler (less concentrated solution).
 7. Say you glued two samples together; a 5.94 g sample of acrylic with a density of
1.12 g/mL and a 1.66 g sample of Teflon (d = 2.22 g/mL). What is the density of
the combined sample? Be careful here and remember the difference between
intensive and extensive properties.

1.26 g/mL

Density = mass/volume; combining the two objects together means that you must use
their combined mass and their combined volume to calculate the density of the two
peices glued together.

Experiment 2: Separation of the Components of a Mixture

 Matter: consists of either pure substances or mixtures of different substances

 Mixtures: combinations of two or more substances in which each substance
retains its own chemical identity and properties
o Components: substances that make up mixtures
o Heterogenous: variable composition, properties, and appearance
o Homogenous: characterized by uniform composition properties and
appearance (solutions)
o Mixtures can be separated into components by physical means and each
substance retains its chemical identity

 Decantation: the process of separating a liquid from a solid by gently pouring the
liquid from the solid
o Decantate: the liquid being removed
o Residue: the solid that remains
 Filtration: the process of separating a liquid from a solid by means of a porous
substance (filter) which allows liquid to pass through but not the solid
o Residue: the filtered solid
o Filtrate: liquid that passes through the filter
 Extraction: process of separating a substance from a mixture by dissolving the
substance and decanting
 Sublimation: the process in which a solid passes directly to the gaseous state
without the appearance of the liquid state

Compound Soluble in H2O? Undergoes sublimation?

NaCl Yes No
NH4Cl Yes Yes
SiO2 (sand) No No

 To separate a mixture of NaCl, NH4Cl, and SiO2: 1) sublime NH4Cl, 2) extract

NaCl with water and decant, 3) dry SiO 2
 % Mass = mass of component/mass of sample x100
  % Recovered = total mass of recovered components/initial mass of mixture x100
 % Gained or lost = %recovered-100%

Practice Problems:

1. A student found that her mixture was 13 % NH 4Cl, 20 % NaCl, and 77 % SiO2 .
Assuming her calculations are correct, what did she most likely do incorrectly in
her experiment?

The sand and salt were not sufficiently dried

2. How would you separate NH4Cl and CaSO4?

Heat the mixture with a Bunsen burner. The NH4Cl will sublime forming a gas,
whereas CaSO4 is stable upon heating and can isolated after the NH 4Cl is
removed.

3. How would you separate CaCl2 from BaSO4?

CaCl2 is more soluble in water than BaSO4 is. Extract the Calcium Chloride with
water and separate the insoluble Barium Sulfate by filtration.

4. How would you separate benzophenone and -naphthol?

Benzophenone is soluble in cyclohexane whereas -naphthol is not. Add

cyclohexane to the mixture and filter off the -naphthol.

5. A mixture was found to contain 1.05 g SiO 2, 0.700 g of cellulose, and 2.19 g of
calcium carbonate. What is the percentage of SiO2 in the mixture?

26.6%

6. How could you separate zinc chloride from SiO2?

Add water to the mixture, dissolve the zinc chloride and then filter to separate the
zinc chloride from the SiO2
Experiment 3: Chemicals in Everyday Life: What are they and how do we know?

 A test is a characteristic reaction for a given substance or class of substances

o Involves the qualitative observation of one or more properties (gas
evolves, solid forms/dissolves, heat generated, color)
 Confirmatory Test: a test that confirms the presence of particular species
 Red litmus  Blue litmus = BASIC SOLUTION
 Blue Litmus  Red Litmus = ACIDIC SOLUTION

 To test for the presence of AMMONIUM ions (NH4+):

o Add NaOH (base) and test with red litmus (turns blue)
o NH4+(aq) + OH-  NH3 (g) (basic) + H2O

 To test for the presence of CARBONATE ions (CO32-):

o Add H2SO4 (acid) to get CO2 (gas) add Ba(OH)2 to form precipitate Barium
carbonate (white)
o CO32+ + H+  CO2 (g) + H2O [ CO2(g) + Ba(OH)2(aq) BaCO3(s) (white)
o 2(NaHCO3) + H2SO4  CO2 (g) + H2O + Na2SO4(aq)

 To test for the presence of CHLORINE ions (Cl-):

o Add acid, turns blue litmus red
o Colorless pungent gas (HCl)
o Cl- + H+  HCl(g) (acid)
o 2NaCl(s) + H2SO4(aq)  2HCl(g) (test with blue litmus) + Na2SO4(aq)
o Test 2: add silver nitrate and white precipitate forms
o Cl- + AgNO3(aq)  AgCl(s) (white) + NaNO3(aq)
o
 To test for the presence of SULFATE ions (SO42-):
o SO42- + H2SO4  no rxn
o Add BaCl2 and forms white precipitate (BaSO4)
o SO42- (aq) + BaCl2 (aq)  BaSO4(s) (white) + 2Cl-

 To test for the presence of IODIDE ions (I-):

o Add silver nitrate, forms yellow precipitate (AgI)
o I- + AgNO3 (aq)  AgI(s) (yellow)
o Add concentrated H2SO4, forms dark, pungent solution (H2S)
o I- + H2SO4  H2S(aq)

Practice Problems:

1. Addition of a strong base to a solution containing ____ will release a gas which
will cause a piece of moist, red litmus held above the reaction solution to turn
blue.
NH4+

2. Addition of an acid to a solution containing ___ will release gaseous CO 2 which

will react with the aqueous ____ to precipitate solid BaCO 3.

CO32-; Ba(OH)2

3. Solid salts containing ____ will release gaseous HCl when heated with
concentrated H2SO4. The presence of ___ can be confirmed by adding AgNO 3
solution, which will result in the formation of a white precipitate of ____.

Cl-; Cl-; AgCl

4. Solutions of salts containing ___ will precipitate BaSO 4 when treated with
aqueous BaCl2.

SO42-

5. Solutions of ___ salts will react with Cl2 to liberate I2 which will appear brown in
H2O and purple in mineral oil.

I-

6. Addition of a solution containing ___ to a solution containing NaCl forms a white

precipitate of AgCl.

Ag+

7. Assume you had a mixture of solid Na2CO3 and NaCl. Could you use only
concentrated H2SO4 to determine whether or not Na2CO3 was present?

No, reaction of H2SO4 with Na2CO3 or NaCl both form a gas, so it can’t be
determined which sodium salt is present. Adding concentrated sulfuric acid
results in the formation of CO2(g) gas from the Na2CO3(s) and HCl(g) gas
from the NaCl(s) . Since both evolve a gas, other tests would be necessary to
determine if both ions were present.

8. Assume you had a mixture of salts containing the I− and SO2−4 ions. How could
you show the presence of both iodide and sulfate in this mixture? Select the
correct tests.

You can detect the presence of SO2−4 by adding BaCl2(aq) , which will result in
the formation of a white precipitate.
The addition of H2SO4(l) results in the formation of violet vapors of I2, which
confirms the presence of I−

9. How could you distinguish sodium chloride (table salt) from sodium iodide (a
poison)?

1. Use AgNO3(aq) solution: forming AgCl(s) (white), turns purple in light; or

forming Agl(s) (yellow).

2.Use concentrated H2SO4(l) on solid: chloride ion forms HCl(g), a pungent gas;
iodide ion forms dark solid and purple vapors appear.

10. Concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4(l), can be used to distinguish solid barium
chloride from solid barium sulfate. What would your observations be if you added
H2SO4(l) to these solids.

No observable reaction occurs with the barium sulfate. Barium chloride will
liberate a pungent gas that turns blue litmus red.

11. Write the overall reaction between aqueous HCl and solid Na2CO3 to form
sodium chloride, water, and carbon dioxide.

12. Write the overall reaction between aqueous HCl and solid NaHCO3 to form
sodium chloride, water, and carbon dioxide.