Republic of the Philippines

Province of Cotabato
Municipality of Makilala
MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Makilala, Cotabato

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEM

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Course Number : COMP ED 1 Instructor : Analyn R. Nagaliza

Course Title : COMPUTER EDUCATION 1 Mobile No. : 0912-388-3653
Credits : 3 units (3 hours lec; 2hours lab) Email Address : [email protected]
Module No. : 2 &3
Duration : 2 Weeks (September 6-17, 2021)

I. LEARNING OUTCOME(S):
After reading this module, you are expected to:
1. Name the different inventions according to their description and image given;
2. determine key events in the history of computers;
3. identify important events in the history of computer;
4. identify the personages who made significant invention of calculating machine; and
5. identify the five generations of computers;

II. TOPICS:
COMPUTER CONCEPT AND DESCRIPTION: UNIT 1 - HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Lesson 1: History of Computers
Lesson 2: Computer Generation

III. REFERENCES:
a. ONLINE RESOURCE
i. https://study.com/academy/lesson/history-of-computers-timeline-evolution.html
ii. http://www.computerhistory.org/
iii. http://www.cbi.umn.edu/hostedpublications/Tomash/index.htm
iv. http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History.htm

b. TEXTBOOK RESOURCE
i. Introduction to Computers and Basic Programming (Computer and Society) by Management Dynamics, Inc
Staff. (e.g. Ms. Aurora Felizardo, M. arah Russel Lazo, Mr. John Balili, Mr. Eduardo Lim, Mr. LIno Dizon;
et.al )

IV. COURSE CONTENT:

Introduction

Definition of Computer

Definition of Computer
• Computer is a programmable machine.
• Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.
• Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations.

The term computer has many definitions. The easiest to understand and remember is – a computer is an electronic device
designed to manipulate data so that useful information can be generated. In the succeeding chapter, you will learn to understand
the rudiments of how computer works. After you develop computer awareness, you will be able to determine your place in the
‘electronic revolution’.

LESSON 1: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

COMP ED 1 – MIDTERM 1
 A. The Pre-Mechanical Age: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.

1. Writing and Alphabets – communication

 Petroglyths - signs or simple figures carved in rocks

 Ideographs - symbols to represent ideas or concepts

 Cuneiform - the first true written language and the first real information system developed by the
Sumerians in 3100 B.C.

CUNEIFORM'S EVOLUTION
 (2800 B.C. - 2500 B.C.) Pictographs were developed into actual cuneiform symbols.
 (2000 B.C.) Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants (the first true
alphabet)
 The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin
names to create the alphabet we use today.

2. Paper and Pens -- input technologies

 Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay.
 About 2600 B.C. the Egyptians wrote on the papyrus plant.

COMP ED 1 – MIDTERM 2
  Around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from rags, on
which modern-day paper-making is based.

3. Books and Libraries -- output technologies

 Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books"
 The Egyptians kept scrolls
 Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them
together.

4. The first Numbering Systems

 Egyptian System - the numbers 1 - 9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100
as a coiled rope, and the number 1000 as a lotus blossom
 The first numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 2000 A.D.
by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system.
 Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed.

5. The First Calculator: The Abacus

 The abacus was man's first recorded adding machine.
 It was invented in Babylonia, then popularized in China.
 It was an ancient computing device constructed of sliding beads on small wooden rods, strung on a
wooden frame.
 It was named the First Calculator.

B. The Mechanical Age: 1450 - 1840

1. The First Information Explosion

 Johann Gutenberg - invented the movable metal - type printing press in 1450.

COMP ED 1 – MIDTERM 3
 2. The First General - Purpose Computers

 John Napier (1614) - introduced logarithms. Logs allow multiplication and division to be reduced to
addition and subtraction.

 Wilhelm Shickard (1623) - invented the first mechanical calculator. It works with six digits, and
carries digits across columns.

 William Oughtred (1625) - invented the slide rule.

 Blaise Pascal (1642) - invented the mechanical calculation machine and called it Pascaline. It was
made out of clock gears, and levers, that could solve basic mathematical problems like addition and
subtraction.

 Gottfried Leibniz (1671) - invented the stepped reckoner

that cold multiply 5 digit and 12-digit numbers yielding up to 16-digit number.

COMP ED 1 – MIDTERM 4
  Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1801) - developed an automatic loom that was controlled by punched cards.

 Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1820) - developed the Arithmometer - the first mass produced
calculator. This device performed the same type of computations as Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner, but
much reliable.

 Charles Babbage (1821) - invented the first modern computer design: a steam powered adding
machine called the "difference engine." In 1832, he also invented the "analytical engine": a machine
that adds data from punched cards to solve and print complex mathematical operations. These
machines made him earn the title "Father of Computers."

Difference Engine Analytical Engine

 Augusta Ada Byron (1842) - the Countess of Lovelace who wrote the first program for Babbage's
Difference Engine. She became the first computer programmer and a programming language ADA was
named in her honor.

C. The Electromechanical Age: 1840 – 1940

1. The Beginnings of Telecommunication

 Voltaic Battery - the first electric battery invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta. It was consisting of a
stack of alternating discs of zinc and copper or silver separated by felt soaked in brine.

COMP ED 1 – MIDTERM 5
  Telegraph - Samuel F.B. Morse constructed a truly practical system in 1844 and built a line from
Baltimore to Washington.

Telephone and Radio

 Alexander Graham Bell (1876) - developed the first working telephone and transmitted his now
famous quotation "Watson, come here, I want you."

 Guglielmo Marconi (1894) - discovered that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an
effect far from the point at which they originated.

 George Boole (1852) - developed binary algebra. This became known as Boolean Algebra.

3.
Electromechanical Computing

 Georg and Edvard

Scheutz (1853) - completed their
Tabulating Machine, capable of processing
fifteen - digit numbers, printing out results, and rounding off to eight digits.

COMP ED 1 – MIDTERM 6
  Dorr Felt (1885) - devised the Comptometer, a key - driven adding and subtracting calculator. In 1889,
developed the Comptograph containing a built-in printer.

 Herman Hollerith (1890) - first person to successfully use punched cards. Punched cards provided
programmers with a new way to put information into their machines. Founder of the Tabulating
Machine Company, which later became the Computer Tabulating Recording Company. In 1921, he
retired but his company went to become the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

 Otto Steiger (1893) - invented the first efficient four - function calculator and called it The Millionaire.

 Lee De Forest (1906) - developed the Vacuum tube which provided an electrically controlled switch; a
necessity for digital electronic computers.

D. The Electronic Age: 1941 – Present

 Konrad Zuse (1941) - built the first programmable computer and called it Z3. It is capable of
following instructions. It was presented in May 12, 1941 to an audience of scientists in Berlin.

 Howard Aiken (1942) - built the Mark I - the first Stored - Program Computer. It is 8 feet tall, 51 feet
long, 2 feet thick, and weighed 5 tons. It has about 750, 000 parts and 500 miles of wire. It can process
a calculation in 3-5 seconds.

COMP ED 1 – MIDTERM 7
  John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry (1942) - completed the first all-electronic computer called ABC
(Atanasoff - Berry Computer). It was the first computer to use electricity in the form of vacuum tube
and made electric computation possible. It was used for solving complex systems of equations.

Lesson 2: COMPUTER GENERATIONS

COMPUTER GENERATIONS

The evolution of computer started from 16th century and resulted in the form that we see today. The present day computer,
however, has also undergone rapid change during the last fifty years. This period, during which the evolution of computer took
place, can be divided into five distinct phases, basis of the type of switching circuits known as Generations of Computers.

There are five generations of computer:

• First generation – 1946 - 1958

• Second generation – 1959 - 1964
• Third generation – 1965 - 1970
• Fourth generation – 1971 - today
• Fifth generation – Today to future

The First Generation

• The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums
for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
• They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of
electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

The First Generation

• First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to
perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.
• Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

The Second Generation

• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second
generation of computers.
• One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.
• Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more
energy-efficient and more reliable.
• Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer.

COMP ED 1 – MIDTERM 8
The Second Generation
• Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed
programmers to specify instructions in words.
• Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
• These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic
core technology.

The Third Generation

Invented separately by 2 people ~1958
 Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments
 Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor (1958-59)
• The development of the integrated circuit was the
hallmark of the third generation of computers.
• Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
• Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second
generation computers.
• It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.

The Third Generation

• Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which
allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.
• Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

The Fourth Generation

• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built
onto a single silicon chip.
• As these small computers became more powerful, they
could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the Internet.
• Fourth generation computers also saw the development
of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

The Fifth Generation

• Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
• Still in development.
• The use of parallel processing and superconductors
is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
• The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
• There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today.

COMP ED 1 – MIDTERM 9
MOORE’S LAW

 deals with steady rate of miniaturizing of technology

 named for Intel co-founder Gordon Moore
 not really a law
◦ more a “rule of thumb”
 a practical way to think about something
 observation that chip density about doubles every 18 months
◦ also, prices decline
◦ first described in 1965
◦ experts predict this trend might continue until ~2020
◦ limited when size reaches molecular level

What Is Moore's Law?

 Moore's Law asserts that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles every two years, though the cost of computers is
halved.
 In other words, we can expect that the speed and capability of our computers will increase every couple of years, and we will
pay less for them.
 Another tenet of Moore's Law is that this growth in the microprocessor industry is exponential—meaning that it will expand
steadily and rapidly over time.

And now where?

What of the future? The power of computers (the number of components packed on a chip) has doubled roughly every 18 months to 2
years since the 1960s. But the laws of physics are expected to bring a halt to  Moore's Law, as this idea is known, and force us to
explore entirely new ways of building computers. What will tomorrow's PCs look like? One long-touted idea is that they'll be using
particles of light—photons—instead of electrons, an approach known as optical computing or photonics. Currently, much of the smart
money is betting on quantum computers, which deploy cunning ways of manipulating atoms to process and store information at
lightning speed. There's also hope we might use spintronics (harnessing the "spin" of particles) and biomolecular
technology (computing with DNA, proteins, and other biological molecules), though both are in the very early stages of research.
Chips made from new materials such as graphene may also offer ways of extending Moore's law. Whichever technology wins out, you
can be quite certain the future of computing will be just as exciting as the past!

COMP ED 1 – MIDTERM 10
 V. ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION

I. Fill in the blanks. Identify the name of the invention as shown in the image in the table. Base your answers on the short
description given. Write your answer on the space in the table.

No. Short description Image Name of Invention

1. The first electric battery invented in 1800 Voltaic Battery

by Alessandro Volta.

2. Samuel F.B. Morse constructed a truly

practical system in 1844 and built a line Telegraph
from Baltimore to Washington.

3. Invented by Alexander Graham Bell and

transmitted his now famous quotation Telephone
"Watson, come here, I want you."

4. Invented by Georg and Edvard Scheutz that

was capable of processing fifteen - digit
numbers, printing out results, and rounding Tabulating Machine
off to eight digits.

5. A key - driven adding and subtracting

calculator developed by Dorr Felt in 1885.
Comptometer

COMP ED 1 – MIDTERM 11
 6. Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890
which provided programmers with a new
way to put information into their machines. Punched cards

7. First efficient four - function calculator

invented by Otto Steiger in 1893.
The Millionaire

8. Invented by Lee de Forest in 1903 which

provided an electrically controlled switch;
a necessity for digital electronic computers. Vacuum tube

9. It was the first computer to use electricity

in the form of vacuum tube and made
electric computation possible. It was used ABC
for solving complex systems of equations.

10. It is 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick,

and weighed 5 tons. It has about 750, 000
parts and 500 miles of wire. It can process
a calculation in 3-5 seconds. It was Mark I
invented by Howard Aiken.

II. Matching Type. Match the inventions in the item column on the left with the inventors in the response column on the
right. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided for before the number. Each answer may be used only once.
(1 point each)

No. Inventions Inventors

__G__1. Movable metal-type printing press A. Augusta Ada Byron
__B __2. First mechanical calculator B. Blaise Pascal
__ K__3. Slide rule C. Charles Babbage
__B __4. Pascaline D. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar
__E___5. Stepped reckoner E. Gottfried Leibniz
__ I _6. Automatic loom machine F. Herman Hollerith
__D__7. Arithmometer G. Johann Gutenberg
__C__8. Analytical Engine H. John Napier
__H__9. Logarithms I. Joseph-Marie Jacquard
__A_10. First programming language J. Wilhelm Shickard
K. William Oughtred

III:

COMP ED 1 – MIDTERM 12
a. From the given figure, which technology was used in the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth generation computers?

The technology that was used in the first generation computers are EDVAC, ENIAC, UNIVAC on vacuum tubes. On second
generation computers, transistors invention is used. Meanwhile, on the third generation computers, it used integrated circuits.
Microprocessors with high computing capabilities are used on the fourth generation computers. And lastly on the fifth generation
computers, it used the concept of artificial intelligence on desktop, palmtop, laptop, mainframe and supercomputer.

b. Name the two first generation computers.

The two first generation computers are the UNIVAC and the ENIAC computers.

c. Which invention resulted in the evolution of Second generation computer?

The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors resulted in the evolution of the second generation computer.

d. Give some examples of fifth generation computers.

Desktop, Laptop, NoteBook, UltraBook, and ChromeBook are examples of fifth generation computers.

COMP ED 1 – MIDTERM 13