Midterm Basic Thermo Ideal Gases Discussion

Introduction to Gases
States of Matter
2 main factors determine state:
• The forces (inter/intramolecular)
holding particles together
• The kinetic energy present (the
energy an object possesses due to its
motion of the particles)
• KE tends to ‘pull’ particles apart
Kinetic Energy , States of Matter &
Temperature
Gases have a higher kinetic energy
because their particles move a lot more
than in a solid or a liquid
As the temperature increases, there gas
particles move faster, and thus kinetic
energy increases.
Characteristics of Gases
Gases expand to fill any container.
• random motion, no attraction
Gases are fluids (like liquids).
• no attraction
Gases have very low densities.
• no volume = lots of empty space
Characteristics of Gases
Gases can be compressed.
• no volume = lots of empty space
Gases undergo diffusion & effusion
(across a barrier with small holes).
• random motion
Kinetic Molecular Theory of ‘Ideal’
Gases
Particles in an ideal gas…
• have no volume.
• have elastic collisions (ie. billiard
ball→ particles exchange energy with
eachother, but total KE is conserved
• are in constant, random, straight-line
motion.
• don’t attract or repel each other.
• have an avg. KE directly related to
temperature ( temp= motion= KE)
Real Gases
Particles in a REAL gas…
• have their own volume
• attract each other (intermolecular
forces)
Gas behavior is most ideal…

• at low pressures
• at high temperatures
Why???
Real Gases
At STP, molecules of gas are moving fast and
are very far apart, making their intermolecular
forces and volumes insignificant, so
assumptions of an ideal gas are valid under
normal temp/pressure conditions. BUT…
• at high pressures: gas molecules are

pushed closer together, and their
interactions with each other become more
significant due to volume
• at low temperatures: gas molecules move
slower due to KE and intermolecular
forces are no longer negligible
Pressure
force
pressure =
area
Which shoes create the most pressure?

Atmospheric Pressure
The gas molecules in the atmosphere are
pulled toward Earth due to gravity, exerting
pressure
Why do your ears ‘pop’ in an airplane?

Pressure
Barometer
• measures atmospheric pressure
Mercury Barometer
Units of Pressure
At Standard Atmospheric Pressure
(SAP)
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm (atmosphere)
760 mm Hg N
(millimeter Hg)
kPa = 2
m
760 torr
14.7 psi (pounds per square inch)
Standard Temperature & Pressure
STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure
0°C 273 K
-OR-
1 atm 101.325 kPa
Temperature: The Kelvin Scale
Always use absolute temperature

(Kelvin) when working with gases.
ºC
-273 0 100
K
0 273 373
C = K − 273 K = ºC + 273
Kelvin and Absolute Zero
Scottish physicist Lord Kelvin

suggested that -273oC (0K) was the
temperature at which the motion
particles within a gas approaches
zero.. And thus, so does volume)
Absolute Zero:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHXxPnmyDbk
Comparing the Celsius and Kelvin Scale:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-G9FdNqUVBQ
Why Use the Kelvin Scale?
Not everything freezes at 0oC, but

for ALL substances, motion stops
at 0K.
It eliminates the use of negative

values for temperature! Makes
mathematic calculations possible
(to calculate the temp. twice
warmer than -5oC we can’t use 2x(-
5oC) because we would get -10oC!)
Kelvin Scale vs Celsius Scale
Converting between Kelvin and Celsius
C = K − 273 K = ºC + 273
a) 0oC =_____K
b) 100oC= _____K
c) 25oC =______K
d) -12oC = ______K
e) -273K = ______oC
f) 23.5K = ______oC
g) 373.2K= ______oC
How Did We Do So Far?
Learning Goal:
I will be able to understand

what kinetic energy is and
how it relates to gases and
temperature, describe the
properties of a real and
ideal gas and understand
what Absolute Zero is and
how to convert between the
Kelvin and Celsius
temperature scales.
Part B: The Gas Laws
Part B:
Learning Goals
I will be able to
describe Boyle’s,
Charles’ and Gay-
Lussac’s Laws relating
T, P and/or V and be
able to calculate
unknown values using
the equations derived
from these laws, as well
as the combined gas
law.
1. Intro to Boyle’s Law
Imagine that you hold the tip of a
syringe on the tip of your finger so
no gas can escape. Now push
down on the plunger of the syringe.
What happens to the volume in the

syringe?
What happens to the pressure the

gas is exerting in the syringe?
1. Boyle’s Law
1. Boyle’s Law
The pressure and volume of a gas
are inversely proportional (as one
increases, the other decreases,
and vice versa
• at constant mass & temp
V
1. Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law leads to the mathematical

expression: *Assuming temp is constant
P1V1=P2V2
Where P1 represents the initial pressure
V1 represents the initial volume,
And P2 represents the final pressure
V2 represents the final volume

2. Intro to Charles’ Law
Imagine that you put a

balloon filled with gas in
liquid nitrogen
What is happening to the

temperature of the gas in
the balloon?
What will happen to the

volume of the balloon?
2. Charles’ Law
2. Charles’ Law
The volume and absolute

temperature (K) of a gas
are directly proportional (an
increase in temp leads to an
increase in volume)
• at constant mass &
pressure
V
T
2. Charles’ Law
2. Charles’ Law
➢ Charles’ Law leads to the

mathematical expression:
*Assuming pressure remains constant

3. Intro to Gay-Lussac’s Law
Imagine you have a balloon
inside a container that ensures
it has a fixed volume. You heat
the balloon.
What is happening to the temp of

the gas inside the balloon?
What will happen to the pressure

the gas is exerting on the
balloon?
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law
The pressure and absolute

temperature (K) of a gas
are directly proportional (as
temperature rises, so does
pressure)
• at constant mass &
volume
P
T
2. Gay-Lussac’s Law
➢ Gay-Lussac’s Law leads to the

mathematical expression:
*Assuming volume remains constant
Egg in a bottle to show Gay-Lussac's Law:

T & P relationship:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_JnUBk1JPQ
4. Combined Gas Law
By combining Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay
Lussac’s Laws, the following equation is
derived:
P 1V 1 P 2V 2
=
T1 T2
THANK YOU

Midterm Basic Thermo Ideal Gases Discussion

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Introduction to Gases

Gas behavior is most ideal…

• at high pressures: gas molecules are

Which shoes create the most pressure?

Why do your ears ‘pop’ in an airplane?

Always use absolute temperature

Scottish physicist Lord Kelvin

Not everything freezes at 0oC, but

It eliminates the use of negative

I will be able to understand

What happens to the volume in the

What happens to the pressure the

Boyle’s Law leads to the mathematical

V1 represents the initial volume,

And P2 represents the final pressure

V2 represents the final volume

Imagine that you put a

What is happening to the

What will happen to the

The volume and absolute

➢ Charles’ Law leads to the

*Assuming pressure remains constant

What is happening to the temp of

What will happen to the pressure

The pressure and absolute

➢ Gay-Lussac’s Law leads to the

*Assuming volume remains constant

Egg in a bottle to show Gay-Lussac's Law:

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