KOM 3364

LEADERSHIP COMMUNICATION
(10 exercises)

LECTURER: DR SAIFUL NUJAIMI ABDUL

RAHMAN

GROUP MEMBERS: REVATY A/P SUBRAMANNIAM (B10871)

: KITHAANGELY A/P NAGANDRAN (B10866)
: AGALYA A/P VELLASAMY (B10868)
: VEESHALINII A/P SEKAR (B10872)

F
K
 B
R
TOTAL X / 40%

EXERCISE 1

Enlisted below are The Golden Rules that appears in the teachings of every major world
religion. define, elaborate, and provide example for each of them: (Tersenarai di bawah ialah
The Golden Rules yang menjadi ajaran setiap agama utama dunia. Berikan definisi, huraian,
dan contoh bagi setiap satu:)

a. Islam ~ “None of you will have faith till he wishes for his brother what he likes for
himself”.
The golden rule is generally means that people should treat others the way they would like to
be treated. This principle was stated a few times by our Prophet Muhammad, so this principle
should follow by muslims when they share islam with others.The teaching of Islam is none of
you will have faith till he wishes for his brother what he likes for himself.It means that the one
who consents for other people what he consents for himself, and who dislikes for them what
he dislikes for himself.
 b. Buddhism ~ “Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful”.
The buddhism teaching hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful means
that whatever if done to yourself, and if its hurt you,do not do the same thing to others. This
is because we already faced the hurt and its not good if you give the pain to others even
you know how hurt it is.
Example, if one of your friend cheat on you and you lost trust on them. You know how hurt
it is if your own people do that to you,so you cannot do things which can break some others
trust on you.

c. Christianity ~ “Whatsoever you wish that men would do to you, do so to them, for
this is the law and the prophets”.

This rule of conduct is a summary of the Christian’s duty to his neighbour and states a
fundamental ethical principle. In its negative form, “Do not do to others what you would
not like done to yourselves,” it occurs in the 2nd century documents Didachē and
the Apology of Aristides and may well have formed part of an early catechism. It recalls the
command to “love the stranger (sojourner)” as found in Deuteronomy. It is not, however,
peculiar to Christianity.

d. Judaism ~ “What is hateful to you, do not to your fellow man. This is the entire
Law: all the rest is commentary”.

Do not doing harmful things to others or rather that we should always strive to do positive
things for others, we see that there is great religious wisdom to influence how we treat the
people in our lives. We should understand that all of us are human beings with emotions and
feelings.So if certain things hurt you menas do not do that to others. Such as if you feel hurt
when your friend scold you, you do not scold your friend as well.

BIBLIOGRAFI

1. Slide Leadership Communication (Introduction)

2. https://reformjudaism.org/learning/torah-study/torah-commentary/what-judaism-says-
about-golden-rule
3. https://www.nrm.org/2018/03/golden-rule-common-religions/
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule

EXERCISE 2

Enlisted below are the scholars who defined Leadership Communication. Define, elaborate,
and provide example for each of them: (Tersenarai di bawah ialah para sarjana yang telah
mentafsirkan Komunikasi Kepemimpinan. Berikan definisi, huraian, dan contoh bagi setiap
satu:)

a. Barker, Waklers & Watson, 1995

b. Abdullah & Ainon, 1998
c. French & Raven, 1965
d. Edwin A. Flieshman (quoted by Abdul Halim Othman, 1993

a. Barker, Waklers & Watson, 1995

Bakers, Waklers and Watson defined that leadership communication is a form of

communication skill that moves a group towards achieving the groups objectives and
happiness. It means that the skill plays the main role in moving forward the team for a specific
moto. Such as speak out skills. When you speak you will expose your feelings, thoughts, ideas
and more. So this will lead you to achieve your group’s objective happiness.

b. Abdullah & Ainon, 1998

Abdullah and Ainon defined that leader is that person who pose the ability to make others
willingly or voluntarily obey his/her will to perform something. Moreover, leadership is a form
of conduct that are mean for influencing others to voluntarily adhere or obey the will of the
leading figure/those who lead. They said that the leadership shown by a person should influence
and inspire others to came forward. Such as spotting attitude, positive behaviour and active
mentality.

c. French & Raven, 1965

French and Raven’s formsof Power describes six sources of leadership power. Coercive,
reward, legitimate, expert, referent and informational. Each form of power, when used to
influence someone, has a different impact on relationships and outcomes, some better than
others. By the way, the first power coercive means forcing someone to do something
against their will. Second, reward power which giving benefits to someone for doing
something. Next is legitimate power, which set a formal relationship. Then, expert power.
This power derives an individual’s expertise. Their level of skill helps make them
trustworthy and able influential to others. Fifth, referent power which is based on being
liked and respected as an individual. Last , informational power which is based on the
ability to control the flow of information that is needed to get things done

d.Edwin A. Flieshman (quoted by Abdul Halim Othman, 1993

This scholars defined that leadership communication is a form of effort on inter-influencing

one another, for the purpose of achieving a certain objective / numerous objectives. To add
more, they said that leadership will involve the usage of three major asprcts which is
influence/power, communication and objective. Power is based on the reciprocal, positional
and attachmental. Communication was verbal, non-verbal and metaphysical. While objective
were the purpose of organization and the leaders objectives.

BIBLIOGRAFI

1. Slide leadership communication (definings)

2. https://worldofwork.io/2019/08/french-and-ravens-forms-of-power/
3. https://www.businessballs.com/leadership-philosophies/sources-of-leadership-power-
french-and-raven/
 EXERCISE 3

Enlisted below are the Leadership Theories and its theoreticians. Define, elaborate, and provide
example for each of them: (Tersenarai di bawah ialah Teori-Teori Kepemimpinan dan ahli-
ahli teorinya. Berikan definisi, huraian, dan contoh bagi setiap satu:)

a. Robert House: Path Goal Theory

b. B.F. Skinner: Behavioural Theory
c. Victor H. Vroom: Expectancy Theory
d. Douglas McGregor: Humanistic Theory

a. Robert House: Path Goal Theory

Robert House believed the main role of a leader is to motivate his followers by increasing or
clarifying the personal benefits of striving for and reaching the group’s goal and clarifying and
clearing a path to achieving the group’s goals. His theory matched ways of behaving to sets of
circumstances. The circumstances in Path-Goal theory are driven by follower characteristics
and workplace characteristics. THis circumstances matched 4 leadershipn styles:

1) Directive - The leader provides clear direction on goals, tasks and performance
standards.

2) Supportive - This style puts more emphasis on improving the work environment and
looking after individuals’ welfare.

3) Participative - The leader consults their colleagues on decisions and takes their opinions
and ideas.

4) Achievement: Its about encouraging followers to attain outstanding results that they
may not aim for on their own.

b. B.F. Skinner: Behavioural Theory

Skinner believed that effective teaching must be based on positive reinforcement which is, he
argued, more effective at changing and establishing behavior than punishment. He suggested
that the main thing people learn from being punished is how to avoid punishment. He tries to
convey that punishment changes a person’s mind set. Such as do works properly because don’t
want to be punished.

c. Victor H. Vroom: Expectancy Theory

Victor H. Vroom believed that the behavior of an individual, and his attitude towards his job
can be defined by his expectations and his personal intentions/gains. It means that employee's
performance is based on individual factors such as personality, skills, knowledge, experience
and abilities. Only their own qualities leads to the range of performance and not others.

d. Douglas McGregor: Humanistic Theory

McGregor explained the Leadership theory through 2 small theories which is theory x and
theory y. Theory x means that employees in general are not motivated and passive. They only
work for salary. Meanwhile theory y mean employees work for giving self-satisfaction. Thus,
employers and employees work on benefiting one-another reciprocally. This theories explained
clearly the type of employees. One who able to contribute for benefit one who work for profit
(salary).

BIBLIOGRAFI
1. House, Robert J. (1996). Path-Goal Theory Of Leadership: Lessons, Legacy, And A
Reformulated Theory. The Leadership Quarterly 7.3 (1996): 323-352. Web.
2. https://www.managementstudyguide.com/houses-path-goal-theory.htm
3. https://www.yourcoach.be/en/employee-motivation-theories/vroom-expectancy-
motivation-theory/
4. Slide Leadership Communication [Theories]

EXERCISE 4

Enlisted below are the categories of non-Muslims in Islamic Leaderships as stated by Sulaiman
Rashid in his book, The Caliphate, 1955. Define, elaborate, and provide example for each of
them: (Tersenarai di bawah ialah beberapa kategori bukan-Muslim dalam Kepimpinan Islam
yang dinyatakan oleh Sulaiman Rashid melalui bukunya, The Caliphate, 1955. Berikan
definisi, huraian, dan contoh bagi setiap satu:)

a. Mu’ahadah c. Harbi
 b. Musta’man d. Zimmah

a. Mu’ahadah
Mu’ahadah is those who signed the treaty of peace/ relation.

b. Zimmah
Those who dwelled as citizens, they are obliged to be safeguarded of homage and rights.
Zimmah is thought, wickedness.

c. Harbi
Those who chose to go against the state. They are permitted to be fought/ battled/ executed via
the permissible/ relevant Islamic courses (principles of shariah). Harbi "belonging to war", a
reference to the House of War is a term of classical Islamic law, which refers to a non-Muslim,
who does not live under the condition of the dhimma. Harbi is counterterm to dhimmi.
Sometimes the terms appear in the combination"kafir harbi" resp.

d. Musta’man
Musta’man is those who seek for protection @ suaka. They are obliged to be safeguarded of
homage and rights as long as they seek for protection.Its a historical Islamic classification for
a non-Muslim foreigner,

BIBLIOGRAFI
1. Slide Leadership Communication [Theories]
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbi_(Islamic_law)

EXERCISE 5

Enlisted below are Leadership Styles in Organizational Management. Define, elaborate, and
provide example for each of them: (Tersenarai di bawah ialah Stail-Stail Kepemimpinan dalam
Pengurusan Organisasi. Berikan definisi, huraian, dan contoh bagi setiap satu:)

a. Autocratic
b. Laissez-faire
c. Democratic
d. Liberatic
 a. Autocratic
Autocratic leadership, also known as authoritarian leadership, is a leadership style
characterized by individual control over all decisions and little input from group members.
Autocratic leaders typically make choices based on their ideas and judgments and rarely accept
advice from followers. For example, When quick decision is needed: Autocratic leadership is
most effective in work environment or in instances where decisions need to be made quickly,
or if tasks have to completed with great urgency. This is because when the responsibility is on
the leader alone, decisions can be instantly created as the leader is free to act without having to
consult team members.

b. Laissez-faire
Laissez-faire leaders have an attitude of trust and reliance on their employees. They don't
micromanage or get too involved, they don't give too much instruction or guidance. They give
guidance and take responsibility where needed, but this leadership style means that
subordinates and team members have the real lead. An example of laissez faire is when a
homeowner is allowed to plant whatever they want to grow in their front yard without having
to get permission from their city.

c. Democratic
Democratic leadership is also known as participative leadership is a type of leadershup where
the members take the major role in decision making process compare to leader. Indra Nooyi is
a successful democratic leader. The CEO and chairman of PepsiCo, has endeared herself to
employees. She takes an interest in the personal lives of employees and has a vision of the
company's future.

d. Liberatic
To help someone or something to be free.

BIBLIOGRAFI
1. https://www.josephchris.com/16-autocratic-leadership-style-examples
2. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-democratic-leadership-2795315
 EXERCISE 6

Enlisted below are preferred Listening Styles in Leadership Communication. Define, elaborate,
and provide example for each of them: (Tersenarai di bawah ialah Stail-Stail Pencerapan yang
digalakkan dalam Komunikasi Kepemimpinan. Berikan definisi, huraian, dan contoh bagi
setiap satu:)

a. People-oriented
b. Content-oriented
c. Time-oriented
d. Action-oriented

a. People-oriented
People oriented is a comfortable listening to feelings and emotions. Moreover its seeking strong
ITP connections when listening. Its more likely to empathize and search for common areas of
interest. To add, people-oriented leadership style is considered a motivating style, it comes
with pros and cons. Nelson Mandela is the famous leader in people oriented leadership by
focused on organizing, supporting, and developing the people.

b. Content-oriented
Content- oriented leadership prefers complex, accurate, credible and detailed info. This style
focused on facts, details,and evidence in message. They more likely to reject the message that
does not have substance (sample supporting evidence or specific details). An example of a
content – oriented listener would be one that enjoys listening to presidential debates because
they make him/her think about their own political views.

c. Time-oriented
Time - oriented listening styles prefers message delivery to be quick and brief. Thus, aware of
time spent on listening process.Time-oriented listeners are concerned with completing tasks
and achieving goals. They do not like information perceived as irrelevant and like to stick to a
timeline. They may cut people off and make quick decisions (taking short cuts or cutting
corners) when they think they have enough information. An example of time - oriented
listening is the listeners could’nt wait for too long they just need the point and if they get it
they are done.

d. Action-oriented
The action- oriented style prefer brief, precise, and error free info and prefer well organized
and focused information.Its more likely to skeptical when listening to info. They interpret,
evaluate, and guessing. Examples of action-oriented leaders include surgeons, firefighters,
sportsmen/sportswomen, or the soldiers who lead their troops from the front.
BIBLIOGRAFI
1. Slide leadership communication (non verbal - listening)
2. https://strengthscape.com/action-orientation-characteristics-of-people-who-are-action-
oriented/
3. https://boisestate.pressbooks.pub/makingconflictsuckless/chapter/listening-styles/

EXERCISE 7
Enlisted below are the Personal Spaces in Leadership Communication – as mentioned by
Edward T. Hall in 1966. Define, elaborate, and provide example for each of them: (Tersenarai
di bawah ialah Ruang-Ruang Personal dalam Komunikasi Kepemimpinan – yang disebut oleh
Edward T. Hall pada 1966. Berikan definisi, huraian, dan contoh bagi setiap satu:)
a. Personal Zone
b. Public Zone
c. Social Zone
d. Intimate Zone

a. Personal Zone
Personal space is the region surrounding a person which they regard as psychologically theirs.
Most people value their personal space and feel discomfort, anger, or anxiety when their
personal space is encroached. Permitting a person to enter personal space and entering
somebody else's personal space are indicators of perception of those people's relationship. An
intimate zone is reserved for close friends, lovers, children and close family members. Another
zone is used for conversations with friends, to chat with associates, and in group discussions.
A further zone is reserved for strangers, newly formed groups, and new acquaintances. A fourth
zone is used for speeches, lectures, and theatre; essentially, public distance is that range
reserved for larger audiences.

b. Public Zone
Expanding outward from twelve feet a speaker becomes formal. Classes of instructors who
keep this separation among themselves and their understudies are by and large formal, and a
few understudies might feel that the educator is cold and far off. This framework gives helpful
understanding into the useful utilization of room for different understudy educator associations.
It ought to be noted, in any case, that fitting distance is dictated by a horde of factors including
the circumstance, the idea of the relationship, the subject of discussion, and the actual
imperatives which are available.

c. Social Zone
The distance zone took on between individuals occupied with connections of a generally formal
nature, like lawyer and customer. The social zone is characterized as the space of 1.25 to 3.5
m (4–11½ ft) from an individual. See proxemics. Think about private zone; individual distance
zone; public distance zone.

d. Intimate Zone
Another person's very own space is a marker of view of those individuals' relationship. An. the
cozy zone is held for dear companions, darlings, youngsters, and close relatives. Another. The
zone is utilized for discussions with companions, visit with partners, and in bunch
conversations.

Bibliography
1. https://escholarship.org/content/qt4774h1rm/qt4774h1rm.pdf?t=o0wtd6
2. https://creducation.net/resources/nonverbal_communication/proxemics.html
3. https://www.europarc.org/communication-skills/pdf/Personal%20Space.pdf
 EXERCISE 8
Enlisted below are four ways of attaining power throughout the history of mankind. Define,
elaborate, and provide example for each of them: (Tersenarai di bawah ialah empat jalan
dalam memperolehi kuasa sepanjang sejarah manusia. Berikan definisi, huraian, dan contoh
bagi setiap satu:)

a. Chosen
b. Elected
c. Customary
d. Bloodline

a. Chosen

Authentic force is the force somebody holds as the consequence of a chain of command in an
association. They can impact representatives in light of the fact that their position directs it.
This is like military rankings. All lower-positioning individuals should comply with the
heading of their boss and other high-positioning authorities. This design assists with getting
sorted out enormous organizations and guarantee everybody is following similar objectives.
You acquire authentic force in an association by showing you have the stuff to be a director,
chief or accomplice. Functioning as a boss tells potential businesses you can deal with the
obligation. Utilize real force along with different sorts of ability to be an effective pioneer.

b. Elected

Referent force is the force that good examples hold. It happens when a pioneer has solid
relational abilities and others follow them as a result of a profound appreciation. For instance,
a worker attempts to settle a contention and alludes to what his tutor would do and follows that
model to determine the issue. This force isn't one pioneer offer on themselves. The
appreciating party gives the pioneer the assignment of good example. Foster your relational
abilities by checking out others. Listen when they talk. Popular individuals move dedication
and a readiness to cooperate on shared objective.

c. Customary
Appeal is the idea of engaging quality or appeal that forces others to follow somebody.
Appealling power moves inspiration and euphoric sentiments in others. The enticing idea of
this force is dependent on the connecting with nature of the pioneer's character. This force
doesn't need to exist with any unequivocal abilities or refined administration characteristics.
Individuals are normally attracted to the mystique of others. Magnetism is a characteristic
result of a friendly character. It works best when felt sincerely. Figure out how to be appealling
by creating trust in your remarkable capacities. On the off chance that you feel more open to
associating with individuals one-on-one as opposed to in huge gatherings, this might be your
method of showing charm. Embrace your qualities and use them for your potential benefit.

d. Bloodline

Pioneers have association power when their union with persuasive individuals is respected and
wanted by others. The association gives individuals the feeling that the pioneer has or
approaches the very force that the powerful individual has. This is valuable in situations where
the pioneer has associations with conceivable business financial backers. Building connections
set up a structure for association power. Make the most of systems administration freedoms to
make enduring kinships all through your profesion.

Bibiliography

1. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/types-of-power-in-
leadership
2. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/10-common-
leadership-styles
 EXERCISE 9

Enlisted below are the roles that leaders and common people play every day. Define, elaborate,
and provide example for each of them: (Tersenarai di bawah ialah watak-watak yang
dilakonkan oleh para pemimpin dan orang ramai setiap hari. Berikan definisi, huraian, dan
contoh bagi setiap satu:)
a. Moderator
b. Free-rider
c. Complete complainer
d. Dominator

a. Moderator

one who manages a gathering, meeting, or conversation, for example,

a: the executive of a conversation bunch.

b: the fair managing official of a town meeting.

c: the managing official of a Presbyterian overseeing body.

b.Free-rider

Freerider issue is the place where individual individuals from a gathering can profit from the
aggregate activity of every part. For instance, understudies who are essential for a gathering
venture may irrelevantly contribute yet advantage from their cohorts' supported endeavors.

e. Complete complainer

A complete complainer is somebody who grumbles a great deal about their issues or about
things they don't care for.For example. An example of complain is when you tell a restaurant
thegave you poor service because your food was cold. An example of complain is when you
say you have a headache.

e. Dominator

Dominator is somebody who grumbles a great deal about their issues or about things they
don't care for. An example of dominate is bossing everyone else around.
Bibliography

1. https://www.yourdictionary.com/moderator
2. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/complainer
3. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dominator

EXERCISE 10

Enlisted below are four sources of power that leaders rely on – in order to influence their
subjects. Define, elaborate, and provide example for each of them:
a. Expert
b. Coercive
c. Legitimate power
d. Reward

a. Expert

The definition of expert is someone who is very skilful or has advanced training and knowledge
in a particular area or field. An example of someone who would be described as an expert is an
Olympic athlete, who could be described as an expert in his or her sport.

b. Coercive

The meaning coercive is somebody who is exceptionally talented or has progressed preparing
and information in specific region or field. An illustration of somebody who might be portrayed
as a specialist is an Olympic competitor, who could be depicted as a specialist in their game.

e. Legitimate power

Legitimate force is power that comes from one's authoritative job or position. For instance, a
supervisor can dole out projects, can capture a resident, and an instructor allocates grade.

f. Reward
Reward is something that you are given, for instance since you have acted well, buckled down,
or offered a support to the local area. Never give kids desserts, bread rolls or cakes as a
compensation for being acceptable. He was given the work as an award for
running an effective administration bid.

Bibiliography.

1. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/expert
2. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coercive
3. https://study.com/academy/lesson/legitimate-power-in-leadership-definition-example-
quiz.html
4. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reward