Lecture 3

Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow - 2

Dr. Ali atef masria

Review on Lecture 2

Basic Principle of Fluid Flow (1)

„States, Types and Classification of Fluid Flow“
„Geometric Properties of Open Channel Section“

2
Types of Flow:
Change in FLow Depth, Velocity, Discharge & Pressure according to Time and Space (distance)

• Steady FLow 𝜕𝑉ൗ = 0 , 𝜕𝑦ൗ = 0

Time is Criterion 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
• Unsteady Flow 𝜕𝑉ൗ ≠ 0 , 𝜕𝑦ൗ ≠ 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

• Uniform Flow (UF) 𝜕𝑉Τ𝜕𝑥 = 0 , 𝜕𝑦ൗ𝜕𝑥 =0

Distance is Criterion
• Nonuniform (Varied) Flow (VF)
𝜕𝑉ൗ ≠ 0 , 𝜕𝑦ൗ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ≠ 0

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

• Steady Uniform flow

• Steady Varied (Nonuniform) Flow (GVF or RVF)
• Unsteady Uniform flow (rare)
• Unsteady Varied (Nonuniform) Flow (GVF or RVF) 3
 Gradually Varied Flow (GVF) or
Types of Flow Rapidly Varied Flow (RVF)

• Obstruction cause the flow depth to vary

• GVF Occurs over large distance and usually
conncets UF and RVF
• RFV occurs over a short distance near the
obstacle (for example: weirs, gates of
regulators)
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Examples for Types of Flow

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Examples for Types of Flow

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 Effect of Viscosity,
States of FLow mainly in PF

𝑽𝑫 𝑽𝑹
Re = =
𝒗 𝒗

Laminar flow Transitional flow Turbulent flow

Re<2000 PF 2000 < Re< 2800 PF Re > 2800 PF
Re < 500 OCF 500 < Re < 2000 OCF Re > 2000 OCF

Smooth turbulent Transitional Rough turbulent

flow turbulent flow flow
𝑹𝒇 < 4 4 < 𝑹𝒇 < 100 𝑹𝒇 > 1007
 Effect of Gravity,
Types of FLow mainly in OCF

𝑽
𝑭𝒓 =
𝒈𝑫

Subcritical flow Critical flow Supercritical flow

Fr < 1.0 Fr = 1.0 Fr > 1.0
y > yc y = yc y < yc

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

(4 regimes of flow combining the effect of viscosity and gravity)
• Subcritical Laminar Flow, Fr < 1.0, Re < 500
• Subcritical Turbulent Flow, Fr < 1.0, Re > 2000
• Supercritical Laminar Flow, Fr > 1.0, Re < 500
• Supercritical Turbulent Flow, Fr > 1.0, Re > 2000 8
OC Section Geometric Properties
• T = B = top width
• y = water depth
• b = bottom (bed) width
• P = wetted Perimeter
• A = wetted cross-sectional
area
• R = A/P = hydraulic radius
• D = A / T = Hydraulic depth =
mean water depth
• Z = section factor = A 𝐷
• z : 1 = side slope
• So = bed slope
Types of Channel Cross Sections 9
10
Example: State the type of flow according to
Froude´s Number
Given:
• Trapoziodal Channel section, b = 4.0 m and side slopes 2 : 1
• Water depth = 1.50 m
• Design discharge: Q = 24 m3/sec
Required:
• State the flow type according to Froude No.
Solution:
• A = 10.50 m2
• T = B = 10 m
• D = A / T = 1.05 m
• V = Q / A = 24 / 10.5 = 2.286 m/sec
• Fr = v / √gD = 0.712 < 1.00 →→ Subcritical Flow
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Important Notes for OC Flow:
Most Effecient Section • is the one which can pass the greatest
quantity of flow(Qmax) for any given
„Most Economic Section“ area (Agiven), when the wetted
„Best Hydraulic Section“ perimeter is minimum (Pmin)

R=y/2 R=y/2 2
R = y/2, b =(2 y/ 3)
T=b=2y T=2y
z = 1/ 3 12
Semi circular channel is
the best one & is said the
most economic channel
but it is difficult to
construct in the field.
Therefore trapezoidal
section is accepted every
where.
If you have precast frame
facility, you can go for
semicircular precast
channels in small length.
Just connect the small
pieces excavating the
soil,u will get long pre-
casted semi circular
channel.

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Important Notes for OC FLow:

• When (b > 15y)

Wide Channel •R=y=D

Discharge per unit • Q=q.B→ Discharge through the hole section

width • q = Q/B → Discharge per unit width of channel

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Velocity Profiles / Velocity Distribution

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Velocity Profiles / Velocity Distribution

Steady Uniform Flow

• V max at (0.20 y to 0.05 y ) from water surface.

• V mean at (0.60 y) from water surface on canal center

line

• Vmean = (V0.2y + V0.80y)/2

• V mean = Q / A (Continuity Equation)

Isovels (Velocity Contours)

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Governing „Fundamental“ Equations
• Law of Conservation of Matter
Matter cannot be created nor destroyed

• Law of Conservation of Energy

Matter cannot be created nor destroyed it can only be transformed from one
form to another. For example, the potential energy of water in a dam is
transformed to kinetic energy of water in a pipe

• Momentum Equation

A body in motion remains in motion unless some external force acts upon
it. This is Newton‟s Second Law:
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 • Continuity Equation:
Applying the Law of Conservation of Mass to a control volume,

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 • Energy Equation: Bernoulli's equation

The speed of the roller-coaster decreases when it is at the

top of the steep slope, and it increases towards the bottom.

This is because the potential energy increases and kinetic

energy decreases at the top, and the opposite occurs at the
bottom.

However, ignoring frictional losses, the sum of the two forms

of energy is constant at any height
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Governing "Fundamental“ Equations

Fundamental Equations which describe the flow of the fluid are derived from
three fundamental laws of physics:

1. Conservation of matter (or mass) Continuity Equation

2. Conservation of energy Energy Equation
3. Conservation of momentum Momentum Equation

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 Continuity Equation (conservation of mass)
For Steady Flow

• Steady flow, the continuity equation for incompressible fluid:

𝑸 = 𝑨 .𝑽

A1
A2 A3
V1 V2 V3

𝑸 = 𝑨 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑨 𝟐 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑨 𝟑 𝑽𝟑
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 Examples:
• Ex. 1, Pipe Flow: Diameter of a pipe decreases from 0.12 m at the
beginning to 0.04m at the pipe end, determine the discharge and velocity
at the pipe end if the velocity at the beginning is 0.12 m/s.

• Ex. 2, OC Flow: A wide stream carries approximately uniform flow at a

depth of 3.5 m. if the average flow velocity is 0.5 m/sec. Estimate the
discharge per unit width. And State the flow type according to Fr.

• Ex.3, Flow Diversions into three branches: Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

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Continuity Equation For Unsteady Flow

 h  Q
Q = Q2 − Q1 =  − T x  = x
 t  x
then the volume of water The discharges at the two
between section (1) ends), are not
and section (2) is decreasing at necessary the same, but will
the rate differ by the amount

The two terms derived must therefore be equal in magnitude

and opposite in direction

Q h Q h
= −T +T =0
x t
x t 24
Energy Equation (conservation of energy)
For Steady Flow
• Total Energy Head at a cross section is:
𝑷 𝑽𝟐
𝑯=𝒛+ + 𝜶 Sf
𝜸 𝟐𝒈
Where: Sw
H = total energy Head 𝑃
𝒚=
z = potential energy (elevation of 𝛾
channel bottom) So
𝑷
= pressure energy head= vertical
𝜸
water depth)
𝑽𝟐
= kinetic energy head (velocity head)
𝟐𝒈
𝜶 = velocity coefficient = 1.0 for Uniform Velocity
Bernaoulii‘s Equation for Steady Flow
Ideal Fluid + Uniform Velocity
 Change in K.E. = Work done

H = constant
H1=H2

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝒛𝟏 + + =𝒛𝟐 + +
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

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Bernaoulii‘s Equation for Steady Flow
Pipe Flow + Real Fluid + Uniform Velocity

H1 = H2 + h L1-2

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝒛𝟏 + + =𝒛𝟐 + + + h L1-2
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

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Bernaoulii‘s Equation for Steady Flow
Open Channel + Real Fluid + Non uniform Velocity

H1 = H2 + h L1-2

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝒛𝟏 + + 𝜶𝟏 =𝒛𝟐 + + 𝜶𝟐 + h L1-2
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

Where:
∝ = velocity coefficient
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 Momentum Equation (conservation of momentum)
for Steady Flow and Uniform Velocity

• Newton´s 2nd law Force = rate of change of momentum

• The total force in x direction = change in momentum

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Velocity Coefficient (𝜶) and Momentum
Coefficient (𝜷) in OCF
𝑽𝟐
Kinetic Energy = 𝜶
𝟐𝒈

Momentum = 𝛽 𝜌 𝑄 𝑉

‫ 𝟑𝑽 ׬‬.𝒅𝑨 𝑽𝟑𝟏 .𝑨𝟏 +𝑽𝟑𝟐 .𝑨𝟐 +𝑽𝟑𝟑 .𝑨𝟑

𝜶= =
𝑽𝟑𝒎 .𝒅𝑨 𝑽𝟑𝒎 .(𝑨𝟏 +𝑨𝟐 +𝑨𝟑 )

‫ 𝟐𝑽 ׬‬.𝒅𝑨 𝑽𝟐𝟏 .𝑨𝟏 +𝑽𝟐𝟐 .𝑨𝟐 +𝑽𝟐𝟑 .𝑨𝟑 However the velocity of flow changes from point to
𝜷= = point with in the flow, It is common to use the
𝑽𝟐𝒎 .𝒅𝑨 𝑽𝟐𝒎 .(𝑨𝟏 +𝑨𝟐 +𝑨𝟑 ) average velocity of flow with a correction factor
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Velocity Coefficient (𝜶) and Momentum
Coefficient (𝜷) in OCF
If the maximum and the mean velocities are known then:

𝜶=𝟑𝜷 −𝟐
𝜶 = 𝟏 + 𝟑 𝜺𝟐 − 𝟐 𝜺𝟑
𝜷 = 𝟏 + 𝜺𝟐
𝑽𝑚𝑎𝑥
where: 𝜺= −𝟏
𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 31
Velocity Coefficient (𝜶) and Momentum
Coefficient (𝜷) in OCF
𝜶 = Velocity Coefficient
= Kinetic Energy Coefficient
= Coriolis Coefficient

𝜷 = Momentum Coefficient
= Boussineque Coefficient
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33
Determination of Velocity

• Manning Equation
• Chezy Equation
• Darcy Weisbach Equation

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Determination of Velocity
Manning Equation for Uniform Flow (1891)
• Where:
n = Manning coefficient
• So= bed slope of channel
• R= Hydraulic radius
• SI – system

• For English System,

change (1/n) with (1.49/n)

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Example: Design the most efficient
rectangluar section
R=y/2
Given: T=b=2y

• Q = 18 m3/sec, So = 0.003, n = 0.011

Required:
1. Design the best hydraulic rectangular section,
2. Determine the area of lining and the area (volume) of excavation required for
one meter length of the channel.
Answer:
𝐴 2/3 2 𝑦2 𝑦 2/3
• 𝑄 = 𝐴. 𝑉 = 𝑅 𝑆 18 = ( ) 0.003 get y = … m, and b =
𝑛 0.011 2
2 y = ….m
• Area of Lining = P * length of excavation
• Volume of Excavation = A * length of excavation
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Determination of Velocity
Chezy Equation (1768) Modified Moody Diagram
(Chezy Coeffient versus Re)

• Introduced by the French

engineer Antoine Chezy in 1768
while designing a canal for the
water-supply system of Paris

Chezy C
𝑽 = 𝑪 𝑹. 𝑺𝒇
Where: C = Chezy Coefficient
Important:

for Uniform flow Sf = So

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Determination of Velocity
Darcy Weicbach Equation (1840)

𝑳 𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝑭
𝑫 𝟐𝒈
• put (D = 4 R) and change the
arrangement
𝟖𝒈
𝑽= 𝑹. 𝑺𝒇
𝑭
Where: F =Darcy Weisbach friction
coeffient
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 Lecture 3
Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow - 2

Dr. Ali Atef masria