Karl Joshua G.

Custodio
Bachelor of Secondary Education major in General Science
2nd year
PE3N
Mrs. Jasmin Jamero
September 28, 2021

SWIMMING
(Topic)

HISTORY EQUIPMENT/S UPDATED RULES

Archaeological and other evidence shows -FINA decided to ban high-
swimming to have been practiced as early as tech suits effective Jan. 1, 2010.
2500 BCE in Egypt and thereafter in Assyrian, The new rules call for textile-only
Greek, and Roman civilizations. In Greece and fabric. Men's suits can only
Rome swimming was a part of martial training extend from the waist to the
and was, with the alphabet, also part of knees (called jammers), and
elementary education for males. In the Orient women's suits are limited from
swimming dates back at least to the 1st century the shoulders to the knees. All
BCE, there being some evidence of swimming suits must be inspected by FINA
races then in Japan. By the 17th century an prior to each competition, and
imperial edict had made the teaching of each one must have a tag on the
swimming compulsory in the schools. Organized -Swimming googles are worn back that signifies FINA's
swimming events were held in the 19th century by swimmers to protect their approval.
before Japan was opened to the Western world. eyes from the water and
Among the preliterate maritime peoples of the chlorine in swimming pools.
Pacific, swimming was evidently learned by Googles are worn so
children about the time they walked, or even swimmers are able to
before. Among the ancient Greeks there is note comfortably keep their eyes -Update on the number of
of occasional races, and a famous boxer swam as open underwater. Swimmers required timekeepers;
part of his training. The Romans built swimming want to keep their eyes open
pools, distinct from their baths. In the 1st century underwater to see where
BCE the Roman Gaius Maecenas is said to have they are going and to
built the first heated swimming pool. continue swimming in a
straight line.
The lack of swimming in Europe during -Redefinition of the
the Middle Ages is explained by some authorities Inspector of Turns’ role;
as having been caused by a fear that swimming
spread infection and caused epidemics. There is
some evidence of swimming at seashore resorts
of Great Britain in the late 17th century, evidently
in conjunction with water therapy. Not until the
19th century, however, did the popularity of -Precision on the butterfly
swimming as both recreation and sport begin in rules. From now on, underwater
earnest. When the first swimming organization kicking on the side is not allowed;
was formed there in 1837, London had six indoor
pools with diving boards. The first swimming
championship was a 440-yard (400-metre) race,
held in Australia in 1846 and annually thereafter. -A swimming lap counter
The Metropolitan Swimming Clubs of London, helps to count a swimmer’s
founded in 1869, ultimately became the Amateur laps. Moreover, a manual lap -In medley swimming, on
Swimming Association, the governing body of counter is flipped by the freestyle section, the
British amateur swimming. National swimming someone not swimming to “swimmer must be on the breast
federations were formed in several European keep track of the swimmer’s except when executing a turn.
countries from 1882 to 1889. In the United States lap for them in which an The swimmer must return to the
swimming was first nationally organized as a electronic lap counter does breast before any kick or stroke”.
sport by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) on its the same thing except Moreover, each of the strokes
founding in 1888. The Fédération Internationale someone have to push a must cover one quarter of the
de Natation Amateur (FINA) was founded in button to keep track of laps. distance;
1909.

Competitive swimming
 Internationally, competitive swimming
came into prominence with its inclusion in the
modern Olympic Games from their inception in -Timing to 1/1000 of a
1896. Olympic events were originally only for second is no longer a possibility;
men, but women’s events were added in 1912.
Before the formation of FINA, the Games
included some unusual events. In 1900, for
instance, when the Games’ swimming events
were held on the Seine River in France, a 200-
metre obstacle race involved climbing over a pole
and a line of boats and swimming under them. -World Records can only be
Such oddities disappeared after FINA took established in water with less that
charge. Under FINA regulations, for both Olympic -Swimming cap is an elastic 3gr/liter of salt.
and other world competition, race lengths came cap made of plastic that goes
increasingly to be measured in metres, and in over the head of a swimmer.
1969 world records for yard-measured races Swimmer wear caps to keep
were abolished. The kinds of strokes allowed their hair from getting very MASTERS
were reduced to freestyle (crawl), backstroke, wet, but their hair will still
breaststroke, and butterfly. All four strokes were get a little damp. Swimmers -World Records are only
used in individual medley races. Many nations will also wear swim caps to accepted if recorded by automatic
have at one time or another dominated Olympic cover their hair and increase officiating equipment;
and world competition, including Hungary, their aerodynamics. These
Denmark, Australia, Germany, France, Great help swimmers go faster and
Britain, Canada, Japan, and the United States. all competitive swimmers
wear them during
Instruction and training competitions.

-Introduction of Mixed
The earliest instruction programs
Team events in Diving and Mixed
were in Great Britain in the 19th century, both
Duets in Synchronized Swimming;
for sport and for lifesaving. Those programs were
copied in the rest of Europe. In the United States
swimming instruction for lifesaving purposes
began under the auspices of the American Red
Cross in 1916. Instructional work done by the
various branches of the armed forces during both
-Revision of the required
World Wars I and II was very effective in
elements in synchronized
promoting swimming. Courses taught by
swimming routines;
community organizations and schools, extending
ultimately to very young infants, became
common.

The early practice of simply swimming as

much as possible at every workout was replaced
by interval training and repeat training by the
late 1950s. Interval training consists of a series of
-Update on the World
swims of the same distance with controlled rest
Record application form.
periods. In slow interval training, used primarily
to develop endurance, the rest period is always
-Swimming towel is used by
shorter than the time taken to swim the
swimmers to dry off when
prescribed distance. Fast interval training, used
they get out of the water
primarily to develop speed, permits rest periods
and are done swimming.
long enough to allow almost complete recovery
of the heart and breathing rate.

The increased emphasis on international

competition led to the growing availability of 50-
metre (164-foot) pools. Other adjuncts that
improved both training and performance
included wave-killing gutters for pools, racing
lane markers that also reduce turbulence,
cameras for underwater study of strokes, large
clocks visible to swimmers, and electrically
operated touch and timing devices. Since 1972 all
world records have been expressed in
hundredths of a second. Advances in swimsuit
technology reached a head at the 2008 Olympic
Games in Beijing, where swimmers—wearing
high-tech bodysuits that increased buoyancy and
decreased water resistance—broke 25 world
records. After another round of record-shattering
times at the 2009 world championships, FINA
banned such bodysuits, for fear that they
augmented a competitor’s true ability.
-A swimming bottle is like
Strokes any other water bottle. It is
important to be hydrated
The earliest strokes to be used were the before, during and after the
sidestroke and the breaststroke. The sidestroke swimming competition.
was originally used with both arms submerged.
That practice was modified toward the end of the
19th century by bringing forward first one arm
above the water, then the other, and then each
in turn. The sidestroke was supplanted in
competitive swimming by the crawl (see below)
but is still used in lifesaving and recreational
swimming. The body stays on its side and the
arms propel alternately. The leg motion used in
sidestroke is called the scissors kick, in which the
legs open slowly, under leg backward, upper leg
forward, both knees slightly bent, and toes
pointed. The scissoring action of the legs coming
smartly together after opening creates the
forward propulsion of the kick.

The breaststroke is believed to be the

oldest of strokes and is much used in lifesaving
and recreational swimming as well as in
competitive swimming. The stroke is especially
effective in rough water. As early as the end of
the 17th century, the stroke was described as
consisting of a wide pull of the arms combined -Swimming starter blocks are
with a symmetrical action of the legs and used by swimmers to start a
simulating the movement of a swimming frog, race. Swimmers will start on
hence the usual term frog kick. The stroke is these starting blocks and
performed lying face down in the water, the arms when the starting gun goes
always remaining underwater. The early off, they will dive into the
breaststroke featured a momentary glide at the water and continue
completion of the frog kick. Later the competitive swimming forward.
breaststroke eliminated the glide. In the old
breaststroke, breath was taken in at the
beginning of the arm stroke, but in the later style,
breath was taken in near the end of the arm pull.

The butterfly stroke, used only in competition,

differs from the breaststroke in arm action. In the
butterfly the arms are brought forward above the
water. The stroke was brought to the attention of
U.S. officials in 1933 during a race involving Henry
Myers, who used the stroke. He insisted that his
stroke conformed to the rules of breaststroke as
then defined. After a period of controversy, the
butterfly was recognized as a distinct competitive
stroke in 1953. The frog kick originally used was
abandoned for a fishtail (dolphin) kick, depending
only on up-and-down movement of the legs.
Later swimmers used two dolphin kicks to one
arm pull. Breathing is done in sprint competition
by raising the head every second or third stroke.

The backstroke began to develop early in

the 20th century. In that stroke, the swimmer’s
body position is supine, the body being held as
flat and streamlined as possible. The arms reach
alternately above the head and enter the water
directly in line with the shoulders, palm outward
with the little finger entering the water first. The
arm is pulled back to the thigh. There is a slight
body roll. The kick was originally the frog kick, but -Swimming pool is where
it subsequently involved up-and-down leg many swimmers will swim.
movements as in the crawl. The backstroke is a There are different sized
competition stroke, but it is also used in swimming pools but the
recreational swimming as a rest from other most common is an Olympic-
strokes, frequently with minimum arm motion sized swimming pool which
and only enough kick to maintain forward is about 50 meters in length,
motion. meaning one lap is 100
meters. The width is about
The crawl, the stroke used in competitive 25 meters and the deepness
freestyle swimming, has become the fastest of all of the pool is about 2
strokes. It is also the almost unanimous choice of meters. The pool has about
stroke for covering any considerable distance. 660, 000 gallons of water in
The stroke was in use in the Pacific at the end of it.
the 19th century and was taken up by the
Australian swimmer Henry Wickham about 1893.
The brothers Syd and Charles Cavill of Australia
popularized the stroke in Europe in 1902 and in
the United States in 1903. The crawl was like the
old sidestroke in its arm action, but it had a
fluttering up-and-down leg action performed
twice for each arm stroke. Early American
imitators added an extra pair of leg actions, and
later as many as six kicks were used. The kicks
also varied in kind. In the crawl, the body lies
prone, flat on the surface of the water, with the -Swimming shirt or is an
legs kept slightly under the water. The arms addition to a swimsuit that
move alternately, timed so that one will start can add extra protection and
pulling just before the other has finished its pull, comfort. Swimming shirts
thus making propulsion continuous. Breathing is could be short or long
done by turning the head to either side during sleeved are usually worn to
recovery of the arm from that side. Since 1896 keep a swimmer warm while
the crawl has been used in more races than any they are in the water.
other stroke.

Races
In competition there are freestyle races
at distances of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,500
metres; backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly
races at 100 metres and 200 metres; individual
medley races at 200 metres and 400 metres; the
freestyle relays, 4 × 100 metres and 4 × 200
metres; and the medley relay, 4 × 100 metres.

Freestyle turns the swimmer maintains

speed coming into the wall and executes a
forward flip toward the wall. As the swimmer's
feet push off the wall, the swimmer executes a
half-twist to reorient the body and enter a
streamlined position. The hands are held one on
top of the other with the head tucked under the
arms. Once the momentum of the push off is lost,
the swimmer resumes the stroke.

Starts are all (with the exception of the

backstroke) from a standing or forward-leaning
position, the object being to get the longest
possible glide before the stroke begins. All races
are in multiples of the pool length, so that the
touch before turning, which is varied for different
stroke races, is important for success. In relay
races, a swimmer finishes his leg of the relay by
touching the starting edge of the pool, upon
which his next teammate dives into the water to
begin his leg.
 Distance swimming
Any swimming competition longer than
1,500 metres (1,640 yards) is considered distance
swimming. Most long-distance races are in the
24- to 59-km (15- to 37-mile) range, though
some, such as the Lake George marathon (67 km
[41.5 miles]) and the Lake Michigan Endurance
Swim (80 km [50 miles]), both in the United
States, have been longer. FINA governs distance
swimming for 5-km, 10-km, and 25-km (3.1-mile,
6.2-mile, and 15.5-mile) races. In 1954 a group of
amateur and professional marathon swimmers
formed the Fédération Internationale de
Natation Longue Distance; and in 1963, after
dissension between amateur and professional
swimmers, the World Professional Marathon
Swimming Federation was founded. Throughout
the 1960s the latter group sanctioned about eight
professional marathons annually, the country’s
most frequently involved being Canada, Egypt,
Italy, Argentina, and the United States. The
British Long Distance Swimming Association has
sponsored races on inland waters of from 16.5 to
35.4 km (10.25 to 22 miles).

The first type of distance swimming to be

regulated by FINA was English Channel
swimming, which captured the popular
imagination in the second half of the 19th
century. Captain Matthew Webb of Great Britain
was the first to make the crossing from Dover,
England, to Calais, France, in 1875; his time was
21 hours 45 minutes. The map distance was
17.75 nautical miles (33 km), but the actual
distance of a Channel Swim is frequently
lengthened by tides and winds. No one matched
Webb’s feat until 1911, when another
Englishman, T.W. Burgess, made the crossing. In
1926 the American swimmer Gertrude Ederle
became the first woman to swim the Channel,
crossing from Cap Gris-Nez, France, to Dover in a
record-setting time for man or woman of 14
hours 31 minutes. Since then, except for the
World War II years, crossing swims have been
made annually. Several swimmers have made 10
or more crossings. The Channel Swimming
Association was formed in 1927 to control swims
and verify times. By 1978 the record had been
lowered to 7 hours 40 minutes by Penny Dean of
the United States, and by the 1990s successful
crossings had been made by swimmers as young
as 12 and as old as 65. Various swimmers had
crossed both ways with only brief rests between
the swims. Open-water distance swimming
events of 10 km (for men and women) were
added to the Olympic program in 2008.

- - - Have a pleasant day ahead - - -😊