BUILDING TECHNOLOGY  cement paste - a mixture of cement

CONCRETE and water for coating, setting and

an artificial ,stonelike building material made binding aggregate particles together
by mixing cement and various mineral in a concrete or mortar mix.
aggregates with sufficient water to cause the  aggregate - any of various
cement to set and bind the entire mass. hard,inert,mineral materials, such as
Terminologies sand and gravel added to a cement
paste to make a concrete or mortar.
 Cement- a calcined mixture of clay Should be hard ,dimensionally stable
and limestone , finely pulverized and and free of clay , silt and organic
used as an ingredient in concrete and matter which can prevent the
mortar. cementing matrix from binding the
 Portland cement - hydraulic cement particles together.
made by burning a mixture of clay and TYPES of Aggregate
limestone in a rotary kiln and 1. Fine aggregate –aggregate
pulverizing the resulting clinker into a consisting of sand having a particle
very fine powder. size smaller than ¼ in.(6.4mm)
TYPES of Portland Cement: 2. Coarse aggregate – aggregate
I- General Purpose ( for most purposes consisting of crushed stone,gravel or
of construction) blast-furnace slag having a particle
II-Moderate Sulfate Resistance ( used size larger than ¼ in.
in contract with water with sulfate present) 3. Graded aggregate – aggregate
III- High Early Strength ( reduced having a particle size distribution
curing is desired) characterized by uniform grading.
IV- Low Heat Hydration ( for massive Requires the least amount of cement
structures such as dams,nuclear plants,etc) paste to fill the voids and surround the
V- Sulfate Resistant (for areas with high particles.
sulfate concentration)  admixture – any substance other
than cement ,water or aggregate,
added to a concrete or mortar mix to
 calcine - to heat a substance to a high alter its properties or those of the
temperature but without melting or hardened product. Also called
fusing to drive off volatile matter. additive.
KINDS of Admixture:
 clinker - a fused mass of
air-entraining agent – an admixture
incombustible matter resulting from
that disperses entrained air in a
heating in a kiln or the burning of a
concrete or mortar mix to increase
coal.
workability.
 air-entraining portland cement- a
accelerator – an admixture that
type I,II or type III portland cement to fastens the setting and strength
which small quantity of an air- development of a concrete,mortar , or
entraining agent has been interground plaster mix.
during manufacture with suffix A as in retarder – an admixture that slows
Type IA ,etc. the setting of a concrete,mortar or
 white portland cement - a portland plaster mix in order to allow more time
cement produced from raw materials for placing and working the mix.
low in iron oxide and manganese surface active agent – an admixture
oxide, used in precast concrete work for reducing the surface tension of the
and in the making of terazzo,stucco mixing water in a concrete mix . Also
and tile grout. called surfactant.
 mixing water - the water used in a water-reducing agent – an
concrete or mortar mix, exclusive of admixture for reducing the amount of
any absorbed by the aggregate and mixing water required for the desired
free of such harmful substances. workability of a concrete or mortar
mix. Also called superplasticizer.
 coloring agent – a pigment or dye concrete including the forms and all
added to a concrete mix to alter or necessary supporting members,
control its color. bracing and hardware.
 mix design – the most economical  form – boarding or sheeting of wood ,
selection and proportioning of metal , plastic or fiberglass for
cement , water and aggregate to containing and giving a desired shape
produce concrete or mortar having the to newly placed concrete until it sets
required properties of and gains sufficient strength to be self-
workability,strength,durability and supporting.
water tightness.  form liner – material for lining the
 water-cement ratio – the ratio of inside face of a form,specially selected
mixing water to cement in a unit to impart a smooth or patterned finish
volume of concrete or mortar mix. It to the concrete surface.
controls the strength,durability,and  spreader – a brace, usually of wood ,
watertightness of hardened concrete. for spacing and keeping wall or footing
 slump test – a method for forms apart. Also called spacer.
determining the consistency and  waler – a horizontal timber or steel
workability of freshly mixed concrete beam for reinforcing various vertical
by measuring the slump of a test members , as in formwork or sheet
specimen. piling, or for retaining earth at the
 slump – a measure of the edge of an embankment. Also called
consistency and workability of freshly breast timber,ranger,wale.
mixed concrete , expressed as the  strongback – a vertical support for
vertical settling, in inches of a aligning and reinforcing walers. Also
specimen after it has been placed in a called stiffback.
slump cone,tamped in a prescribe  bulkhead – a partition closing the end
manner, and the cone is lifted. of a form or preventing the passage of
 slump cone – an open-ended , newly placed concrete at a
truncated cone of sheet metal construction joint.
12in(305mm) high, with base diameter  keyway – longitudinal groove or
of 8in(203mm) and a top diameter of channel formed in a concrete footing
4in(102mm), used to mold a specimen or other member that has set,
of freshly mixed concrete for the providing a shear-resisting key for
slump test. newly placed concrete.
 sack – a measure of Portland cement .  yoke – a clamping device for keeping
Also called bag. column forms or the tops of wall forms
 compression test – a test for spreading under the fluid pressure of
determining the compressive strength newly placed concrete.
of a concrete batch,using a hydraulic  chamfer strip – a strip of wood or
press to measure the maximum load a material attached to a form to produce
test cylinder can support in axial a smooth,rounded or beveled edge on
compression before fracturing. the outside corner of a concrete
 test cylinder – a cylinder of concrete member.
6in(152mm) in diameter and  rustication strip – a strip of wood or
12in(305mm) high, cast from a other material attached to the inside
representative batch and cured in a face of a form to produce a groove in
laboratory or in the field under the surface of a concrete member.
controlled conditions.  grade strip – a wood strip fixed to the
 core test –a compression test of a inside face of a form to indicate the
cylinder cut from a hardened concrete top of a concrete lift.
structure , usually by means of a core  wedge – any of a variety of slotted
drill. devices for tightening formwork and
 formwork – the temporary structure transferring the force in a form tie to
required to support newly placed the walers.
 form tie – a metal tie for keeping wall the freshly mixed concrete from a
forms from spreading under the fluid truck mixer.
pressure of newly placed concrete.  agitator truck – a truck equipped
 snap tie – a form tie having notches with rotating drum to prevent
or crimps which allow its end s to be segregation or loss of plasticity of the
snapped off below the concrete ready-mixed concrete being delivered
surface after stripping of the forms. to a construction site.
 cone bolt – a form tie having cones at  truck mixer – a truck equipped with a
each end inside the forms, which allow rotating drum and a separate water
it to also serve as a spreader. tank for mixing concrete en route to a
 cone – a small, truncated cone of construction site.
wood , steel or plastic attached to a  concrete mixer – a machine having a
form tie to space and spread wall revolving drum , often motor-driven,
forms,leaving a neatly finished for mixing cement,aggregate and
depression in the concrete surface to water to produce concrete.
be filled or left exposed.  buggy – a cart, often motor-driven, for
 she bolt – a form tie consisting of transporting heavy materials, such as
waler rods that are inserted through freshly mixed concrete, for short
the form and threaded onto the ends distances at a construction site.
of an inner rod.  pneumatic placement – the delivery
 chair – a device for supporting and of concrete, slurry or plaster by a
holding steel reinforcement in proper pipeline or hose to the point of
position before and during the placing placement on a construction site.
of concrete.  shotcrete – a lightweight concrete
 bolster – a wide chair for supporting construction consisting of a mixture of
and spacing bottom bars in a concrete cement ,sand or crushed slag, and
beam or slab. water , pumped through a hose and
 climbing form – a form that can be sprayed at high velocity over
raised vertically for succeeding lifts of reinforcement until the desired
concrete during the construction of thickness is reached. Also called
multistory building. gunite.
 slip form – a form that can be moved  consolidation – the process of
slowly and continuously as concrete is eliminating voids other than entrained
being placed during the construction air within newly placed concrete and
of a concrete pavement or building. ensuring close contact of the concrete
 flying form – a large form that can be with form surfaces and embedded
moved by a crane used in constructing reinforcement.
the concrete floors and roofs of  spading – consolidation of newly
multistory buildings. placed concrete by the repeated
 cast-in-place concrete – concrete insertions and withdrawals of a flat ,
deposited , formed , cured and spadelike tool
finished in its final position as part of a  rodding – consolidation of newly
structure. Also called cast-in-situ- placed concrete by the insertions and
concrete. withdrawals of a rod.
 placement – the process of  vibration – consolidation of newly
depositing and consolidating freshly placed concrete by the moderately
mixed concrete in a form or in the final high-frequency oscillations of a
position where it is to harden. vibrator.
 chute – an inclined trough or tube for  vibrator – an electric or pneumatic
conveying free-flowing materials to a oscillating tool for agitating and
lower level by gravity. consolidating newly placed concrete.
 time of haul – the period from first  segregation – the separation of
contact between mixing water and coarse aggregate from the mortar or
cement to completion of discharge of of water from the other ingredients of
 freshly mixed concrete, resulting from  dry-shake finish – a colored finish
excessive horizontal movement or free produce by sparkling a dry mixture of
fall of the mix , or from overvibration cement,sand , and a pigment on a
after placement. fresh concrete surface following
 stratification – the separation of an screeding and after any free water has
excessively wet or overvibrated evaporated , and then working the
concrete mix into horizontal layers, mixture into the surface with a float.
with increasingly lighter material  float finish – a fine textured finish
migrating toward the top. obtained by smoothing a fresh
 bleeding –the emergence of excess concrete,plaster ,or stucco surface
mixing water on the surface of newly with a wood float.
placed concrete,caused by settlement  broom finish – a striated finish
of solids within the mass.Also called obtained by stroking a broom or stiff
water gain. brush over a freshly troweled concrete
 laitance – a milky deposit containing surface.
cement and aggregate fines on the  exposed-aggregate finish – a
surface of new concrete caused by the decorative finish produced by
bleeding of excess mixing water , sandblasting , etching with an acid , or
overworking of the mix or improper scrubbing a concrete surface after the
finishing. initial set in order to remove the outer
 finishing – the process of leveling layer of cement paste and expose the
,smoothing,compacting and treating , aggregate.
a newly placed concrete surface to  bushhammered finish – a coarse
produce the desired texture and textured finish obtained by fracturing
appearance. a concrete or stone surface with a
 screed – a wooden or metal power driven hammer having a
straightedge drawn a over a newly rectangular head with a corrugated ,
placed concrete slab to bring it to serrated or toothed face.
proper level.  swirl finish – a textured finish given
 screed – a firmly established grade to a fresh plaster or concrete surface
strip or edge form serving as a guide by trowelling with a circular ,
for making a true level surface on a overlapping motion.
newly placed concrete slab.  power trowel – a portable machine
 darby – a long wooden or metal having a steel trowels mounted on
straightedge for smoothing a fresh radial arms that rotate about a vertical
concrete surface immediately after shaft to smooth,compact,and finish a
screeding. fresh concrete surface.
 float – a flat tool for spreading and  edger – a trowel having a long ,
smoothing a fresh concrete, stucco, or curved lip for rounding the edges of a
plaster surface. fresh concrete slab as it begins to set.
 bull float – a float having a large,flat  pavement saw – a wheel-mounted
blade attached to a long handle. ,rotary power saw equipped with
 architectural concrete – exposed silicon-carbide or diamond blade for
concrete work requiring special care in cutting a control joint in a hardened
the selection of concrete slab.
materials,forming,placing and finishing  set –the assumption of a rigid or hard
to acquire the desired appearance. state by concrete,mortar,plaster, or
 beton brut – concrete left in its glue due to physical or chemical
natural state after formwork is change.
removed esp. when the concrete  cure – to maintain newly placed
surface reflects the texture, joints, and concrete or mortar at the required
fasteners of a board foam. temperature and humidity for the first
seven days following placement ,
casting or finishing to ensure
 satisfactory hydration of the
cementitious materials and proper
hardening.
 hydration – the process in which a
substance combines chemically with
water, as that occurring when cement
is mixed with water.
 honeycomb – voids on a formed
concrete surface caused by
segregation during placement or by
insufficient consolidation.
 spalling – the chipping or scaling of a
hardened concrete or masonry surface
caused by freeze-thaw cycles or the
application of deicing salts. Also called
scaling.
 crazing – numerous hairline cracks
occurring in the surface of a newly
hardened concrete slab as a result of
rapid drying shrinkage.
 drying shrinkage – a reduction in
volume of concrete ,mortar,or plaster
caused by loss of moisture.
 setting shrinkage a reduction in
volume of concrete prior to its final
set, caused by hydration of the
cement paste.

REINFORCED CONCRETE
concrete in which steel reinforcement is
embedded in such manner that two
materials act together in resisting forces.
Also beton arme, ferroconcrete.

Terminologies