3 POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

3.1 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS AND MODELS

1. To put the quadratic function f x  ax 2  bx  c in standard form we complete the square.

2. The quadratic function f x  a x  h2  k is in standard form.

(a) The graph of f is a parabola with vertex h k.
(b) If a 0 the graph of f opens upward. In this case f h  k is the minimum value of f .
(c) If a  0 the graph of f opens downward. In this case f h  k is the maximum value of f .

3. The graph of f x  3 x  22  6 is a parabola that opens upward, with its vertex at 2 6, and f 2  6 is the
minimum value of f .

4. The graph of f x  3 x  22  6 is a parabola that opens downward, with its vertex at 2 6, and f 2  6 is the
maximum value of f .

5. (a) The vertex is 3 4, the x-intercepts are 1 and 5, and 6. (a) The vertex is 2 8, the x-intercepts are 6 and 2,
it appears that the y-intercept is approximately 5. and the y-intercept is 6.

(b) Maximum value of f : 4 (b) Maximum value of f : 8

(c) Domain * *, range: * 4] (c) Domain: * *, range: * 8]

7. (a) The vertex is 1 3, the x-intercepts are 8. (a) The vertex is 1 4, the x-intercepts are
approximately 02 and 22, and the y-intercept is approximately 22 and 02, and the y-intercept is
1. 1.

(b) Minimum value of f : 3 (b) Minimum value of f : 4

(c) Domain: * *, range: [3 * (c) Domain: * *, range: [4 *

9. (a) f x  x 2  2x  3  x  12  1  3  x  12  2 (c) Z

(b) The vertex is at 1 2.

x-intercepts: y  0 " 0  x  12  2 " x  12  2. This has
no real solution, so there is no x-intercept.
y-intercept: x  0 " y  0  12  2  3. The y-intercept is 3.

(d) Domain: * *, range: [2 * 



 Y

239
240 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

10. (a) f x  x 2  4x  1  x  22  4  1  x  22  5 (c) Z

(b) The vertex is at 2 5.

x-intercepts: y  0 " 0  x  22  5 " x  22  5 "
T T T T
x  2   5 " x  2  5. So x  2  5 or x  2  5.
T T 

The x-intercepts are 2  5 and 2  5.
 Y
y-intercept: x  0 " y  0  22  5  1. The y-intercept is 1.

(d) Domain: * *, range: [5 *

11. (a) f x  x 2  6x  x 2  6x  x 2  6x  9  9  x  32  9 (c) Z

(b) The vertex is at 3 9.


x-intercepts: y  0 " 0  x 2  6x  x x  6. So x  0 or x  6.
 Y
The x-intercepts are 0 and 6.
y-intercept: x  0 " y  0. The y-intercept is 0.

(d) Domain: * *, range: [9 *

12. (a) f x  x 2  8x  x  42  16 (c) Z

(b) The vertex is at 4 16.

x-intercepts: y  0 " 0  x 2  8x  x x  8. So x  0 or
x  8. The x-intercepts are 0 and 8. 
y-intercept: x  0 " y  0. The y-intercept is 0.  Y

(d) Domain: * *, range: [16 *

r s
13. (a) f x  3x 2  6x  3 x 2  2x  3 x  12  3 (c) Z

(b) The vertex is at 1 3.

x-intercepts: y  0 " 0  3 x  12  3 " x  12  1 "
x  2 or 0. The x-intercepts are 2 and 0.
y-intercept: x  0 " y  3 02  6 0  0. The y-intercept is 0.


(d) Domain: * *, range: [3 * Y

 SECTION 3.1 Quadratic Functions and Models 241
r s
14. (a) f x  x 2  10x   x 2  10x   x  52  25 (c) Z

(b) The vertex is at 5 25.

x-intercepts: y  0 " 0   x  52  25 " x  52  25 "
 
x  0 or 10. The x-intercepts are 0 and 10.
y-intercept: x  0 " y  02  10 0  0. The y-intercept is 0.  Y

(d) Domain: * *, range: * 25]

15. (a) f x  x 2  4x  3  x  22  1 (c) Z

(b) The vertex is at 2 1.

x-intercepts: y  0 " 0  x 2  4x  3  x  1 x  3. So
x  1 or x  3. The x-intercepts are 1 and 3. 
y-intercept: x  0 " y  3. The y-intercept is 3.  Y

(d) Domain: * *, range: [1 *

16. (a) f x  x 2  2x  2  x  12  1 (c) Z

(b) The vertex is at 1 1.

x-intercepts: y  0 " x  12  1  0 % x  12  1. Since
this last equation has no real solution, there is no x-intercept. 
y-intercept: x  0 " y  2. The y-intercept is 2.  Y

(d) Domain: * *, range: [1 *

17. (a) f x  x 2  6x  4   x  32  13 (c) Z

(b) The vertex is at 3 13.

x-intercepts: y  0 " 0   x  32  13 % x  32  13 "
T T T
x  3   13 % x  3  13. The x-intercepts are 3  13 and 
T
3  13.  Y

y-intercept: x  0 " y  4. The y-intercept is 4.

(d) Domain: * *, range: * 13]

242 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

18. (a) f x  x 2  4x  4   x  22  8 (c) Z

(b) The vertex is at 2 8.

x-intercepts: y  0 " 0  x 2  4x  4 % 0  x 2  4x  4.
Using the Quadratic Formula, 
T r 
T s
4 42 414 T 2 22 2 T Y
x  4 32   2  2 2.
21 2 2
T T
The x-intercepts are 2  2 2 and 2  2 2.
y-intercept: x  0 " y  4. The y-intercept is 4.

(d) Domain: * *, range: * 8]

19. (a) f x  2x 2  4x  3  2 x  12  1 (c) Z

(b) The vertex is at 1 1.

x-intercepts: y  0 " 0  2x 2  4x  3  2 x  12  1 %
2 x  12  1. Since this last equation has no real solution, there is
no x-intercept.
y-intercept: x  0 " y  3. The y-intercept is 3.

(d) Domain: * *, range: [1 *
 Y

20. (a) f x  3x 2  6x  2  3 x  12  1 (c) Z

(b) The vertex is at 1 1.

x-intercepts: y  0 " 0  3 x  12  1  0 % x  12  13 "
T T T
x  1   13 % x  1  13 . The x-intercepts are 1  13 and 

T  Y
1  13 .
y-intercept: x  0 " y  2. The y-intercept is 2.

(d) Domain: * *, range: * 1]

21. (a) f x  2x 2  20x  57  2 x  52  7 (c) Z

(b) The vertex is at 5 7.

x-intercepts: y  0 " 0  2x 2  20x  57  2 x  52  7 %
2 x  52  7. Since this last equation has no real solution, there is
no x-intercept.
y-intercept: x  0 " y  57. The y-intercept is 57.

(d) Domain: * *, range: [7 *
 Y
 SECTION 3.1 Quadratic Functions and Models 243
r s
22. (a) f x  2x 2  12x  10  2 x 2  6x  9  18  10 (c) Z

 2 x  32  8

(b) The vertex is at 3 8. The x-intercepts are 5 and 1 and the
y-intercept is 10. 
  Y
(d) Domain: * *, range: [8 *

r s
23. (a) f x  4x 2  12x  1  4 x 2  3  1 (c) Z
r s2 r s2
 4 x  32  9  1  4 x  32  10 
r s
(b) The vertex is at  32  10 .
r s2 r s2

x-intercepts: y  0 " 0  4 x  32  10 " x  32  52 "


T T T
x  32   52 " x   32  52   32  210 . The x-intercepts are  
T T Y
10 10 @ @ @
 32  3
2 and  2  2 .
y-intercept: x  0 " y  4 02  12 0  1  1. The y-intercept
is 1.

(d) Domain: * *, range: * 10]

r s
24. (a) f x  3x 2  2x  2  3 x 2  23 x  2 (c) Z
 
r s2 r s2
 3 x  13  13  2  3 x  13  73
r s
(b) The vertex is at  13   73 .
 
r s2 r s2
x-intercepts: y  0 " 0  3 x  13  73 " x  13  79 "
T T T
x  13   37 " x   13  37 . The x-intercepts are  13  37 and  Y
T
 13  37 .
y-intercept: x  0 " y  3 02  2 0  2  2. The y-intercept
is 2.
K s
(d) Domain: * *, range:  73  *
244 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions
r s r s
25. (a) f x  x 2  2x  1  x 2  2x  1 26. (a) f x  x 2  8x  8  x 2  8x  16  8  16
r s
 x 2  2x  1  1  1  x  12  2  x  42  8

(b) Z (b) Z

 

 Y  Y

(c) The minimum value is f 1  2. (c) The minimum value is f 4  8.
r s r s
27. (a) f x  3x 2  6x  1  3 x 2  2x  1 28. (a) f x  5x 2  30x  4  5 x 2  6x  4
r s r s
 3 x 2  2x  1  1  3  5 x 2  6x  9  4  45

 3 x  12  2  5 x  32  41
Z
(b) Z (b)



 Y


 Y

(c) The minimum value is f 1  2. (c) The minimum value is f 3  41.
r s r s
29. (a) f x  x 2  3x  3   x 2  3x  3 30. (a) f x  1  6x  x 2   x 2  6x  1
r s r s
  x 2  3x  94  3  94   x 2  6x  9  1  9
r s2
  x  32  21   x  32  10
4

(b) Z
(b) Z

 

Y  Y


r s
(c) The maximum value is f  32  21 (c) The maximum value is f 3  10.
4.
 SECTION 3.1 Quadratic Functions and Models 245
r s r s
31. (a) g x  3x 2  12x  13  3 x 2  4x  13 32. (a) g x  2x 2  8x  11  2 x 2  4x  11
r s r s
 3 x 2  4x  4  13  12  2 x 2  4x  4  11  8

 3 x  22  1  2 x  22  3

(b) Z (b) Z


 Y 
 Y

(c) The minimum value is g 2  1. (c) The minimum value is g 2  3.
r s r s
33. (a) h x  1  x  x 2   x 2  x  1 34. (a) h x  3  4x  4x 2  4 x 2  x  3
r s r s
  x 2  x  14  1  14  4 x 2  x  14  3  1
r s2 r s2
  x  12  54  4 x  12  4

(b) Z (b) Z

 
 Y  Y

r s r s
(c) The maximum value is h  12  54 . (c) The maximum value is h  12  4.
r s r s r s
35. f x  2x 2  4x  1  2x 2  4x  1  2 x 2  2x  1  2 x 2  2x  1  2  1  2 x  12  3.
Therefore, the minimum value is f 1  3.
r s r s
36. f x  3  4x  x 2  x 2  4x  3   x 2  4x  3   x 2  4x  4  4  3   x  22  7.
Therefore, the maximum value is f 2  7.
r s
37. f t  3  80t  20t 2  20t 2  80t  3  20 t 2  4t  4  80  3  20 t  22  77.
Therefore, the maximum value is f 2  77.
r s
38. f x  6x 2  24x  100  6 x 2  4x  4  24  100  6 x  22  124.
Therefore, the minimum value is f 2  124.
r s r s
39. f s  s 2  12s  16  s 2  12s  16  s 2  12s  036  16  036  s  062  1564.
Therefore, the minimum value is f 06  1564.
246 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions
r s r s r s2
40. g x  100x 2  1500x  100 x 2  15x  100 x 2  15x  225 4  5625  10 x  15 2  5625.
r s
Therefore, the minimum value is g 15 2  5625.
r s r s
41. h x  12 x 2  2x  6  12 x 2  4x  6  12 x 2  4x  4  6  2  12 x  22  8.
Therefore, the minimum value is h 2  8.
x2 r s r s
42. f x    2x  7   13 x 2  6x  7   13 x 2  6x  9  7  3   13 x  32  10.
3
Therefore, the maximum value is f 3  10.
r s r s
43. f x  3  x  12 x 2   12 x 2  2x  3   12 x 2  2x  1  3  12   12 x  1  72 . Therefore, the maximum

value is f 1  72 .
r s r s
44. g x  2x x  4  7  2x 2  8x  7  2 x 2  4x  7  2 x 2  4x  4  7  8  2 x  22  1. Therefore, the
minimum value is g 2  1.

45. (a) The graph of f x  x 2  179x  321 is (b) f x  x 2  179x  321
v r s2 w r s2
shown. The minimum value is  x 2  179x  179  321  179
f x s 401. 2 2

 x  08952  4011025
-1.0 -0.9 -0.8
-3.9 Therefore, the exact minimum of f x is 4011025.

-4.0

-4.1

T 2 T T r T s
46. (a) The graph of f x  1  x  2x is (b) f x  1  x  2 x 2   2 x 2  22 x  1
v T r T s2 w T
shown. The maximum value is T
  2 x 2  22 x  42  1  82
f x s 118.
T r T s2 T
  2 x  42  88 2
1.180
T
Therefore, the exact maximum of f x is 88 2 .
1.175

1.170
0.30 0.35 0.40

47. The vertex is 2 3, so the parabola has equation y  a x  22  3. Substituting the point 3 1, we have
1  a 3  22  3 % a  4, so f x  4 x  22  3.
48. The vertex is 1 5, so the parabola has equation y  a x  12  5. Substituting the point 3 7, we have
7  a 3  12  5 % a  3, so f x  3 x  12  5.
r s
49. Substituting t  x 2 , we have f t  3  4t  t 2   t 2  4t  4  4  3   t  22  7. Thus, the maximum value
T
is 7, when t  2 (or x  2).
r s
50. Substituting t  x 3 , we have f t  2  16t  4t 2  4 t 2  4t  4  16  2  4 t  22  14. Thus, the minimum
T
value is 14, when t  2 (or x   3 2).
 SECTION 3.1 Quadratic Functions and Models 247
r s v r s2 w r s2 r s2
51. y  f t  12.5 t  5 t 2  5 t 2  52  5 t 2  52 t  54  5 54  5 t  54  7.81. Thus the maximum
r s
height attained by the ball is f 54  7.81 meters .
r s v r s2 w r s
52. (a) We complete the square: y   10 x 2  x  3  5 x 2  18 x  3   5 x 2  18 x  18  185 18 2  3
36 2 18 5 2 18 5 5 10 2
r s
5 x  9 2  93 , so the maximum height of the ball is 93  2906 m.
% y   18 5 32 32

(b) The ball hits the ground when its vertical displacement y is 0, that is, when 0   185 x 2  x  1.5. Using the Quadratic
U r s
1  1  4  18 5 1.5 T
1  8/3
Formula, we find x   . Taking the positive root, we find that x s 5 9 m.
 10
18
 5/9
r s r s
53. R x  80x  04x 2  04 x 2  200x  04 x 2  200x  10,000  4,000  04 x  1002  4,000. So
revenue is maximized at $4,000 when 100 units are sold.
r s r s
54. P x  0001x 2  3x  1800  0001 x 2  3000x  1800  0001 x 2  3000x  2 250 000  1800 

2250  0001 x  15002  450. The vendor’s maximum profit occurs when he sells 1500 cans and the profit is $450.
r s r s
1 n 2   1 n 2  60n   1 n 2  60n  900  10   1 n  302  10. Since the maximum of
55. E n  23 n  90 90 90 90
the function occurs when n  30, the viewer should watch the commercial 30 times for maximum effectiveness.
r s r s
56. C t  006t  00002t 2  00002 t 2  300t  00002 t 2  300t  22,500  45  00002 t  1502  45.
The maximum concentration of 45 mg/L occurs after 150 minutes.
57. A n  n 900  9n  9n 2  900n is a quadratic function with a  9 and b  900, so by the formula, the maximum
b 900
or minimum value occurs at n     50 trees, and because a  0, this gives a maximum value.
2a 2 9
58. A n  700  n 10  001n  001n 2  10n  001 700 n  7000  001n 2  3n  7000. This is a quadratic
b 3
function with a  001 and b  3, so the maximum (a  0) occurs at x     150. Since n  150
2a 2 001
is the number of additional vines that should be planted, the total number of vines that maximizes grape production is
700  150  850 vines.
59. The area of the fenced-in field is given by A x  2400  2x x  2x 2  2400x. Thus, by the formula in this section,
b 2400
the maximum or minimum value occurs at x     600. The maximum area occurs when x  600 meters
2a 2 2
and l  2400  2 600  1200 meters.
60. The total area of the four pens is A *  52 * 150  *   52 *2  375*. Thus, by the formula, the maximum or
b 375
minimum value occurs at *     r s  75. Therefore, the largest possible total area of the four pens is
2a 2  52
r s
A 75   52 752  375 75  14,0625 square meters.
b 15
61. A x  15x  18   4 x 2 , so by the formula, the maximum area occurs when x    K L s 84 m
2a 2 18   4

and h s 15  12 840  14  840 s 42 m.

b  54
62. A x  18 x 2  54 x  25
4 , so by the formula, the maximum or minimum area occurs where x     r s  5. The
2a 2 18
r s
minimum area is 18 52  54 5  25 25 2
4  8 cm when each piece is 5 cm long.
248 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

63. (a) The area of the corral is A x  x 1200  x  1200x  x 2  x 2  1200x.
(b) A is a quadratic function with a  1 and b  1200, so by the formula, it has a maximum or minimum at
b 1200
x    600, and because a  0, this gives a maximum value. The desired dimensions are 600 m by
2a 2 1
600 m.
64. (a) The dimensions of the gutter are x centimeters and 30  x  x  30  2x centimeters, so the cross sectional area is
A  x 30  2x  30x  2x 2 .
b 30
(b) Since A is a quadratic function with a  2 and b  30, the maximum occurs at x     75 centimeters.
2a 2 2
(c) The maximum cross section is A 75  2 752  30 75  1125 cm2.
65. (a) To model the revenue, we need to find the total attendance. Let x be the ticket price. Then the amount by which the
ticket price is lowered is 10  x, and we are given that for every dollar it is lowered, the attendance increases by 3000;
that is, the increase in attendance is 3000 10  x. Thus, the attendance is 27,000  3000 10  x, and since each
spectator pays $x, the revenue is R x  x [27,000  3000 10  x]  3000x 2  57,000x.
(b) Since R is a quadratic function with a  3000 and b  57,000, the maximum occurs at
b 57,000
x    95; that is, when admission is $950.
2a 2 3000
(c) We solve R x  0 for x: 3000x 2  57,000x  0 % 3000x x  19  0 % x  0 or x  19. Thus, if admission
is $19, nobody will attend and no revenue will be generated.
66. (a) Let x be the price per feeder. Then the amount by which the price is increased is x  10, and we are given
that for every dollar increase, sales decrease by 2; that is, the change in sales is 2 x  10, so the total
number sold is 20  2 x  10  40  2x. The profit per feeder is equal to the sale price minus the cost,
that is, x  6. Multiplying the number of feeders sold by the profit per feeder sold, we find the profit to be
P x  40  2x x  6  2x 2  52x  240.
b 52
(b) Using the formula, profit is maximized when x     13; that is, when the society charges $13 per
2a 2 2
feeder. The maximum weekly profit is P 13  2 132  52 13  240  $98.
Z
67. Because f x  x  m x  n  0 when x  m or x  n, those are its
x-intercepts. By symmetry, we expect that the vertex is halfway between
ZYB YC
mn
these values; that is, at x  . We obtain the graph shown at right.
2
BC
Expanding, we see that f x  x 2  m  n x  mn, a quadratic 
B  C Y
function with a  1 and b   m  n. Because a 0, the minimum
b m n
value occurs at x    , the x-value of the vertex, as expected.
2a 2

3.2 POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

1. Graph I cannot be that of a polynomial because it is not smooth (it has a cusp.) Graph II could be that of a polynomial
function, because it is smooth and continuous. Graph III could not be that of a polynomial function because it has a break.
Graph IV could not be that of a polynomial function because it is not smooth.
2. (a) y  x 3  8x 2  2x  15 has odd degree and a positive leading coefficient, so y  * as x  * and y  * as
x  *.
 SECTION 3.2 Polynomial Functions and Their Graphs 249

(b) y  2x 4  12x  100 has even degree and a negative leading coefficient, so y  * as x  * and y  * as
x  *.

3. (a) If c is a zero of the polynomial P, then P c  0.

(b) If c is a zero of the polynomial P, then x  c is a factor of P x.
(c) If c is a zero of the polynomial P, then c is an x-intercept of the graph of P.

4. (a) This is impossible. If P has degree n  3, it has at most n  1  2 local extrema.

(b) This is possible. For example, y  x 3 has degree 3 and no local maxima or minima.
(c) This is possible. For example, P x  x 4 has one local maximum and no local minima.

5. (a) P x  x 2  4 (b) Q x  x  42

Z Z

@   Y



@
  Y

(c) P x  2x 2  3 (d) P x   x  22

Z Z
@ 
  Y

@



  Y

6. (a) P x  x 4  16 (b) P x   x  54

Z Z

  Y


@   Y

@
@
250 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(c) P x  5x 4  5 (d) P x  x  54

Z Z



@   

  Y

 
  Y

7. (a) P x  x 3  8 (b) Q x  x 3  27

Z Z

  Y



@  
 Y

(c) R x   x  23 (d) S x  12 x  13  4

Z Z

@ 
 Y

@

@ 
@
 Y

8. (a) P x  x  35 (b) Q x  2 x  35  64

Z Z




@ 
@ 
Y
Y
 SECTION 3.2 Polynomial Functions and Their Graphs 251

(c) R x   12 x  25 (d) S x   12 x  25  16

Z Z





 
 Y  
 Y

r s
9. (a) P x  x x 2  4  x 3  4x has odd degree and a positive leading coefficient, so y  * as x  * and y  *
as x  *.
(b) This corresponds to graph III.
r s
10. (a) Q x  x 2 x 2  4  x 4  4x 2 has even degree and a negative leading coefficient, so y  * as x  * and
y  * as x  *.
(b) This corresponds to graph I.

11. (a) R x  x 5  5x 3  4x has odd degree and a negative leading coefficient, so y  * as x  * and y  * as
x  *.
(b) This corresponds to graph V.

12. (a) S x  12 x 6  2x 4 has even degree and a positive leading coefficient, so y  * as x  * and y  * as x  *.
(b) This corresponds to graph II.

13. (a) T x  x 4  2x 3 has even degree and a positive leading coefficient, so y  * as x  * and y  * as x  *.
(b) This corresponds to graph VI.

14. (a) U x  x 3  2x 2 has odd degree and a negative leading coefficient, so y  * as x  * and y  * as
x  *.
(b) This corresponds to graph IV.

15. P x  x  1 x  2 16. P x  2  x x  5

Z Z
 

  
 
@  Y

@
@ 
 Y
252 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

17. P x  x x  3 x  2 18. P x  x x  3 x  2

Z Z


@ 
  Y
@   
 Y

19. P x   2x  1 x  1 x  3 20. P x  x  3 x  2 3x  2

Z Z

 


 @  
@

@ @ 
  Y
 Y

21. P x  x  2 x  1 x  2 x  3 22. P x  x x  1 x  1 2  x

Z Z

@   
 Y



 
@    Y
@

23. P x  2x x  22 24. P x  15 x x  52

Z Z


  
  Y   Y
 SECTION 3.2 Polynomial Functions and Their Graphs 253

25. P x  x  1 x  12 2x  3 26. P x   x  12 x  13 x  2

Z Z


@  
  Y
@  
@   Y @

@

1 x  22 x  32
27. P x  12 28. P x  x  12 x  23
Z Z



 
 Y
@


@   Y

29. P x  x 3 x  2 x  32 30. P x  x  32 x  12

Z Z



@   Y


@   Y

31. P x  x 3  x 2  6x  x x  2 x  3 32. P x  x 3  2x 2  8x  x x  2 x  4

Z Z

@   @ 

  Y    Y
254 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions
r s
33. P x  x 3  x 2  12x  x x  3 x  4 34. P x  2x 3  x 2  x  x 2x 2  x  1
Z
 x 2x  1 x  1
Z

   

@  Y

 
@
@  Y

35. P x  x 4  3x 3  2x 2  x 2 x  1 x  2 36. P x  x 5  9x 3  x 3 x  3 x  3

Z Z

 @  
  Y

   Y

37. P x  x 3  x 2  x  1  x  1 x  12 38. P x  x 3  3x 2  4x  12  x  3 x  2 x  2

Z Z

@
@  
  Y
@ 
 Y

@
@
 SECTION 3.2 Polynomial Functions and Their Graphs 255
r s2
39. P x  2x 3  x 2  18x  9 40. P x  18 2x 4  3x 3  16x  24
r s2
 x  3 2x  1 x  3  18 x  22 2x  32 x 2  2x  4
Z
Z



@ 

  Y


@ 



  Y
@
@


41. P x  x 4  2x 3  8x  16 42. P x  x 4  2x 3  8x  16

r s r s
 x  22 x 2  2x  4  x  2 x  2 x 2  2x  4

Z Z

@  
 Y
@


  Y

r s
43. P x  x 4  3x 2  4  x  2 x  2 x 2  1 44. P x  x 6  2x 3 
r s2 r s2
Z 1  x 3  1  x  12 x 2  x  1

@  
 Y

@


 
 Y
256 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

45. P x  3x 3  x 2  5x  1; Q x  3x 3 . Since P has odd degree and positive leading coefficient, it has the following end
behavior: y  * as x  * and y  * as x  *.
On a large viewing rectangle, the graphs of P and Q look almost the same. On a small viewing rectangle, we see that the
graphs of P and Q have different intercepts.

100 10

50 5 2 3
2 3

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5

-50 -5

-100 -10

46. P x   18 x 3  14 x 2  12x; Q x   18 x 3 . Since P has odd degree and negative leading coefficient, it has the following
end behavior: y  * as x  * and y  * as x  *.
On a large viewing rectangle, the graphs of P and Q look almost the same. On a small viewing rectangle, the graphs of P
and Q look very different and seem (wrongly) to have different end behavior.
60

1000 40
2 3 3 20 2
500
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-20
-30 -20 -10 10 20 30
-500 -40
-60
-1000
-80

47. P x  x 4  7x 2  5x  5; Q x  x 4 . Since P has even degree and positive leading coefficient, it has the following end
behavior: y  * as x  * and y  * as x  *.
On a large viewing rectangle, the graphs of P and Q look almost the same. On a small viewing rectangle, the graphs of P
and Q look very different and we see that they have different intercepts.
600
500 10
400 3 2 2 3
300
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
200
100 -10

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-100 -20

48. P x  x 5  2x 2  x; Q x  x 5 . Since P has odd degree and negative leading coefficient, it has the following end
behavior: y  * as x  * and y  * as x  *.
On a large viewing rectangle, the graphs of P and Q look almost the same. On a small viewing rectangle, the graphs of P
and Q look very different.
3
200
2
3 2 100 3 2 1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1
-100 -1
-2
-200
-3
 SECTION 3.2 Polynomial Functions and Their Graphs 257

49. P x  x 11  9x 9 ; Q x  x 11 . Since P has odd degree and positive leading coefficient, it has the following end
behavior: y  * as x  * and y  * as x  *.
On a large viewing rectangle, the graphs of P and Q look like they have the same end behavior. On a small viewing
rectangle, the graphs of P and Q look very different and seem (wrongly) to have different end behavior.
600000
100
400000 3 2 3 2
200000 50

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -1 0 1
-200000 -50
-400000 2 3
-100
-600000

50. P x  2x 2  x 12 ; Q x  x 12 . Since P has even degree and negative leading coefficient, it has the following end
behavior: y  * as x  * and y  * as x  *.
On a large viewing rectangle, the graphs of P and Q look almost the same. On a small viewing rectangle, the graphs of P
and Q look very different.
200
2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-200
-400 0
-1 1
-600
-800 2 3 -2
2 3
-1000
-1200 -4

51. (a) x-intercepts at 0 and 4, y-intercept at 0. 52. (a) x-intercepts at 0 and 45, y-intercept at 0.

(b) Local maximum at 2 4, no local minimum. (b) Local maximum at 0 0, local minimum at 3 3.

53. (a) x-intercepts at 2 and 1, y-intercept at 1. 54. (a) x-intercepts at 0 and 4, y-intercept at 0.

(b) Local maximum at 1 0, local minimum at (b) No local maximum, local minimum at 3 3.
1 2.

55. y  x 2  8x, [4 12] by [50 30] 56. y  x 3  3x 2 , [2 5] by [10 10]
No local minimum. Local maximum at 4 16. Local minimum at 2 4. Local maximum at 0 0.
Domain: * *, range: * 16]. Domain: * *, range: * *.

20 10

-4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12
-20 -2 2 4

-40
-10
258 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

57. y  x 3  12x  9, [5 5] by [30 30] 58. y  2x 3  3x 2  12x  32, [5 5] by [60 30]
Local maximum at 2 25. Local minimum at 2 7. Local minimum at 2 52. Local maximum at
Domain: * *, range: * *. 1 25.
Domain: * *, range: * *.
20
20

-4 -2 2 4 -4 -2 2 4
-20
-20
-40
-60

59. y  x 4  4x 3 , [5 5] by [30 30] 60. y  x 4  18x 2  32, [5 5] by [100 100]
Local minimum at 3 27. No local maximum. Local minima at 3 49 and 3 49. Local
Domain: * *, range: [27 *. maximum at 0 32.
Domain: * *, range: [49 *.
20
100

-4 -2 2 4
-20 -4 -2 2 4

-100

61. y  3x 5  5x 3  3, [3 3] by [5 10] 62. y  x 5  5x 2  6, [3 3] by [5 10]

Local maximum at 1 5. Local minimum at 1 1. Local minimum at 126 124. Local maximum at 0 6.
Domain: * *, range: * *. Domain: * *, range: * *.

10 10

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-5

63. y  2x 2  3x  5 has one local maximum at 64. y  x 3  12x has no local maximum or minimum.
075 613.
20
10 10

5
-4 -2 2 4
-10

-4 -2 2 4 -20
-5
 SECTION 3.2 Polynomial Functions and Their Graphs 259

65. y  x 3  x 2  x has one local maximum at 033 019 66. y  6x 3  3x  1 has no local maximum or minimum.
and one local minimum at 100 100.
20
10
2

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-10
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-20
-2

67. y  x 4  5x 2  4 has one local maximum at 0 4 and 68. y  12x 5  375x 4  7x 3  15x 2  18x has two local
two local minima at 158 225 and 158 225. maxima at 050 465 and 297 1210 and two local
minima at 140 2744 and 140 254.
10

5 20

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -4 -2 2
-5
-20

r s3
69. y  x  25  32 has no maximum or minimum. 70. y  x 2  2 has one local minimum at 0 8.

60 10
40

20
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-2 2 4 6
-10

71. y  x 8  3x 4  x has one local maximum at 044 033 72. y  13 x 7  17x 2  7 has one local maximum at 0 7 and
and two local minima at 109 115 and one local minimum at 171 2846.
112 336.
20
4
2
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -20
-2
-4
260 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

73. y  cx 3 ; c  1, 2, 5, 12 . Increasing the value of c stretches 74. P x  x  c4 ; c  1, 0, 1, 2. Increasing the value of
the graph vertically. c shifts the graph to the right.
D D D D
100 2

D@ D
1

-4 -2 2 4
-2 0 2

D@

-100 -1
D

75. P x  x 4  c; c  1, 0, 1, and 2. Increasing the value 76. P x  x 3  cx; c  2, 0, 2, 4. Increasing the value
of c moves the graph up. of c makes the “bumps” in the graph flatter.
D D D@
6 D 10 D D@
D
4 D@

2
-2 0 2
0
-1 1
-2
-10

77. P x  x 4  cx; c  0, 1, 8, and 27. Increasing the value 78. P x  x c ; c  1, 3, 5, 7. The larger c gets, the flatter the
of c causes a deeper dip in the graph, in the fourth graph is near the origin, and the steeper it is away from the
quadrant, and moves the positive x-intercept to the right. origin.
D D D
10
20 D
D D

D
-4 -2 0 2 4
-2 -1 0 1 2
D
-20

-10
-40

79. (a) Z ZYY"Y (b) The two graphs appear to intersect at 3 points.

(c) x 3  2x 2  x  2  x 2  5x  2 % x 3  x 2  6x  0 %
r s
 Z@Y"Y x x 2  x  6  0 % x x  3 x  2  0. Then either

 Y x  0, x  3, or x  2. If x  0, then y  2; if x  3 then

y  8 if x  2, then y  12. Hence the points where the
two graphs intersect are 0 2, 3 8, and 2 12.

80. Graph 1 belongs to y  x 4 . Graph 2 belongs to y  x 2 . Graph 3 belongs to y  x 6 . Graph 4 belongs to y  x 3 . Graph 5
belongs to y  x 5 .
 SECTION 3.2 Polynomial Functions and Their Graphs 261

81. (a) Let P x be a polynomial containing only odd powers of x. Then each term of P x can be written as C x 2n1 , for
some constant C and integer n. Since C x2n1  C x 2n1 , each term of P x is an odd function. Thus by part
(a), P x is an odd function.
(b) Let P x be a polynomial containing only even powers of x. Then each term of P x can be written as C x 2n , for some
constant C and integer n. Since C x2n  C x 2n , each term of P x is an even function. Thus by part (b), P x is
an even function.
(c) Since P x contains both even and odd powers of x, we can write it in the form P x  R x  Q x, where R x
contains all the even-powered terms in P x and Q x contains all the odd-powered terms. By part (d), Q x is an
odd function, and by part (e), R x is an even function. Thus, since neither Q x nor R x are constantly 0 (by
assumption), by part (c), P x  R x  Q x is neither even nor odd.
r s r s
(d) P x  x 5  6x 3  x 2  2x  5  x 5  6x 3  2x  x 2  5  PO x  PE x where PO x  x 5  6x 3  2x

and PE x  x 2  5. Since PO x contains only odd powers of x, it is an odd function, and since PE x contains
only even powers of x, it is an even function.

r s
82. (a) From the graph, P x  x 3  4x  x x  2 x  2 has (b) From the graph, Q x  x 3  4x  x x 2  4
three x-intercepts, one local maximum, and one local has one x-intercept and no local maximum or
minimum. minimum.
10 10

-5 5 -5 5

-10 -10
r s
(c) For the x-intercepts of P x  x 3  ax, we solve x 3  ax  0. Then we have x x 2  a  0 % x  0 or x 2  a. If
T r s b T cb T c
x 2  a, then x   a. So P has 3 x-intercepts. Since P x  x x 2  a  x x  a x  a , by part (c)

of problem 67, P has 2 local extrema. For the x-intercepts of Q x  x 3  ax, we solve x 3  ax  0. Then we
r s
have x x 2  a  0 % x  0 or x 2  a. The equation x 2  a has no real solutions because a 0. So Q has 1
x-intercept. We now show that Q is always increasing and hence has no extrema. Ifx1  x2 , then ax1  ax2 (because
a 0) and x13  x23 . So we have x13  ax1  x23  ax2 , and hence Q x1   Q x2 . Thus Q is increasing, that is, its
graph always rises, and so it has no local extrema.

83. (a) P x  x  1 x  3 x  4. (b) Since Q x  P x  5, each point on the graph of Q has y-coordinate
Local maximum at 18 21. 5 units more than the corresponding point on the graph of P. Thus Q
Local minimum at 36 06. has a local maximum at 18 71 and a local minimum at 35 44.

10
10

5
-10
262 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

84. (a) P x  x  2 x  4 x  5 (b) Since P a  P b  0, and P x 0 for a  x  b (see the table
has one local maximum and one below), the graph of P must first rise and then fall on the interval a b,
local minimum. and so P must have at least one local maximum between a and b. Using
10 similar reasoning, the fact that P b  P c  0 and P x  0 for
b  x  c shows that P must have at least one local minimum between
b and c. Thus P has at least two local extrema.

5 Interval * a a b b c c *

Sign of x  a    
-10
Sign of x  b    
Sign of x  c    
Sign of x  a x  b x  c    

85. Since the polynomial shown has five zeros, it has at least five factors, and so the degree of the polynomial is greater than or
equal to 5.

86. No, it is not possible. Clearly a polynomial must have a local minimum between any two local maxima.

87. P x  8x  03x 2  00013x 3  372 (a) For the firm to break even, P x  0. From the graph, we see that
P x  0 when x s 252. Of course, the firm cannot produce
4000
fractions of a blender, so the manufacturer must produce at least 26
blenders a year.
2000
(b) No, the profit does not increase indefinitely. The largest profit is
0 approximately $ 327622, which occurs when the firm produces
0 200
166 blenders per year.

88. P t  120t  04t 4  1000 (a) A maximum population of approximately 1380 is attained after
422 months.

1000 (b) The rabbit population disappears after approximately 842 months.

500

0
0 5 10

89. (a) The length of the bottom is 40  2x, the width of the bottom (c) Using the domain from part (b), we graph V in
is 20  2x, and the height is x, so the volume of the box is the viewing rectangle [0 10] by [0 1600]. The
V  x 20  2x 40  2x  4x 3  120x 2  800x. maximum volume is V s 15396 when x  423.

(b) Since the height and width must be positive, we must have
x 0 and 20  2x 0, and so the domain of V is 1000
0  x  10.

0
0 5 10
 SECTION 3.3 Dividing Polynomials 263

90. (a) Let h be the height of the box. Then the total length of all (c) Using the domain from part (b), we graph V in
12 edges is 8x  4h  144 c m . Thus, 8x  4h  144 % the viewing rectangle [0 18] by [0 2000]. The
2x  h  36 % h  36  2x. The volume of the box is equal maximum volume is V  1728 in3 when
to x  12 in.
r s
area of baseheight  x 2 36  2x  2x 3 36x 2 . 2000
Therefore, the volume of the box is
V x  2x 3  36x 2  2x 2 18  x. 1000

(b) Since the length of the base is x, we must have x 0. 0

Likewise, the height must be positive so 36  2x 0% 0 10
x  18. Putting these together, we get that the domain of V
is 0  x  18.

91. Z The graph of y  x 100 is close to the x-axis for x  1, but passes through the

@ 
points 1 1 and 1 1. The graph of y  x 101 behaves similarly except that the

y-values are negative for negative values of x, and it passes through 1 1
ZY"
ZY instead of 1 1.

 Y
ZY
ZY

@

92. No, it is impossible. The end behavior of a third degree polynomial is the same as that of y  kx 3 , and for this function, the
values of y go off in opposite directions as x  * and x  *. But for a function with just one extremum, the values
of y would head off in the same direction (either both up or both down) on either side of the extremum. An nth-degree
polynomial can have n  1 extrema or n  3 extrema or n  5 extrema, and so on (decreasing by 2). A polynomial that has six
local extrema must be of degree 7 or higher. For example, P x  x  1 x  2 x  3 x  4 x  5 x  6 x  7
has six local extrema.

3.3 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS

1. If we divide the polynomial P by the factor x  c, and we obtain the equation P x  x  c Q x  R x, then we say
that x  c is the divisor, Q x is the quotient, and R x is the remainder.

2. (a) If we divide the polynomial P x by the factor x  c, and we obtain a remainder of 0, then we know that c is a factor
of P.
(b) If we divide the polynomial P x by the factor x  c, and we obtain a remainder of k, then we know that P c  k.
264 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

3. 2 2 5 7 4. 4 3 9 5 1
4 2 12 12 28
2 1 9 3 3 7 29
Thus, the quotient is 2x  1 and the remainder is 9, and Thus, the quotient is 3x 2  3x  7 and the remainder is
P x 2x 2  5x  7 9 29, and
  2x  1  .
D x x 2 x 2 P x 3x 3  9x 2  5x  1

D x x 4
r s 29
 3x 2  3x  7  .
x 4

5. 2x  12 6. 2x 2  3x
2x  1 4x 2  3x  7 3x  4 6x 3  x 2  12x  5
4x 2  2x 6x 3  8x 2
x  7 9x 2  12x
x  12 9x 2  12x
 15
2 5
Thus, the quotient is 2x  12 and the remainder is  15
2 ,
Thus, the quotient is 2x 2  3x and the remainder is 5, and

P x 4x 2  3x  7 r s  15 P x 6x 3  x 2  12x  5 r 2 s 5

and   2x  12  2 .   2x  3x  .
D x 2x  1 2x  1 D x 3x  4 3x  4

7. 2x 2  x  1 8. 2x 3  6x 2  17x  43
x2  4 2x 4  x 3  9x 2 x 2  3x  1 2x 5  0x 4  x 3  2x 2  3x  5
2x 4  8x 2 2x 5  6x 4  2x 3
x 3  x 2 6x 4  x 3  2x 2
x 3  4x 6x 4  18x 3  6x 2
x 2  4x 17x 3  8x 2  3x
x2  4 17x 3  51x 2  17x
4x  4 43x 2  14x  5
Thus, the quotient is 2x 2  x  1 and the remainder is 43x 2  129x  43
4x  4, and 115x  48
2x 4  x 3  9x 2 r s Thus, the quotient is 2x 3  6x 2  17x  43 and the
P x
  2x 2  x  1  4x  4 .
D x x2  4 x2  4 remainder is 115x  48 and
P x 2x 5  x 3  2x 2  3x  5

D x r x 2  3x  1 s 115x  48
 2x  6x 2  17x  43  2
3
x  3x  1
 SECTION 3.3 Dividing Polynomials 265

9. x 2  x  3 10. Long division:

x 1 x 3  0x 2  2x  6 x 3  5x 2  15x  35
x 3  x 2 x 3 x 4  2x 3  0x 2  10x  0
x 2  2x x 3  3x 3
x2  x 5x 3  10x
3x  6 5x 3  15x 2
3x  3 15x 2  10x
9 15x 2  45x
Thus, the quotient is x 2  x  3 and the remainder is 9, 35x
r s
so P x  x 3  2x  6  x  1  x 2  x  3  9. 35x  105
105

P x  x 4  2x 3  10x
r s
 x  3  x 3  5x 2  15x  35  105

Synthetic division: 3 1 2 0 10 0

3 15 45 105
1 5 15 35 105

Thus, the quotient is x 3  5x 2  15x  35 and the

remainder is 105, as above.

11. x2  1 12. 2x 2  x  4
2x  3 2x 3  3x 2  2x 2x  1 4x 3  7x  9
2x 3  3x 2 4x 3  2x 2
2x 2x 2  7x
2x  3 2x 2  x
3 8x  9

Thus, the quotient is x 2  1 and the remainder is 3, and 8x  4

r s 5
P x  2x 3  3x 2  2x  2x  3 x 2  1  3.
Thus
r s
P x  4x 3  7x  9  2x  1  2x 2  x  4  5.
266 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

13. 4x 2  2x  1 14. 9x 3  6x 2  3x  2
2x 2  1 8x 4  4x 3  6x 2 3x 2  3x  1 27x 5  9x 4  0x 3  3x 2  0x  3
8x 4  4x 2 27x 5  27x 4  9x 3
4x 3  2x 2 18x 4  9x 3  3x 2
4x 3  2x 18x 4  18x 3  6x 2
2x 2  2x 9x 3  3x 2
2x 2  1 9x 3  9x 2  3x
2x  1 6x 2  3x  3
Thus, the quotient is 4x 2  2x  1 and the remainder is 6x 2  6x  2
2x  1, and 3x  5

P x  8x 4  4x 3  6x 2 Thus
r s r s P x  27x 5  9x 4  3x 2  3
 2x 2  1  4x 2  2x  1  2x  1 r s r s
 3x 2  3x  1  9x 3  6x 2  3x  2  3x  5

15. x  1 16. x2  x  2
x 2 x 2  3x  7 x 3 x 3  2x 2  x  1
x 2  2x x 3  3x 2
x  7 x 2  x
x  2 x 2  3x
5 2x  1
Thus, the quotient is x  1 and the remainder is 5. 2x  6
5

Thus, the quotient is x 2  x  2 and the remainder is 5.

17. 2x 2  1 18. 1 x2  1 x  2
3 3 3
2x  1 4x 3  2x 2  2x  3 3x  6 x 3  3x 2  4x  3
4x 3  2x 2 x 3  2x 2
2x  3 x 2  4x
2x  1 x 2  2x
 2 2x  3

Thus, the quotient is 2x 2  1 and the remainder is 2. 2x  4

1

Thus, the quotient is 13 x 2  13 x  23 and the remainder is

1.
 SECTION 3.3 Dividing Polynomials 267

19. x  1 20. x 2  2x  9
x2  x  3 x 3  0x 2  2x  1 x 2  5x  1 x 4  3x 3  0x 2  x  2
x 3  x 2  3x x 4  5x 3  x2
x2  x  1 2x 3  x2  x
x2  x  3 2x 3  10x 2  2x
2 9x 2  x  2
Thus, the quotient is x  1 and the remainder is 2. 9x 2  45x  9
44x  11

Thus, the quotient is x 2  2x  9 and the remainder is

44x  11.

21. 3x  1 22. 3
2x 2  0x  5 6x 3  2x 2  22x  0 3x 2  7x 9x 2  x  5
6x 3  15x 9x 2  21x
2x 2  7x  0 20x  5
2x 2  5 Thus, the quotient is 3 and the remainder is 20x  5.
7x  5
Thus, the quotient is 3x  1 and the remainder is 7x  5.

23. x4  1 24. 1 x3  x2  5 x  7
2 2 4
x2  1 x 6  0x 5  x 4  0x 3  x 2  0x  1 4x 2  6x  8 2x 5  7x 4  0x 3  0x 2  0x  13
x6  x4 2x 5  3x 4  4x 3
0  x2  1 4x 4  4x 3  0x 2
x2  1 4x 4  6x 3  8x 2
0 10x 3  8x 2  0x

Thus, the quotient is x 4  1 and the remainder is 0. 10x 3  15x 2  20x

7x 2  20x  13
7x 2  21
2 x  14
19 x  1
2

Thus, the quotient is 12 x 3  x 2  52 x  74 and the

remainder is 19
2 x  1.

25. The synthetic division table for this problem takes the 26. The synthetic division table for this problem takes the
following form. following form.

3 2 5 3 1 1 1 4
6 3 1 2
2 1 6 1 2 6
Thus, the quotient is 2x  1 and the remainder is 6. Thus, the quotient is x  2 and the remainder is 6.
268 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

27. The synthetic division table for this problem takes the 28. The synthetic division table for this problem takes the
following form. following form.

1 3 1 0 2 4 0 3
3 2 8 16
3 2 2 4 8 13
Thus, the quotient is 3x  2 and the remainder is 2. Thus, the quotient is 4x  8 and the remainder is 13.

29. Since x  2  x  2, the synthetic division table for 30. The synthetic division table for this problem takes the
this problem takes the following form. following form.

2 1 2 2 1 5 3 12 9 1
2 0 4 15 15 30
1 0 2 3 3 3 6 31

Thus, the quotient is x 2  2 and the remainder is 3. Thus, the quotient is 3x 2  3x  6 and the remainder is 31.

31. Since x  3  x  3 and 32. The synthetic division table for this problem takes the
x 3  8x  2  x 3  0x 2  8x  2, the synthetic division following form.
table for this problem takes the following form. 2 1 1 1 1 2
3 1 0 8 2 2 2 6 10
3 9 3 1 1 3 5 12
1 3 1 1 Thus, the quotient is x 3  x 2  3x  5 and the remainder
Thus, the quotient is x 2  3x  1 and the remainder is 1. is 12.

33. Since x 5  3x 3  6  x 5  0x 4  3x 3  0x 2  0x  6, 34. The synthetic division table for this problem takes the
the synthetic division table for this problem takes the following form.
following form.
3 1 9 27 27
1 1 0 3 0 0 6 3 18 27
1 1 4 4 4 1 6 9 0
1 1 4 4 4 2
Thus, the quotient is x 2  6x  9 and the remainder is 0.
Thus, the quotient is x 4  x 3  4x 2  4x  4 and the
remainder is 2.

35. The synthetic division table for this problem takes the 36. The synthetic division table for this problem takes the
following form. following form.
1 2 3 2 1  23 6 10 5 1 1
2
1 2 0 4 4  23  29
2 4 0 1 6 6 1 1 7
3 9

Thus, the quotient is 2x 2  4x and the remainder is 1. Thus, the quotient is 6x 3  6x 2  x  13 and the
remainder is 79 .
 SECTION 3.3 Dividing Polynomials 269

37. Since x 3  27  x 3  0x 2  0x  27, the synthetic 38. The synthetic division table for this problem takes the
division table for this problem takes the following form. following form.

3 1 0 0 27 2 1 0 0 0 16
3 9 27 2 4 8 16
1 3 9 0 1 2 4 8 0

Thus, the quotient is x 2  3x  9 and the remainder is 0. Thus, the quotient is x 3  2x 2  4x  8 and the remainder
is 0.

39. P x  4x 2  12x  5 c  1 40. P x  2x 2  9x  1, c  12

1 4 12 5 1 2 9 1
2
4 8 1 5
4 8 3 2 10 6
Therefore, by the Remainder Theorem, P 1  3. r s
Therefore, by the Remainder Theorem, P 12  6.

41. P x  x 3  3x 2  7x  6, c  2 42. P x  x 3  x 2  x  5, c  1

2 1 3 7 6 1 1 1 1 5
2 10 6 1 2 3
1 5 3 12 1 2 3 2
Therefore, by the Remainder Theorem, P 2  12. Therefore, by the Remainder Theorem, P 1  2.

43. P x  x 3  2x 2  7, c  2 44. P x  2x 3  21x 2  9x  200, c  11

2 1 2 0 7 11 2 21 9 200
2 0 0 22 11 220
1 0 0 7 2 1 20 20
Therefore, by the Remainder Theorem, P 2  7. Therefore, by the Remainder Theorem, P 11  20.

45. P x  5x 4  30x 3  40x 2  36x  14, c  7 46. P x  6x 5  10x 3  x  1, c  2

7 5 30 40 36 14 2 6 0 10 0 1 1
35 35 35 497 12 24 68 136 274
5 5 5 71 483 6 12 34 68 137 273
Therefore, by the Remainder Theorem, P 7  483. Therefore, by the Remainder Theorem, P 2  273.

47. P x  x 7  3x 2  1 48. P x  2x 6  7x 5  40x 4  7x 2  10x  112, c  3

 x 7  0x 6  0x 5  0x 4  0x 3  3x 2  0x  1 3 2 7 40 0 7 10 112
c3 6 39 3 9 6 12

3 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 2 13 1 3 2 4 100

3 9 27 81 243 720 2160 Therefore, by the Remainder Theorem, P 3  100.

1 3 9 27 81 240 720 2159
Therefore by the Remainder Theorem, P 3  2159.
270 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

49. P x  3x 3  4x 2  2x  1, c  23 50. P x  x 3  x  1, c  14

2 3 4 2 1 1 1 0 1 1
3 4
2 4 4 1 1  15
3 4 16 64
3 6 2 7 1 1  15 49
3 4 16 64
r s r s
Therefore, by the Remainder Theorem, P 23  73 . Therefore, by the Remainder Theorem, P 14  49
64 .

51. P x  x 3  2x 2  3x  8, c  01

01 1 2 3 8
01 021 0279
1 21 279 8279
Therefore, by the Remainder Theorem, P 01  8279.

52. (a) P x  6x 7  40x 6  16x 5  200x 4  60x 3  69x 2  13x  139, c  7
7 6 40 16 200 60 69 13 139
42 14 210 70 70 7 140
6 2 30 10 10 1 20 1
Therefore, by the Remainder Theorem, P 7  1.
(b) P 7  6 77  40 76  16 75  200 74  60 73  69 72  13 7  139

 6 823,543  40 117,649  16 16,807  200 2401  60 343  69 49  13 7  139  1

which agrees with the value obtained by synthetic division, but requires more work.

53. P x  x 3  3x 2  3x  1, c  1 54. P x  x 3  2x 2  3x  10, c  2

1 1 3 3 1 2 1 2 3 10
1 2 1 2 8 10
1 2 1 0 1 4 5 0
Since the remainder is 0, x  1 is a factor. Since the remainder is 0, x  2 is a factor.

55. P x  2x 3  7x 2  6x  5, c  12 56. P x  x 4  3x 3  16x 2  27x  63, c  3, 3

1 2 7 6 5 3 1 3 16 27 63
2
1 4 5 3 18 6 63
2 8 10 0 1 6 2 21 0
Since the remainder is 0, x  3 is a factor. We next show
Since the remainder is 0, x  12 is a factor.
that x  3 is also a factor by using synthetic division on
the quotient of the above synthetic division,
x 3  6x 2  2x  21.
3 1 6 2 21
3 9 21
1 3 7 0
Since the remainder is 0, x  3 is a factor.
 SECTION 3.3 Dividing Polynomials 271

57. P x  x 3  2x 2  9x  18, c  2 58. P x  x 3  5x 2  2x  10, c  5

2 1 2 9 18 5 1 5 2 10
2 0 18 5 0 10
1 0 9 0 1 0 2 0
Since the remainder is 0, we know that 2 is a zero and Since the remainder is 0, we know that 5 is a zero and
r s r s r T sr T s
P x  x  2 x 2  9  x  2 x  3 x  3. P x  x  5 x 2  2  x  5 x  2 x  2 .
T
Hence, the zeros are 3, 2, and 3. . Hence, the zeros are 5 and  2.

59. x 3  x 2  11x  15, c  3 60. P x  3x 4  x 3  21x 2  11x  6, c  2, 13

3 1 1 11 15 2 3 1 21 11 6
3 6 15 6 14 14 6
1 2 5 0 3 7 7 3 0
Since the remainder is 0, we know that 3 is a zero and Since the remainder is 0, we know that 2 is a zero and
r s r s
P x  x  3 x 2  2x  5 . Now x 2  2x  5  0 P x  x  2 3x 3  7x 2  7x  3 .
S
2  22  4 1 5 T 1 3 7 7 3
when x   1  6. Hence, 3
2 1
T 1 2 3
the zeros are 3 and 1  6.
3 6 9 0

Since the remainder is 0, we know that 13 is a zero and

r sr s
P x  x  2 x  13 3x 2  6x  9
r s
 3 x  2 x  13 x  1 x  3.

Hence, the zeros are 2, 13 , 1, and 3.

61. P x  3x 4  8x 3  14x 2  31x  6, c  2, 3 62. P x  2x 4  13x 3  7x 2  37x  15, c  1, 3
2 3 8 14 31 6 1 2 13 7 37 15
6 28 28 6 2 15 22 15
3 14 14 3 0 2 15 22 15 0
Since the remainder is 0, we know that 2 is a zero and Since the remainder is 0, we know that 1 is a zero and
r s r s
P x  x  2 3x 3  14x 2  14x  3 . P x  x  1 2x 3  15x 2  22x  15 .

3 3 14 14 3 3 2 15 22 15
9 15 3 6 27 15
3 5 1 0 2 9 5 0
Since the remainder is 0, we know that 3 is a zero and The remainder is 0, so 3 is a zero and
r s r s
P x  x  2 x  3 3x 2  5x  1 . Now P x  x  1 x  3 2x 2  9x  5

3x 2  5x  1  0 when  x  1 x  3 2x  1 x  5.

T
T
 5  52  4 3 1 5  37 Hence, the zeros are 1, 3,  12 , and 5.
x  , and
2 3 6
T
5  37
hence, the zeros are 2, 3, and .
6
272 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

63. Since the zeros are x  1, x  1, and x  3, the factors are x  1, x  1, and x  3.
Thus P x  x  1 x  1 x  3  x 3  3x 2  x  3.
64. Since the zeros are x  2, x  0, x  2, and x  4, the factors are x  2, x, x  2, and x  4.
Thus P x  c x  2 x x  2 x  4. If we let c  1, then P x  x 4  4x 3  4x 2  16x.
65. Since the zeros are x  1, x  1, x  3, and x  5, the factors are x  1, x  1, x  3, and x  5.
Thus P x  x  1 x  1 x  3 x  5  x 4  8x 3  14x 2  8x  15.
66. Since the zeros are x  2, x  1, x  0, x  1, and x  2, the factors are x  2, x  1, x, x  1, and x  2.
Thus P x  c x  2 x  1 x x  1 x  2. If we let c  1, then P x  x 5  5x 3  4x.
67. Since the zeros of the polynomial are 2, 0, 1, and 3, it follows that P x  C x  2 x x  1 x  3  C x 4 2C x 3 
5C x 2  6C x. Since the coefficient of x 3 is to be 4, 2C  4, so C  2. Therefore, P x  2x 4  4x 3  10x 2  12x
is the polynomial.
r s
68. Since the zeros of the polynomial are 1, 0, 2, and 12 , it follows that P x  C x  1 x x  2 x  12  C x 4 
3 C x 3  3 C x 2 C x. Since the coefficient of x 3 is to be 3,  3 C  3, so C  2. Therefore, P x  2x 4 3x 3 3x 2 2x
2 2 2
is the polynomial.
T T
69. Since the polynomial degree 4 and zeros 1, 1, and 2 and integer coefficients, the fourth zero must be  2, otherwise the
r T s r T s
constant term would be irrational. Thus, P x  C x  1 x  1 x  2 x  2  C x 4  3C x 2  2C. Requiring

that the constant term be 6 gives C  3, so P x  3x 4  9x 2  6.

T T
70. Since the polynomial degree 5 and zeros 2, 1, 2, and 5 and integer coefficients, the fourth zero must be  5,
r T sr T s
otherwise the constant term would be irrational. Thus, P x  C x  2 x  1 x  2 x  5 x  5  C x 5 

C x 4  9C x 3  9C x 2  20C x  20C. Requiring that the constant term be 40 gives C  2, so

P x  2x 5  2x 4  18x 3  18x 2  40x  40.
71. The y-intercept is 2 and the zeros of the polynomial are 1, 1, and 2.
r s
It follows that P x  C x  1 x  1 x  2  C x 3  2x 2  x  2 . Since P 0  2 we have
K L
2  C 03  2 02  0  2 % 2  2C % C  1 and P x  x  1 x  1 x  2  x 3  2x 2  x  2.
72. The y-intercept is 4 and the zeros of the polynomial are 1 and 2 with 2 being degree two.
r s K L
It follows that P x  C x  1 x  22  C x 3  3x 2  4 . Since P 0  4 we have 4  C 03  3 02  4 %

4  4C % C  1 and P x  x 3  3x 2  4.
73. The y-intercept is 4 and the zeros of the polynomial are 2 and 1 both being degree two.
r s
It follows that P x  C x  22 x  12  C x 4  2x 3  3x 2  4x  4 . Since P 0  4 we have
K L
4  C 04  2 03  3 02  4 0  4 % 4  4C % C  1.

Thus P x  x  22 x  12  x 4  2x 3  3x 2  4x  4.

74. The y-intercept is 2 and the zeros of the polynomial are 2, 1, and 1 with 1 being degree two.
r s
It follows that P x  C x  2 x  1 x  12  C x 4  x 3  3x 2  x  2 . Since P 0  2 we have
K L
4  C 04  03  3 02  0  2 % 2  2C so C  1 and P x  x 4  x 3  3x 2  x  2.

75. A. By the Remainder Theorem, the remainder when P x  6x 1000  17x 562  12x  26 is divided by x  1 is
P 1  6 11000  17 1562  12 1  26  6  17  12  26  3.
B. If x  1 is a factor of Q x  x 567  3x 400  x 9  2, then Q 1 must equal 0.
Q 1  1567  3 1400  19  2  1  3  1  2  1 / 0, so x  1 is not a factor.
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 273
r s rr s s
76. R x  x 5  2x 4  3x 3  2x 2  3x  4  x 4  2x 3  3x 2  2x  3 x  4  x 3  2x 2  3x  2 x  3 x  4
QKr s L R
 x 2  2x  3 x  2 x  3 x  4  
[x  2 x  3] x  2 x  3 x  4
So to calculate R 3, we start with 3, then subtract 2, multiply by 3, add 3, multiply by 3, subtract 2, multiply by 3, add 3,
multiply by 3, and add 4, to get 157.

3.4 REAL ZEROS OF POLYNOMIALS

1. If the polynomial function P x  an x n  an1 x n1     a1 x  a0 has integer coefficients, then the only numbers that
p
could possibly be rational zeros of P are all of the form , where p is a factor of the constant coefficient a0 and q is a factor
q
of the leading coefficient an . The possible rational zeros of P x  6x 3  5x 2  19x  10 are 1,  12 ,  13 ,  16 , 2,  23 ,
5,  52 ,  53 ,  56 , 10, and  10
3.
2. Using Descartes’ Rule of Signs, we can tell that the polynomial P x  x 5  3x 4  2x 3  x 2  8x  8 has 1, 3 or
5 positive real zeros and no negative real zero.
3. This is true. If c is a real zero of the polynomial P, then P x  x  c Q x, and any other zero of P x is also a zero of
Q x  P x  x  c.
4. False. Consider the polynomial P x  x  1 x  2 x  4  x 3  x 2  10x  8. An upper bound is 3, but 3 is not
a lower bound.
5. P x  x 3  4x 2  3 has possible rational zeros 1 and 3.
6. Q x  x 4  3x 3  6x  8 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 4, 8.
7. R x  2x 5  3x 3  4x 2  8 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 4, 8,  12 .
8. S x  6x 4  x 2  2x  12 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12,  12 ,  32 ,  13 ,  23 ,  43 ,  16 .
9. T x  4x 4  2x 2  7 has possible rational zeros 1, 7,  12 ,  72 ,  14 ,  74 .
10. U x  12x 5  6x 3  2x  8 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 4, 8  12 ,  13 ,  23 ,  43 ,  83 ,  14 ,  16 ,  12
1 .

11. (a) P x  5x 3  x 2  5x  1 has possible rational zeros 1,  15 .

(b) From the graph, the actual zeros are 1, 15 , and 1.

12. (a) P x  3x 3  4x 2  x  2 has possible rational zeros 1, 2,  13 ,  23 .

(b) From the graph, the actual zeros are 1 and 23 .

13. (a) P x  2x 4  9x 3  9x 2  x  3 has possible rational zeros 1, 3,  12 ,  32 .

(b) From the graph, the actual zeros are  12 , 1, and 3.

14. (a) P x  4x 4  x 3  4x  1 has possible rational zeros 1,  12 ,  14 .

(b) From the graph, the actual zeros are 14 and 1.
15. P x  x 3  2x 2  13x  10. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 5, 10. P x has 2 variations in sign and hence 0
or 2 positive real zeros. P x  x 3  2x 2  13x  10 has 1 variation in sign and hence P has 1 negative real zero.
1 2 1 13 10
2 3 10
10
2 30 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x 3  2x 2  13x  10  x  1 x 2  3x  10  x  5 x  1 x  2. Therefore, the zeros are 5, 1, and 2.
274 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

16. P x  x 3  4x 2  19x  14. The possible rational zeros are 1, 7, 14. P x has 1 variation in sign and hence 1
positive real zero. P x  x 3  4x 2  19x  14 has 2 variations in sign and hence P has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.
1 1 4 19 14 1 1 4 19 14
1 3 22 1 5 14
1 3 22 36
" x  1 is not a zero. 1 5 14 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x 3  4x 2  19x  14  x  1 x 2  5x  14  x  2 x  1 x  7. Therefore, the zeros are 2, 1, and
7.

17. P x  x 3  3x 2  4. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 4. P x has 1 variation in sign and hence 1 positive real
zero.P x  x 3  3x 2  4 has 2 variations in sign and hence P has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.
1 1 3 0 4
1 4 4
4 4 0 " x  1 is a zero.
1
s r
P x  x 3  3x 2  4  x  1 x 2  4x  4  x  1 x  22 . Therefore, the zeros are 2 and 1.

18. P x  x 3  3x  2. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2. P x has 1 variation in sign and hence 1 positive real
zero.P x  x 3  3x  2 has 2 variations in sign and P has hence 0 or 2 negative real zeros.
1 1 0 3 2 2 1 0 3 2
1 1 2 2 4 2
1 1 2 4
" x  1 is not a zero. 1 2 1 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s
P x  x 3  3x  2  x  2 x 2  2x  1  x  2 x  12 . Therefore, the zeros are 2 and 1.

19. P x  x 3  6x 2  12x  8. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 4, 8. P x has 3 variations in sign and hence 1 or
3 positive real zeros. P x  x 3  6x 2  12x  8 has no variations in sign and hence P has no negative real zero.
1 1 6 12 8 2 1 6 12 8
1 5 7 2 8 8
1 5 7 1
" x  1 is not a zero. 1 4 4 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s
P x  x 3  6x 2  12x  8  x  2 x 2  4x  4  x  23 . Therefore, the only zero is x  2.

20. P x  x 3  12x 2  48x  64. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64. P x has 0 variations in
sign and hence no positive real zero. P x  x 3  12x 2  48x  64 has 3 variations in sign and hence P has 1 or 3
negative real zeros.
1 1 12 48 64 2 1 12 48 64
1 11 37 2 20 56
1 11 37 27 " x  1 is not a zero. 1 10 28 6 " x  2 is not a zero.

4 1 12 48 64
4 32 64
0 " x  4 is a zero.
1 8 16
s r
P x  x 3  12x 2  48x  64  x  4 x 2  8x  16  x  43 . Therefore, the only zero is x  4.
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 275

21. P x  x 3  19x  30. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 15, 30. P x has 1 variations in sign and
hence 1 positive real zero. P x  x 3  19x  30 has 2 variations in sign and hence P has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.
1 1 0 19 30 2 1 0 19 30
1 1 18 2 4 30
1 1 18 12 " x  1 is not a zero. 1 2 15 0 " x  2 is a zero.

4 1 12 48 64
4 32 64
1 0 " x  4 is a zero.
8 16
r s
P x  x 3  19x  30  x  2 x 2  2x  15  x  3 x  2 x  5. Therefore, the zeros are 3, 2, and 5.

22. P x  x 3  11x 2  8x  20. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20. P x has 1 variation in sign
and hence 1 positive real zeros. P x  x 3  11x 2  8x  20 has 2 variations in sign and hence P has 0 or 2 negative
real zeros.
1 1 11 8 20
1 12 20
1 12 20 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x 3  11x 2  8x  20  x  1 x 2  12x  20  x  10 x  2 x  1. Therefore, the zeros are 10, 2,
and 1.

23. P x  x 3  3x 2  x  3. The possible rational zeros are 1, 3. P x has 1 variation in sign and hence 1 positive real
zero. P x  x 3  3x 2  x  4 has 2 variations in sign and hence P has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.
1 1 3 1 3
1 2 3
1 2 3 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x 3  3x 2  x  3  x  1 x 2  2x  3  x  1 x  3 x  1. Therefore, the zeros are 1, 3, and 1.

24. P x  x 3  4x 2  11x  30. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30. P x has 2 variations
in sign and hence 0 or 2 positive real zeros. P x  x 3  4x 2  11x  30 has 1 variation in sign and hence P has 1
negative real zero.
1 1 4 11 30 2 1 4 11 30
1 3 14 2 4 30
1 3 14 16 1 2 15 0 " x  2 is a zero.
s r
So P x  x 3  4x 2  11x  30  x  2 x 2  2x  15  x  2 x  5 x  3. Therefore, the zeros are 3, 2,
and 5.
276 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

25. Method 1: P x  x 4  5x 2  4The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 4. P x has 1 variation in sign and hence 1
positive real zero. P x  x 4  5x 2  4 has 2 variations in sign and hence P has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.
1 1 0 5 0 4
1 1 4 4
1 1 4 4 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
Thus P x  x 4  5x 2  4  x  1 x 3  x 2  4x  4 . Continuing with the quotient we have:

1 1 1 4 4
1 0 4
1 0 4 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x 4  5x 2  4  x  1 x  1 x 2  4  x  1 x  1 x  2 x  2. Therefore, the zeros are 1, 2.

Method 2: Substituting u  x 2 , the polynomial becomes P u  u 2  5u  4, which factors:

r sr s
u 2  5u  4  u  1 u  4  x 2  1 x 2  4 , so either x 2  1 or x 2  4. If x 2  1, then x  1; if x 2  4, then
x  2. Therefore, the zeros are 1 and 2.

26. P x  x 4  2x 3  3x 2  8x  4. Using synthetic division, we see that x  1 is a factor of P x:

1 1 2 3 8 4
1 1 4 4
1 1 4 4 0 " x  1 is a zero.
We continue by factoring the quotient, and we see that x  1 is again a factor:
1 1 1 4 4
1 0 4
4 0 " x  1 is a zero.
1 0
r s
P x  x 4  2x 3  3x 2  8x  4  x  1 x  1 x 2  4  x  12 x  2 x  2
Therefore, the zeros are 1 and 2.

27. P x  x 4  6x 3  7x 2  6x  8. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 4, 8. P x has 1 variation in sign and hence
1 positive real zero. P x  x 4  6x 3  7x 2  6x  8 has 3 variations in sign and hence P has 1 or 3 negative real zeros.
1 1 6 7 6 8
1 7 14 8
1 7 14 8 0 " x  1 is a zero
r s
and there are no other positive zeros. Thus P x  x 4  6x 3  7x 2  6x  8  x  1 x 3  7x 2  14x  8 . Continuing
by factoring the quotient, we have:
1 1 7 14 8
1 6 8
" x  1 is a zero.
1 6 8 0
s r
So P x  x 4  6x 3  7x 2  6x  8  x  1 x  1 x 2  6x  8  x  1 x  1 x  2 x  4. Therefore, the
zeros are 4, 2, and 1.
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 277

28. P x  x 4  x 3  23x 2  3x  90. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 18, 30, 45,
90. Since P x has 2 variations in sign, P has 0 or 2 positive real zeros. Since P x  x 4  x 3  23x 2  3x  90 has
2 variations in sign, P has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.
1 1 1 23 3 90 2 1 1 23 3 90
1 0 23 26 2 2 42 90
1 0 23 26 64 1 1 21 45 0 " x  2 is a zero.
3 1 1 21 45 5 1 1 21 45
3 12 27 5 30 45
4 1 9 72 1 6 9 0 " x  5 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  2 x  5 x 2  6x  9  x  2 x  5 x  32 . Therefore, the zeros are 3, 2, and 5.

29. P x  4x 4  37x 2  9 has possible rational zeros 1, 3, 9,  12 ,  32 ,  92 ,  14 ,  34 ,  94 . Since P x has 2 variations
in sign, there are 0 or 2 positive real zeros, and since P x  4x 4  37x 2  36 has 2 variations in sign, P has 0 or 2
negative real zeros.
1 4 0 37 0 9 3 4 0 37 0 9
4 4 33 33 12 36 3 9
4 4 33 33 24 4 12 1 3 0 " x  3 is a zero.
1 4 12 1 3
2
2 7 3
4 14 6 0 " x  12 is a zero.
Because P is even, we conclude that the zeros are 3 and  12 and
P x  4x 4  37x 2  9  x  3 2x  1 2x  1 x  3.
Note: Since P x has only even terms, factoring by substitution also works. Let x 2  u; then
r sr s
P u  4u 2  37u  9  4u  1 u  9  4x 2  1 x 2  3 , which gives the same results.

30. P x  6x 4 23x 3 13x 2 32x 16. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,  12 ,  13 ,  23 ,  43 ,  83 ,  16
3 ,
 16 . Since P x has 2 variations in sign, P has 0 or 2 positive real zeros. Since P x  6x 4  23x 3  13x 2  32x  16
has 2 variations in sign, P has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.
1 6 23 13 32 16 2 6 23 13 32 16
6 17 30 2 12 22 70 76
6 17 30 2 18 6 11 35 38 60
4 6 23 13 32 16
24 4 36 16
9 4
6 0 " x  4 is a zero
1
r s
P x  6x 4  23x 3  13x 2  32x  16  x  4 6x 3  x 2  9x  4 . We continue:

 12 6 1 9 4
3 1 4
6 2 8 0 " x   12 is a zero
r s
Thus, P x  x  4 2x  1 3x 2  x  4  x  1 2x  1 3x  4 x  4 and the rational zeros are 1,  12 , 43 ,
and 4.
278 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

31. P x  3x 4  10x 3  9x 2  40x  12. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. P x has 3 variations
in sign and hence 1, 3, or 5 positive real zeros. P x  3x 4  10x 3  9x 2  40x  12 has 1 variation in sign and hence
P has 1 negative real zero.

1 3 10 9 40 12 2 3 10 9 40 12

3 7 16 24 6 8 34 12
3 7 16 24 " x  1 is not a zero.
24 3 4 17 6 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s
Thus P x  3x 4  10x 3  9x 2  40x  12  x  2 3x 3  4x 2  17x  6 . Continuing by factoring the quotient, we
have
3 3 4 17 6
9 15 6
3 5 2 0 " x  3 is a zero.
r s
Thus P x  x  3 x  2 3x 2  5x  2  x  3 x  2 3x  1 x  2. Therefore, the zeros are 2, 13 , 2, and
3.

32. P x  2x 3  7x 2  4x  4. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 4,  12 . Since P x has 1 variation in sign, P has 1
positive real zero. Since P x  2x 3  7x 2  4x  4 has 2 variations in sign, P has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.

1 2 7 4 4 1 2 7 4 4
2
2 9 13 1 4 4
9 13 2 9 " x  1 is an upper bound. 2 8 8 0 " x  12 is a zero.
r
sr s r sr s r s
P x  x  12 2x 2  8x  8  2 x  12 x 2  4x  4  2 x  12 x  22 . Therefore, the zeros are 2 and 12 .

33. Factoring by grouping can be applied to this exercise.

r s
4x 3  4x 2  x  1  4x 2 x  1  x  1  x  1 4x 2  1  x  1 2x  1 2x  1.

Therefore, the zeros are 1 and  12 .

r s
34. We use factoring by grouping: P x  2x 3  3x 2  2x  3  2x x 2  1 
r s r s
3 x 2  1  x 2  1 2x  3  x  1 x  1 2x  3. Therefore, the zeros are 32 and 1.

35. P x  4x 3  7x  3. The possible rational zeros are 1, 3,  12 ,  32 ,  14 ,  34 . Since P x has 2 variations in sign,
there are 0 or 2 positive zeros. Since P x  4x 3  7x  3 has 1 variation in sign, there is 1 negative zero.
1 4 0 7 3
2
2 1 3
4 2 6 0 " x  12 is a zero.
r
sr s r s
P x  x  12 4x 2  2x  6  2x  1 2x 2  x  3  2x  1 x  1 2x  3  0. Thus, the zeros are  32 ,
1 , and 1.
2
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 279

36. P x  12x 3  25x 2  x  2. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2,  12 ,  13 ,  23 ,  14 ,  16 ,  12
1 . Since P x has 2

variations in sign, P has 0 or 2 positive real zeros, and since P x  12x 3  25x 2  x  2 has 1 variations in sign, P
has 1 negative real zero.

1 12 25 1 2 2 12 25 1 2
12 13 12 24 2 2
12 13 10 12 12 1 1 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s
P x  12x 3  25x 2  x  2  x  2 12x 2  x  1  4x  1 3x  1 x  2. Therefore, the zeros are  14 , 13 ,

and 2.

37. P x  24x 3  10x 2  13x  6. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 3, 6,  12 ,  32 ,  13 ,  23 ,  14 ,  34 ,  16 ,  18 ,

 38 ,  12
1 ,  1 . P x has 1 variation in sign and hence 1 positive real zero. P x  24x 3  10x 2  13x  6 has 2
24
variations in sign, so P has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.

1 24 10 13 6 2 24 10 13 6
24 14 1 48 76 126
24 14 1 7 " x  1 is not a zero. 24 38 63 132 " x  2 is not a zero.

3 24 10 13 6 6 24 10 13 6
72 186 519 144 804 4746
24 62 173 525 " x  3 is not a zero. 24 134 791 4752 " x  6 is not a zero.

 12 24 10 13 6
12 1 6
24 2 12 0 " x   12 is a zero.
r s
Thus P x  24x 3  10x 2  13x  6  2x  1 12x 2  x  6  3x  2 2x  1 4x  3 has zeros  23 ,  12 , and

3.
4

38. P x  12x 3  20x 2  x  3. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 3,  12 ,  13 ,  14 ,  16 ,  12
1 ,  3 ,  3 . P x has 2
2 4

variations in sign and hence 0 or 2 positive real zeros. P x  12x 3  20x 2  x  3 has 1 variations in sign and hence
P has 1 negative real zero.

1 12 20 1 3 2 12 20 1 3
12 8 7 24 8 18
12 8 7 4 " x  1 is not a zero. 12 4 9 21 " x  2 is not a zero.

3 12 20 1 3 1 12 20 1 3
2
36 48 147 6 7 3
12 16 49 150 " x  3 is not a zero. 12 14 6 0 " x  12 is a zero.
280 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions
r sr s
Thus, P x  12x 3  20x 2  x  3  x  12 12x 2  14x  6 . Continuing:

3 12 14 6
2
18 6
12 4 0 " x  32 is a zero.

Thus, P x  2x  1 2x  3 3x  1 has zeros 12 , 32 , and  13 .

39. P x  2x 4  7x 3  3x 2  8x  4. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 4,  12 . P x has 3 variations in sign and

hence 1 or 3 positive real zeros. P x  2x 4  7x 3  3x 2  8x  4 has 1 variation in sign and hence P has 1 negative
real zero.

1 2 7 3 8 4 1 2 7 3 8 4
2
2 5 2 6 1 3 0 4
2 5 2 6" x  1 is not a zero.
2 2 6 0 8 0 " x  12 is a zero.
r sr s
Thus P x  2x 4  7x 3  3x 2  8x  4  x  12 2x 3  6x 2  8 . Continuing by factoring the quotient, we have:

2 2 6 0 8
4 4 8
2 2 4 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r rs s r s r s r s
P x  x  12 x  2 2x 2  2x  4  2 x  12 x  2 x 2  x  2  2 x  12 x  22 x  1. Thus, the

zeros are 12 , 2, and 1.

40. P x  6x 4  7x 3  12x 2  3x  2. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2,  12 ,  13 ,  23 ,  16 . Since P x has 2
variations in sign, P has 0 or 2 positive real zeros. Since P x  6x 4  7x 3  12x 2  3x  2 has 2 variations in sign, P
has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.

1 6 7 12 3 2 2 6 7 12 3 2
6 1 13 10 12 10 4 2
6 1 13 10 86 5 2 1 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s
P x  6x 4  7x 3  12x 2  3x  2  x  2 6x 3  5x 2  2x  1 .
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 281

Continuing by factoring the quotient, we first note that the possible rational zeros are 1,  12 ,  13 ,  16 . We have:
1 6 5 2 1
2
3 4 1
0 " x  12 is a zero.
6 8 2
rsr s r sr s r s
P x  x  2 x  12 6x 2  8x  2  2 x  2 x  12 3x 2  4x  1  2 x  2 x  12 x  1 3x  1.

Therefore, the zeros are 1,  13 , 12 , and 2.

41. P x  x 5  3x 4  9x 3  31x 2  36. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18. P x has
2 variations in sign and hence 0 or 2 positive real zeros. P x  x 5  3x 4  9x 3  31x 2  36 has 3 variations in sign
and hence P has 1 or 3 negative real zeros.

1 1 3 9 31 0 36
1 4 5 36 36
1 36 364 5
0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x 5  3x 4  9x 3  31x 2  36  x  1 x 4  4x 3  5x 2  36x  36 . Continuing by factoring the quotient,
we have:
1 1 4 5 36 36 2 1 4 5 36 36
1 5 0 36 2 12 14 44
1 1 0 36 72 1 6 7 22 80

3 1 4 5 36 36
3 21 48 36
12 1 0 " x  3 is a zero.
7 16
r s
So P x  x  1 x  3 x 3  7x 2  16x  12 . Since we have 2 positive zeros, there are no more positive zeros, so
we continue by factoring the quotient with possible negative zeros.

1 1 7 16 12 2 1 7 16 12
1 6 10 2 10 12
1 6 10 1 2 5 6 0 " x  2 is a zero.
s r
Then P x  x  1 x  3 x  2 x 2  5x  6  x  1 x  3 x  22 x  3. Thus, the zeros are 1, 3, 2,
and 3.

42. P x  x 5  4x 4  3x 3  22x 2  4x  24 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24. Since P x

has 3 variations in sign, there are 1 or 3 positive real zeros. Since P x  x 5  4x 4  3x 3  22x 2  4x  24 has 2
variations in sign, P has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.

1 1 4 3 22 4 24 2 1 4 3 22 4 24
1 3 6 16 12 2 4 14 16 24
1 3 6 16 12 12 1 2 7 8 12 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  2 x 4  2x 3  7x 2  8x  12
282 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

2 1 2 7 8 12
2 0 14 12
1 0 7 6 0 " x  2 is a zero again.
r s
P x  x  22 x 3  7x  6

2 1 0 7 6 3 1 0 7 6
2 4 6 3 9 6
2 3 12
1 1 3 2 0 " x  3 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  22 x  3 x 2  3x  2  x  22 x  3 x  1 x  2  0. Therefore, the zeros are 1, 2, and 3.

43. P x  3x 5  14x 4  14x 3  36x 2  43x  10 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 5, 10,  13 ,  23 ,  53 ,  10
3 . Since

P x has 2 variations in sign, there are 0 or 2 positive real zeros. Since P x  3x 5  14x 4  14x 3  36x 2  43x  10
has 3 variations in sign, P has 1 or 3 negative real zeros.

1 3 14 14 36 43 10 2 3 14 14 36 43 10

3 11 25 11 54 6 16 60 48 10
311 25 11 54 64 3 8 30 24 5 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  2 3x 4  8x 3  30x 2  24x  5

2 3 8 30 24 5 5 3 8 30 24 5

6 4 68 184 15 35 25 5
3 2
34 92 189 3 7 5 1 0 " x  5 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  2 x  5 3x 3  7x 2  5x  1 . Since 3x 3  7x 2  5x  1 has no variation in sign, there are no more

positive zeros.

1 3 7 5 1
3 4 1
4 1 0 " x  1 is a zero.
3
r s
P x  x  2 x  5 x  1 3x 2  4x  1  x  2 x  5 x  1 x  1 3x  1. Therefore, the zeros are 1,

 13 , 2, and 5.
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 283

44. P x  2x 6  3x 5  13x 4  29x 3  27x 2  32x  12 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 3, 4,
6, 12,  12 ,  32 . Since P x has 5 variations in sign, there are 1 or 3 or 5 positive real zeros. Since
P x  2x 6  3x 5  13x 4  29x 3  27x 2  32x  12 has 3 variations in sign, P has 1 or 3 negative real zeros.
1 2 3 13 29 27 32 12
2 1 14 15 12 20
2 1 14 15 12 20 8
2 2 3 13 29 27 32 12
4 2 22 14 26 12
2 1 11 7 13
0 " x  2 is a zero. 6
r s
P x  x  2 2x 5  x 4  11x 3  7x 2  13x  6 . We continue with the quotient:

2 2 1 11 7 13 6
4 10 2 10 6
2 5 1 5 3 0 " x  2 is a zero again.
r s
P x  x  22 2x 4  5x 3  x 2  5x  3 . We continue with the quotient, first noting 2 is no longer a possible rational
solution:
3 2 5 1 5 3
6 22 42 94
2 11 21 47 91 " x  3 is an upper bound.
We know that there is at least 1 more positive zero.
1 2 5 1 5 3
2
1 2 1 3
2 6 2 6 0 " x  12 is a zero.
r sr s
P x  x  22 x  12 2x 3  6x 2  2x  6 . We can factor 2x 3  6x 2  2x  6 by grouping;
r s r s r s r s
2x 3  6x 2  2x  6  2x 3  6x 2  2x  6  2x  6 x 2  1 . So P x  2 x  22 x  12 x  3 x 2  1 .
Since x 2  1 has no real zeros, the zeros of P are 3, 2, and 12 .

45. P x  3x 3  5x 2  2x  4. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 4,  13 ,  23 ,  43 . P x has 1 variation in sign and
hence 1 positive real zero. P x  3x 3  5x 2  2x  4 has 2 variations in sign and hence P has 0 or 2 negative real
zeros.
1 3 5 2 4 1 3 5 2 4
3 2 0 3 2 4
32 0 4 3 2 4 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x  1 3x 2  2x  4 . Using the Quadratic Formula on the second factor, we have
T T T
2 434
x  2 223  13 13 . Therefore, the zeros of P are 1 and 13 13 .
284 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

46. P x  3x 4  5x 3  16x 2  7x  15. The possible rational zeros are 1, 3, 5, 15,  13 ,  53 . P x has 2 variations
in sign and hence 0 or 2 positive real zeros. P x  3x 4  5x 3  16x 2  7x  15 has 2 variations in sign and hence P
has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.
1 3 5 16 7 15 3 3 5 16 7 15
3 2 18 11 9 12 12 15
32 18 11 4 3 4 4 5 0 " x  3 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x  3 3x 3  4x 2  4x  5 . Continuing:

1 3 4 4 5
3 1 5
3 1 5 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s r s
Thus, P x  x  3 3x 3  4x 2  4x  5  x  1 x  3 3x 2  x  5 . Using the Quadratic Formula on the last
T T T
2 435
factor, we have x  1 123  16 61 . Therefore, the zeros of P are 1, 3, and 16 61 .

47. P x  x 4  6x 3  4x 2  15x  4. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 4. P x has 2 variations in sign and hence 0
or 2 positive real zeros. P x  x 4  6x 3  4x 2  15x  4 has 2 variations in sign and hence P has 0 or 2 negative real
zeros.
1 1 6 4 15 4 2 1 6 4 15 4
1 5 1 14 2 8 8 14
1 5 1 14 18 1 4 4 7 18
4 1 6 4 15 4
4 8 16 4
2 4 1
1 0 " x  4 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x  4 x 3  2x 2  4x  1 . Continuing by factoring the quotient, we have:

4 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 4 1
4 8 16 1 3 1
1 2 4 15 " x  4 is an upper bound. 1 3 1 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x  4 x  1 x 2  3x  1 . Using the Quadratic Formula on the third factor, we have:
T
3 32 411 T T
x  3 13 . Therefore, the zeros are 4, 1, and 3 13 .
21 2 2
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 285

48. P x  x 4  2x 3  2x 2  3x  2. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2. P x has 2 variations in sign and hence 0 or 2
positive real zeros. P x  x 4  2x 3  2x 2  3x  2 has 2 variations in sign and hence P has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.
1 1 2 2 3 2
1 3 1 2
1 3 1 2 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  1 x 3  3x 2  x  2 . Continuing with the quotient:

1 1 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 2
1 4 5 1 2 1 2 2 2
1 4 5 3 " x  1 is an 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 " x  2 is a zero.
upper bound.
r s
So P x  x  1 x  2 x 2  x  1 . Using the Quadratic Formula on the third factor, we have
S T
1  12  4 1 1 1  5 T
x  . Therefore, the zeros are 1, 2, and 1
2
5.
2 1 2

49. P x  x 4  7x 3  14x 2  3x  9. The possible rational zeros are 1, 3, 9. P x has 3 variations in sign and hence 1
or 3 positive real zeros. P x  x 4  7x 3  14x 2  3x  4 has 1 variation in sign and hence P has 1 negative real zero.
1 1 7 14 3 9 3 1 7 14 3 9
1 6 8 5 3 12 6 9
1 6 8 5 4 1 4 2 3 0 " x  3 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x  3 x 3  4x 2  2x  3 . Since the constant term of the second term is 3, 9 are no longer possible zeros.

Continuing by factoring the quotient, we have: 3 1 4 2 3

3 3 3
1 1 1 0 " x  3 is a zero again.
r s
So P x  x  32 x 2  x  1 . Using the Quadratic Formula on the second factor, we have:
T
1 12 411 T T
x  1 5 . Therefore, the zeros are 3 and 1 5 .
21 2 2
286 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

50. P x  x 5  4x 4  x 3  10x 2  2x  4. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 4. P x has 3 variations in sign and
hence 1 or 3 positive real zeros. P x  x 5  4x 4  x 3  10x 2  2x  4 has 2 variations in sign and hence P has 0 or
2 negative real zeros.
1 1 4 1 10 2 4 2 1 4 1 10 2 4
1 3 4 6 8 2 4 10 0 4
1 4 36 8 4 1 2 5 0 2 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x  2 x 4  2x 3  5x 2  2 . Since the constant term of the second factor
is 2, 4 are no longer possible zeros. Continuing by factoring the quotient, we have:
2 1 2 5 0 2 1 1 2 5 0 2
2 0 10 20 1 3 2 2
1 5 10
0 18 1 3 2 2 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x  2 x  1 x 3  3x 2  2x  2 . Continuing by factoring the quotient, we have:

1 1 3 2 2
1 4 2
4 2 0 " x  1 is a zero again.
1
s r
So P x  x  2 x  12 x 2  4x  2 . Using the Quadratic Formula on the second factor, we have:
T
4 42 412 T T T T
x  4 8  42 2  2  2. Therefore, the zeros are 1, 2, and 2  2.
21 2 2

51. P x  4x 3  6x 2  1. The possible rational zeros are 1,  12 ,  14 . P x has 2 variations in sign and hence 0 or 2
positive real zeros. P x  4x 3  6x 2  1 has 1 variation in sign and hence P has 1 negative real zero.
1 4 6 0 1 1 4 6 0 1
2
4 2 2 2 2 1
4 2 2 1 4 4 2 0 " x  12 is a zero.
r sr s
So P x  x  12 4x 2  4x  2 . Using the Quadratic Formula on the second factor, we have:
T
4 42 442 T T T T
x  4 48  44 3  1 3 . Therefore, the zeros are 1 and 1 3 .
24 8 8 2 2 2
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 287

52. P x  3x 3  5x 2  8x  2. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2,  13 ,  23 . P x has 1 variation in sign and hence 1
positive real zero. P x  3x 3  5x 2  8x  2 has 2 variations in sign and hence P has 0 or 2 negative real zeros.

1 3 5 8 2 2 3 5 8 2
3 2 10 6 2 12
3 2 10 12 3 1 6 14
1 3 5 8 2 2 3 5 8 2
3 3
1  43  28
9 2 2  20
3
3 4  28
3  46
9 3 3 10  26
3
Thus we have tried all the positive rational zeros, so we try the negative zeros.

1 3 5 8 2 2 3 5 8 2
3 8 0 6 22 28
3 8 0 2 3 11 14 30

 13 3 5 8 2
1 2 2
3 6 6 0 " x   13 is a zero.
r sr s r sr s
So P x  x  13 3x 2  6x  6  3 x  13 x 2  2x  2 . Using the Quadratic Formula on the second factor, we
T
2 22 412 T T T T
have: x  21  22 12  222 3  1  3. Therefore, the zeros are  13 and 1  3.

53. P x  2x 4  15x 3  17x 2  3x  1. The possible rational zeros are 1,  12 . P x has 1 variation in sign and hence 1
positive real zero. P x  2x 4  15x 3  17x 2  3x  1 has 3 variations in sign and hence P has 1 or 3 negative real
zeros.
1 2 15 17 3 1
2
1 8 25 31
2 4
2 16 25 31 27 " x  12 is an upper bound.
2 4

 12 2 15 17 3 1
1 7 5 1
14 10 2 2 0 " x   12 is a zero.
r sr s r sr s
So P x  x  12 2x 3  14x 2  10x  2  2 x  12 x 3  7x 2  5x  1 .

1 1 7 5 1
1 6 1
1 6 1 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r sr s r s r s
So P x  x  12 2x 3  14x 2  10x  2  2 x  12 x  1 x 2  6x  1 Using the Quadratic Formula on the
T
T T
third factor, we have x 
6 62 411
 62 40  62 10  3  T10. Therefore, the zeros are 1,  1 ,
21 2 2
T
and 3  10.
288 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

54. P x  4x 5  18x 4  6x 3  91x 2  60x  9. The possible rational zeros are 1, 3, 9,  12 ,  32 ,  92 ,  14 ,  34 ,  94 .
P x has 4 variations in sign and hence 0 or 2 or 4 positive real zeros. P x  4x 5  18x 4  6x 3  91x 2  60x  9
has 1 variation in sign and hence P has 1 negative real zero.
1 4 18 6 91 60 9 3 4 18 6 91 60 9
4 14 20 71 1 12 18 72 57 9
4 1420 71 11 10 4 6 24 19 3 0 " x  3 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x  3 4x 4  6x 3  24x 2  19x  3 . Continuing by factoring the quotient, we have:

3 4 6 24 19 3
12 18 18 3
4 6 6 1 0 " x  3 is a zero again.
r s
So P x  x  32 4x 3  6x 2  6x  1 . Continuing by factoring the quotient, we have:

3 4 6 6 1 1 4 6 6 1
2
12 54 144 2 4 1
4 18 48 1445 " x  3 is an upper bound. 4 8 2 0 " x  12 is a zero.
r sr s r sr s
So P x  x  32 x  12 4x 2  8x  2  2 x  32 x  12 2x 2  4x  1 . Using the Quadratic Formula on
T T T T
2 421
the second factor, we have x  4 422  44 24  1  26 . Therefore, the zeros are 12 , 3, and 1  26 .

55. (a) P x  x 3  3x 2  4x  12 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 3, (b) Z
4, 6, 12.
1 1 3 4 12
1 2 6
1 2 6 6

2 1 3 4 12
 Y
2 2 12
1 1 6 0 " x  2 is a zero.

r s
So P x  x  2 x 2  x  6  x  2 x  2 x  3. The real zeros of P are 2, 2, and 3.

56. (a) P x  x 3  2x 2  5x  6 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 3, (b) Z
6.
1 1 2 5 6
1 3 2

1 3 2 8 Y


2 1 2 5 6
2 8 6
1 4 3 0 " x  2 is a zero.

r s r s
So P x  x  2 x 2  4x  3   x  2 x 2  4x  3   x  2 x  1 x  3. The real zeros of P
are 2, 1, and 3.
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 289

57. (a) P x  2x 3  7x 2  4x  4 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 4, (b) Z

 12 .

1 2 7 4 4 2 2 7 4 4
2 5 1 4 6 4
2 5 1 3 2 3 2 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s 
So P x  x  2 2x 2  3x  2 . Continuing:
 Y
2 2 3 2
4 2
2 1 0 " x  2 is a zero again.

Thus P x  x  22 2x  1. The real zeros of P are 2 and  12 .

58. (a) P x  3x 3  17x 2  21x  9 has possible rational zeros 1, 3, (b) Z

9,  13 ,  23 . 
 Y
1 3 17 21 9
3 20 41
3 20 41 32 " x  1 is an upper bound.
1 3 17 21 9
3
1 6 9
3 18 27 0 " x  13 is a zero.

r sr s r sr s r s
So P x  x  13 3x 2  18x  27  3 x  13 x 2  6x  9  3 x  13 x  32 . The real zeros of P are

3 and 13 .

59. (a) P x  x 4  5x 3  6x 2  4x  8 has possible rational zeros 1, (b) Z

2, 4, 8.
1 1 5 6 4 8
1 4 2 6

1 4 2 6 2 Y


2 1 5 6 4 8
2 6 0 8
1 3 0 4 0 " x  2 is a zero.

r s
So P x  x  2 x 3  3x 2  4 and the possible rational zeros are restricted to 1, 2, 4.

2 1 3 0 4
2 2 4
1 1 2 0 " x  2 is a zero again.
s r
P x  x  22 x 2  x  2  x  22 x  2 x  1  x  23 x  1. So the real zeros of P are 1 and 2.
290 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

60. (a) P x  x 4  10x 2  8x  8 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, (b) Z
4, 8.
1 1 0 10 8 8 2 1 0 10 8 8
1 1 9 17 2 4 12 40
1 1 9 17 9 1 2 6 20 32

4 1 0 10 8 8
 Y
4 16 24 64
1 4 6 16 72 " x  4 is an upper bound.

1 1 0 10 8 8 2 1 0 10 8 8
1 1 9 1 2 4 12 8
11 9 1 7 1 2 6 4 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x  2 x 3  2x 2  6x  4 . Continuing, we have:

2 1 2 6 4
2 8 4
1
" x  2 is a zero again.
4 2 0
r s
P x  x  22 x 2  4x  2 . Using the Quadratic Formula on the second factor, we have
T T T T T
2 412
x  4 421  4
2
8  42 2  2  2. So the real zeros of P are 2 and 2  2.
2

61. (a) P x  x 5  x 4  5x 3  x 2  8x  4 has possible rational zeros (b) Z

1, 2, 4.
1 1 1 5 1 8 4
1 0 5 4 4
1 0 5 4 4 8

2 1 1 5 1 8 4
 Y
2 2 6 10 4
1 3 5
1 2 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x  2 x 4  x 3  3x 2  5x  2 , and the possible
rational zeros are restricted to 1, 2.

2 1 1 3 5 2
2 6 6 2
1 3 " x  2 is a zero again.
3 1 0
r s
So P x  x  22 x 3  3x 2  3x  1 , and the possible rational zeros are restricted to 1.

1 1 3 3 1
1 2 1
2 1 0 " x  1 is a zero.
1
sr
So P x  x  22 x  1 x 2  2x  1  x  22 x  13 ., and the real zeros of P are 1 and 2.
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 291

62. (a) P x  x 5  x 4  6x 3  14x 2  11x  3 has possible rational zeros (b) Z
1, 3.
1 1 1 6 14 11 3
1 0 6 8 3
1 6 0 8 3 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s 
So P x  x  1 x 4  6x 2  8x  3 :
 Y

1 1 0 6 8 3
1 1 5 3
1 5 1 3 0 " x  1 is a zero again.
r s
So P x  x  12 x 3  x 2  5x  3 .

1 1 1 5 3
1 2 3
1 2 3 0 " x  1 is a zero again.
r s
So P x  x  13 x 2  2x  3  x  14 x  3, and the real zeros of P are 1 and 3.

63. P x  x 3  x 2  x  3. Since P x has 1 variation in sign, P has 1 positive real zero. Since P x  x 3  x 2  x  3
has 2 variations in sign, P has 2 or 0 negative real zeros. Thus, P has 1 or 3 real zeros.

64. P x  2x 3  x 2  4x  7. Since P x has 3 variations in signs, P has 3 or 1 positive real zeros. Since
P x  2x 3  x 2  4x  7 has no variation in sign, there is no negative real zero. Thus, P has 1 or 3 real zeros.

65. P x  2x 6  5x 4  x 3  5x  1. Since P x has 1 variation in sign, P has 1 positive real zero. Since
P x  2x 6  5x 4  x 3  5x  1 has 1 variation in sign, P has 1 negative real zero. Therefore, P has 2 real zeros.

66. P x  x 4  x 3  x 2  x  12. Since P x has no variations in sign, P has no positive real zeros. Since
P x  x 4  x 3  x 2  x  12 has 4 variations in sign, P has 4, 2, or 0 negative real zeros. Therefore, P x has 0, 2, or
4 real zeros.

67. P x  x 5  4x 3  x 2  6x. Since P x has 2 variations in sign, P has 2 or 0 positive real zeros. Since
P x  x 5  4x 3  x 2  6x has no variation in sign, P has no negative real zero. Therefore, P has a total of 1 or 3
real zeros (since x  0 is a zero, but is neither positive nor negative).

68. P x  x 8  x 5  x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1. Since P x has 6 variations in sign, the polynomial has 6, 4, 2, or 0 positive real
zeros. Since P x has no variation in sign, the polynomial has no negative real zeros. Therefore, P has 6, 4, 2, or 0 real
zeros.

69. P x  2x 3  5x 2  x  2; a  3, b  1

3 2 5 1 2
6 3 12
2 1 4 14 alternating signs " lower bound.
1 2 5 1 2
2 7 8
2 7 8 6 all nonnegative " upper bound.
Therefore a  3 and b  1 are lower and upper bounds.
292 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

70. P x  x 4  2x 3  9x 2  2x  8; a  3, b  5

3 1 2 9 2 8
3 15 18 48
1 5 6 16 56 Alternating signs " lower bound.
5 1 2 9 2 8
5 15 30 160
1 3 6 32 168 All nonnegative " upper bound.
Therefore a  3 and b  5 are lower and upper bounds.

71. P x  8x 3  10x 2  39x  9; a  3, b  2

3 8 10 39 9
24 42 9
8 14 3 0 alternating signs " lower bound.
2 8 10 39 9
16 52 26
8 26 13 35 all nonnegative " upper bound.
Therefore a  3 and b  2 are lower and upper bounds. Note that x  3 is also a zero.

72. P x  3x 4  17x 3  24x 2  9x  1; a  0, b  6

0 3 17 24 9 1
0 0 0 0
3 17 24 9 1 Alternating signs " lower bound.
6 3 17 24 9 1
18 6 180 1026
3 1 30 171 1027 All nonnegative " upper bound.
Therefore a  0 and b  6 are lower and upper bounds. Note that because P x alternates in sign, by Descartes’ Rule of
Signs, 0 is automatically a lower bound.

73. P x  x 4  2x 3  3x 2  5x  1; a  2, b  1

2 1 2 3 5 1
2 0 6 2
1 0 3 1 1 Alternating signs " lower bound.
1 1 2 3 5 1
1 3 6 11
1 3 6 11 10 All nonnegative " upper bound.
Therefore a  2 and b  1 are lower and upper bounds.
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 293

74. P x  x 4  3x 3  4x 2  2x  7; a  4, b  2

4 1 3 4 2 7
4 4 0 8
1 1 0 2 1 Alternating signs " lower bound.
2 1 3 4 2 7
2 10 12 20
1 5 6 10 13 All nonnegative " upper bound.
Therefore a  4 and b  2 are lower and upper bounds.
75. P x  2x 4  6x 3  x 2  2x  3; a  1, b  3
1 2 6 1 2 3
2 8 9 11
2 8 9 11 14 Alternating signs " lower bound.
3 2 6 1 2 3
6 0 3 3
2 0 1 1 6 All nonnegative " upper bound.
Therefore a  1 and b  3 are lower and upper bounds.
76. P x  3x 4  5x 3  2x 2  x  1; a  1, b  2
1 3 5 2 1 1
3 8 6 5
3 8 6 5 4 Alternating signs " lower bound.
2 3 5 2 1 1
6 2 0 2
3 1 0 1 1 All nonnegative " upper bound.
Therefore a  1 and b  2 are lower and upper bounds.
77. P x  x 3  3x 2  4 and use the Upper and Lower Bounds Theorem:
1 1 3 0 4
1 4 4
1 4 4 0 alternating signs " lower bound.
3 1 3 0 4
3 0 0
1 0 0 4 all nonnegative " upper bound.
Therefore 1 is a lower bound (and a zero) and 3 is an upper bound. (There are many possible solutions.)
78. P x  2x 3  3x 2  8x  12 and using the Upper and Lower Bounds Theorem:
2 2 3 8 12
4 14 12
2 7 6 0 Alternating signs " x  2 is a lower bound (and a zero).
3 2 3 8 12
6 9 3
2 3 1 15 All nonnegative " x  3 is an upper bound.
(There are many possible solutions.)
294 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

79. P x  x 4  2x 3  x 2  9x  2.
1 1 2 1 9 2 2 1 2 1 9 2
1 1 0 9 2 0 2 14
1 1 0 9 7 1 0 1 7 12
3 1 2 1 9 2
3 3 12 9
1 1 4 3 11 all positive " upper bound.
1 1 2 1 9 2
1 3 4 13
1 3 4 13 15 alternating signs " lower bound.
Therefore 1 is a lower bound and 3 is an upper bound. (There are many possible solutions.)

80. Set P x  x 5  x 4  1.

1 1 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 All nonnegative " x  1 is an upper bound.
1 1 1 0 0 0 1
1 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2 1 Alternating signs " x  1 is a lower bound.
(There are many possible solutions.)

81. P x  2x 4  3x 3  4x 2  3x  2.
1 2 3 4 3 2
2 5 1 2
2 5 1 2 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  1 2x 3  5x 2  x  2

1 2 5 1 2
2 3 2
2 3 2 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  1 x  1 2x 2  3x  2  x  1 x  1 2x  1 x  2. Therefore, the zeros are 2, 12 , 1.
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 295

82. P x  2x 4  15x 3  31x 2  20x  4. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 4,  12 . Since all of the coefficients are

positive, there are no positive zeros. Since P x  2x 4  15x 3  31x 2  20x  4 has 4 variations in sign, there are 0, 2,
or 4 negative real zeros.

1 2 15 31 20 4 2 2 15 31 20 4
2 13 18 2 4 22 18 4
2 13 18 2 2 2 11 9 2 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  2 2x 3  11x 2  9x  2 :

2 2 11 9 2 4 2 11 9 2  12 2 11 9 2
4 14 10 8 12 12 1 5 2
2 7 5 12 2 3 3 14 2 10 4 0 x   12 is a zero.
r s T T
P x  x  2 2x  1 x 2  5x  2 . Now if x 2  5x  2  0, then x  5 25412
2  52 17 . Thus, the zeros
T
are 2,  12 , and 52 17 .

83. Method 1: P x  4x 4  21x 2  5 has 2 variations in sign, so by Descartes’ rule of signs there are either 2 or 0 positive
zeros. If we replace x with x, the function does not change, so there are either 2 or 0 negative zeros. Possible rational

zeros are 1,  12 ,  14 , 5,  52 ,  54 By inspection, 1 and 5 are not zeros, so we must look for non-integer solutions:

1 4 0 21 0 5
2
2 1 10 5
4 2 20 10 0 " x  12 is a zero.
r sr s
P x  x  12 4x 3  2x 2  20x  10 , continuing with the quotient, we have:

 12 4 2 20 10
2 0 10
4 0 20 0 " x   12 is a zero.
r st u
1 r 2 s T T
P x  x  12 x 4x  20  0. If 4x 2  20  0, then x   5. Thus the zeros are  12   5.
2

Method 2: Substituting u  x 2 , the equation becomes 4u 2  21u  5  0, which factors:

r sr s T
4u 2  21u  5  4u  1 u  5  4x 2  1 x 2  5 . Then either we have x 2  5, so that x   5, or we have
T T
x 2  14 , so that x   14   12 . Thus the zeros are  12   5.
296 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions
r s
84. P x  6x 4  7x 3  8x 2  5x  x 6x 3  7x 2  8x  5 . So x  0 is a zero. Continuing with the quotient,

1
Q x  6x 3  7x 2  8x  5. The possible rational zeros are 1, 5,  12 ,  52 ,  ,  53 ,  16 ,  56 . Since Q x has 2
3

variations in sign, there are 0 or 2 positive real zeros. Since Q x  6x 4  7x 3  8x 2  5x has 1 variation in sign, there
is 1 negative real zero.

1 6 7 8 5 5 6 7 8 5
6 1 9 30 115 535
6 1 9 4 6 23 107 540 All positive " upper bound.

1 6 7 8 5
2
3 2 5
6 4 10 0 " x  12 is a zero.
r s
P x  x 2x  1 3x 2  2x  5  x 2x  1 3x  5 x  1. Therefore, the zeros are 0, 1, 12 and 53 .

85. P x  x 5  7x 4  9x 3  23x 2  50x  24. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24. P x

has 4 variations in sign and hence 0, 2, or 4 positive real zeros. P x  x 5  7x 4  9x 3  23x 2  50x  24 has 1
variation in sign, and hence P has 1 negative real zero.

1 1 7 9 23 50 24
1 6 3 26 24
1 6 3 26 24 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  1 x 4  6x 3  3x 2  26x  24 ; continuing with the quotient, we try 1 again.

1 1 6 3 26 24
1 5 2 24
1 5 2 24 0 " x  1 is a zero again.
r s
P x  x  12 x 3  5x 2  2x  24 ; continuing with the quotient, we start by trying 1 again.

1 1 5 2 24 2 1 5 2 24 3 1 5 2 24
1 4 6 2 6 16 3 6 24
1 4 6 18 1 3 8 8 1 2 8 0 " x  3 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  12 x  3 x 2  2x  8  x  12 x  3 x  4 x  2. Therefore, the zeros are 2, 1, 3 4.
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 297

1
86. P x  8x 5  14x 4  22x 3  57x 2  35x  6. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 3, 6,  ,
2
1
 32 ,  14 ,  34 ,  ,  38 . Since P x has 4 variations in sign, there are 0, 2, or 4 positive real zeros. Since
8

P x  8x 5  14x 4  22x 3  57x 2  35x  6 has 1 variation in sign, there is 1 negative real zero.

1 8 14 22 57 35 6 2 8 14 22 57 35 6

8 22 0 57 92 16 60 76 38 6
8 22 0 57 92 98 8 30 38 19 3 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  2 8x 4  30x 3  38x 2  19x  3 . All the other real zeros are positive.

1 8 30 38 19 3
8 22 16 3
8 22 16 3 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  2 x  1 8x 3  22x 2  16x  3 .

1 8 22 16 3 1 8 22 16 3
2
8 14 2 4 9 7
2
8 14 2 1 8 18 7 1
2
r s
Since f 1 0 f 1, there must be a zero between 12 and 1. We try 34 :
2

3 8 22 16 3
4
6 12 3
8 16 4 0 " x  34 is a zero.
r s T T
P x  x  2 x  1 4x  3 2x 2  4x  1 . Now, 2x 2  4x  1  0 when x  4 16421
22  22 2 . Thus, the
T
zeros are 1, 34 , 2, and 22 2 .

87. P x  x 3  x  2. The only possible rational zeros of P x are 1 and 2.

1 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 2
1 1 0 2 4 6 1 1 0
1 1 0 2 1 2 3 4 1 1 0 2

Since the row that contains 1 alternates between nonnegative and nonpositive, 1 is a lower bound and there is no need to
try 2. Therefore, P x does not have any rational zeros.
298 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

88. P x  2x 4  x 3  x  2. The only possible rational zeros of P x are 1, 2,  12 .
1 2 1 0 1 2
2
1 0 0 1
2
2 0 0 1 5 All nonnegative " x  12 is an upper bound.
2

1 2 1 0 1 2
2 3 3 2
2 3 3 2 4 Alternating signs " x  1 is a lower bound.

 12 2 1 0 1 2
1 1  12  14
2 2 1 1 7
2 4
Therefore, there is no rational zero.

89. P x  3x 3  x 2  6x  12 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12,  13 ,  23 ,  43 .

3 1 6 12 3 1 6 12
1 3 2 4 8 1 3 0 6 10
3
2 3 5 4 20 all positive " x  2 is an upper bound 2 3 1  16 76
3 3 9
1 3 4 2 14 4 3 3 2 28
3 3
2 3 7 8 4 alternating signs " x  2 is a lower bound  13 3 2  16
3
124
9
 23 3 3 4 44
3
 43 3 5 2
3
100
9
Therefore, there is no rational zero.

90. P x  x 50 5x 25 x 2 1. The only possible rational zeros of P x are 1. Since P 1  150 5 125 12 1  4
and P 1  150  5 125  12  1  6, P x does not have a rational zero.

91. P x  x 3  3x 2  4x  12, [4 4] by [15 15]. The 92. P x  x 4  5x 2  4, [4 4] by [30 30].
possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. By The possible rational solutions are 1, 2, 4.
observing the graph of P, the rational zeros are x  2, 2, By observing the graph of the equation, the solutions of
3. the given equation are x  1, 2.

10 20

-4 -2 2 4 -4 -2 2 4
-10 -20
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 299

93. P x  2x 4  5x 3  14x 2  5x  12, [2 5] by 94. P x  3x 3  8x 2  5x  2, [3 3] by [10 10]
[40 40]. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 3, The possible rational solutions are 1, 2,  13 ,  23 . By
4, 6, 12,  12 ,  32 . By observing the graph of P, the observing the graph of the equation, the only real solution
zeros are  32 , 1, 1, 4. of the given equation is x  2.

10
40
20

-2 2
-2 2 4
-20
-10
-40

95. x 4  x  4  0. Possible rational solutions are 1, 2, 4.

1 1 0 0 1 4 2 1 0 0 1 4
1 1 1 0 2 4 8 14
1 1 1 0 4 1 2 4 7 10 " x  2 is an upper bound.

1 1 0 0 1 4 2 1 0 0 1 4
1 1 1 2 2 4 8 18
1 1 1 2 2 1 2 4 9 14 " x  2 is a lower bound.

Therefore, we graph the function P x  x 4  x  4 in the viewing rectangle [2 2] by [5 20] and see there are two
solutions. In the viewing rectangle [13 125] by [01 01], we find the solution x s 128. In the viewing rectangle
[1516] by [01 01], we find the solution x s 153. Thus the solutions are x s 128, 153.

20 0.1 0.1

10
0.0 0.0
-1.30 -1.28 -1.26 1.55 1.60

-2 -1 1 2 -0.1 -0.1

96. 2x 3  8x 2  9x  9  0. Possible rational solutions are 1, 3, 9,  12 ,  32 ,  92 .

1 2 8 9 9 3 2 8 9 9
2 6 3 6 6 9
2 6 3 6 2 2 3 0 " x  3 is a zero.

We graph P x  2x 3  8x 2  9x  9 in the viewing rectangle [4 6] by

40
[40 40]. It appears that the equation has no other real solution. We can factor
r s 20
2x 3  8x 2  9x  9  x  3 2x 2  2x  3 . Since the quotient is a quadratic
expression, we can use the Quadratic Formula to locate the other possible -4 -2 2 4 6
T -20
2 423
solutions: x  2 222 , which are not real. So the only solution is x  3. -40
300 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

97. 400x 4  400x 3  1096x 2  588x  909  0.

1 4 4 1096 588 909 2 4 4 1096 588 909
4 8 296 884 8 24 2608 4040
4 8 296 884 025 4 12 1304 202 4949 " x  2 is an upper bound.

2 4 4 1096 588 909 3 4 4 1096 588 909

8 8 592 008 12 24 3912 135
4 4 296 004 901 4 8 1304 45 14409 " x  3 is a lower bound.

Therefore, we graph the function P x  400x 4  400x 3  1096x 2  588x  909 in the viewing rectangle [3 2] by
[10 40]. There appear to be two solutions. In the viewing rectangle [16 14] by [01 01], we find the solution
x s 150. In the viewing rectangle [08 12] by [0 1], we see that the graph comes close but does not go through the
x-axis. Thus there is no solution here. Therefore, the only solution is x s 150.

40 0.1 1.0

20 0.5
0.0
-1.6 -1.5
0.0
-3 -2 -1 1 2 -0.1 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

98. x 5  2x 4  096x 3  5x 2  10x  48  0. Since all the coefficients are positive, there is no positive solution. So x  0 is
an upper bound.

2 1 2 096 5 10 48 3 1 2 096 5 10 48

2 0 192 616 768 3 3 1188 2064 9192
1 0 096 308 384 288 1 1 396 688 3064 8712 " x  3 is a lower bound.

Therefore, we graph P x  x 5  2x 4  096x 3  5x 2  10x  48 in the viewing rectangle [3 0] by [10 5] and
see that there are three possible solutions. In the viewing rectangle [175 17] by [01 01], we find the solution
x s 171. In the viewing rectangle [125 115] by [01 01], we find the solution x s 120. In the viewing
rectangle [085 075] by [01 01], we find the solution x s 080. So the solutions are x s 171, 120, 080.

0.1 0.1 0.1

0
-2 0.0 0.0 0.0
-1.74 -1.72 -1.25 -1.20 -0.85 -0.80
-10 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 301
r s
99. Let r be the radius of the silo. The volume of the hemispherical roof is 12 43 r 3  23 r 3 . The volume of the cylindrical
r s
section is  r 2 10   10 r 2 . Because the total volume of the silo is 432 ft3, we get the following equation:
2 r 3  10 r 2  432 % 2 r 3  10 r 2  432  0 % r 3  15r 2  432  0. Using a graphing device, we
3 3
first graph the polynomial in the viewing rectangle [0 4.5] by [500 500]. The solution, r s 3352 m.

0.01 500

0 0
3.3524 3.3525 3

-0.01 -500

100. Given that x is the length of a side of the rectangle, we have that the length of the diagonal is x  10, and the length of
T T
the other side of the rectangle is x  102  x 2 . Hence x x  102  x 2  5000 " x 2 20x  100  25,000,000

% 2x 3  10x 2  2,500,000  0 % x 3  5x 2  1,250,000  0. The first viewing rectangle, [0 120] by [100 500],
shows there is one solution. The second viewing rectangle, [106 1061] by [01 01], shows the solution is x  10608.
Therefore, the dimensions of the rectangle are 47 m by 106 m .

0.1
400

200 0.0
106.05 106.10
0
50 100 -0.1

101. h t  1160t  1241t 2  620t 3 (a) It started to snow again.

 158t 4  020t 5  001t 6 (b) No, h t n 4.
is shown in the viewing rectangle
(c) The function h t is shown in the viewing rectangle [6 65] by
[0 10] by [0 6].
[0 05]. The x-intercept of the function is a little less than 65, which
5 means that the snow melted just before midnight on Saturday night.

0.4

0 0.2
0 5 10
0.0
6.0 6.2 6.4
 302 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

102. The volume of the box is V  1500  x 20  2x 40  2x  4x 3  120x 2  800x %
r s
4x 3  120x 2  800x  1500  4 x 3  30x 2  200x  375  0. Clearly, we must have 20  2x 0, and so 0  x  10.

5 1 30 200 375

5 125 375
1 25 75 0 " x  5 is a zero.
r s
x 3  30x 2  200x  375  x  5 x 2  25x  75  0. Using the Quadratic Formula, we find the other zeros:
T T T T
x  25 6254175
2  252 325  2552 13 . Since 2552 13 10, the two answers are: x  height  5 cm,
T
width  20  2 5  10 cm, and length  40  2 5  30 cm; and x  height  2552 13 s 349 cm,
r T s T r T s T
width  20  25  5 13  5 13  5 s 1303 cm, and length  40  25  5 13  15  5 13 s 3303 cm.

103. Let r be the radius of the cone and cylinder and let h be the height of the cone.
Since the height and diameter are equal, we get h  2r. So the volume of the r r 3  30r 2  250
1 219
cylinder is V1  r 2  cylinder height  20r 2 , and the volume of the cone is
500 2 122
V2  13 r 2 h  13 r 2 2r  23 r 3 . Since the total volume is , it follows
3 3 47
500 27 1162
that 23 r 3  20r 2  % r 3  30r 2  250  0. By Descartes’ Rule of
3 276 233
Signs, there is 1 positive zero. Since r is between 276 and 2765 (see the table),
277 144
the radius should be 276 m (correct to two decimals).
2765 144
28 715

T
104. (a) Let x be the length, in m, of each side of the base and let h be the height. The volume of the box is V  2 2  hx 2 ,
T S T
and so hx 2  2 2. The length of the diagonal on the base is x 2  x 2  2x 2 , and hence the length of the diagonal
S
between opposite corners is 2x 2  h 2  x  1. Squaring both sides of the equation, we have 2x 2  h 2  x 2  2x  1
S T rS s
% h 2  x 2  2x  1 % h  x 2  2x  1. Therefore, 2 2  hx 2  x 2  2x  1 x 2 %
r s
x 2  2x  1 x 4  8 % x 6  2x 5  x 4  8  0.

(b) We graph y  x 6  2x 5  x 4  8 in the viewing rectangle [0 5] by [10 10], and we see that there are two solutions.
In the second viewing rectangle, [14 15] by [1 1], we see the solution x s 145. The third viewing rectangle,
[225 235] by [1 1], shows the solution x s 231.

10 1 1

0 0 0
2 4 1.45 1.50 2.30 2.35

-10 -1 -1
S
If x  width  length  145 m, then height  x 2  2x  1  134 m, and if x  width  length  231 m, then
S
height  x 2  2x  1  053 m .
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 303

105. Let b be the width of the base, and let l be the length of the box. Then the length plus girth is l  4b  108, and the volume
is V  lb2  2200. Solving the first equation for l and substituting this value into the second equation yields l  108  4b
r s
" V  108  4b b2  2200 % 4b3  108b2  2200  0 % 4 b3  27b2  550  0. Now P b  b3  27b2  550
has two variations in sign, so there are 0 or 2 positive real zeros. We also observe that since l 0 b  27, so b  27 is an
upper bound. Thus the possible positive rational real zeros are 1 2 3 10 11 22 25.

1 1 27 0 550 2 1 27 0 550

1 26 26 2 50 100
1 26 26 524 1 25 50 450

5 1 27 0 550
5 110 550
1 22 110
0 " b  5 is a zero.
r s T T
P b  b  5 b2  22b  110 . The other zeros are b  22 48441110
2  22 924  2230397 . The positive
2 2
answer from this factor is b s 2620Thus we have two possible solutions, b  5 or b s 2620. If b  5, then
l  108  4 5  88; if b s 2620, then l  108  4 2620  320. Thus the length of the box is either 88 cm or 320 cm .

106. (a) An odd-degree polynomial must have a real zero. The end behavior of such a polynomial requires that the graph of the
polynomial heads off in opposite directions as x  * and x  *. Thus the graph must cross the x-axis.
(b) There are many possibilities one of which is P x  x 4  1.
r T sr T s
(c) P x  x x  2 x  2  x 3  2x.
r T sr T sr T sr T s
(d) P x  x  2 x  2 x  3 x  3  x 4  5x 2  6. If a polynomial with integer coefficients has no
real zeros, then the polynomial must have even degree.

a
107. (a) Substituting X  for x we have
3
r a s3 r a s2 r as
x 3  ax 2  bx  c  X  a X  b X  c
3 3 3
‚ 
3 2 a2 a3 2 2a a2 ab
 X  aX  X a X  X  bX  c
3 27 3 9 3

a2 a3 2a 2 a3 ab
 X3  a X2  X  a X2  X  bX  c
3 27 3 9 3
‚  ‚ 
a2 2a 2 a3 a3 ab
 X 3  a  a X 2    b X    c
3 3 27 9 3
‚ 
r s 4a 3 ab
 X 3  b  a2 X   c
27 3
r s
(b) x 3 6x 2  9x  4  0. Setting a  6, b  9, and c  4, we have: X 3  9  62 X  32  18  4  X 3 27X  18.
 304 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions
Y V Y V
X X
X
3 2 22 33 X
3 2 22 33 T T
W W
108. (a) Using the cubic formula, x        3 1  3 1  1  1  2
2 4 27 2 4 27

2 1 0 3 2
2 4 2
1 2 1 0
r s
So x  2 x 2  2x  1  x  2 x  12  0 " x  2, 1. Using the methods from this section, we have

1 1 0 3 2
1 1 2
1 10 2
r s
So x 3  3x  2  x  1 x 2  x  2  x  12 x  2  0 % x  2, 1.
Since this factors easily, the factoring method was easier.
(b) Using the cubic formula,
Y V Y V
X X
X 2 3 X
3  54
W 54 27 3  54
W 542 273
x      
2 4 27 2 4 27
T S T S T T
3 54 2 2 3 54 2 2 3 3
 2  27  27  2  27  27  27  27  3  3  6

6 1 0 27 54
6 36 54
1 6 0 9
r s
x 3  27x  54  x  6 x 2  6x  9  x  6 x  32  0 " x  3, 6.
Using methods from this section,
1 1 0 27 54 2 1 0 27 54 3 1 0 27 54
1 1 26 2 4 46 3 9 54
1 1 26 28
1 2 23 8 1 3 18 0
rs
So x 3  27x  54  x  3 x 2  3x  18  x  6 x  32  0 % x  3 6.
Since this factors easily, the factoring method was easier.
(c) Using the cubic formula,
Y V Y V
X X
X X
3 4
W 42 33 W 3 4 42 33
x      
2 4 27 2 4 27
T T T T
3 T 3 T 3 T 3 T
 2  4  1  2  4  1  2  5  2  5
 SECTION 3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomials 305

Using a graphing calculator, we see that P x  x 3  3x  4 has one zero.

Using methods from this section, P x has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 4.
1 1 0 3 4 1 1 0 3 4
1 1 4 1 1 4
1 1" 1 is an upper bound.
4 4 1 1 4 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x 3  3x  4  x  1 x 2  x  4 . Using the Quadratic Formula we have
T
1 12 414 T
x  2  1 215 which is not a real number. Since it is not easy to see that
S
3 T S
3 T
2  5  2  5  1, we see that the factoring method was much easier.
109. (a) Since z b, we have z  b 0. Since all the coefficients of Q x are nonnegative, and since z 0, we have
Q z 0 (being a sum of positive terms). Thus, P z  z  b  Q z  r 0, since the sum of a positive number
and a nonnegative number.
(b) In part (a), we showed that if b satisfies the conditions of the first part of the Upper and Lower Bounds Theorem and
z b, then P z 0. This means that no real zero of P can be larger than b, so b is an upper bound for the real zeros.
(c) Suppose b is a negative lower bound for the real zeros of P x. Then clearly b is an upper bound for
P1 x  P x. Thus, as in Part (a), we can write P1 x  x  b  Q x  r, where r 0 and the coefficients
of Q are all nonnegative, and P x  P1 x  x  b  Q x  r  x  b  [Q x]  r . Since the
coefficients of Q x are all nonnegative, the coefficients of Q x will be alternately nonpositive and nonnegative,
which proves the second part of the Upper and Lower Bounds Theorem.
110. P x  x 5  x 4  x 3  5x 2  12x  6 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 3, 6. Since P x has 1 variation in sign,
there is 1 positive real zero. Since P x  x 5  x 4  x 3  5x 2  12x  6 has 4 variations in sign, there are 0, 2, or 4
negative real zeros.

1 1 1 1 5 12 6 2 1 1 1 5 12 6
1 0 1 6 18 2 2 2 6 36
1 0 1 6 18 24 1 1 1 3 18 42

3 1 1 1 5 12 6 1 1 1 1 5 12 6
3 6 15 30 54 1 2 1 6 6
1 2 5 10 18 48 " 3 is an upper bound. 1 2 1 6 6 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  1 x 4  2x 3  x 2  6x  6 , continuing with the quotient we have

1 1 2 1 6 6
1 3 4 10
1 3 4 10 4 " 1 is a lower bound.
Therefore, there is 1 rational zero, namely 1. Since there are 1, 3 or 5 real zeros, and we found 1 rational zero, there must
be 0, 2 or 4 irrational zeros. However, since 1 zero must be positive, there cannot be 0 irrational zeros. Therefore, there is
exactly 1 rational zero and 2 or 4 irrational zeros.
306 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

3.5 COMPLEX ZEROS AND THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ALGEBRA

1. The polynomial P x  5x 2 x  43 x  7 has degree 6. It has zeros 0, 4, and 7. The zero 0 has multiplicity 2, and the
zero 4 has multiplicity 3.
2. (a) If a is a zero of the polynomial P, then x  a must be a factor of P x.
(b) If a is a zero of multiplicity m of the polynomial P, then x  am must be a factor of P x when we factor P
completely.
3. A polynomial of degree n o 1 has exactly n zeros, if a zero of multiplicity m is counted m times.
4. If the polynomial function P has real coefficients and if a  bi is a zero of P, then a  bi is also a zero of P. So if 3  i is a
zero of P, then 3  i is also a zero of P.
5. P x  x 4  1
(a) True, P has degree 4, so by the Zeros Theorem it has four (not necessarily distinct) complex zeros.
(b) True, by the Complete Factorization Theorem, this is true.
(c) False, the fourth power of any real number is nonnegative, so P x o 1 for all real x and P has no real zeros.

6. P x  x 3  x r s
(a) False. P x  x x 2  1 , and x 2  1 has no real zeros.
(b) True, P 0  0.
(c) False, P x cannot be factored into linear factors with real coefficients because x 2  1 has no real zeros.
r s
7. (a) x 4  4x 2  0 % x 2 x 2  4  0. So x  0 or x 2  4  0. If x 2  4  0 then x 2  4 % x  2i. Therefore, the
solutions are x  0 and 2i.
(b) To get the complete factorization, we factor the remaining quadratic factor P x  x 2 x  4  x 2 x  2i x  2i.
r s
8. (a) x 5  9x 3  0 % x 3 x 2  9  0. So x  0 or x 2  9  0. If x 2  9  0 then x  3i. Therefore, the zeros of P
are x  0, 3i.
(b) Since 3i and 3i are the zeros from x 2  9  0, x  3i and x  3i are the factors of x 2  9. Thus the complete
r s
factorization is P x  x 3 x 2  9  x 3 x  3i x  3i.
r s
9. (a) x 3  2x 2  2x  0 % x x 2  2x  2  0. So x  0 or x 2  2x  2  0. If x 2  2x  2  0 then
T
2 22 412 T
x 2  2 2 4  22i
2  1  i. Therefore, the solutions are x  0, 1  i.
(b) Since 1  i and 1  i are zeros, x  1  i  x  1  i and x  1  i  x  1  i are the factors of x 2  2x  2.
r s
Thus the complete factorization is P x  x x 2  2x  2  x x  1  i x  1  i.
r s
10. (a) x 3  x 2  x  0 x x 2  x  1  0. So x  0 or x 2  x  1  0. If x 2  x  1  0 then
T
1 12 411 T T T
x 21  12 3   12  i 23 . Therefore, the zeros of P are x  0,  12  i 23 .
T T
(b) The zeros of x 2  x  1  0 are  12  i 23 and  12  i 23 , so factoring we get x 2  x 
K r T sL K r T sL r T sr T s
1  x   12  i 23 x   12  i 23  x  12  i 23 x  12  i 23 . Thus the complete factorization is
r s r T sr T s
P x  x x 2  x  1  x x  12  i 23 x  12  i 23 .
 SECTION 3.5 Complex Zeros and the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra 307
r s2
11. (a) x 4  2x 2  1  0 % x 2  1  0 % x 2  1  0 % x 2  1 % x  i. Therefore the zeros of P are x  i.

(b) Since i and i are zeros, x  i and x  i are the factors of x 2  1. Thus the complete factorization is
r s2
P x  x 2  1  [x  i x  i]2  x  i2 x  i2 .

r sr s T
12. (a) x 4  x 2  2  0 % x 2  2 x 2  1  0. So x 2  2  0 or x 2  1  0. If x 2  2  0 then x 2  2 % x   2.
T
And if x 2  1  0 then x 2  1 % x  i. Therefore, the zeros of P are x   2, i.
(b) To get the complete factorization, we factor the quadratic factors to get
r sr s r T sr T s
P x  x 2  2 x 2  1  x  2 x  2 x  i x  i.

r sr s r s
13. (a) x 4  16  0 % 0  x 2  4 x 2  4  x  2 x  2 x 2  4 . So x  2 or x 2  4  0. If x 2  4  0 then

x 2  4 " x  2i. Therefore the zeros of P are x  2, 2i.

(b) Since i and i are zeros, x  i and x  i are the factors of x 2  1. Thus the complete factorization is
r s
P x  x  2 x  2 x 2  4  x  2 x  2 x  2i x  2i.

r s2 T
14. (a) x 4  6x 2  9  0 % x 2  3  0 % x 2  3. So x  i 3 are the only zeros of P (each of multiplicity 2).
(b) To get the complete factorization, we factor the quadratic factor to get
r s2 Kr T sr T sL2 r T s2 r T s2
P x  x 2  3  x  i 3 x  i 3  x i 3 x i 3 .

r s
15. (a) x 3  8  0 % x  2 x 2  2x  4  0. So x  2 or x 2  2x  4  0. If x 2  2x  4  0 then
T
T T
x
2 22 414
 2 12
 22i 3  1i T3. Therefore, the zeros of P are x  2, 1  i T3.
2 2 2
T T r T s r T s
(b) Since 1  i 3 and 1  i 3 are the zeros from the x 2  2x  4  0, x  1  i 3 and x  1  i 3 are the factors

of x 2  2x  4. Thus the complete factorization is

r s K r T sL K r T sL
P x  x  2 x 2  2x  4  x  2 x  1  i 3 x  1i 3
r T sr T s
 x  2 x  1  i 3 x  1  i 3

r s
16. (a) x 3  8  0 % x  2 x 2  2x  4  0. So x  2 or x 2  2x  4  0. If x 2  2x  4  0 then
T
T T
x
2 22 414
 22 12  22i 3  1i T3. Therefore, the zeros of P are x  2, 1  i T3.
2 2
T T r T s r T s
(b) Since 1  i 3 and 1  i 3 are the zeros from x 2  2x  4  0, x  1  i 3 and x  1  i 3 are the

factors of x 2  2x  4. Thus the complete factorization is

r s K r T sL K r T sL
P x  x  2 x 2  2x  4  x  2 x  1  i 3 x  1  i 3
r T sr T s
 x  2 x  1  i 3 x  1  i 3

r sr s r s r s
17. (a) x 6  1  0 % 0  x 3  1 x 3  1  x  1 x 2  x  1 x  1 x 2  x  1 . Clearly, x  1 are solutions.
T T T T
If x 2  x  1  0, then x  1 1411
2  12 3   12  23 so x   12  i 23 . And if x 2  x  1  0, then
T T T T T T
x  1 1411
2  1 2 3  12  3
2  1  i 3 . Therefore, the zeros of P are x  1,  1  i 3 , 1  i 3 .
2 2 2 2 2 2
308 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions
T T
(b) The zeros of x 2  x  1  0 are  12  i 3 1 3 2
2 and  2  i 2 , so x  x  1 factors as
K r T sL K r T sL r T sr T s
x   12  i 23 x   12  i 23  x  12  i 23 x  12  i 23 . Similarly,since
T T
the zeros of x 2  x  1  0 are 12  i 23 and 12  i 23 , so x 2  x  1 factors as
v t T uw K r T sL r T sr T s
1
x  i 23 x  12  i 23  x  12  i 23 x  12  i 23 . Thus the complete
2
factorization is
r s r s
P x  x  1 x 2  x  1 x  1 x 2  x  1
r T sr T sr T sr T s
 x  1 x  1 x  12  i 23 x  12  i 23 x  12  i 23 x  12  i 23
r sr s r s r s
18. (a) x 6  7x 3  8  0 % 0  x 3  8 x 3  1  x  2 x 2  2x  4 x  1 x 2  x  1 . Clearly, x  1 and
T T T T
x  2 are solutions. If x 2  2x  4  0, then x  2 4414
2  22 12   22  2 23 so x  1  i 3. If
T T T T
x 2  x  1  0, then x  1 1411
2  1 2 3  12  23  12  i 23 . Therefore, the zeros of P are x  1, 2,
T T
1  i 3, 12  i 23 .
r T sr T s
(b) From Exercise 10, x 2  2x  4  x  1  i 3 x  1  i 3 and from Exercise 11,
r T sr T s
x 2  x  1  x  12  i 23 x  12  i 23 . Thus the complete factorization is
r s r s
P x  x  2 x 2  2x  4 x  1 x 2  x  1
r T sr T sr T sr T s
 x  2 x  1 x  1  i 3 x  1  i 3 x  12  i 23 x  12  i 23

19. P x  x 2  25  x  5i x  5i. The zeros of P are 5i and 5i, both multiplicity 1.
20. P x  4x 2  9  2x  3i 2x  3i. The zeros of P are 32 i and  32 i, both multiplicity 1.
T
2 22 412 T
2
21. Q x  x  2x  2. Using the Quadratic Formula x  21  22 4  22i
2  1  i. So
Q x  x  1  i x  1  i. The zeros of Q are 1  i (multiplicity 1) and 1  i (multiplicity 1).
r s
22. Q x  x 2  8x  17  x 2  8x  16  1  x  42  1  [x  4  i] [x  4  i]  x  4  i x  4  i.
The zeros of Q are 4  i and 4  i, both multiplicity 1.
r s
23. P x  x 3  4x  x x 2  4  x x  2i x  2i. The zeros of P are 0, 2i, and 2i (all multiplicity 1).
r s
24. P x  x 3  x 2  x  x x 2  x  1 . Using the Quadratic Formula, we have
T
1 12 411 T T T T
x 21  1 2 3  12  i 23 . The zeros of P are 0, 12  i 23 , and 12  i 23 , all of multiplicity 1. And
r T sr T s
P x  x x  12  i 23 x  12  i 23 .
r sr s r s
25. Q x  x 4  1  x 2  1 x 2  1  x  1 x  1 x 2  1  x  1 x  1 x  i x  i. The zeros of Q are
1, 1, i, and i (all of multiplicity 1).
r sr s r s
26. Q x  x 4  625  x 2  25 x 2  25  x  5 x  5 x 2  25  x  5 x  5 x  5i x  5i. The zeros
of Q are 5, 5, 5i, and 5i, all multiplicity 1.
r sr s
27. P x  16x 4  81  4x 2  9 4x 2  9  2x  3 2x  3 2x  3i 2x  3i. The zeros of P are 32 ,  32 , 32 i, and

 32 i (all of multiplicity 1).

 SECTION 3.5 Complex Zeros and the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra 309
r s
28. P x  x 3  64  x  4 x 2  4x  16 . Using the Quadratic Formula, we have
T T T
x  4 164116  42 48  44i 3  2  2i T3. The zeros of P are 4, 2  2i T3, and 2  2i T3, all of
2 2
r T sr T s
multiplicity 1, and P x  x  4 x  2  2i 3 x  2  2i 3 .
r s
29. P x  x 3  x 2  9x  9  x 2 x  1  9 x  1  x  1 x 2  9  x  1 x  3i x  3i. The zeros of P are
1, 3i, and 3i (all of multiplicity 1).
r sr s r s r s
30. P x  x 6  729  x 3  27 x 3  27  x  3 x 2  3x  9 x  3 x 2  3x  9 . Using the
T T T
Quadratic Formula on x 2  3x  9 we have x  3 9419
2  32 27   32  27
2 . Using the
T T T T
3 9419 3 27 27
Quadratic Formula on x 2  3x  9 we have x  2  2
3
 2  2  32  3 2 3 i
T T T T
The zeros of P are 3, 3,  32  3 2 3 i,  32  3 2 3 i, 32  3 2 3 i, and 32  3 2 3 i, all multiplicity 1. And
r T sr T sr T sr T s
P x  x  3 x  3 x  32  3 2 3 i x  32  3 2 3 i x  32  3 2 3 i x  32  3 2 3 i .
r s2
31. Q x  x 4  2x 2  1  x 2  1  x  i2 x  i2 . The zeros of Q are i and i (both of multiplicity 2).
r s2 Kr T sr T sL2 r T s2 r T s2 T
32. Q x  x 4  10x 2  25  x 2  5  x  i 5 x  i 5  x i 5 x  i 5 . The zeros of Q are i 5
T
and i 5, both of multiplicity 2.
r sr s
33. P x  x 4  3x 2  4  x 2  1 x 2  4  x  1 x  1 x  2i x  2i. The zeros of P are 1, 1, 2i, and 2i
(all of multiplicity 1).
r s r T sr T s T T
34. P x  x 5  7x 3  x 3 x 2  7  x 3 x  i 7 x  i 7 . The zeros of P are 0 (multiplicity 3), i 7 and i 7,
both of multiplicity 1.
r s r s2 r T s2 r T s2
35. P x  x 5  6x 3  9x  x x 4  6x 2  9  x x 2  3  x x  i 3 x  i 3 . The zeros of P are 0
T T
(multiplicity 1), i 3 (multiplicity 2), and i 3 (multiplicity 2).
r s2 r s2
36. P x  x 6  16x 3  64  x 3  8  x  22 x 2  2x  4 . Using the Quadratic Formula, on x 2  2x  4 we have
T
2 22 414 T T T r T s r T s
x  2 12
 22i 3  1  i 3, so P x  x  22 x  1  i 3 2 x  1  i 3 2 .
2 2 2
T T
The zeros of P are 2, 1  i 3, and 1  i 3, all multiplicity 2.
37. Since 1  i and 1  i are conjugates, the factorization of the polynomial must be
r s
P x  a x  [1  i] x  [1  i]  a x 2  2x  2 . If we let a  1, we get P x  x 2  2x  2.
T T
38. Since 1  i 2 and 1  i 2 are conjugates, the factorization of the polynomial must be
r K T Ls r K T Ls r s
P x  c x  1  i 2 x  1  i 2  c x 2  2x  3 . If we let c  1, we get P x  x 2  2x  3.
39. Since 2i and 2i are conjugates, the factorization of the polynomial must be
r s r s
Q x  b x  3 x  2i x  2i]  b x  3 x 2  4  b x 3  3x 2  4x  12 . If we let b  1, we get

Q x  x 3  3x 2  4x  12.
40. Since i is a zero, by the Conjugate Roots Theorem, i is also a zero. So the factorization of the polynomial must be
r s r s
Q x  b x  0 x  i x  i  bx x 2  1  b x 3  x . If we let b  1, we get Q x  x 3  x.
41. Since i is a zero, by the Conjugate Roots Theorem, i is also a zero. So the factorization of the polynomial must be
r s
P x  a x  2 x  i x  i  a x 3  2x 2  x  2 . If we let a  1, we get P x  x 3  2x 2  x  2.
310 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

42. Since 1  i is a zero, by the Conjugate Roots Theorem, 1  i is also a zero. So the factorization of the polynomial must be
r s r s
Q x  a x  3 x  [1  i] x  [1  i]  a x  3 x 2  2x  2  a x 3  x 2  4x  6 . If we let a  1, we

get Q x  x 3  x 2  4x  6.

43. Since the zeros are 1  2i and 1 (with multiplicity 2), by the Conjugate Roots Theorem, the other zero is 1  2i. So a
factorization is
R x  c x  [1  2i] x  [1  2i] x  12  c [x  1]  2i [x  1]  2i x  12
r sr s r sr s r sr s
 c [x  1]2  [2i]2 x 2  2x  1  c x 2  2x  1  4 x 2  2x  1  c x 2  2x  5 x 2  2x  1
r s r s
 c x 4  2x 3  x 2  2x 3  4x 2  2x  5x 2  10x  5  c x 4  4x 3  10x 2  12x  5

If we let c  1 we get R x  x 4  4x 3  10x 2  12x  5.

44. Since S x has zeros 2i and 3i, by the Conjugate Roots Theorem, the other zeros of S x are 2i and 3i. So a
factorization of S x is
r sr s r sr s r s
S x  C x  2i x  2i x  3i x  3i  C x 2  4i 2 x 2  9i 2  C x 2  4 x 2  9  C x 4  13x 2  36

If we let C  1, we get S x  x 4  13x 2  36.

45. Since the zeros are i and 1  i, by the Conjugate Roots Theorem, the other zeros are i and 1  i. So a factorization is
T x  C x  i x  i x  [1  i] x  [1  i]
r s r sr s r sr s
 C x 2  i 2 [x  1]  i [x  1]  i  C x 2  1 x 2  2x  1  i 2  C x 2  1 x 2  2x  2
r s r s
 C x 4  2x 3  2x 2  x 2  2x  2  C x 4  2x 3  3x 2  2x  2  C x 4  2C x 3  3C x 2  2C x  2C

Since the constant coefficient is 12, it follows that 2C  12 % C  6, and so

r s
T x  6 x 4  2x 3  3x 2  2x  2  6x 4  12x 3  18x 2  12x  12.

46. Since U x has zeros 12 , 1 (with multiplicity two), and i, by the Conjugate Roots Theorem, the other zero is i. So a
factorization of U x is
r s r sr s r s
U x  c x  12 x  12 x  i x  i  12 c 2x  1 x 2  2x  1 x 2  1  12 c 2x 5  3x 4  2x 3  2x 2  1

Since the leading coefficient is 4, we have 4  12 c 2  c. Thus we have

r s
U x  12 4 2x 5  3x 4  2x 3  2x 2  1  4x 5  6x 4  4x 3  4x 2  2.
r s
47. P x  x 3  2x 2  4x  8  x 2 x  2  4 x  2  x  2 x 2  4  x  2 x  2i x  2i. Thus the zeros are
2 and 2i.

48. P x  x 3  7x 2  17x  15. We start by trying the possible rational factors of the polynomial:
1 1 7 17 15 3 1 7 17 15
1 6 11 3 12 15
1 6
4 11 1 4 5 0 " x  3 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x  3 x 2  4x  5 . Using the Quadratic Formula on the second factor, we have
T T
x  4 16415
2  4 2 4  42i
2  2  i. Thus the zeros are 3, 2  i.
 SECTION 3.5 Complex Zeros and the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra 311

49. P x  x 3  2x 2  2x  1. By inspection, P 1  1  2  2  1  0, and hence x  1 is a zero.

1 1 2 2 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 0
r s
Thus P x  x  1 x 2  x  1 . So x  1 or x 2  x  1  0.
T T T
Using the Quadratic Formula, we have x  1 1411
2  1i2 3 . Hence, the zeros are 1 and 1i2 3 .

50. P x  x 3  7x 2  18x  18 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18. Since all of the coefficients are
positive, there are no positive real zeros.
1 1 7 18 18 2 1 7 18 18 3 1 7 18 18
1 6 12 2 10 16 3 12 18
1
6 12 6 1 5 8 2 1 4 6 0 " x  3 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x  3 x 2  4x  6 . Using the Quadratic Formula on the second factor, we have
T T T T T
x  4 16416
2  42 8  42i
2
2  2  i 2. Thus the zeros are 3, 2  i 2.

51. P x  x 3  3x 2  3x  2.
2 1 3 3 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 0
r s
Thus P x  x  2 x 2  x  1 . So x  2 or x 2  x  1  0
T T T
Using the Quadratic Formula we have x  1 1411
2  1i2 3 . Hence, the zeros are 2, and 1i2 3 .

52. P x  x 3  x  6 has possible zeros 1, 2, 3.

1 1 0 1 6 2 1 0 1 6
1 1 0 2 4 6
1 0 6
1 1 2 3 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s T T T
P x  x  2 x 2  2x  3 . Now x 2  2x  3 has zeros x  2 4413
2  22i 2  1  i 2. Thus the
2
T
zeros are 2, 1  i 2.

53. P x  2x 3  7x 2  12x  9 has possible rational zeros 1, 3, 9,  12 ,  32 ,  92 . Since all coefficients are positive,
there are no positive real zeros.
1 2 7 12 9 2 2 7 12 9
2 5 7 4 6 12
2 5 7 2 2 3 6 3
There is a zero between 1 and 2.
 32 2 7 12 9
3 6 9
2 4 6 0 " x   32 is a zero.
r sr s r sr s
P x  x  32 2x 2  4x  6  2 x  32 x 2  2x  3 . Now x 2  2x  3 has zeros
T T T T
x  2 4431
2  22 2
2  1  i 2. Hence, the zeros are  32 and 1  i 2.
312 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

54. Using synthetic division, we see that x  3 is a factor of the polynomial:

1 2 8 9 9 3 2 8 9 9
2 6 3 6 6 9
2 6 3 6 2 2 3 0 " x  3 is a zero.
r s
So P x  2x 3  8x 2  9x  9  x  3 2x 2  2x  3 . Using the Quadratic Formula, we find the other two solutions:
T T T T
2  4  4 3 2 2  20
x   12  25 i. Thus the zeros are 3, 12  25 i.
2 2 4

55. P x  x 4  x 3  7x 2  9x  18. Since P x has one change in sign, we are guaranteed a positive zero, and since
P x  x 4  x 3  7x 2  9x  18, there are 1 or 3 negative zeros.

1 1 1 7 9 18
1 2 9 18
1 2 9 18 0
r s
Therefore, P x  x  1 x 3  2x 2  9x  18 . Continuing with the quotient, we try negative zeros.

1 1 2 9 18 2 1 2 9 18
1 1 8 2 0 18
1 8 1 10 1 0 9 0
s r
P x  x  1 x  2 x 2  9  x  1 x  2 x  3i x  3i. Therefore,the zeros are 1, 2, and 3i.

56. P x  x 4  2x 3  2x 2  2x  3 has possible zeros 1, 3.

1 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 3
1 1 3 5 3 3 3 3
1 1 5 83 1 1 1 1 0 " x  3 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  3 x 3  x 2  x  1 . If we factor the second factor by grouping, we get
r s
x 3  x 2  x  1  x 2 x  1  1 x  1  x  1 x 2  1 . So we have
r s
P x  x  3 x  1 x 2  1  x  3 x  1 x  i x  i. Thus the zeros are 3, 1, i, and i.

57. We see a pattern and use it to factor by grouping. This gives

r s
P x  x 5  x 4  7x 3  7x 2  12x  12  x 4 x  1  7x 2 x  1  12 x  1  x  1 x 4  7x 2  12
r sr s r T sr T s
 x  1 x 2  3 x 2  4  x  1 x  i 3 x  i 3 x  2i x  2i
T
Therefore,the zeros are 1, i 3, and 2i.
r s r s r sr s r s r s
58. P x  x 5  x 3  8x 2  8  x 3 x 2  1  8 x 2  1  x 2  1 x 3  8  x 2  1 x  2 x 2  2x  4

(factoring a sum of cubes). So x  2, or x 2  1  0. If x 2  1  0, then x 2  1 " x  i. If x 2  2x  4  0, then

T T T T
x  2 4414
2  1  12
2  1  i 3. Thus, the zeros are 2, i, 1  i 3.
 SECTION 3.5 Complex Zeros and the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra 313

59. P x  x 4  6x 3  13x 2  24x  36 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18. P x has 4
variations in sign and P x has no variation in sign.
1 1 6 13 24 36 2 1 6 13 24 36 3 1 6 13 24 36
1 5 8 16 2 8 10 28 3 9 12 36
1 5 8 16 20 1 4 5 14 8 1 3 4 12 0 " x  3 is a zero.
Continuing:
3 1 3 4 12
3 0 12
1 0 4 0 " x  3 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  32 x 2  4  x  32 x  2i x  2i. Therefore,the zeros are 3 (multiplicity 2) and 2i.

60. P x  x 4  x 2  2x  2 has possible rational zeros 1, 2.

1 1 0 1 2 2 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 2
1 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 1 2 2
1 1 0 2 4 1 is an upper bound. 1 1 0 2 0 1 2 2 0
r s T
P x  x  12 x 2  2x  2 . Using the Quadratic Formula on x 2  2x  2, we have x  2 248  22i
2  1  i.
Thus, the zeros of P x are 1 (multiplicity 2) and 1  i.
61. P x  4x 4  4x 3  5x 2  4x  1 has possible rational zeros 1,  12 ,  14 . Since there is no variation in sign, all real
zeros (if there are any) are negative.
1 4 4 5 4 1  12 4 4 5 4 1
4 0 5 1 2 1 2 1
4 0 5 1 2 4 2 4 2 0 " x   12 is a zero.
r sr s
1
P x  x  2 4x  2x 2  4x  2 . Continuing:
3

 12 4 2 4 2
2 0 2
4 0 4 0 " x   12 is a zero again.
r s2 r s
P x  x  12 4x 2  4 . Thus, the zeros of P x are  12 (multiplicity 2) and i.

62. P x  4x 4  2x 3  2x 2  3x  1 has possible rational zeros 1,  12 ,  14 . P has one variation in sign, so P has one
positive real zero.
1 4 2 2 3 1
4 6 4 1
4 6 4 1 0 " 1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  1 4x 3  6x 2  4x  1 . Continuing:

1 4 6 4 1  12 4 6 4 1
4 2 2 2 2 1
2 2 3
4 4 4 2 0 "  12 is a zero.
r
sr s
P x  x  1 x  12 4x 2  4x  2 . Using the Quadratic Formula on 4x 2  4x  2, we find
T
x  4 81632   12  12 i. Thus, P has zeros 1,  12 ,  12  12 i.
314 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

63. P x  x 5  3x 4  12x 3  28x 2  27x  9 has possible rational zeros 1, 3, 9. P x has 4 variations in sign and
P x has 1 variation in sign.

1 1 3 12 28 27 9
1 2 10 18 9
1 2 10 18 9 0 " x  1 is a zero.

1 1 2 10 18 9 1 1 1 9 9
1 1 9 9 1 0 9
1
1 9 9 0 " x  1 is a zero. 1 0 9 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  13 x 2  9  x  13 x  3i x  3i. Therefore,the zeros are 1 (multiplicity 3) and 3i

64. P x  x 5  2x 4  2x 3  4x 2  x  2 has possible rational zeros 1, 2.

1 1 2 2 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 4 1 2
1 1 1 3 2 2 0 4 0 2
1 1 1 3 2 4 1 0 2 0 1 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s r s2
P x  x  2 x 4  2x 2  1  x  2 x 2  1  x  2 x  i2 x  i2 . Thus, the zeros of P x are 2, i.

r s
65. (a) P x  x 3  5x 2  4x  20  x 2 x  5  4 x  5  x  5 x 2  4
(b) P x  x  5 x  2i x  2i

66. (a) P x  x 3  2x  4

1 1 0 2 4 2 1 0 2 4
1 1 1 2 4 4
5
1 1 1 1 2 2 0
s r
P x  x 3  2x  4  x  2 x 2  2x  2
(b) P x  x  2 x  1  i x  1  i

r sr s r s
67. (a) P x  x 4  8x 2  9  x 2  1 x 2  9  x  1 x  1 x 2  9
(b) P x  x  1 x  1 x  3i x  3i

r s2
68. (a) P x  x 4  8x 2  16  x 2  4

(b) P x  x  2i2 x  2i2

r sr s r s r s
69. (a) P x  x 6  64  x 3  8 x 3  8  x  2 x 2  2x  4 x  2 x 2  2x  4
r T sr T sr T sr T s
(b) P x  x  2 x  2 x  1  i 3 x  1  i 3 x  1  i 3 x  1  i 3

r s r sr s r s
70. (a) P x  x 5  16x  x x 4  16  x x 2  4 x 2  4  x x  2 x  2 x 2  4
(b) P x  x x  2 x  2 x  2i x  2i
 SECTION 3.5 Complex Zeros and the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra 315
r s
71. (a) x 4  2x 3  11x 2  12x  x x 3  2x 2  11x  12  0. We first find the
bounds for our viewing rectangle.
5
1 2 11 12 -20
5 1 3 4 32 " x  5 is an upper bound.
4 1 6 13 50 " x  4 is a lower bound. -40

We graph P x  x 4  2x 3  11x 2  12x in the viewing rectangle [4 5] by

[50 10] and see that it has 4 real solutions. Since this matches the degree of
P x, P x has no nonreal solution.

(b) x 4  2x 3  11x 2  12x  5  0. We use the same (c) x 4  2x 3  11x 2  12x  40  0. We graph
bounds for our viewing rectangle, [4 5] by [50 10], T x  x 4  2x 3  11x 2  12x  40 in the viewing
and see that R x  x 4  2x 3  11x 2  12x  5 has rectangle [4 5] by [10 50], and see that T has no
2 real solutions. Since the degree of R x is 4, R x real solution. Since the degree of T is 4, T must have
must have 2 nonreal solutions. 4 nonreal solutions.

40
5
-20 20

-40
5

72. (a) 2x  4i  1 % 2x  1  4i % x  12  2i.

(b) x 2  i x  0 % x x  i  0 % x  0, i.
(c) x 2  2i x  1  0 % x  i2  0 % x  i.
(d) i x 2  2x  i  0. Using the Quadratic Formula, we get
T
2 22 4ii T T T r T s r T s
x 2i  22i 8  22
2i
2  1 2  1  2 i  1  2 i.
i

73. (a) P x  x 2  1  i x  2  2i. So P 2i  2i2  1  i 2i  2  2i  4  2i  2  2  2i  0,

and P 1  i  1  i2  1  i 1  i  2  2i  1  2i  1  1  1  2  2i  0.
Therefore, 2i and 1  i are solutions of the equation x 2  1  i x  2  2i  0. However,
P 2i  2i2  1  i 2i  2  2i  4  2i  2  2  2i  4  4i, and
P 1  i  1  i2  1  i 1  i  2  2i  2  2i. Since, P 2i / 0 and P 1  i / 0, 2i and 1  i are
not solutions.
(b) This does not violate the Conjugate Roots Theorem because the coefficients of the polynomial P x are not all real.

74. (a) Because i and 1  i are zeros, i and 1  i are also zeros. Thus,
r sr s
P x  C x  i x  i x  [1  i] x  [1  i]  C x 2  1 x 2  2x  2
r s r s
 C x 4  2x 3  2x 2  x 2  2x  2  C x 4  2x 3  3x 2  2x  2

Because C  1, the polynomial is P x  x 4  2x 3  3x 2  2x  2.

316 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

(b) Because i and 1  i are zeros,

r s K L
P x  C x  i x  [i  1]  C x 2  xi  x  xi  1  i  C x 2  1  2i x  1  i

Because C  1, the polynomial is P x  x 2  1  2i x  1  i.

75. Because P has real coefficients, the imaginary zeros come in pairs: a  bi (by the Conjugate Roots Theorem), where b / 0.
Thus there must be an even number of nonreal zeros. Since P is of odd degree, it has an odd number of zeros (counting
multiplicity). It follows that P has at least one real zero.
r sr s
76. x 4  1  0 % x 2  1 x 2  1  0 % x  1 x  1 x  i x  i  0 % x  1, i. So there are four fourth

roots of 1, two that are real and two that are nonreal. Consider P x  x n  1, where n is even. P has one change in sign
so P has exactly one real positive zero, namely x  1. Since P x  P x, P also has exactly one real negative zero,
namely x  1. Thus P must have n  2 complex roots. As a result, x n  1 has two real n th zeros and n  2 complex
roots.
r s T
x 3  1  0 % x  1 x 2  x  1  0 % x  1, 1i 2
3 . So there is one real cube zero of unity and two nonreal

roots. Now consider Q x  x k  1, where k is odd. Since Q has one change in sign, Q has exactly one real positive zero,
namely x  1. But Q x  x k  1 has no change in sign, so there is no negative real zero. As a result, x k  1 has one
real kth zero and k  1 nonreal roots.

3.6 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

1. If the rational function y  r x has the vertical asymptote x  2, then as x  2 , either y  * or y  *.

2. If the rational function y  r x has the horizontal asymptote y  2, then y  2 as x  *.

x  1 x  2
3. The function r x  has x-intercepts 1 and 2.
x  2 x  3

4. The function r has y-intercept 13 .

5. The function r has vertical asymptotes x  2 and x  3.

6. The function r has horizontal asymptote y  1.

x2  x x x  1 x
7. r x    for x / 1. r s
x  1 2x  4 x  1 2x  4 2 x  2
(a) False. r does not have vertical asymptote x  1. It has a “hole” at 1 16 .
(b) True, r has vertical asymptote x  2.
(c) False, r has a horizontal asymptote y  12 but not a horizontal asymptote y  1.
(d) True, r has horizontal asymptote y  12 .

x2  x
8. True, the graph of a rational function may cross a horizontal asymptote. For example, r x  2 crosses its
x x 1
r s
horizontal asymptote y  1 at the point 12  1 .

x
9. r x 
x 2
 SECTION 3.6 Rational Functions 317

(a)
x r x x r x x r x x r x
15 3 25 5 10 125 10 0833
19 19 21 21 50 1042 50 0962
199 199 201 201 100 1020 100 0980
1999 1999 2001 2001 1000 1002 1000 0998
(b) r x  * as x  2 and r x  * as x  2 .
(c) r has horizontal asymptote y  1.

4x  1
10. r x 
x 2
(a)
x r x x r x x r x x r x
15 14 25 22 10 5125 10 325
19 86 21 94 50 4188 50 3827
199 896 201 904 100 4092 100 3912
1999 8996 2001 9004 1000 4009 1000 3991
(b) r x  * as x  2 and r x  * as x  2 .
(c) r has horizontal asymptote y  4.

3x  10
11. r x 
x  22
(a)
x r x x r x x r x x r x
15 22 25 10 10 03125 10 02778
19 430 21 370 50 00608 50 00592
199 40,300 201 39,700 100 00302 100 00298
1999 4,003,000 2001 3,997,000 1000 00030 1000 00030
(b) r x  * as x  2 and r x  * as x  2 .
(c) r has horizontal asymptote y  0.

3x 2  1
12. r x 
x  22
(a)
x r x x r x x r x x r x
15 31 25 79 10 4703 10 209
19 1183 21 1423 50 3256 50 2774
199 128,803 201 131,203 100 3124 100 2884
1999 12,988,003 2001 13,012,003 1000 3012 1000 2988
(b) r x  * as x  2 and r x  * as x  2 .
(c) r has horizontal asymptote y  3.
1
In Exercises 13–20, let f x  .
x
318 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1 Z
13. r x   f x  1. From this form we see that the graph of r is obtained
x 1
from the graph of f by shifting 1 unit to the right. Thus r has vertical asymptote
x  1 and horizontal asymptote y  0. The domain of r is * 1 C 1 * and 
 Y
its range is * 0 C 0 *.

1 Z
14. r x   f x  4. From this form we see that the graph of r is obtained
x 4
from the graph of f by shifting 4 units to the left. Thus r has vertical asymptote
x  4 and horizontal asymptote y  0. The domain of r is * 4 C 4 * 
 Y
and its range is * 0 C 0 *.

t u
3 1 Z
15. s x  3  3 f x  1. From this form we see that the graph
x 1 x 1
of s is obtained from the graph of f by shifting 1 unit to the left and stretching
vertically by a factor of 3. Thus s has vertical asymptote x  1 and horizontal 
 Y
asymptote y  0. The domain of s is * 1 C 1 * and its range is
* 0 C 0 *.

t u
2 1 Z
16. s x   2  2 f x  2. From this form we see that the
x 2 x 2
graph of s is obtained from the graph of f by shifting 2 units to the right, stretching
vertically by a factor of 2, and then reflecting about the x-axis. Thus s has vertical 
 Y
asymptote x  2 and horizontal asymptote y  0. The domain of s is
* 2 C 2 * and its range is * 0 C 0 *.

2x  3 1 Z
17. t x  2  f x  2  2 (see the long 2
x 2 x 2
division at right). From this form we see that the graph of t is x 2 2x  3

obtained from the graph of f by shifting 2 units to the right 2x  2

and 2 units vertically. Thus t has vertical asymptote x  2 1 
 Y
and horizontal asymptote y  2. The domain of t is
* 2 C 2 * and its range is * 2 C 2 *.
 SECTION 3.6 Rational Functions 319
t u
3x  3 9 1 Z
18. t x   3 39 3
x 2 x 2 x 2
 9 f x  2  3 x 2 3x  3
3x  6
From this form we see that the graph of t is obtained from the 
9
graph of f by shifting 2 units to the left, stretching vertically  Y

by a factor of 9, reflecting about the x-axis, and then shifting

3 units vertically. Thus t has vertical asymptote x  2 and
horizontal asymptote y  3. The domain of t is
* 2 C 2 * and its range is * 3 C 3 *.

x 2 1 Z
19. r x  1   f x  3  1 (see the long 1
x 3 x 3
division at right). From this form we see that the graph of r is x 3 x  2

obtained from the graph of f by shifting 3 units to the left, x  3

reflect about the x-axis, and then shifting vertically 1 unit. 1 

Thus r has vertical asymptote x  3 and horizontal  Y

asymptote y  1. The domain of r is * 3 C 3 *

and its range is * 1 C 1 *.

t u
2x  9 1 1 Z
20. t x   2 2 2
x 4 x 4 x 4
  f x  4  2 x 4 2x  9
2x  8
From this form we see that the graph of t is obtained from the
1
graph of f by shifting 4 units to the right, reflecting about the

x-axis, and then shifting 2 units vertically. Thus t has vertical  Y
asymptote x  4 and horizontal asymptote y  2. The
domain of r is * 4 C 4 * and its range is
* 2 C 2 *.

x 1
21. r x  . When x  0, we have r 0   14 , so the y-intercept is  14 . The numerator is 0 when x  1, so the
x 4
x-intercept is 1.

3x
22. s x  . When x  0, we have s 0  0, so the y-intercept is 0. The numerator is zero when 3x  0 or x  0, so
x 5
the x-intercept is 0.

x2  x  2 2
23. t x  . When x  0, we have t 0   13 , so the y-intercept is 13 . The numerator is 0 when
x 6 6
x 2  x  2  x  2 x  1  0 or when x  2 or x  1, so the x-intercepts are 2 and 1.

2 2
24. r x  2 . When x  0, we have r 0    12 , so the y-intercept is  12 . The numerator is never zero, so
x  3x  4 4
there is no x-intercept.

x2  9
25. r x  . Since 0 is not in the domain of r x, there is no y-intercept. The numerator is 0 when
x2
x 2  9  x  3 x  3  0 or when x  3, so the x-intercepts are 3.
320 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x3  8
26. r x  2 . When x  0, we have r 0  84  2, so the y-intercept is 2. The x-intercept occurs when x 3  8  0 %
x 4
r s T
x  2 x 2  2x  4  0 % x  2 or x  1  i 3, which has only one real solution, so the x-intercept is 2.

27. From the graph, the x-intercept is 3, the y-intercept is 3, the vertical asymptote is x  2, and the horizontal asymptote is
y  2.
28. From the graph, the x-intercept is 0, the y-intercept is 0, the horizontal asymptote is y  0, and the vertical asymptotes are
x  1 and x  2.

29. From the graph, the x-intercepts are 1 and 1, the y-intercept is about 14 , the vertical asymptotes are x  2 and x  2,
and the horizontal asymptote is y  1.
30. From the graph, the x-intercepts are 2, the y-intercept is 6, the horizontal asymptote is y  2, and there are no vertical
asymptotes
5
31. r x  has a vertical asymptote where x  2  0 % x  2, and y  0 is a horizontal asymptote because the degree
x 2
of the denominator is greater than that of the numerator.
2x  3
32. r x  2 has are vertical asymptotes where x 2  1  0 % x  1 or x  1, and y  0 is a horizontal asymptote
x 1
because the degree of the denominator is greater than that of the numerator.
3x  1
33. r x  has no vertical asymptote since 4x 2  1 0 for all x. y  0 is a horizontal asymptote because the degree
4x 2  1
of the denominator is greater than that of the numerator.

3x 2  5x r sr s
34. r x  4
has vertical asymptotes where x 4  1  x 2  1 x 2  1  0 % x  1, and y  0 is a horizontal
x 1
asymptote because the degree of the denominator is greater than that of the numerator.

6x 2  1
35. s x  has vertical asymptotes where 2x 2  x  1  0 % x  1 2x  1  0 % x  1 or x  12 , and
2x 2  x  1
horizontal asymptote y  62  3.

8x 2  1
36. s x  has vertical asymptotes where 4x 2  2x  6  0 % 2 2x  3 x  1  0 % x   32 or x  1,
4x 2  2x  6
and horizontal asymptote y  84  2.

x  1 2x  3
37. r x  has vertical asymptotes where x  2 4x  7  0 % x   74 or x  2, and horizontal
x  2 4x  7
12 1
asymptote y   .
14 2
x  3 x  2
38. r x  has vertical asymptotes where 5x  1 2x  3  0 % x   15 or x  32 , and horizontal
5x  1 2x  3
11 1
asymptote y   .
52 10
6x 3  2 6x 3  2
39. r x   b c . Because the quadratic in the denominator has no real zero, r has vertical
2x 3  5x 2  6x x 2x 2  5x  6
asymptote x  0 and horizontal asymptote y  62  3.
 SECTION 3.6 Rational Functions 321

5x 3 5x 3 5x 2
40. r x  3  b c  . Because the denominator has no real zero, r has no vertical
x  2x 2  5x x x 2  2x  5 x 2  2x  5
asymptote. r has horizontal asymptote y  51  5.

x2  2
41. y  . A vertical asymptote occurs when x  1  0 % x  1. There is no horizontal asymptote because the degree
x 1
of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator.

x 3  3x 2 x 2 x  3
42. r x  2
 . Because the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator,
x 4 x  2 x  2
the function has no horizontal asymptote. Two vertical asymptotes occur at x  2 and x  2. By using long division, we
4x  12
see that r x  x  3  2 so y  x  3 is a slant asymptote.
x 4

4x  4
43. y  . When x  0, y  2, so the y-intercept is 2. When y  0, Z
x 2
4x  4  0 % x  1, so the x-intercept is 1. Since the degree of the numerator and
denominator are the same, the horizontal asymptote is y  41  4. A vertical
4x  4 
asymptote occurs when x  2. As x  2 , y   *, and as
x 2  Y
4x  4
x  2 , y   *. The domain is
x  x / 2 and the range is
x 2

y  y / 4.

2x  6 2 x  3
44. r x   . When x  0, we have y  2, so the y-intercept Z
6x  3 3 2x  1
is 2. When y  0, we have x  3  0 % x  3, so the x-intercept is 3. A
vertical asymptote occurs when 2x  1  0 % x  12 . Because the degree of the

denominator and the numerator are the same, the horizontal asymptote is 
Q R Q R Y
y  62   1 . The domain is x  x / 1 and the range is y  y /  1 .
3 2 3

r s
3x 2  12x  13 3 x 2  4x  4  1 1
45. r x   3 . When x  0, Z
x 2  4x  4 x 2  4x  4 x  22
1
y  13 13
4 , so the y-intercept is 4 . There is no x-intercept since is positive
x  22
on its domain. There is a vertical asymptote at x  2. The horizontal asymptote is
y  3. The domain is
x  x / 2 and the range is
y  y 3.


 Y
322 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions
r s
2x 2  8x  9 2 x 2  4x  4  1 1
46. r x  2
 2
 2  . When Z
x  4x  4 x  4x  4 x  22
1
x  0, y   94 , so the y-intercept is  94 . There is no x-intercept since is 
x  22
  Y
positive on its domain. There is a vertical asymptote at x  2. The horizontal
asymptote is y  2. The domain is
x  x / 2 and the range is
y  y  2.

r s
x 2  8x  18  x 2  8x  16  2 2
47. r x  2   1  . When Z
x  8x  16 x 2  8x  16 x  42
x  0, y   98 , and so the y-intercept is  98 . There is no x-intercept since


2  Y
is positive on its domain. There is a vertical asymptote at x  4. The
x  42
horizontal asymptote is y  1. The domain is
x  x / 4 and the range is

y  y  1.

r s
1 2x 2  4x  2  2
x 2  2x  3 2 1 1
48. r x  2    . is true. When Z
2x  4x  2 2x 2  4x  2 2 x  12
x  0, we have y  32 , so the y-intercept is 2. There is no x-intercept since
1
is positive on its domain. There is a vertical asymptote at x  1. The
x  12
horizontal asymptote is y  12 . The domain is
x  x / 1 and the range is
Q R 
y  y 12 .   Y

4x  8 8
49. s x  . When x  0, y   2, so the y-intercept is 2. Z
x  4 x  1 4 1
When y  0, 4x  8  0 % x  2, so the x-intercept is 2. The vertical asymptotes
are x  1 and x  4, and because the degree of the numerator is less than the
degree of the denominator, the horizontal asymptote is y  0. The domain is 
 Y

x  x / 1 4 and the range is R.
 SECTION 3.6 Rational Functions 323

6 6
50. s x  2 . When x  0, y   1, so the y-intercept is 1. Z
x  5x  6 6
Since the numerator is never zero, there is no x-intercept. The vertical asymptotes
occur when x 2  5x  6  x  1 x  6 % x  1 and x  6, and because the

degree of the numerator is less less than the degree of the denominator, the 
Y
horizontal asymptote is y  0. The domain is
x  x / 1 6 and the range is

y  y n 05 or y 0.

2x  4 2 x  2
51. s x  2  . When x  0, y  2, so the y-intercept is Z
x x 2 x  1 x  2
2. When y  0, we have 2x  4  0 % x  2, so the x-intercept is 2. A vertical
asymptote occurs when x  1 x  2  0 % x  1 and x  2. Because the
degree of the denominator is greater than the degree of the numerator, the 
 Y
horizontal asymptote is y  0. The domain is
x  x / 2 1 and the range is

y  y n 02 or y o 2.

x 2 2
52. s x  . When x  0, y  , so the y-intercept is  23 When Z
x  3 x  1 3
y  0, we have x  2  0 % x  2, so the x-intercept is 2. A vertical
asymptote occurs when x  3 x  1  0 % x  3 and x  1. Because the
degree of the denominator is greater than the degree of the numerator, the 
 Y
horizontal asymptote is y  0. The domain is
x  x / 3 1 and the range is R.

x  1 x  2
53. r x  . When x  0, y  23 , so the y-intercept is 23 . When Z
x  1 x  3
y  0, x  1 x  2  0 " x  2, 1, so, the x-intercepts are 2 and 1. The
vertical asymptotes are x  1 and x  3, and because the degree of the

numerator and denominator are the same the horizontal asymptote is y  11  1.
 Y
The domain is
x  x / 1 3 and the range is R.

2x 2  10x  12 2 x  1 x  6 2 1 6

54. r x   . When x  0, y   2, Z
x2  x  6 x  2 x  3 2 3
so the y-intercept is 2. When y  0, 2 x  1 x  6  0 " x  6, 1, so the
x-intercepts are 6 and 1. Vertical asymptotes occur when x  2 x  3  0
% x  3 or x  2. Because the degree of the numerator and denominator are the 
 Y
same the horizontal asymptote is y  21  2. The domain is
x  x / 3 2 and
the range is R.
324 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

2x 2  2x  4 2 x  2 x  1
55. r x   . Vertical asymptotes occur at x  0 Z
x2  x x x  1
and x  1. Since x cannot equal zero, there is no y-intercept. When y  0, we
have x  2 or 1, so the x-intercepts are 2 and 1. Because the degree of the

denominator and numerator are the same, the horizontal asymptote is y  21  2.
 Y
The domain is
x  x / 1 0 and the range is
y  y  2 or y o 184.

r s
3x 2  6 3 x2  2
56. r x  2  . When x  0, y  2, so the y-intercept Z
x  2x  3 x  3 x  1
is 2. Since the numerator can never equal zero, there is no x-intercept. Vertical
asymptotes occur when x  1, 3. Because the degree of the numerator and

denominator are the same, the horizontal asymptote is.y  31  3. The domain is
 Y

x  x / 1 3 and the range is
y  y n 18 or y o 25.

x 2  2x  1 x  12
57. s x   . Since x  0 is not in the domain of s x, Z
x 3  3x 2 x 2 x  3
there is no y-intercept. The x-intercept occurs when y  0 % 
x 2  2x  1  x  12  0 " x  1, so the x-intercept is 1. Vertical asymptotes
occur when x  0, 3. Since the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of
 Y
the denominator, the horizontal asymptote is y  0. The domain is
x  x / 0 3
and the range is R.

x2  x  6 x  3 x  2
58. y  2
 . The x-intercept occurs when y  0 % Z
x  3x x x  3
x  3 x  2  0 " x  2, 3, so the x-intercepts are 2 and 3. There is no
y-intercept because y is undefined when x  0. The vertical asymptotes are x  0
and x  3. Because the degree of the numerator and denominator are the same, 
 Y
the horizontal asymptotes is y  11  1. The domain is
x  x / 3 0 and the
range is R.

t u
x 2  2x  1 x  12 x 1 2
59. r x  2   . When x  0, y  1, so the Z
x  2x  1 x  12 x 1
y-intercept is 1. When y  0, x  1, so the x-intercept is 1. A vertical asymptote
occurs at x  1  0 % x  1. Because the degree of the numerator and
denominator are the same the horizontal asymptote is y  11  1. The domain is

x  x / 1 and the range is
y  y o 0.

 Y
 SECTION 3.6 Rational Functions 325

4x 2 4x 2
60. r x  2  . When x  0, we have y  0, so the Z
x  2x  3 x  3 x  1
graph passes through the origin. Vertical asymptotes occur at x  1 and x  3.
Because the degree of the denominator and numerator are the same, the horizontal
asymptote is y  41  4. The domain is
x  x / 1 3 and the range is

y  y n 0 or y o 29. 
 Y

r s
5x 2  5 5 x2  1 5
61. r x  2  2
. When x  0, we have y  , so the Z
x  4x  4 x  2 4
y-intercept is 54 . Since x 2  1 0 for all real x, y never equals zero, and there is
no x-intercept. The vertical asymptote is x  2. Because the degree of the
denominator and numerator are the same, the horizontal asymptote occurs at
y  51  5. The domain is
x  x / 2 and the range is
y  y o 10.

 Y

x3  x2 x 2 x  1
62. r x  3  3 . When x  0, we have y  0, so the Z
x  3x  2 x  3x  2
y-intercept is 0. When y  0, we have x 2 x  1  0, so the x-intercepts are 0
and 1. Vertical asymptotes occur when x 3  3x  2  0. Since x 3  3x  2  0
when x  2, we can factor x  2 x  12  0, so the vertical asymptotes occur

at x  2 and x  1. Because the degree of the denominator and numerator are
 Y
the same, the horizontal asymptote is y  11  1. The domain is
x  x / 1 2
and the range is R.

x 2  4x  5 x  5 x  1 x 5
63. r x  2
  for x / 1. When x  0, y  52 , Z
x x 2 x  2 x  1 x 2
so the y-intercept is 52 . When y  0, x  5, so the x-intercept is 5. Vertical
asymptotes occur when x  2  0 % x  2. Because the degree of the

denominator and numerator are the same, the horizontal asymptote is y  1. The

domain is
x  x / 2 1 and the range is
y  y / 1 2.
  Y
326 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 2  3x  10 x  2 x  5 x 2
64. r x    for Z
x  1 x  3 x  5 x  1 x  3 x  5 x  1 x  3
x / 5. When x  0, we have y  23 , so the y-intercept is 23 . When y  0, we
have x  2, so the x-intercept is 2. Vertical asymptotes occur when

x  1 x  3  0 % x  1 or 3, so the vertical asymptotes occur at x  1
and x  3. Because the degree of the denominator is greater than that of the   Y

@@

numerator, the horizontal asymptote is y  0. The domain is
x  x / 5 1 3
and the range is R.

x 2  2x  3 x  3 x  1
65. r x    x  3 for x / 1. When x  0, Z
x 1 x 1
y  3, so the y-intercept is 3. When y  0, x  3, so the x-intercept is 3.
There are no asymptotes. The domain is
x  x / 1 and the range is

y  y / 4. 
  Y

@@

x 3  2x 2  3x x x  1 x  3
66. r x    x x  1 for x / 3. When x  0, Z
x 3 x 3

we have y  0, so the y-intercept is 0. When y  0, x  1 or 0, so the
x-intercepts are 1 and 0. There are no asymptotes. The domain is
x  x / 3 and
Q R
the range is y  y o  14 .


  Y

x 3  5x 2  3x  9
67. r x  . We use synthetic division to check whether the Z
x 1
denominator divides the numerator:
1 1 5 3 9 @

1 6 9
1 6 9 0
r s
x 2  6x  9 x  1 
Thus, r x   x 2  6x  9  x  32 for x / 1.   Y
x 1
When x  0, y  9, so the y-intercept is 9. When y  0, x  3, so the x-intercept
is 3. There are no asymptotes. The domain is
x  x / 1 and the range is

y  y o 0.
 SECTION 3.6 Rational Functions 327

x 2  4x  5 x  1 x  5 x 1
68. r x  3   for x / 5. x  0 is Z
x  7x 2  10x x x  2 x  5 x x  2
not in the domain of r , so there is no y-intercept. When y  0, x  1, so the
x-intercept is 1. There are vertical asymptotes at x  2 and x  0. Because the
degree of the denominator is less than the degree of the numerator, y  0 is a

horizontal asymptote. The domain is
x  x / 5 2 0 and the range is 
  Y

y  y n 0134 or y o 1866. @@


x2
69. r x  . When x  0, y  0, so the graph passes through the origin. There Z
x 2
is a vertical asymptote when x  2  0 % x  2, with y  * as x  2 , and
y  * as x  2 . Because the degree of the numerator is greater than the

degree of the denominator, there is no horizontal asymptotes. By using long
 Y
4
division, we see that y  x  2  , so y  x  2 is a slant asymptote.
x 2

x 2  2x x x  2
70. r x   . When x  0, we have y  0, so the graph passes Z
x 1 x 1
through the origin. Also, when y  0, we have x  0 or 2, so the x-intercepts are
2 and 0. The vertical asymptote is x  1. There is no horizontal asymptote, and
the line y  x  3 is a slant asymptote because by long division, we have
2 
y  x 3 .
x 1  Y

x 2  2x  8 x  4 x  2
71. r x   . The vertical asymptote is x  0, thus, Z
x x
there is no y-intercept. If y  0, then x  4 x  2  0 " x  2, 4, so the
x-intercepts are 2 and 4. Because the degree of the numerator is greater than the
degree of the denominator, there are no horizontal asymptotes. By using long 
 Y
8
division, we see that y  x  2  , so y  x  2 is a slant asymptote.
x

3x  x 2 x 3  x
72. r x   . When x  0, we have y  0, so the graph passes Z
2x  2 2 x  1
through the origin. Also, when y  0, we have x  0 or x  3, so the x-intercepts
are 0 and 3. The vertical asymptote is x  1. There is no horizontal asymptote, and
the line y   12 x  1 is a slant asymptote because by long division we have 
 Y
1
y   12 x  1  .
x 1
328 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 2  5x  4 x  4 x  1
73. r x   . When x  0, y   43 , so the y-intercept Z
x 3 x 3
is  43 . When y  0, x  4 x  1  0 % x  4, 1, so the two x-intercepts
are 4 and 1. A vertical asymptote occurs when x  3, with y  * as
x  3 , and y  * as x  3 . Using long division, we see that

28
y  x 8 , so y  x  8 is a slant asymptote.  Y
x 3

x3  4 x3  4
74. r x   . When x  0, we have Z
2x 2  x  1 2x  1 x  1
04 T
y  4, so the y-intercept is 4. Since x 3  4  0 " x   3 4,
001
T 
the x-intercept is x   3 4. There are vertical asymptotes where  Y

2x  1 x  1  0 " x  12 or x  1. Since the degree of the numerator is

greater than the degree of the denominator, there is no horizontal asymptote. By
3 x  15
long division, we have y  12 x  14  4 4 , so the line y  1 x  1 is a
2x 2  x  1 2 4
slant asymptote.

x3  x2 x 2 x  1
75. r x  2
 . When x  0, y  0, so the graph passes Z
x 4 x  2 x  2
through the origin. Moreover, when y  0, we have x 2 x  1  0 " x  0, 1,
so the x-intercepts are 0 and 1. Vertical asymptotes occur when x  2; as

x  2 , y  * and as x  2 , y  *. Because the degree of the
 Y
numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator, there is no horizontal
4x  4
asymptote. Using long division, we see that y  x  1  2 , so y  x  1 is a
x 4
slant asymptote.

r s
2x 3  2x 2x x 2  1
76. r x  2  . When x  0, we have y  0, so the graph Z
x 1 x  1 x  1
passes through the origin. Also, note that x 2  1 0, for all real x, so the only
x-intercept is 0. There are two vertical asymptotes at x  1 and x  1. There is

no horizontal asymptote, and the line y  2x is a slant asymptote because by long
 Y
4x
division, we have y  2x  2 .
x 1
 SECTION 3.6 Rational Functions 329

2x 2  6x  6
77. f x  , g x  2x. f has vertical asymptote x  3.
x 3

50

-10 -5 5
-20 20

-20 -50

x 3  6x 2  5
78. f x  , g x  x  4. f has vertical asymptotes x  0 and x  2.
x 2  2x

20 20

-5 5 -20 20

-20 -20

x 3  2x 2  16
79. f x  , g x  x 2 . f has vertical asymptote x  2.
x 2

50 50

-10 10
5
-50

x 4  2x 3  2x
80. f x  , g x  1  x 2 . f has vertical asymptote x  1.
x  12

-4 -2 2 4 -4 -2 2 4

-5 -5

-10 -10

2x 2  5x
81. f x  has vertical asymptote x  15, x-intercepts 0 and 25, y-intercept 0, local maximum 39 104,
2x  3
12
and local minimum 09 06. Using long division, we get f x  x  4  . From the graph, we see that the end
2x  3
behavior of f x is like the end behavior of g x  x  4.
x  4
50
2x  3 2x 2  5x 20
2x 2  3x
 8x -10 10 -20 20
 8x  12 -20
12 -50
330 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 4  3x 3  x 2  3x  3
82. f x  has vertical asymptotes are x  0, x  3, x-intercept 082, and no y-intercept. The
x 2  3x
local minima are 080 263 and 338 1476. The local maximum is 256 488. By using long division, we see that
3
f x  x 2  1  2 . From the second graph, we see that the end behavior of f x is the same as the end behavior
x  3x
2
of g x  x  1.
x2  1
20 50
x 2  3x x 4  3x 3  x 2  3x  3
x 4  3x 3
0x 3  x 2  3x -5 5 -5 5
x 2  3x
-20 -50
3

x5
83. f x  3 has vertical asymptote x  1, x-intercept 0, y-intercept 0, and local minimum 14 31.
x 1
x2
Thus y  x 2  3 . From the graph we see that the end behavior of f x is like the end behavior of g x  x 2 .
x 1
x2
10 10
x3  1 x5
x5  x2
x2 -5 5 -5 5

-10 -10

Graph of f Graph of f and g

x4
84. f x  has vertical asymptotes x  141, x-intercept 0, and y-intercept 0. The local maximum is 0 0. The
x2  2
4
local minima are 2 8 and 2 8. By using long division, we see that f x  x 2  2  2 . From the second graph,
x 2
2
we see that the end behavior of f x is the same as the end behavior of g x  x  2.
x2  2
20
x2  2 x 4  0x 3  0x 2  0x  0
50
x4  2x 2
2x 2
2x 2  4 -5 5
-5 5
4

x 4  3x 3  6
85. f x  has vertical asymptote x  3, x-intercepts 16 and 27, y-intercept 2, local maxima 04 18
x 3
6
and 24 38, and local minima 06 23 and 34 543. Thus y  x 3  . From the graphs, we see that the end
x 3
behavior of f x is like the end behavior of g x  x 3 .
x3
x 3 x 4  3x 3  6 100 100
x 4  3x 3
6 -5 5 -5 5
-100 -100
 SECTION 3.6 Rational Functions 331

4  x2  x4 x 4  x 2  4
86. r x   has vertical asymptotes x  1, x-intercepts 16, and y-intercept 4. The local
x2  1 x  1 x  1
maximum is 0 4 and there is no local minimum.
6
Thus y  x 2  2 . From the graphs, we see that the end behavior of f x is like the end behavior of g x  x 2 .
x 1
x 2
20 20
x2  1 x 4  0x 3  x 2  0x  4
x 4  x2
0  4 -5 5 -5 5

-20 -20

87. (a) 88. (a)

10
2000

0 0
0 20 40 0 10 20

3000t 3000 30t

(b) p t   3000  . So as t  *, we (b) c t  2 . Since the degree of the denominator
t 1 t 1 t 2
have p t  3000. is larger than the degree of the numerator, c t  0
as t  *.

5t
89. c t  2 (a) The highest concentration of drug is 250 mg/L, and it is reached 1
t 1 hour after the drug is administered.

(b) The concentration of the drug in the bloodstream goes to 0.

2
(c) From the first viewing rectangle, we see that an approximate solution
5t
is near t  15. Thus we graph y  2 and y  03 in the
t 1
0
0 10 20 viewing rectangle [14 18] by [0 05]. So it takes about 1661 hours
for the concentration to drop below 03 mg/L.

0.4

0.2

0.0
14 16 18

r s
64  106 ) 2
90. Substituting for R and g, we have h )  b c . The vertical
2 98 64  106  ) 2 2e+7
asymptote is ) s 11,000, and it represents the escape velocity from the earth’s
gravitational pull: 11,000 m/s s 1900 mi/h. 1e+7

0
0 10000
332 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions
t u t u
s0 332
91. P )  P0 " P )  440
s0  ) 332  )
4000
If the speed of the train approaches the speed of sound, the pitch of the whistle
becomes very loud. This would be experienced as a “sonic boom”— an effect 2000
seldom heard with trains.
0
0 200 400

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 xF xF
92. (a)   %   %  %y . Using
x y F y F x y xF xF
200
55x
F  55, we get y  . Since y o 0, we use the viewing
x  55 100
rectangle [0 1000] by [0 250].
0
(b) y approaches 55 millimeters. 0 500 1000
(c) y approaches *.
1 2x
93. Vertical asymptote x  3: p x  . Vertical asymptote x  3 and horizontal asymptote y  2: r x  .
x 3 x 3
x 4
Vertical asymptotes x  1 and x  1, horizontal asymptote 0, and x-intercept 4: q x  . Of course,
x  1 x  1
other answers are possible.
x 6  10
94. r x  4 has no x-intercept since the numerator has no real roots. Likewise, r x has no vertical asymptotes,
x  8x 2  15
since the denominator has no real roots. Since the degree of the numerator is two greater than the degree of the denominator,
r x has no horizontal or slant asymptotes.
1 1
95. (a) Let f x  2 . Then r x   f x  2. From this form we see that Z
x x  22
the graph of r is obtained from the graph of f by shifting 2 units to the right. Thus
r has vertical asymptote x  2 and horizontal asymptote y  0.

 Y

2x 2  4x  5 3
(b) s x  2
2  3 f x  1  2. From this form we see that the graph of s is obtained from
x  2x  1 x  12
the graph of f by shifting 1 unit to the left, stretching vertically by a factor of 3, and shifting 2 units vertically. Thus r
has vertical asymptote x  1 and horizontal asymptote y  2.
Z
2
x 2  2x  1 2x 2  4x  5
2x 2  4x  2
3

 Y
 SECTION 3.7 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities 333

2  3x 2 12x  14
(c) Using long division, we see that p x  2  3  2 which cannot be graphed by transforming
x  4x  4 x  4x  4
1
f x  2 . Using long division on q we have:
x
3 3
x 2  4x  4 3x 2  0x  2 x 2  4x  4 3x 2  12x  0
3x 2  12x  12 3x 2  12x  12
 12x  14 12
12x  3x 2 12
So q x  2  3   12 f x  2  3. From this form we see that the graph of q is obtained
x  4x  4 x  22
from the graph of f by shifting 2 units to the right, stretching vertically by a factor of 12, and then shifting 3 units
vertically down. Thus the vertical asymptote is x  2 and the horizontal asymptote is y  3. We show y  p x just
1
to verify that we cannot obtain p x from y  2 .
x
Z Z
 
Y

 Y

y  q x y  p x

3.7 POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL INEQUALITIES

1. To solve a polynomial inequality, we factor the polynomial into irreducible factors and find all the real zeros of the
polynomial. Then we find the intervals determined by the real zeros and use test points in each interval to find the sign of
the polynomial on that interval.
Sign of * 2 2 0 0 1 1 *
x    
x 2    
x 1    
P x  x x  2 x  1    
From the table, we see that P x o 0 on the intervals [2 0] and [1 *.
334 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

2. To solve a rational inequality, we factor the numerator and the denominator into irreducible factors. The cut points are the
real zeros of the numerator and the real zeros denominator. Then we find the intervals determined by the cut points, and we
use test points to find the sign of the rational function on each interval.
Sign of * 4 4 2 2 1 1 3 3 *
x 2     
x 1     
x 3     
x 4     
x  2 x  1
r x      
x  3 x  4
From the table, we see that r x o 0 on the intervals * 4, [2 1], and 3 *.

3. The inequality x  3 x  5 2x  5  0 already has all terms on one side and the polynomial is factored. The intervals
r s r s
determined by the zeros 3, 5, and  52 are * 5, 5  52 ,  52  3 , and 3 *. We make a sign diagram:
r s r s
Sign of * 5 5  52  52  3 3 *
x 3    
x 5    
2x  5    
P x  x  3 x  5 2x  5    
r s
None of the endpoints satisfies the inequality. The solution is * 5 C  52  3 .

4. The inequality x  1 x  2 x  3 x  4 o 0 already has all terms on one side and the polynomial is factored. The
intervals determined by the zeros 1, 2, 3, and 4 are * 4, 4 2, 2 1, 1 3, and 3 *. We make a sign
diagram:
Sign of * 4 4 2 2 1 1 3 3 *
x 1     
x 2     
x 3     
x 4     
P x  x  1 x  2 x  3 x  4     
All of the endpoints satisfy the inequality. The solution is * 4] C [2 1] C [3 *.

5. The inequality x  52 x  3 x  1 0 already has all terms on one side and the polynomial is factored. The intervals
determined by the zeros 5, 3, and 1 are * 5, 5 3, 3 1, and 1 *. We make a sign diagram:
Sign of * 5 5 3 3 1 1 *
x  52    
x 3    
x 1    
P x  x  52 x  3 x  1    
None of the endpoints satisfies the inequality. The solution is * 5 C 5 3 C 1 *.
 SECTION 3.7 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities 335

6. The inequality 2x  74 x  13 x  1 n 0 already has all terms on one side and the polynomial is factored. The
r s r s
intervals determined by the zeros 72 , 1, and 1 are * 1, 1 1, 1 72 , and 72  * . We make a sign diagram:
r s r s
Sign of * 1 1 1 1 72 7*
2
2x  74    
x  13    
x 1    
P x  2x  74 x  13 x  1    
r s Q R
All of the endpoints satisfy the inequality [note that P 7  0]. The solution is [1 1] C 72 .
2

7. We start by moving all terms to one side and factoring: x 3  4x 2 o 4x  16 % x 3  4x 2  4x 

16  x  4 x  2 x  2 o 0. The intervals determined by the zeros 4, 2, and 2 are * 4, 4 2, 2 2,
and 2 *. We make a sign diagram:
Sign of * 4 4 2 2 2 2 *
x 4    
x 2    
x 2    
P x  x  4 x  2 x  2    
All of the endpoints satisfy the inequality. The solution is [4 2] C [2 *.

8. We start by moving all terms to one side and factoring: 2x 3  18x  x 2  9 % 2x 3  x 2  18x 
r s r s
9  x  3 2x  1 x  3  0. The intervals determined by the zeros 3, 12 , and 3 are * 3, 3 12 , 12  3 ,
and 3 *. We make a sign diagram:
r s r s
Sign of * 3 3 12 13
2 3 *
x 3    
2x  1    
x 3    
P x  x  3 2x  1 x  3    
rs
None of the endpoints satisfies the inequality. The solution is * 3 C 12  3 .

r s
9. We start by moving all terms to one side and factoring: 2x 3 x 2  918x % 2x 3 x 2 18x 9  2x  1 x 2  9  0.
r s
Note that x 2  9 0 for all x, so the sign of P x  2x  1 x 2  9 is negative where 2x  1 is negative and positive
r s
where 2x  1 is positive. The endpoint x  12 does not satisfy the inequality, so the solution is * 12 .
336 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

10. We start by moving all terms to one side and factoring: x 4  3x 3  x  3 % x 4  3x 3  x  3  0. The possible rational
zeros of P x  x 4  3x 3  x  3 are 1 and 3.
1 1 3 1 3
1 4 3
1 4 3 0
r s r s
Thus, P x  x  1 x 3  4x 2  4x  3  x  1 x  3 x 2  x  1 . The last factor is positive everywhere, so
we test the intervals * 3, 3 1, and 1 *.
Sign of * 3 3 1 1 *
x 3   
x 1   
r s
P x  x  1 x  3 x 2  x  1   
Neither of the endpoints satisfies the inequality. The solution is 3 1.

11. All the terms are on the left size. We factor, using the substitution t  x 2 : x 4  7x 2  18  0 %
r sr s r s
t 2  7t  18  t  2 t  9  0 % x 2  2 x 2  9  0 % x 2  2 x  3 x  3  0. The first factor is positive
everywhere, so we test * 3, 3 3, and 3 *:
Sign of * 3 3 3 3 *
x 3   
x 3   
r s
P x  x 2  2 x  3 x  3   
Neither of the endpoints satisfies the inequality. The solution is 3 3.

12. All the terms are on the left size. We factor, using the substitution t  x 2 : 4x 4  25x 2  36 n 0 %
r sr s
4t 2  25t  36  4t  9 t  4 n 0 % 4x 2  9 x 2  4  2x  3 2x  3 x  2 x  2 n 0. The zeros are
r s r s r s
 32 and 2, so we test * 2, 2  32 ,  32  32 , 32  2 , and 2 *:
r s r s r s
Sign of * 2 2  32  32  32 32
2 2 *
x 2     
x  32     
x  32     
x 2     
P x     
K L K L
All of the endpoints satisfy the inequality. 2  2 C 32  2 .
3
 SECTION 3.7 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities 337

13. All the terms are on the left size. To factor, note that the possible rational zeros of P x  x 3  x 2  17x  15 are 1, 3,
5, 15.
1 1 1 17 15
1 2 15
1 2 15 0
r s
Thus, P x  x  1 x 2  2x  15  x  5 x  1 x  3. The zeros are 5, 1, and 3, so we test * 5,
5 1, 1 3, and 3 *:
Sign of * 5 5 1 1 3 3 *
x 5    
x 1    
x 3    
P x    
All of the endpoints satisfy the inequality P x o 0, so the solution is [5 1] C [3 *.

14. All the terms are on the left size. To factor, note that the possible rational zeros of P x  x 4  3x 3  3x 2  3x  4 are
1, 2, 4.
1 1 3 3 3 4
1 4 1 4
1 4 1 4 0
r s r s
Thus, P x  x  1 x 3  4x 2  x  4  x  1 x  4 x 2  1 . The last factor is positive everywhere, so we test
* 4, 4 1, and 1 *:
Sign of * 4 4 1 1 *
x 4   
x 1   
P x   
None of the endpoints satisfies P x  0, so the solution is 4 1.

r s3 r s3 r s3
15. We start by moving all terms to one side and factoring: x 1  x 2 7 1  x 2 % x  7 1  x 2 0%

P x  x  7 1  x3 1  x3 0. The intervals determined by the zeros 1, 1, and 7 are * 1, 1 1, 1 7,
and 7 *. We make a sign diagram:
Sign of * 1 1 1 1 7 7 *
x 7    
1  x3    
1  x3    
P x    
None of the endpoints satisfies the inequality. The solution is * 1 C 1 7.
338 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

16. We start by moving all terms to one side and factoring: x 2 7  6x n 1 % 6x 3  7x 2  1 n 0. The possible rational
zeros of P x  6x 3  7x 2  1 are 1,  12 ,  13 ,  16 .
1 6 7 0 1
6 1 1
6 1 1 0
r s
Thus, P x  x  1 6x 2  x  1  1  x 2x  1 3x  1. The intervals determined by the zeros  13 , 12 , and 1
r s r s r s
*  13 ,  13  12 , 12  1 , and 1 *. We make a sign diagram:
r s r s r s
Sign of *  13  13  12 11
2 1 *
3x  1    
2x  1    
1x    
P x    
K L
All of the endpoints satisfy the inequality P x n 0. The solution is  13  12 C [1 *.

x 1
17. r x   0. Since all nonzero terms are already on one side of the inequality symbol and there is no factoring
x  10
needed, we find the intervals determined by the cut points 1 and 10. These are * 1, 1 10, and 10 *. We make a
sign diagram:
Sign of * 1 1 10 10 *
x 1   
x  10   
r x   
The cut point 1 does not satisfy the inequality, and the cut point 10 is not in the domain of r. Thus, the solution is 1 10.

3x  7
18. r x  n 0. Since all nonzero terms are already on one side of the inequality symbol and there is no factoring
x 2
r s r s
needed, we find the intervals determined by the cut points 73 and 2. These are * 2, 2 73 , and 73  * . We
make a sign diagram:
r s r s
Sign of * 2 2 73 7*
3
3x  7   
x 2   
r x   
r L
The cut point 73 satisfies equality, but the cut point 2 is not in the domain of r. Thus, the solution is 2 73 .
 SECTION 3.7 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities 339

2x  5
19. r x  o 0. Since all nonzero terms are already on one side, we factor:
x 2  2x  35
2x  5 2x  5
r x  2  . Thus, the cut points are 7,  52 , and 5. The intervals determined by these
x  2x  35 x  7 x  5
r s r s
points are * 7, 7  52 ,  52  5 , and 5 *. We make a sign diagram:
r s r s
Sign of * 7 7  52  52  5 5 *
2x  5    
x 7    
x 5    
r x    
The cut point  52 satisfies equality, but the cut points 7 and 5 are not in the domain of r. Thus, the solution is
r L
7  52 C 5 *.

4x 2  25 4x 2  25 2x  5 2x  5
20. r x  2
n 0. Since all nonzero terms are already on one side, we factor: r x  2  .
x 9 x 9 x  3 x  3
r s r s r s
Thus, the cut points are  52 and 3. The intervals determined by these points are * 3, 3  52 ,  52  52 , 52  3 ,
and 3 *. We make a sign diagram:
r s r s r s
Sign of * 3 3  52  52  52 53
2 3 *
2x  5     
2x  5     
x 3     
x 3     
r x     
r L K s
The cut points  52 satisfy equality, but the cut points 3 are not in the domain of r. Thus, the solution is 3  52 C 52  3 .

x
21. r x  n 0. Since all nonzero terms are already on one side but the denominator cannot be factored, we
x 2  2x  2
S
2 2  22  4 1 2 T
use the Quadratic Formula: x  2x  2  0 % x   1  3. Thus, the cut points are
2 r
T T T s r T s r T s
1  3, 0, and 1  3. The intervals determined by these points are * 1  3 , 1  3 0 , 0 3  1 ,
rT s
and 3  1 * . We make a sign diagram:
r T s r T s r T s rT s
Sign of * 1  3 1  3 0 0 3  1 3  1 *
x    
x 2  2x  2    
r x    
T
The cut point 0 satisfies equality, but the cut points 1  3 are not in the domain of r. Thus, the solution is
r T s K T s
* 1  3 C 0 3  1 .
340 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 1
22. r x  0. Since all nonzero terms are already on one side but the denominator cannot be factored, we
2x 2  4x  1
T
T
 4  42  4 2 1 2 2
use the Quadratic Formula: 2x 2  4x  1  0 % x   . Thus, the cut points are
2 2 2
T T r T s r T T s
1, 1  22 , and 1  22 . The intervals determined by these points are * 1, 1 1  22 , 1  22  1  22 ,
r T s
and 1  22  * . We make a sign diagram:
r T s r T T s r T s
Sign of * 1 1 1  22 1  22  1  22 1  22  *
x 1    
T
x  1  22    
T
x  1  22    
r x    
r T s r T s
None of the cut points satisfies the strict inequality, so the solution is 1 1  22 C 1  22  * .

x 2  2x  3 x  3 x  1 r s
23. r x  2  0. The intervals determined by the cut points are * 3, 3  23 ,
3x  7x  6 3x  2 x  3
r s
 23  1 , 1 3, and 3 *.
r s r s
Sign of * 3 3  23  23  1 1 3 3 *
x 3     
3x  2     
x 1     
x 3     
r x     
r s
None of the cut points satisfies the strict inequality, so the solution is * 3 C  23  1 C 3 *.

x 1 x 1
24. r x  3  b c o 0. The second factor in the denominator is positive for all x, so the intervals
x 1 x  1 x 2  x  1
determined by the cut points are * 1, 1 1, and 1 *.
Sign of * 1 1 1 1 *
x 1   
x 1   
r x   
The cut point 1 satisfies equality, but 1 is not in the domain of r. Thus, the solution is * 1 C [1 *.
r s r s
3 2 x x 2  6x  9  3 x 2  6x  9
x  3x  9x  27 x  3 x  32
25. r x    n 0. The second factor in the
x 4 x 4 x 4
numerator is positive for all x, so the intervals determined by the cut points are * 4, 4 3, and 3 *.
Sign of * 4 4 3 3 *
x 4   
x 3   
r x   
The cut point 3 satisfies equality, but 4 is not in the domain of r. Thus, the solution is 4 3].
 SECTION 3.7 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities 341

x 2  16 x  4 x  4 x  4 x  4
26. r x  4  b 2 cb c  b c  0. The last factor in the denominator is positive for
x  16 x  4 x2  4 x  2 x  2 x 2  4
all x, so the intervals determined by the cut points are * 4, 4 2, 2 2, 2 4, and 4 *.
Sign of * 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 *
x 4     
x 2     
x 2     
x 4     
r x     
None of the cut points satisfy the strict inequality. Thus, the solution is 4 2 C 2 4.

x 3 x 3 x  3  2x  5
27. We start by moving all terms to one side and simplifying: o1% 1 o 0% o0%
2x  5 2x  5 2x  5
 x  8 r s r s
r x  o 0. The intervals determined by the cut points are * 8, 8  52 , and  52  * .
2x  5
r s r s
Sign of * 8 8  52  52  *
 x  8   
2x  5   
r x   
K s
The cut point 8 satisfies equality, but  52 is not in the domain of r. Thus, the solution is 8  52 .

1 1 2 1 1 2
28. We start by moving all terms to one side and simplifying:   %    0
x x 1 x 2 x x 1 x 2
x  1 x  2  x x  2  2x x  1 x 2  3x  2  x 2  2x  2x 2  2x
%  0 %  0 %
x x  1 x  2 x x  1 x  2
3x  2 r s r s
r x   0. The intervals determined by the cut points are * 2, 2 1, 1  23 ,  23  0 ,
x x  1 x  2
and 0 *.
r s r s
Sign of * 2 2 1 1  23  23  0 0 *
x 2     
x 1     
3x  2     
x     
r x     
r s
2
None of the cut points satisfies the strict inequality. Thus, the solution is 2 1 C  3  0 .
342 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1 3 1 3
29. We start by moving all terms to one side and simplifying: 2  n %2  n 0%
1x x 1x x
2 1  x x  x  3 1  x 2x 2  6x  3 2x 2  6x  3
n 0 % r x   n 0. The numerator is 0 when
x 1  x x 1  x x x  1
T ‚
T T 
 6  62  4 2 3 3 3 3 3
x  , so the intervals determined by the cut points are * 0, 0 ,
2 2 2 2
‚ T  ‚ T  ‚ T 
3 3 3 3 3 3
 1 , 1 , and * .
2 2 2
‚ T  ‚ T  ‚ T  ‚ T 
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Sign of * 0 0 1 1 *
2 2 2 2
x     
x 1     
2x 2  6x  3     
r x     
T
3 3
The cut points satisfy equality, but 0 and 1 are not in the domain of r, so the solution is
‚ 2
T  ‚ T 
3 3 3 3
0 C 1 .
2 2

1 1 2x
30. We start by moving all terms to one side and factoring:  o 2 %
x 3 x 2 x x 2
1 1 2x x  2 x  1  x  3 x  1  2x x  3
  o 0 % o 0 %
x 3 x 2 x  2 x  1 x  2 x  1 x  3
3x  1 r s r s
o 0. The intervals determined by the cut points are * 2, 2  13 ,  13  1 , 1 3, and
x  2 x  1 x  3
3 *.
r s r s
Sign of * 2 2  13  13  1 1 3 3 *
x 2     
3x  1     
x 1     
x 3     
r x     
The cut point  13 satisfies equality, but 2, 1, and 3 are not in the domain of r, so the solution is
K s
* 2 C  13  1 C 3 *.
 SECTION 3.7 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities 343

x  12
31. r x  0. The numerator is nonnegative for all x, but note that x  1 fails to satisfy the strict inequality.
x  1 x  2
The intervals determined by the cut points are * 2, 2 1, and 1 *.
Sign of * 2 2 1 1 *
x  12   
x 2   
x 1   
r x    (except at x  1)
The cut points 2 and 1 are not in the domain of r, so the solution is * 2 C 1 1 C 1 *.

x 2  2x  1 x  12
32. r x   n 0. The intervals determined by the cut points are * 1, 1 1, and
x 3  3x 2  3x  1 x  13
1 *.
Sign of * 1 1 1 1 *
x  13   
x  12   
r x   
The cut point 1 is not in the domain of r and the cut point 1 satisfies the inequality. Thus, the solution is * 1] C
1.

6 6 6 6
33. We start by moving all terms to one side and factoring:  o 1%  1 o 0%
x 1 x x 1 x
6x  6 x  1  x x  1 x2  x  6 x  2 x  3
o0% o 0 % r x   o 0. The intervals determined by the
x x  1 x x  1 x x  1
cut points are * 2, 2 0, 0 1, 1 3, and 3 *.
Sign of * 2 2 0 0 1 1 3 3 *
x 2     
x     
x 1     
x 3     
r x (note negative sign)     
The cut points 0 and 1 are inadmissible in the original inequality, so the solution is [2 0 C 1 3].

x 5 x 5
34. We start by moving all terms to one side and factoring: o 4%  4 o 0%
2 x 1 2 x 1
x x  1  5 2  4 2 x  1 x 2  7x  18 x  2 x  9
o0% o0% o 0. The intervals determined by the cut
2 x  1 2 x  1 2 x  1
points are * 2, 2 1, 1 9, and 9 *.
Sign of * 2 2 1 1 9 9 *
x 2    
x 1    
x 9    
r x    
The cut point 1 is inadmissible in the original inequality, so the solution is [2 1 C [9 *.
344 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
35. We start by moving all terms to one side and factoring:  %   0 %
x 3 x 2 x 3 x 2
r s
x  2 x  2  x  1 x  3 2 x  12
 0 % r x   0. The intervals determined by the cut points are
x  3 x  2 x  3 x  2
r s r s
* 3, 3  12 ,  12  2 , and 2 *.
r s r s
Sign of * 3 3  12  12  2 2 *
x 3    
x  12    
x 2    
r x (note negative sign)    
r s
The cut points fail to satisfy the strict inequality, so the solution is 3  12 C 2 *.

1 1 1 1 1 1
36. We start by moving all terms to one side and factoring:  n %   n0%
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 1 x 2 x 3
x  2 x  3  x  1 x  3  x  1 x  2 x 2  6x  7
n 0 % r x  n 0. The numerator is
x  1 x  2 x  3 x  1 x  2 x  3
S
6  62  4 1 7 T r T s
0 when x   3  2, so the intervals determined by the cut points are * 3  2 ,
2 1
r T s r T s r T s
3  2 3 , 3 2, 2 3  2 , 3  2 1 , and 1 *.
r T s r T s r T s r T s
Sign of * 3  2 3  2 3 3 2 2 3  2 3  2 1 1 *
x 2  6x  7      
x 3      
x 2      
x 1      
r x     
r T L K T s
The cut points 3, 2, and 1 are not in the domain, so the solution is * 3  2 C 3 2 C 3  2 1 .

37. The graph of f lies above that of g where f x g x; that is, where x 2 3x  10 % x 2  3x  10 0%
x  2 x  5 0. We make a sign diagram:
Sign of * 2 2 5 5 *
x 2   
x 5   
x  2 x  5   
Thus, the graph of f lies above the graph of g on * 2 and 5 *.
 SECTION 3.7 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities 345

1 1 1 1 x  1  x
38. The graph of f lies above that of g where f x g x; that is, where %  0% 0
x x 1 x x 1 x x  1
1
% . We make a sign diagram:
x x  1
Sign of * 0 0 1 1 *
x   
x 1   
1
  
x x  1
Thus, the graph of f lies above the graph of g on 0 1.

1 1 4x 2  1
39. The graph of f lies above that of g where f x g x; that is, where 4x % 4x  0% 0%
x x x
2x  1 2x  1
r x  0. We make a sign diagram:
x
r s r s r s r s
Sign of *  12  12  0 0 12 1*
2
2x  1    
x    
2x  1    
r x    
r s r s
Thus, the graph of f lies above the graph of g on  12  0 and 12  * .

2 2 x3  x2  2
40. The graph of f lies above that of g where f x g x; that is, where x 2  x % x2  x  0% 0
x x x
r s
x  1 x 2  2x  2
% r x  0. The second factor in the numerator is positive for all x. We make a sign diagram:
x
Sign of * 0 0 1 1 *
x   
x 1   
r x   
Thus, the graph of f lies above the graph of g on * 0 and 1 *.

S
41. f x  6  x  x 2 is defined where 6  x  x 2   x  2 x  3 o 0. We make a sign diagram:
Sign of * 2 2 3 3 *
x 2   
x 3   
 x  2 x  3   
Thus, the domain of f is [2 3].
346 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions
U
5x 5x
42. g x  is defined where o 0 and 5  x / 0. We make a sign diagram:
5x 5x
Sign of * 5 5 5 5 *
5x   
5x   
5x
  
5x
The cut point 5 is permissible, and so the domain of g is [5 5.

S r s
4
43. h x  x 4  1 is defined where x 4  1  x  1 x  1 x 2  1 o 0. The last factor is positive for all x. We make a
sign diagram:
Sign of * 1 1 1 1 *
x 1   
x 1   
x2  1   
r s
x  1 x  1 x 2  1   
Thus, the domain of h is * 1] C [1 *.

1 r sr s
44. f x  S is defined where x 4  5x 2  4  x 2  4 x 2  1  x  2 x  2 x  1 x  1 0. We
x 4  5x 2  4
make a sign diagram:
Sign of * 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 *
x 2     
x 1     
x 1     
x 2     
x 4  5x 2  4     
Thus, the domain of h is * 2 C 1 1 C 2 *.

45. 46.
20 20

10 10

-4 -2 2
-4 -2 2 4 -10
-10
-20

From the graph, we see that x 3  2x 2  5x  6 o 0 on From the graph, we see that 2x 3  x 2  8x  4 n 0 on
K L
[2 1] C [3 *. * 2] C  12  2 .
 SECTION 3.7 Polynomial and Rational Inequalities 347

47. 48.
4 4
2 2

-2 -1 1 2 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2 -2
-4 -4

From the graph, we see that 2x 3  3x  1  0 on From the graph, we see that x 4  4x 3  8x 0 on
approximately * 137 C 037 1. approximately * 124 C 0 2 C 324 *.

49. 50.
20
40
10
20

-2 -1 1 2
-1 0 1 2 -10
r s
From the graph, we see that 5x 4  8x 3 on 0 85 . From the graph, we see that x 5  x 3 o x 2  6x on
approximately [131 0] C [151 *.
T b T c
1  x2 T 1  x2 T 1  x2  x 4 x x  1
51. T o 4 x x  1 % T  4 x x  1 o 0 % T o 0 %
x x x
1  2x  x 2  4x 2  4x 3x 2  2x  1 1  x 3x  1
T o0% T o 0 % r x  T o 0. The domain of r is 0 *, and
x x x
T
both 3x  1 and x are positive there. 1  x o 0 for x n 1, so the solution is 0 1].
7x  8
52. 23 x 13 x  212  12 x 23 x  212  0 % 16 x  212 x 13 [4 x  2  3x]  0 % r x  T T  0.
63 x x 2
Note that the domain of r is 2 *. We make a sign diagram with cut points  87 and 0:
r s r s
Sign of 2  87  87  0 0 *
7x  8   
T3
x   
T
x 2   
r x   
r s
Neither cut point is a solution. The solution is  87  0 .

53. We want to solve P x  x  a x  b x  c x  d o 0, where a  b  c  d. We make a sign diagram with cut
points a, b, c, and d:
Sign of * a a b b c c d d *
x a     
x b     
x c     
x d     
P x     
Each cut points satisfies equality, so the solution is * a] C [b c] C [d *.
348 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

x 2  a  b x  ab x  a x  b [x  a] x  b
54. Factoring the numerator, we have r x    n 0. Note that
x c x c x  c
0  a  c, so c  a  0. We make a sign diagram with cut points c, a, and b:
Sign of * c c a a b b *
x  c    
x b    
x  a    
P x    
The cut points a and b satisfy equality, but c is not in the domain of P. Thus, the solution is * c C [a b].
500,000 500,000
55. We want to solve the inequality T x  300 % 2  300 % 2  300  0 %
x  400 x  400
r s r s
500,000  300 x 2  400 300x 2  380,000 300 3800 3 x
2
 0 %  0 % . Because x represents distance, it is
x 2  400 x 2  400 x 2  400
T
positive, and the denominator is positive for all x. Thus, the inequality holds where x 2 3800 % x 3800 s 356. The
3 3
temperature is below 300 i C at distances greater than 356 meters from the center of the fire.
)2
56. We want to solve d ) n 55 % )   55 n 0 % ) 2  250 )  9625 n 0. Using the Quadratic Formula, we find
250
S T T
250 250 2  4 1 9625 250  101,100 250  101,000
)  . Because ) is positive, we have )  s 33 9,
2 1 2 2
so Kerry can travel at up to 339 k mh.
88x
57. We graph N x  b x c2 and y  40 in the viewing rectangle
60 17  17 20
40 [0 100] by [0 60], and see that N x 40 for approximately 95  x  423.

20
Thus, cars can travel at between 95 and 423 km h.

0
0 50 100

58. We graph S x  8x  08x 2  0002x 3  4000 and y  12,000 in the viewing
20000
rectangle [0 400] by [10000 20000], and see that S x 12,000 for
10000 approximately 183  x  344. Thus, profits are above $12,000 when between 183
and 344 units are produced.
0
100 200 300 400
-10000
 CHAPTER 3 Review 349

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW
r s r s
1. (a) f x  x 2  6x  2  x 2  6x  2 2. (a) f x  2x 2  8x  4  2 x 2  4x  4
r s r s
 x 2  6x  9  2  9  2 x 2  4x  4  4  8

 x  32  7  2 x  22  4

(b) Z
(b) Z

@  Y 
  Y

r s r s
3. (a) f x  1  10x  x 2   x 2  10x  1 4. (a) f x  2x 2  12x  2 x 2  6x
r s r s
  x 2  10x  25  1  25  2 x 2  6x  9  18

  x  52  26  2 x  32  18

(b) Z (b) Z



  Y 

  Y

r s r s r s2
5. f x  x 2  3x  1   x 2  3x  1   x 2  3x  94  1  94   x  32  54 has the maximum value 54

when x  32 .
r s r s
6. f x  3x 2  18x  5  3 x 2  6x  5  3 x 2  6x  9  5  27  3 x  32  22 has the minimum value 22
when x  3.
r s r s
7. We write the height function in standard form: h t  5 t 2  1 5 t  1 0  5 t 2  3t  1 0  16 t 2  3t  94 
r s2
10  11.25 5 t  32  21.25. The stone reaches a maximum height of 21.25 m.

8. We write the profit function in standard form:

r s
P x  1500  12x  0004x 2  0004 x 2  3000x  1500
r s
 0004 x 2  3000x  15002  1500  0004 15002  0004 x  15002  7500
Thus, the maximum profit of $7500 is achieved when 1500 units are sold.
350 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions
r s
9. P x  x 3  64 10. P x  2x 3  16  2 x  2 x 2  2x  4
Z
Z

 
  Y

@

 
 Y

11. P x  2 x  14  32 12. P x  81  x  34

Z Z

  
@  Y   Y

@

13. P x  32  x  15 14. P x  3 x  25  96

Z Z



@ 
 Y  
 Y

r s
15. (a) P x  x  3 x  1 x  5  x 3 7x 2 7x15 16. (a) P x   x  5 x 2  9 x  2
has odd degree and a positive leading coefficient, so
 x 4  3x 3  19x 2  27x  90
y  * as x  * and y  * as x  *.
has even degree and a negative leading coefficient, so
(b) Z
y  * as x  * and y  * as x  *.

(b) Z





  Y

 Y
 CHAPTER 3 Review 351
r sr s
17. (a) P x   x  12 x  4 x  22 18. (a) P x  x 2 x 2  4 x 2  9  x 6  13x 4  36x 2

 x 5  2x 4  11x 3  8x 2  20x  16 has even degree and a positive leading coefficient, so

has odd degree and a negative leading coefficient, so y  * as x  * and y  * as x  *.
y  * as x  * and y  * as x  *. (b) Z

(b) Z




 Y

@  Y

@

19. (a) P x  x 3 x  22 . The zeros of P are 0 and 2, 20. (a) P x  x x  13 x  12 . The zeros of P are 1,
with multiplicities 3 and 2, respectively. 0, and 1, with multiplicities 3, 1, and 2, respectively.

(b) We sketch the graph using the guidelines on (b) We sketch the graph using the guidelines on
page 259. page 259.
Z Z

 Y 

 Y

21. P x  x 3  4x  1. x-intercepts: 21, 03, and 19. 22. P x  2x 3  6x 2  2. x-intercepts: 05, 07, and
y-intercept: 1. Local maximum is 12 41. Local 29. y-intercept: 2. Local maximum is 2 6. Local
minimum is 12 21. y  * as x  *; y  * minimum is 0 2. y  * as x  * and y  * as
as x  *. x  *.

4
5
2

-2 -2 2
-2 2 4
-4 -5
352 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

23. P x  3x 4  4x 3  10x  1. x-intercepts: 01 and 24. P x  x 5  x 4  7x 3  x 2  6x  3. x-intercepts:

21. y-intercept: 1. Local maximum is 14 145. 30, 13, and 19. y-intercept: 3. Local maxima are
There is no local maximum. y  * as x  *. 24 332 and 05 50. Local minima are 06 06
and 16 16. y  * as x  * and y  * as
20 x  *.
10
40
-1-10 1 2 3
20
-20

-4 -2 2
-20

25. (a) Use the Pythagorean Theorem and solving for y 2 we 26. (a) The area of the four sides is 2x 2  2x y  1200 %
have, x 2  y 2  102 % y 2  100  x 2 . Substituting 600  x 2
r s 2x y  1200  2x 2 % y  . Substituting
x
we get S  138x 100  x 2  1380x  138x 3 . ‚ 
600  x 2
(b) Domain is [0 10]. we get V  x 2 y  x 2  600x  x 3 .
x
(c) (b)

4000 5000

2000

0 0
0 5 10 0 10 20

(d) The strongest beam has width 58 centimeters. (c) V is maximized when x s 1414, y s 2828.

x 2  5x  2 3x 2  x  5
27. 28.
x 3 x 2
3 1 5 2 2 3 1 5
3 6 6 10
1 2 4 3 5 5
Using synthetic division, we see that Q x  x  2 and Using synthetic division, we see that Q x  3x  5 and
R x  4. R x  5.

2x 3  x 2  3x  4 x 3  2x  4
29. 30.
x 5 x 7
5 2 1 3 4 7 1 0 2 4
10 55 290 7 49 329
2 11 58 294 1 7 47 325
Using synthetic division, we see that Using synthetic division, we see that
Q x  2x 2  11x  58 and R x  294. Q x  x 2  7x  47 and R x  325.
 CHAPTER 3 Review 353

x 4  8x 2  2x  7 2x 4  3x 3  12
31. 32.
x 5 x 4
5 1 0 8 2 7 4 2 3 0 0 12
5 25 85 415 8 20 80 320
1 5 17 83 422 2 5 20 80 308
Using synthetic division, we see that Using synthetic division, we see that
Q x  x 3  5x 2  17x  83 and R x  422. Q x  2x 3  5x 2  20x  80 and R x  308.

2x 3  x 2  8x  15 x 4  2x 2  7x
33. 34.
x 2  2x  1 x2  x  3
2x  3 x2  x  4
x 2  2x  1 2x 3  x 2  8x  15 x2  x  3 x 4  0x 3  2x 2  7x  0
2x 3  4x 2  2x x 4  x 3  3x 3
3x 2  6x  15 x 3  5x 2  7x
3x 2  6x  3 x 3  x 2  3x
12 4x 2  4x  0
Therefore, Q x  2x  3, and R x  12. 4x 2  4x  12
12

Therefore, Q x  x 2  x  4, and R x  12.

35. P x  2x 3  9x 2  7x  13; find P 5. 36. Q x  x 4  4x 3  7x 2  10x  15; find Q 3
5 2 9 7 13 3 1 4 7 10 15
10 5 10 3 3 12 6
2 1 2 3 1 1 4 2 21
Therefore, P 5  3. By the Remainder Theorem, we have Q 3  21.

37. The remainder when dividing P x  x 500 6x 101 x 2 2x 4 by x 1 is P 1  1500 6 1201 12 2 14  8.
38. The remainder when dividing P x  x 101  x 4  2 by x  1 is P 1  1101  14  2  0.
39. 12 is a zero of P x  2x 4  x 3  5x 2  10x  4 if 40. x  4 is a factor of
r s
P x  x 5  4x 4  7x 3  23x 2  23x  12 if
P 12  0.
P 4  0.
1 2 1 5 10 4
2 4 1 4 7 23 23 12
1 1 2 4
4 0 28 20 12
2 2 4 8 0
1 0 7 5 3 0
r s
Since P 1  0, 12 is a zero of the polynomial.
2 Since P 4  0, x  4 is a factor of the polynomial.

41. (a) P x  x 5  6x 3  x 2  2x  18 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18.
(b) Since P x has 2 variations in sign, there are either 0 or 2 positive real zeros. Since P x  x 5 6x 3  x 2 2x 18
has 3 variations in sign, there are 1 or 3 negative real zeros.
42. (a) P x  6x 4  3x 3  x 2  3x  4 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 4,  12 ,  13 ,  23 ,  43 ,  16 .
(b) Since P x has no variations in sign, there are no positive real zeros. Since P x  6x 4  3x 3  x 2  3x  4 has 4
variations in sign, there are 0, 2, or 4 negative real zeros.
354 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

43. (a) P x  3x 7  x 5  5x 4  x 3  8 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 4, 8,  13 ,  23 ,  43 ,  83 .
(b) Since P x has 2 variations in sign, there are either 0 or 2 positive real zeros. Since P x  3x 7  x 5 5x 4  x 3 8
has 3 variations in sign, there are 1 or 3 negative real zeros.

44. (a) P x  6x 10  2x 8  5x 3  2x 2  12 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12,  12 ,  13 ,  16 ,  23 ,  32 ,
 43 .
(b) Since P x has 2 variations in sign, there are either 0 or 2 positive real zeros. Since P x  6x 10  2x 8  5x 3 
2x 2  12 has 2 variations in sign, there are 0 or 2 negative real zeros.

r s
45. (a) P x  x 3  16x  x x 2  16 46. (a) P x  x 3  3x 2  4x
 x x  1 x  4
 x x  4 x  4
has zeros 0, 1, and 4 (all of multiplicity 1).
has zeros 4, 0, 4 (all of multiplicity 1).
(b) Z
(b) Z



 Y
 Y

r s r sr s
47. (a) P x  x 4  x 3  2x 2  x 2 x 2  x  2 48. (a) P x  x 4  5x 2  4  x 2  4 x 2  1

 x 2 x  2 x  1  x  2 x  2 x  1 x  1

The zeros are 0 (multiplicity 2), 2 (multiplicity 1), Thus, the zeros are 1, 1, 2, 2 (all of multiplicity
and 1 (multiplicity 1). 1).

(b) (b) Z
Z



 Y
 Y
 CHAPTER 3 Review 355

49. (a) P x  x 4  2x 3  7x 2  8x  12. The possible rational zeros are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. P has 2 variations in
sign, so it has either 2 or 0 positive real zeros.
1 1 2 7 8 12 2 1 2 7 8 12
1 1 8 0 2 0 14 12
1 1 8 0 12 2 0 7 6 0 " x  2 is a root.
r s
P x  x 4  2x 3  7x 2  8x  12  x  2 x 3  7x  6 . Continuing:

2 1 0 6 6 3 1 0 7 6 (b) Z

2 4 4 3 9 6
1 2 2 10 1 3 2 0
so x  3 is a root and
r s
P x  x  2 x  3 x 2  3x  2

 x  2 x  3 x  1 x  2
 Y
Therefore the real roots are 2, 1, 2, and 3 (all
of multiplicity 1).

50. (a) P x  x 4  2x 3  2x 2  8x  8 (b) Z

r s r s
 x 2 x 2  2x  2  4 x 2  2x  2
r sr s
 x 2  4 x 2  2x  2
r s 
 x  2 x  2 x 2  2x  2
 Y
The quadratic is irreducible, so the real roots are
2 (each of multiplicity 1).

51. (a) P x  2x 4  x 3  2x 2  3x  2. The possible rational roots are 1, 2,  12 . P has one variation in sign, and hence
1 positive real root. P x has 3 variations in sign and hence either 3 or 1 negative real roots.
1 2 1 2 3 2
2 3 5 2
2 3 0 " x  1 is a zero.
5 2
r s
P x  2x 4  x 3  2x 2  3x  2  x  1 2x 3  3x 2  5x  2 .

Continuing: (b) Z

1 2 3 5 2 2 2 3 5 2
2 1 4 4 2 14
2 1 4 2 2 1 7 12

 12 2 3 5 2
1 1 2

2 2 4 0 " x   12 is a zero.
 Y

r sr s
P x  x  1 x  12 2x 2  2x  4 . The quadratic is irreducible, so the real zeros are 1 and  12 (each of
multiplicity 1).
356 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

52. (a) P x  9x 5  21x 4  10x 3  6x 2  3x  1. The possible rational zeros are 1,  13 ,  19 . P has 3 variations in sign,
hence 3 or 1 positive real roots. P x has 2 variations in sign, hence 2 or 0 real negative roots.
1 9 21 10 6 3 1
9 12 2 4 1
9 12 2 4 1 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  1 9x 4  12x 3  2x 2  4x  1 . Continuing:

1 9 12 2 4 1
9 3 5 1
9 3 5 1 0 " x  1 is a zero again.
r s
P x  x  12 9x 3  3x 2  5x  1 . (b) Z

Continuing:

1 9 3 5 1
9 6 1
9 6 0 " x  1 is a zero yet again.
1  Y
r s
P x  x  13 9x 2  6x  1

 x  13 3x  12

So the real zeros of P are 1 (multiplicity 3) and
 13 (multiplicity 2).
r s
53. Because it has degree 3 and zeros  12 , 2, and 3, we can write P x  C x  12 x  2 x  3 

C x 3  92 C x 2  72 C x  3C. In order that the constant coefficient be 12, we must have 3C  12 % C  4, so

P x  4x 3  18x 2  14x  12.
54. Because it has degree 4 and zeros 4, 4, and 3i, 3i must also be a zero. Thus,
r s
P x  C x  42 x 2  9  C x 4  8C x 3  25C x 2  72C x  144C.

The coefficient of x 2 is 25  25C, so C  1 and hence P x  x 4  8x 3  25x 2  72x  144.
55. No, there is no polynomial of degree 4 with integer coefficients that has zeros i, 2i, 3i and 4i. Since the imaginary zeros
of polynomial equations with real coefficients come in complex conjugate pairs, there would have to be 8 zeros, which is
impossible for a polynomial of degree 4.
r sr s
56. P x  3x 4  5x 2  2  3x 2  2 x 2  1 . Since 3x 2  2  0 and x 2  1  0 have no real zeros, it follows that

3x 4  5x 2  2 has no real zeros.

57. P x  x 3  x 2  x  1 has possible rational zeros 1.
1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1
1 0 1 0 " x  1 is a zero.
s r
So P x  x  1 x 2  1 . Therefore, the zeros are 1 and i.
r s
58. P x  x 3  8  x  2 x 2  2x  4  0, so 2 is a zero. Using the Quadratic Formula, the other zeros are
S
T
2  22  4 1 4 T
x  1  12 2  1  3i.
2
 CHAPTER 3 Review 357

59. P x  x 3  3x 2  13x  15 has possible rational zeros 1, 3, 5, 15.
1 1 3 13 15
1 2 15
1 2 15 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x 3  3x 2  13x  15  x  1 x 2  2x  15  x  1 x  5 x  3. Therefore, the zeros are 3, 1,
and 5.

60. P x  2x 3  5x 2  6x  9 has possible rational zeros 1, 3, 9,  12 ,  32 ,  92 . Since there is one variation in sign,
there is a positive real zero.
1 2 5 6 9 3 2 5 6 9 3 2 5 6 9
2
2 7 1 6 33 81 3 12 9
2 7 2 11 27 72 " x  3 is an upper bound
1 8 2 8 6 0 " x  32 is a zero.
r s
So P x  2x 3  5x 2  6x  9  2x  3 x 2  4x  3  2x  3 x  3 x  1. Therefore, the zeros are 3, 1

and 32 .

61. P x  x 4  6x 3  17x 2  28x  20 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20. Since all of the coefficients
are positive, there are no positive real zeros.
1 1 6 17 28 20 2 1 6 17 28 20
1 5 12 16 2 8 18 20
1 5 12 16 4 9 10 10 " x  2 is a zero.
4
s r
P x  x 4  6x 3  17x 2  28x  20  x  2 x 3  4x 2  9x  10 . Continuing with the quotient, we have

2 1 4 9 10
2 4 10
0 " x  2 is a zero.
1 2 5
r s
Thus P x  x 4  6x 3  17x 2  28x  20  x  22 x 2  2x  5 . Now x 2  2x  5  0 when
T
x  2 4451
2  24i
2  1  2i. Thus, the zeros are 2 (multiplicity 2) and 1  2i.

62. P x  x 4  7x 3  9x 2  17x  20 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20.
1 1 7 9 17 20 2 1 7 9 17 20 1 1 7 9 17 20
1 8 17 0 2 18 54 74 1 6 3 20
1 8 17 0 20 54 " x  2 is an
1 9 27 37 1 6 3 20 0 " x  1 is a zero.
upper bound.
r s
So P x  x 4  7x 3  9x 2  17x  20  x  1 x 3  6x 2  3x  20 . Continuing with the quotient, we have

1 1 6 3 20 2 1 6 3 20 4 1 6 3 20

1 5 2 2 8 10 4 8 20
1 5 2 18 1 4 5 10
1 2 5 0 " x  4 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x 4  7x 3  9x 2  17x  20  x  1 x  4 x 2  2x  5 . Now using the Quadratic Formula on
T T
2  4  4 1 5 2  2 6 T T
x 2  2x  5 we have: x    1  6. Thus, the zeros are 4, 1, and 1  6.
2 2
358 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

63. P x  x 5  3x 4  x 3  11x 2  12x  4 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 4.
1 1 3 1 11 12 4
1 2 3 8 4
1 2 3 8 4 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s
P x  x 5  3x 4  x 3  11x 2  12x  4  x  1 x 4  2x 3  3x 2  8x  4 . Continuing with the quotient, we have

1 1 2 3 8 4
1 1 4 4
1 1 4 4 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s r s
x 5  3x 4  x 3  11x 2  12x  4  x  12 x 3  x 2  4x  4  x  13 x 2  4
 x  13 x  2 x  2
Therefore, the zeros are 1 (multiplicity 3), 2, and 2.
r sr s r s
64. P x  x 4  81  x 2  9 x 2  9  x  3 x  3 x 2  9  x  3 x  3 x  3i x  3i. Thus, the zeros
are 3, 3i.
r sr s r s r s
65. P x  x 6  64  x 3  8 x 3  8  x  2 x 2  2x  4 x  2 x 2  2x  4 . Now using the Quadratic

Formula to find the zeros of x 2  2x  4, we have

T T
x  2 4441  22i 3  1  i T3, and using the Quadratic Formula to find the zeros of x 2  2x  4, we have
2 2
T T T T T
x  2 4441
2  22i 3  1  i 3. Therefore, the zeros are 2, 2, 1  i 3, and 1  i 3.
2
66. P x  18x 3  3x 2  4x  1 has possible rational zeros 1,  12 ,  13 ,  16 ,  19 ,  18
1 .

1 18 3 4 1 1 18 3 4 1
2
18 21 17 9 6 1
18 21 17 16 " x  1 is an upper bound. 18 12 2 0 " x  12 is a zero.
r s
So P x  18x 3  3x 2  4x  1  2x  1 9x 2  6x  1  2x  1 3x  12 . Thus the zeros are 12 and  13
(multiplicity 2).
r s
67. P x  6x 4  18x 3  6x 2  30x  36  6 x 4  3x 3  x 2  5x  6 has possible rational zeros 1, 2, 3, 6.

1 6 18 6 30 36
6 12 6 36
6 12 6 36 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s r s
So P x  6x 4  18x 3  6x 2  30x  36  x  1 6x 3  12x 2  6x  36  6 x  1 x 3  2x 2  x  6 .
Continuing with the quotient we have
1 1 2 1 6 2 1 2 1 6 3 1 2 1 6
1 1 2 2 0 2 3 3 6
1 1 2 8 1 0 1 8 1 2 0 " x  3 is a zero.
1
s r
So P x  6x 4  18x 3  6x 2  30x  36  6 x  1 x  3 x 2  x  2 . Now x 2  x  2  0 when
T T T
x  1 1412
2  1i2
7 , and so the zeros are 1, 3, and 1i 7 .
2
r sr s T
68. P x  x 4  15x 2  54  x 2  9 x 2  6 . If x 2  9, then x  3i. If x 2  6, then x  i 6. Therefore, the
T
zeros are 3i and i 6.
 CHAPTER 3 Review 359

69. 2x 2  5x  3 % 2x 2  5x  3  0. The solutions are 70. Let P x  x 3  x 2  14x  24. The solutions to
x  05, 3. P x  0 are x  3, 2, and 4.

2 4 -5 5
-20
-5
-40

71. x 4  3x 3  3x 2  9x  2  0 has solutions x s 024, 72. x 5  x  3 % x 5  x  3  0. We graph

424. P x  x 5  x  3. The only real solution is 134.

10
5

-2 2
-50
-10

73. P x  x 3  2x  4
1 1 0 2 4 2 1 0 2 4
1 1 1 2 4 4
11 1 5 1 2 2 0
r s
P x  x 3  2x  4  x  2 x 2  2x  2 . Since x 2  2x  2  0 has no real solution, the only real zero of P is
x  2.

r sr s
74. P x  x 4  3x 2  4  x 2  1 x 2  4 . Since x 2  4  0 has no real solution, the only real zeros of P are x  1
and x  1.

3
75. (a) r x  . The vertical asymptote is x  4. Because the Z
x 4
denominator has higher degree than the numerator, the horizontal
asymptote is y  0. When x  0, y  34 , so the y-intercept is 34 .
There is no x-intercept because the numerator is never 0. The domain

of r is * 4 C 4 * and its range is * 0 C 0 *. Y

t u
1 3 1
(b) If f x  , then r x  3  3 f x  4, so we
x x 4 x 4
obtain the graph of r by shifting the graph of f to the left 4 units and
stretching vertically by a factor of 3.
360 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1
76. (a) r x   . The vertical asymptote is x  5 and the horizontal Z
x 5
asymptote is y  0. When x  0, y  15 , so the y-intercept is 15 .
There is no x-intercept. The domain of r is * 5 C 5 * and its
range is * 0 C 0 *.

t u
1 1 1  Y
(b) If f x  , then r x      f x  5.
x x 5 x 5
Thus, we obtain the graph of r by shifting the graph of f to the right
5 units and reflecting in the x-axis.

3x  4
77. (a) r x  . The vertical asymptote is x  1. Because the Z
x 1
denominator has the same degree as the numerator, the horizontal
asymptote is y  31  3. When x  0, y  4, so the y-intercept is

4. When y  0, 3x  4  0 % x  43 , so the x-intercept is 43 . The

domain of r is * 1 C 1 * and its range is * 3 C 3 *.
1 
(b) If f x  , then  Y
x
3 x  1  1 1
r x  3  3  f x  1. Thus, we
x 1 x 1
obtain the graph of r by shifting the graph of f to the right 1 unit,
reflecting in the x-axis, and shifting upward 3 units.

2x  5
78. (a) r x  . The vertical asymptote is x  2 and the horizontal Z
x 2
asymptote is y  2. When x  0, y  52 , so the y-intercept is 52 .

When y  0, x   52 , so the x-intercept is  52 . The domain of r is

* 2 C 2 * and its range is * 2 C 2 *.

1
(b) If f x  , then @ Y
x
2 x  2  1 1
r x  2  2  f x  2. Thus, we
x 2 x 2
obtain the graph of r by shifting the graph of f to the left 2 units and
upward 2 units.

3x  12 12
79. r x  . When x  0, we have r 0   12, so the y-intercept is Z
x 1 1
12. Since y  0, when 3x  12  0 % x  4, the x-intercept is 4. The vertical
asymptote is x  1. Because the denominator has the same degree as the
numerator, the horizontal asymptote is y  31  3. The domain of r is

* 1 C 1 * and its range is * 3 C 3 *.
 Y
 CHAPTER 3 Review 361

1 1 1
80. r x  . When x  0, we have r 0  2  , so the y-intercept is 14 . Z
x  22 2 4
Since the numerator is 1, y never equals zero and there is no x-intercept. There is a
vertical asymptote at x  2. The horizontal asymptote is y  0 because the
degree of the denominator is greater than the degree of the numerator. The domain
of r is * 2 C 2 * and its range is 0 *.


 Y

x 2 x 2
81. r x  2  . When x  0, we have r 0  2 1
8  4 , Z
x  2x  8 x  2 x  4
so the y-intercept is 14 . When y  0, we have x  2  0 % x  2, so the
x-intercept is 2. There are vertical asymptotes at x  2 and x  4. The domain

of r is * 2 C 2 4 C 4 * and its range is * *.
 Y

x 3  27
82. r x  . When x  0, we have r 0  27 27
4 , so the y-intercept is y  4 .
Z
x 4
When y  0, we have x 3  27  0 % x 3  27 " x  3. Thus the x-intercept
is x  3. The vertical asymptote is x  4. Because the degree of the numerator
is greater than the degree of the denominator, there is no horizontal asymptote. By
37
long division, we have r x  x 2  4x  16  . So the end behavior of y is
x 4

like the end behavior of g x  x 2  4x  16. The domain of r is  Y
* 4 C 4 * and its range is * *.

x2  9 x  3 x  3
83. r x   . When x  0, we have r 0  9
1 , so the
Z
2x 2  1 2x 2  1 
y-intercept is 9. When y  0, we have x 2  9  0 % x  3 so the x-intercepts  Y

are 3 and 3. Since 2x 2  1 0, the denominator is never zero so there are no

vertical asymptotes. The horizontal asymptote is at y  12 because the degree of
the denominator and numerator are the same. The domain of r is * * and its
K s
range is 9 12 .
362 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

2x 2  6x  7
84. r x  . When x  0, we have r 0  7 7
4  4 , so the y-intercept
Z
x 4
is y  74 . We use the Quadratic Formula to find the x-intercepts:
T
6 62 427 T T
x  6 92  3 23 . Thus the x-intercepts are
22 4 2
x s 39 and x s 09. The vertical asymptote is x  4. Because the degree of the
numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator, there is no horizontal 
1  Y
asymptote. By long division, we have r x  2x  2  , so the slant
x 4
asymptote is r x  2x  2. The domain of r is * 4 C 4 * and its range is
approximately * 717] C [1283 *.

x 2  5x  14 x  7 x  2
85. r x    x  7 for x / 2. The x-intercept is Z
x 2 x 2
7 and the y-intercept is 7, there are no asymptotes, the domain is
x  x / 2, and

the range is
y  y / 9.


  Y

r s
x 3  3x 2  10x x x 2  3x  10x x  5 x  2
86. r x     x x  5 Z
x 2 x 2 x 2
@
for x / 2. The x-intercepts are 0 and 5 and the y-intercept is 0, there are no
Q R
asymptotes, the domain is
x  x / 2, and the range is y  y o  25 4 .


  Y

x 2  3x  18 x  6 x  3 x 6
87. r x  2   for x / 3. The x-intercept is Z
x  8x  15 x  5 x  3 x 5
6 and the y-intercept is  65 , the vertical asymptote is x  5, the horizontal
Q R
asymptote is y  1, the domain is
x  x / 3 5, and the range is y  y / 1  92 . 
 Y
@
 CHAPTER 3 Review 363

x 2  2x  15 x  3 x  5 x 3
88. r x  3   for Z
x  4x 2  7x  10 x  1 x  2 x  5 x  1 x  2
x / 5. The x-intercept is 3 and the y-intercept is 32 , the vertical asymptotes are
x  1 and x  2, the horizontal asymptote is y  0, the domain is 
Q R

x  x / 5 1 2, and the range is y  y n 19 or y o 1 (You can use a   Y
@@
graphing calculator to find the range.)

x 3 2x  7
89. r x  . From the graph we see that the 90. r x  2 . From the graph we see that the
2x  6 x 9
x-intercept is 3, the y-intercept is 05, there is a vertical x-intercept is 35, the y-intercept is 078, there is a
asymptote at x  3 and a horizontal asymptote at horizontal asymptote at y  0 and no vertical asymptote,
y  05, and there is no local extremum. the local minimum is 111 090, and the local
maximum is 811 012.
5

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 -20 20
-5

-1

x3  8
91. r x  2 . From the graph we see that the x-intercept is 2, the
x x 2
10
y-intercept is 4, there are vertical asymptotes at x  1 and x  2, there is no
horizontal asymptote, the local maximum is 0425 3599, and the local
minimum is 4216 7175. By using long division, we see that -5 5
10  x -10
f x  x  1  2 , so f has a slant asymptote of y  x  1.
x x 2
2x 3  x 2
92. r x  . From the graph we see that the x-intercepts are 0 and 12 , the
x 1
50
y-intercept is 0, there is a vertical asymptote at x  1, the local maximum is
0 0, and the local minima are 157 1790 and 032 003.
3
Using long division, we see that r x  2x 2  3x  3  . So the end
x 1
-5 5
behavior of r is the same as the end behavior of g x  2x 2  3x  3.
93. 2x 2 o x  3 % 2x 2  x  3 o 0 % P x  x  1 2x  3 o 0. The cut points occur where x  1  0 and where
2x  3  0; that is, at x  1 and x  32 . We make a sign diagram:
r s r s
Sign of * 1 1 32 3*
2
x 1   
2x  3   
P x   
K s
Both endpoints satisfy the inequality. The solution is * 1] C 32  * .
364 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

94. x 3  3x 2  4x  12 n 0 % x 2 x  3  4 x  3 n 0 % P x  x  2 x  2 x  3 n 0. The cut points are 2, 2,

and 3. We make a sign diagram:
Sign of * 2 2 2 2 3 3 *
x 2    
x 2    
x 3    
P x    
All endpoints satisfy the inequality. The solution is * 2] C [2 3].

r sr s r s
95. x 4  7x 2  18  0 % x 2  9 x 2  2  0 % P x  x  3 x  3 x 2  2  0. The last factor is positive for all
x. We make a sign diagram:
Sign of * 3 3 3 3 *
x 3   
x 3   
P x   
Neither endpoint satisfies the strict inequality. The solution is 3 3.

r sr s r sr sr sr s
96. x 8  17x 4  16 0 % x 4  16 x 4  1 0 % x2  4 x2  4 x2  1 x2  1 0 %
r sr s
P x  x 2  4 x 2  1 x  4 x  4 x  1 x  1 0. The first two factors are positive for all x. We make a
sign diagram:
Sign of * 4 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 *
x 4     
x 1     
x 1     
x 4     
P x     
None of the endpoints satisfies the strict inequality. The solution is * 2 C 1 1 C 2 *.

5 5 5
97. 0% b c b c  0 % r x   0. We make a sign diagram:
x 3  x 2  4x  4 x x2  4  x2  4 x  1 x  2 x  2

Sign of * 2 2 1 1 2 2 *

x 2    
x 1    
x 2    
r x    
None of the endpoints is in the domain of r . The solution is * 2 C 1 2.
 CHAPTER 3 Review 365

3x  1 2 3x  1 2 3 3x  1  2 x  2 9x  3  2x  4 7x  1
98. n %  n0% n0% n 0 % r x  n 0. We
x 2 3 x 2 3 3 x  2 3 x  2 3 x  2
make a sign diagram:
r s r s
Sign of * 2 2 17 1*
7
x 2   
7x  1   
r x   
r L
The cut point 17 satisfies equality, but 2 is not in the domain of r. The solution is 2 17 .

1 2 3 1 2 3 x x  3  2x x  2  3 x  2 x  3
99.  o %   o 0% o 0%
x 2 x 3 x x 2 x 3 x x x  2 x  3
4x  18 2 9  2x
o 0 % r x  o 0. We make a sign diagram:
x x  2 x  3 x x  2 x  3
r s r s
Sign of * 3 3 0 0 2 2 92 9*
2
x 3     
x     
x 2     
9  2x     
r x     
r L
The cut point 92 satisfies equality, but the other cut points are not in the domain of r . The solution is 3 0 C 2 92 .

1 3 4 1 3 4 x x  3  3x x  2  4 x  2 x  3
100.  n %   n 0% n 0%
x 2 x 3 x x 2 x 3 x x x  2 x  3
7x  24
r x  n 0. We make a sign diagram:
x x  2 x  3
r s r s
Sign of *  247  24
7  2 2 0 0 3 3 *
7x  24     
x 2     
x     
x 3     
r x     
K s
The cut point  24 24
7 satisfies equality, but the other cut points are not in the domain of r. The solution is  7  2 C 0 3.

S T
101. f x  24  x  3x 2  x  3 8  3x is defined where r x  x  3 8  3x o 0. We make a sign diagram:
r s r s
Sign of * 3 3 83 8*
3
x 3   
8  3x   
r x   
K L
Both cut points satisfy equality, so the domain of f is 3 83 .
 366 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

1 1 1 r s
102. g x  S
4
 T b c  T b c is defined where r x  x 1  x x 2  x  1 0.
x  x4 4
x 1  x3 4
x 1  x x 2  x  1
(Equality is excluded because the denominator cannot be 0.) The last factor of r x is positive for all x. We make a sign
diagram:
Sign of * 0 0 1 1 *
x   
1x   
x2  x  1   
r x   
Neither cut point satisfies the strict inequality, so the domain of g is 0 1.
103. 104.
40
20

20

-2 -1 1 2 3

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -20

From the graph, we see that x 4  x 3 n 5x 2  4x  5 on From the graph, we see that x 5  4x 4  7x 3  12x  2  0
approximately [074 195]. on approximately 106 017 C 191 *.

105. (a) We use synthetic division to show that 1 is a zero of P x  2x 4  5x 3  x  4:

1 2 5 0 1 4
2 3 3 4
2 0 3 3 4
r s
Thus, 1 is a zero and P x  x  1 2x 3  3x 2  3x  4 .
(b) P x has no change of sign, and hence no positive real zeros. But P x  x  1 Q x, so Q cannot have a positive
real zero either.
106. We want to find the solutions of x 4  x 2  24x  6x 3  20 % P x  x 4  6x 3  x 2  24x  20  0. The possible
rational zeros of P are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20. P x has 3 variations in sign and hence 1 or 3 positive real zeros.
P x  x 4  6x 3  x 2  24x  20 has 1 variation in sign, and so P has 1 negative real zeros.
1 1 6 1 24 20 2 1 5 4 20
1 5 4 20 2 6 20
1 5 4 20 0 " x  1 is a zero. 1 3 10 0 " x  2 is a zero.
r s
P x  x  1 x  2 x 2  3x  10  x  1 x  2 x  2 x  5, and Z

so the zeros of P (and hence the x-coordinates of the points of intersection) are
2, 1, 2, and 5. From the original equation, the coordinates of the points of
intersection are 2 28, 1 26, 2 68, 5 770.


 Y
 CHAPTER 3 Test 367

CHAPTER 3 TEST
1. f x  x 2  x  6 Z 2. g x  2x 2  6x  3 is a quadratic
r s
function with a  2 and b  6, so it has
 x2  x  6
r s a maximum or minimum value where

 x 2  x  14  6  14 b 6 3
 Y x     . Because
r s2 2a 2 2 2
 x  12  25 4 a 0, this gives the minimum value
r s r s2 r s
g  32  2  32 6  32 3   32 .
r s r s
3. (a) We write the function in standard form: h x  10x001x 2  001 x 2  1000x  001 x 2  1000x  5002 
r s
001 5002  001 x  5002  2500. Thus, the maximum height reached by the cannonball is 2500 meters.
(b) By the symmetry of the parabola, we see that the cannonball’s height will be 0 again (and thus it will splash into the
water) when x  1000 m.

4. f x   x  23  27 has y-intercept y  23  27  19 and x-intercept Z

where  x  23  27 % x  1.


 
 Y

5. (a) 2 1 0 4 2 5 (b) x 3  2x 2  1
2
2 4 0 4 2x 2  1 2x 5  4x 4  x 3  x 2  0x  7
1 2 0 2 9 2x 5  x3
Therefore, the quotient is 4x 4  x2
Q x  x 3  2x 2  2, and the remainder is 4x 4  2x 2
R x  9. x2  7
x2  12
15
2

Therefore, the quotient is Q x  x 3  2x 2  12 and the

remainder is R x  15
2 .

6. (a) Possible rational zeros are: 1, 3,  12 ,  32 . Z

(b) 1 2 5 4 3
2 7 3

2 7 3 0 " x  1 is a zero.
r s  Y
P x  x  1 2x 2  7x  3  x  1 2x  1 x  3
r s
 2 x  1 x  12 x  3

(c) The zeros of P are x  1, 3, 12 .

368 CHAPTER 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

7. P x  x 3  x 2  4x  6. Possible rational zeros are: 1, 2, 3, 6.

1 1 1 4 6 2 1 1 4 6 3 1 1 4 6
1 0 4 2 2 4 3 6 6
0 4 10
1 1 1 2 10 1 2 2 0 " x  3 is a zero.
r s
So P x  x  3 x 2  2x  2 . Using the Quadratic Formula on the second factor, we have
S T T
2  22  4 1 2 2  4 2  2 1
x    1  i. So zeros of P x are 3, 1  i, and 1  i.
2 1 2 2
8. P x  x 4  2x 3  5x 2  8x  4. The possible rational zeros of P are: 1, 2, and 4. Since there are four changes in
sign, P has 4, 2, or 0 positive real zeros.
1 1 2 5 8 4
1 1 4 4
1 1 4 4 0
r s
So P x  x  1 x 3  x 2  4x  4 . Factoring the second factor by grouping, we have
K L r s
P x  x  1 x 2 x  1  4 x  1  x  1 x 2  4 x  1  x  12 x  2i x  2i.
9. Since 3i is a zero of P x, 3i is also a zero of P x. And since 1 is a zero of multiplicity 2,
r sr s
P x  x  12 x  3i x  3i  x 2  2x  1 x 2  9  x 4  2x 3  10x 2  18x  9.

10. P x  2x 4  7x 3  x 2  18x  3.

(a) Since P x has 4 variations in sign, P x can have 4, 2, or 0 positive real zeros. Since
P x  2x 4  7x 3  x 2  18x  3 has no variations in sign, there are no negative real zeros.
(b) 4 2 7 1 18 3
8 4 20 8
2 1 5 2 11
Since the last row contains no negative entry, 4 is an upper bound for the real zeros of P x.
1 2 7 1 18 3
1 9 10 28
2 9 10 28 31
Since the last row alternates in sign, 1 is a lower bound for the real zeros of P x.
(c) Using the upper and lower limit from part (b), we (d) Local minimum 282 7031.
graph P x in the viewing rectangle [1 4] by
[1 1]. The two real zeros are 017 and 393. 50

1
-2 2 4
-50
2 4

-1

2x  1 x 3  27 x 3  9x x2  x  6 x 3  6x 2  9x
11. r x  2 , s x  2 , t x  , u x  2
, and * x  .
x x 2 x 4 x 2 x  25 x 3
 CHAPTER 3 Test 369

(a) r x has the horizontal asymptote y  0 because the degree of the denominator is greater than the degree of the
numerator. u x has the horizontal asymptote y  11  1 because the degrees of the numerator and the denominator
are the same.
(b) The degree of the numerator of s x is one more than the degree of the denominator, so s has a slant asymptote.
r s
x x 2  6x  9 x x  32
(c) The denominator of s x is never 0, so s has no vertical asymptote. * x    x x  3
x 3 x 3
for x / 3, so * has no vertical asymptote.

Z
(d) From part (c), * has a “hole” at 3 0.
2x  1 2x  1
(e) r x  2  , so r has vertical asymptotes at x  1
x x 2 x  1 x  2
and x  2. y  0 is a horizontal asymptote because the degree of the numerator is
less than the degree of the denominator. 

x2  x  6 x  3 x  2  Y
(f) u x  2
 . When x  0, we have
x  25 x  5 x  5
6  6 , so the y-intercept is y  6 . When y  0, we have x  3 or
u x  25 25 25
x  2, so the x-intercepts are 3 and 2. The vertical asymptotes are x  5 and
x  5. The horizontal asymptote occurs at y  11  1 because the degree of the
denominator and numerator are the same.
(g) x 2  2x  5 Z

x 2 x 3  0x 2  9x  0
x 3  2x 2
2x 2  9x
2x 2  4x
5x  0 
5x  10  Y

10

x 3  9x
Thus P x  x 2  2x  5 and t x  have the same end behavior.
x 2

6x 6x 6  x  x 2x  5 2x 2  4x  6 x  1 3  x

12. x n %0n x %0n %0n   r x. We
2x  5 2x  5 2x  5 2x  5 x5 2
make a sign diagram:
r s r s
Sign of * 1 1 52 53
2 3 *
x 1    
3x    
x  52    
r x    
r L
The cut point 52 is excluded so that the denominator is not 0. The solution is * 1] C 53 .
2
370 Focus on Modeling

1
13. f x  S is defined where 4  2x  x 2 0. Using the Quadratic Formula to solve x 2  2x  4  0, we
4  2x  x 2
T
 2  22  4 1 4 T
have x   1  5. The radicand is positive between these two roots, so the domain of
2 1
r T T s
f is 1  5 1  5 .

14. (a) P x  x 4  4x 3  8x. From the graph, the x-intercepts are approximately
10
124, 0, 2, and 324, P has local maximum P 1  5, and P has local minima
P 073  P 273  4.

-2 2 4

(b) From part (a), P x o 0 on approximately * 124] C [0 2] C [324 *.

FOCUS ON MODELING Fitting Polynomial Curves to Data

1. (a) Using a graphing calculator, we obtain the quadratic 2. (a) Using a graphing calculator, we obtain the quadratic
polynomial polynomial
y  0005864 x 2  2 900675 x  278 1956 y  02783333x 2  184655x  166732 (where
(where kilometers are measured in thousands). plants/acre are measured in thousands).
Z Z
(b) (b)


 





 

       Y 

      Y

Density (thousand plants/acre)

Pressure (kPa)
(c) Moving the cursor along the path of the polynomial,
(c) Moving the cursor along the path of the polynomial,
we find that yield when 37,000 plants are planted per
we find that 248 kPa gives the longest tire life.
acre is about 135 bushels/acre.
 Fitting Polynomial Curves to Data 371

3. (a) Using a graphing calculator, we obtain the cubic 4. (a) Z

polynomial 

y  000203709x 3  0104522x 2

 1966206x  145576.

(b) Z

 

    Y

 Time (s)
A quadratic model seems appropriate.

(b) Using a graphing calculator, we obtain the quadratic

        Y

Seconds polynomial y  4.8768 x 2  15.8017x  1.2823.

(c) Moving the cursor along the path of the polynomial, (c) Moving the cursor along the path of the polynomial,
we find that the subjects could name about we find that the ball is 6 m above the ground 03
43 vegetables in 40 seconds. seconds and 29 seconds after it is thrown upward.

(d) Moving the cursor along the path of the polynomial, (d) Again, moving the cursor along the path of the
we find that the subjects could name 5 vegetables in polynomial, we find that the maximum height is
about 20 seconds. 13.9 m 

5. (a) Using a graphing calculator, we obtain the quadratic (b) Z


polynomial

y  00120536x 2  0490357x  496571.

(c) Moving the cursor along the path of the polynomial,

we find that the tank should drain in 190 minutes. 

   Y

Time (min)