Intelligence Systems
Intelligence Systems
There are many definitions of intelligence. A person that learns fast or one that has a vast
amount of experience, could be called "intelligent". However for our purposes the most useful
definition is: the systems comparative level of performance in reaching its objectives. This
implies having experiences where the system learned which actions best let it reach its
objectives.
By the way, persons are not intelligent in all areas of knowledge, they are only intelligent in
those areas where they had experiences
What is a System?
A system is part of the universe, with a limited extension in space and time. What is outside
the frontier of the system, we call its environment. Stronger or more correlations exist
between one part of the system and another, than between this part of the system and parts in
the environment.
What is Intelligence?
The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies, learn from
experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, comprehend
complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.
Types of Intelligence
As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist, the Intelligence
comes in multifold −
You can say a machine or a system is artificially intelligent when it is equipped with at least
one and at most all intelligences in it.
Reasoning
Learning
Problem Solving
Perception
Linguistic Intelligence
Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgement,
making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types −
Problem Solving − It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a
desired solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked by
known or unknown hurdles.
Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting the
best suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal are
available.
Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is missing or
distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.
The domain of artificial intelligence is huge in breadth and width. While proceeding,
we consider the broadly common and prospering research areas in the domain of AI −
Neural Networks
3 Examples − Pattern recognition systems such as face
recognition, character recognition, handwriting
recognition.
Robotics
4 Examples − Industrial robots for moving, spraying,
painting, precision checking, drilling, cleaning, coating,
carving, etc.
Task Classification of AI
The domain of AI is classified into Formal tasks, Mundane tasks, and Expert tasks.
Task Domains of Artificial Intelligence
Mundane (Ordinary) Tasks Formal Tasks Expert Tasks
Mathematics
Perception Engineering
Geometry
Fault Finding
Logic
Computer Vision Manufacturing
Integration and
Speech, Voice Monitoring
Differentiation
Understanding Go
Scientific Analysis
Language Generation Chess (Deep Blue)
Language Translation Ckeckers
Locomotive
Humans learn mundane (ordinary) tasks since their birth. They learn by perception,
speaking, using language, and locomotives. They learn Formal Tasks and Expert Tasks later,
in that order.
For humans, the mundane tasks are easiest to learn. The same was considered true before
trying to implement mundane tasks in machines. Earlier, all work of AI was concentrated in
the mundane task domain.
Later, it turned out that the machine requires more knowledge, complex knowledge
representation, and complicated algorithms for handling mundane tasks. This is the reason
why AI work is more prospering in the Expert Tasks domain now, as the expert task
domain needs expert knowledge without common sense, which can be easier to represent and
handle.
An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. The agents act in their
environment. The environment may contain other agents.
A human agent has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin parallel
to the sensors, and other organs such as hands, legs, mouth, for effectors.
A robotic agent replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the sensors, and
various motors and actuators for effectors.
A software agent has encoded bit strings as its programs and actions.
In contrast, some software agents (software robots or softbots) exist in rich, unlimited softbots
domains. The simulator has a very detailed, complex environment. The software agent
needs to choose from a long array of actions in real time. A softbot designed to scan the
online preferences of the customer and show interesting items to the customer works in the
real as well as an artificial environment.
The most famous artificial environment is the Turing Test environment, in which one real
and other artificial agents are tested on equal ground. This is a very challenging environment
as it is highly difficult for a software agent to perform as well as a human.