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Intelligence Systems

An intelligent system is a machine with an embedded, Internet-connected computer that has the capacity to gather and analyze data, communicate with other systems, learn from experience, and adapt according to current data. Intelligence includes abilities like reasoning, problem solving, perception, learning from experience, and linguistic intelligence. Types of intelligence include linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal. A system can be considered artificially intelligent if it possesses one or more of these types of intelligence.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
61 views7 pages

Intelligence Systems

An intelligent system is a machine with an embedded, Internet-connected computer that has the capacity to gather and analyze data, communicate with other systems, learn from experience, and adapt according to current data. Intelligence includes abilities like reasoning, problem solving, perception, learning from experience, and linguistic intelligence. Types of intelligence include linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal. A system can be considered artificially intelligent if it possesses one or more of these types of intelligence.

Uploaded by

Ha Kim
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is Intelligence?

There are many definitions of intelligence. A person that learns fast or one that has a vast
amount of experience, could be called "intelligent". However for our purposes the most useful
definition is: the systems comparative level of performance in reaching its objectives. This
implies having experiences where the system learned which actions best let it reach its
objectives.
By the way, persons are not intelligent in all areas of knowledge, they are only intelligent in
those areas where they had experiences

What is a System?
A system is part of the universe, with a limited extension in space and time. What is outside
the frontier of the system, we call its environment. Stronger or more correlations exist
between one part of the system and another, than between this part of the system and parts in
the environment.

What is an Intelligent System?


An intelligent system is a machine with an embedded, Internet-connected computer that has
the capacity to gather and analyze data and communicate with other systems. Other criteria
for intelligent systems include the capacity to learn from experience, security, connectivity,
the ability to adapt according to current data and the capacity for remote monitoring and
management.

What is Intelligence?
The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies, learn from
experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, comprehend
complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.

Types of Intelligence
As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist, the Intelligence
comes in multifold −

Intelligence Description Example


The ability to speak, recognize, and
use mechanisms of phonology
Linguistic intelligence Narrators, Orators
(speech sounds), syntax (grammar),
and semantics (meaning).
The ability to create, communicate
Musicians,
with, and understand meanings
Musical intelligence Singers,
made of sound, understanding of
Composers
pitch, rhythm.
The ability of use and understand
relationships in the absence of Mathematicians,
Logical-mathematical intelligence
action or objects. Understanding Scientists
complex and abstract ideas.
Spatial intelligence The ability to perceive visual or Map readers,
spatial information, change it, and Astronauts,
re-create visual images without Physicists
reference to the objects, construct
3D images, and to move and rotate
them.
The ability to use complete or part
of the body to solve problems or
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence fashion products, control over fine Players, Dancers
and coarse motor skills, and
manipulate the objects.
The ability to distinguish among
Intra-personal intelligence one’s own feelings, intentions, and Gautam Buddhha
motivations.
The ability to recognize and make Mass
Interpersonal intelligence distinctions among other people’s Communicators,
feelings, beliefs, and intentions. Interviewers

You can say a machine or a system is artificially intelligent when it is equipped with at least
one and at most all intelligences in it.

What is Intelligence Composed of?


The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of −

 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence

Let us go through all the components briefly −

 Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgement,
making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types −

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

It starts with a general statement and examines


It conducts specific observations to makes broad
the possibilities to reach a specific, logical
general statements.
conclusion.

Even if all of the premises are true in a statement,


If something is true of a class of things in general,
inductive reasoning allows for the conclusion to
it is also true for all members of that class.
be false.
Example − "All women of age above 60 years are
Example − "Nita is a teacher. Nita is studious.
grandmothers. Shalini is 65 years. Therefore,
Therefore, All teachers are studious."
Shalini is a grandmother."

 Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practising,


being taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of the
subjects of the study.

The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-enabled


systems. Learning is categorized as −

o Auditory Learning − It is learning by listening and hearing. For example,


students listening to recorded audio lectures.

o Episodic Learning − To learn by remembering sequences of events that one


has witnessed or experienced. This is linear and orderly.

o Motor Learning − It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For


example, picking objects, Writing, etc.

o Observational Learning − To learn by watching and imitating others. For


example, child tries to learn by mimicking her parent.

o Perceptual Learning − It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has seen


before. For example, identifying and classifying objects and situations.

o Relational Learning − It involves learning to differentiate among various


stimuli on the basis of relational properties, rather than absolute properties. For
Example, Adding ‘little less’ salt at the time of cooking potatoes that came up
salty last time, when cooked with adding say a tablespoon of salt.

o Spatial Learning − It is learning through visual stimuli such as images, colors,


maps, etc. For Example, A person can create roadmap in mind before actually
following the road.

o Stimulus-Response Learning − It is learning to perform a particular behavior


when a certain stimulus is present. For example, a dog raises its ear on hearing
doorbell.

 Problem Solving − It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a
desired solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked by
known or unknown hurdles.

Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting the
best suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal are
available.

 Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing


sensory information.

Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory organs. In the


domain of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors together in
a meaningful manner.
 Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the
verbal and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.

Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence


 Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set of rules and data.

 Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by searching


algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember, store, and recall
as its pattern is simple.

 Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is missing or
distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.
 The domain of artificial intelligence is huge in breadth and width. While proceeding,
we consider the broadly common and prospering research areas in the domain of AI −

Real Life Applications of Research Areas


There is a large array of applications where AI is serving common people in their day-to-day
lives −

Sr.No. Research Areas Real Life Application


Expert Systems
1
Examples − Flight-tracking systems, Clinical systems.

Natural Language Processing


2
Examples: Google Now feature, speech recognition,
Automatic voice output.

Neural Networks
3 Examples − Pattern recognition systems such as face
recognition, character recognition, handwriting
recognition.

Robotics
4 Examples − Industrial robots for moving, spraying,
painting, precision checking, drilling, cleaning, coating,
carving, etc.

Fuzzy Logic Systems


5
Examples − Consumer electronics, automobiles, etc.

Task Classification of AI
The domain of AI is classified into Formal tasks, Mundane tasks, and Expert tasks.
Task Domains of Artificial Intelligence
Mundane (Ordinary) Tasks Formal Tasks Expert Tasks
 Mathematics
Perception  Engineering
 Geometry
 Fault Finding
 Logic
 Computer Vision  Manufacturing
 Integration and
 Speech, Voice  Monitoring
Differentiation

Natural Language Processing Games

 Understanding  Go
Scientific Analysis
 Language Generation  Chess (Deep Blue)
 Language Translation  Ckeckers

Common Sense Verification Financial Analysis


Reasoning Theorem Proving Medical Diagnosis
Planing Creativity
Robotics

 Locomotive

Humans learn mundane (ordinary) tasks since their birth. They learn by perception,
speaking, using language, and locomotives. They learn Formal Tasks and Expert Tasks later,
in that order.
For humans, the mundane tasks are easiest to learn. The same was considered true before
trying to implement mundane tasks in machines. Earlier, all work of AI was concentrated in
the mundane task domain.

Later, it turned out that the machine requires more knowledge, complex knowledge
representation, and complicated algorithms for handling mundane tasks. This is the reason
why AI work is more prospering in the Expert Tasks domain now, as the expert task
domain needs expert knowledge without common sense, which can be easier to represent and
handle.

An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. The agents act in their
environment. The environment may contain other agents.

What are Agent and Environment?


An agent is anything that can perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon that
environment through effectors.

 A human agent has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin parallel
to the sensors, and other organs such as hands, legs, mouth, for effectors.
 A robotic agent replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the sensors, and
various motors and actuators for effectors.
 A software agent has encoded bit strings as its programs and actions.

The Nature of Environments


Some programs operate in the entirely artificial environment confined to keyboard input,
database, computer file systems and character output on a screen.

In contrast, some software agents (software robots or softbots) exist in rich, unlimited softbots
domains. The simulator has a very detailed, complex environment. The software agent
needs to choose from a long array of actions in real time. A softbot designed to scan the
online preferences of the customer and show interesting items to the customer works in the
real as well as an artificial environment.

The most famous artificial environment is the Turing Test environment, in which one real
and other artificial agents are tested on equal ground. This is a very challenging environment
as it is highly difficult for a software agent to perform as well as a human.

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