PROGRAMMING LOGIC AND DESIGN
CPE0003L
MODULE 2.1
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER Concept
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
• Define what is computer programming
• Define terms related to computer programming such as source code, programs, etc.
• Know the difference between an Assembly Language and Machine Language
• Describe what are the low and high-level languages
• Know the difference between procedural and object-oriented programming
Computer Program
A computer program (also a software program, or just
a program) is a sequence of instructions written to perform a
specified task for a computer. A computer requires programs
to function, typically executing the program's instructions in
a central processor. The program has an executable form
that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions.
Source Code
Source code is text written in a
computer programming language. Such a language is
specially designed to facilitate the work of
computer programmers, who specify the actions to be
performed by a computer mostly by writing source
code, which can then be automatically translated to
binary machine code that the computer can directly
read and execute.
Computer Programming
Computer programming (often shortened to programming
or coding) is the process of designing, writing, testing,
debugging/ troubleshooting, and maintaining the source
code of computer programs. This source code is written in a
programming language. The purpose of programming is to
create a program that exhibits a certain desired behavior.
The process of writing source code often requires expertise
in many different subjects, including knowledge of the
application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic.
Introduction to Programming
• Program: self-contained set of
instructions used to operate a
computer to produce a specific
result
• Also called software
• Programming: the process of
writing a program, or software
6
Machine Language
• Machine language programs, also
called executables, consist of binary
instructions
• Each instruction has two parts:
• Instruction part: the operation to be
performed; also called an opcode
• Address part: memory address of
the data to be used
• Each class of computer has its own
particular machine language
• Writing in machine language is tedious!
7
Assembly Languages
• Assembly Language: programming
language with symbolic names for
opcodes, and decimals or labels for
memory addresses
Example:
ADD 1, 2
MUL 2, 3
• Assembly language programs must be
translated into machine instructions,
using an assembler
8
Introduction to Programming: Assembly Language
(continued)
9
Introduction to Programming:
• Low-level languages: languages
that use instructions tied directly to
one type of computer
Examples: machine language,
assembly language
• High-level languages: instructions
resemble written languages, such
as English, and can be run on a
variety of computer types
Examples: Visual Basic, C, C++,
Java
10
Introduction to Programming: (continued)
• Source code: the programs written
in a high- or low-level language
• Source code must be translated to
machine instructions in one of two
ways:
• Interpreter: each statement is
translated individually and executed
immediately after translation
• Compiler: all statements are translated
and stored as an executable program,
or object program; execution occurs
later
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Low- and High-Level Languages (continued)
• Large C++ programs may be stored in
two or more separate program files due
to
• Use of previously written code
• Use of code provided by the compiler
• Modular design of the program (for
reusability of components)
• Linker: combines all of the compiled
code required for the program
12
Low- and High-Level Languages (continued)
• Programs can also be classified by their
orientation:
• Procedural: available instructions
are used to create self-contained
units called procedures
• Object-oriented: reusable objects,
containing code and data, are
manipulated
• Object-oriented languages support
reusing existing code more easily
13
Procedural and Object Orientations
Figure 1.2
Creating an
executable C++
program.
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MODULE 2.2
ALGORITHM, PSEUDOCODE
AND FLOWCHARTS
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
• Discuss Algorithms, Pseudocode and Flowcharting.
• Create Algorithm and Pseudocode.
• Draw Flowcharts
Algorithms
• Algorithm: the step-by-step sequence of
instructions that describe how the data is to be
processed to produce the desired output
• Programming = the translation of the selected
algorithm into a language the computer can use
16
Algorithms (continued)
• Pseudocode: English-like phrases used to
describe the algorithm
• Formula: description of a mathematical
equation
• Flowchart: diagram showing the flow of
instructions in an algorithm
– Flowcharts use special symbols
17
Expressing Algorithms
Algorithms can be expressed in many kinds of notation,
including:
• Natural Languages
• Pseudocode
• Flowcharts
• Programming Languages
Pseudocode
• A program design technique that uses English words.
• Has no formal syntactical rules.
• Pseudo means false, thus pseudocode means false code. It
looks like (imitates) real code but it is NOT real code.
• Pseudocode cannot be compiled nor executed, and there are
no real formatting or syntax rules.
• Pseudocode should not include keywords in any specific
computer languages.
• The benefit of pseudocode is that it enables the programmer to
concentrate on the algorithms without worrying about all the
syntactic details of a particular programming language.
How do I write Pseudocode?
✓ First you may want to make a list of the main tasks that must be
accomplished on a piece of scratch paper.
✓ Then, focus on each of those tasks. Generally, you should try to
break each main task down into very small tasks that can each be
explained with a short phrase.
✓ There may eventually be a one-to-one correlation between the
lines of pseudocode and the lines of the code that you write after
you have finished pseudo coding.
How do I write Pseudocode?
✓ It is not necessary in pseudocode to mention the need to
declare variables. It is wise however to show the initialization
of variables.
✓ All statements showing "dependency" are to be indented.
✓ These include while, do, for, if, switch.
Some Keywords That Should be Used
For looping and selection, the keywords that are to be used
include:
Do While...EndDo Call ... with (parameters)
Do Until...Enddo Call
Case...EndCase Return
If...Endif When
How do I write Pseudocode?
As verbs, use the words:
Generate, Compute, Process
Set, Reset, Increment, Compute, Test
Calculate, Add, Sum, Multiply, ...
Print, Display, Input, Output, Edit
Pseudocode Examples
Original Program Specification:
Write a program that obtains two integer numbers from
the user. It will print out the sum of those numbers.
Pseudocode:
Prompt the user to enter the first integer
Prompt the user to enter a second integer
Compute the sum of the two user inputs
Display an output prompt that explains the answer as the
sum
Display the result
Original Program Specification:
Write a program that will display if the entered student’s
grade is passed of failed. Passing grade is 70.
Pseudocode:
Prompt the user to enter a student grade
If student's grade is greater than or equal to 70
Print "passed"
else
Print "failed"
Original Program Specification:
Write a program that will allow the student to input the grade
on his 5 subjects and will compute for his average grade.
Original Program Specification:
Set total to zero
Set grade counter to one
While grade counter is less than or equal to 5
Input the next grade
Add the grade into the total
Set the class average to the total divided by 5
Print the class average.
Pseudocode example : If then Else
If age > 17
Display a message indicating you can vote.
Else
Display a message indicating you can't vote.
Endif
Pseudocode example : Case
Case of age
0 to 17 Display "You can't vote."
18 to 64 Display "Your in your working years."
65 + Display "You should be retired."
Endcase
Pseudocode example : While loop
count assigned zero
While count < 5
Display "I love computers!"
Increment count
Endwhile
Pseudocode example : For loop
For x starts at 0, x < 5, increment x
Display "Are we having fun?"
Endfor
Pseudocode example : Do While loop
count assigned five
Do
Display "Blast off is soon!"
Decrement count
While count > zero
Pseudocode example : Repeat Until loop
count assigned five
Repeat
Display "Blast off is soon!"
Decrement count
Until count < one
Pseudocode example : Function with no parameter
passing
Function clear monitor
Pass In: nothing
Direct the operating system to clear the monitor
Pass Out: nothing
Endfunction
Pseudocode example : Function with parameter passing
Function delay program so you can see the monitor
Pass In: integer representing tenths of a second
Using the operating system delay the program
Pass Out: nothing
Endfunction
Pseudocode of : Function main calling the clear monitor
function
Function main
Pass In: nothing
Doing some lines of code
Call: clear monitor
Doing some lines of code
Pass Out: value zero to the operating system
Endfunction
Flowcharts Symbols
Flowcharts Symbols (continued)
Flowcharts (continued)
Flowchart for calculating the
average of three numbers.
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Guidelines for Drawing a Flowchart
• In drawing a proper flowchart, all necessary requirements
should be listed out in logical order.
• The flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to follow. There
should not be any room for ambiguity in understanding the
flowchart.
• The usual direction of the flow of a procedure or system is
from left to right or top to bottom.
• Only one flow line should come out from a process
symbol.
• Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol, but two or
three flow lines, one for each possible answer, should leave the
decision symbol.
• If the flowchart becomes complex, it is better to use
connector symbols to reduce the number of flow lines.
Avoid the intersection of flow lines if you want to make it
more effective and better way of communication.
• Ensure that the flowchart has a logical start and finish.
• It is useful to test the validity of the flowchart by passing
through it with a simple test data.
Advantages of using flowcharts
The benefits of flowcharts are as follows:
• Communication: Flowcharts are better way of communicating the logic
of a system to all concerned.
• Effective analysis: With the help of flowchart, problem can be
analyzed in more effective way.
• Proper documentation: Program flowcharts serve as a good
program documentation, which is needed for various purposes.
Advantages of using flowcharts
• Efficient Coding: The flowcharts act as a guide or blueprint
during the systems analysis and program development phase.
• Proper Debugging: The flowchart helps in debugging process.
• Efficient Program Maintenance: The maintenance of operating
program becomes easy with the help of flowchart. It helps the
programmer to put efforts more efficiently on that part
Limitations of using flowcharts
• Complex logic: Sometimes, the program logic is quite
complicated. In that case, flowchart becomes complex and
clumsy.
• Alterations and Modifications: If alterations are required the
flowchart may require re-drawing completely.
• Reproduction: As the flowchart symbols cannot be typed,
reproduction of flowchart becomes a problem.
Flowcharting Examples
Example 1
Draw a flowchart to find
the sum of first 50
natural numbers.
Example 2
Draw a flowchart
to find the largest
of three numbers
A,B, and C.
Example 3
Draw a flowchart for
computing factorial N (N!)
Where N! = 1 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ …… N
.
Problem Solving Process
Input Process Output
Example Problem #1
Calculate and display the price of a number
of apples if the quantity in kg and price per kg
are given.
Input Process Output
• Quantity Price = Quantity * Price_per_kg
• Price_per_kg Price
Pseudocode
1. Start
2. Read quantity
3. Read price_per_kg
4. price quantity *
price_per_kg
5. Print price
6. End
Flowchart: Calculate Price of Apples
Start
Input
Quantity
Input
Price_per_kg
Price = Quantity * Price_per_kg
Output
Price
End
Example #2
A car park has the following charges:
The 1st hour costs Php 5.00. The
subsequent hour cost Php 2.00 per hour.
Write an algorithm based on a vehicle’s
entry and exit time.
Input Process Output
• Entry_time Charge
????
• Exit_time
Flowchart: Calculate Car Park Charge
Start
Input Entry_time
Input Exit_time
Period = Exit_time – Entry_time
Charge = 5 If Charge = (Period -1) * 2
No Period > 1 Yes
Output
Charge
End
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