BICOL TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGE INC.

,
Aguinaldo St., Bacacay, Albay
SY 2021-2022

COURSE TITLE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

No. of Units: 3 Units
INSTRUCTOR: Kristine Joyce C. Besmonte
TERM: FIRST SEMESTER SY. 2021-2022

Learning Outcomes:
The students should be able to:
 State the meaning of science, science, technology and society
 Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of
scientific revolution;
 Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world like in Latin America,
East Asia, Middle East and Africa.

DISCUSSION

 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Science, Technology and Society (STS) is the study of how social, political, and cultural
values affect scientific research and technological innovation and how these, in return,
affect society.
 Refers to the interaction between science and technology and social, cultural, political
and economic context which shape and are shaped by them;
 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
How can science be defined?
1. Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and
observations about the natural and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the
natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic observation and
experimentation.
3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of
knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world.
4. Science as a personal and social activity. This explains that science is both knowledge and
activities done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. It
is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven with peoples’ lives.

 The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the early 16 th century up to the 18th
century in Europe. Why is Europe? The probable answer is the invention of the printing machine
and the blooming intellectual activities done in various places of learning and the growing
number of scholars in various fields of human interest.
 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION is the period of enlightment when the developments in the fields
of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society
about nature. It was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was
also a deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or
condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion, and
theological views.

Science Ideas

Humans
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Society

 THE THREE REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED THE SOCIETY

1. Ideas of known intellectuals
2. Information Revolutions
3. Cradles of Early Science

 SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

Creativity Scientists Science Ideas

Passion to know Science

Curiosity Discoveries

Passion to
Critical Technology
discover
Thinking

Figure 2. Variables that Influence the Development of Science Ideas, Science

Discoveries, and Technology

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473- 1543)

 A polish astronomer known as the “father of modern

astronomy”. A Rennaisance polymath responsible for
what some have called “Copernican Revolution”.
 Contradicts the geocentric model of the universe and
proposed the Heliocentric Theory which he believed
that the Sun is the centrepiece of the universe. Earth
and all planets are surrounding or orbiting the sun each
year. The moon however, would still be orbiting the
Earth.
 In his model, Copernicus outlined two kinds of
planetary movements:
1. The orbits of Mercury and Venus lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the
Sun; and
2. The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, farther
from the sun.
 He placed the planet in order of increasing distance from the sun.
 The change from the belief of geocentric to heliocentric
happened through the contribution of other important persons
such as:
 Brahe’s observation of the star Cassiopeia
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 Kepler stated that the planets move in elliptical orbits and the Sun at the center.
 Galileo Galilei developed telescope and observed Venus
 Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation

CHARLES DARWIN (1809 – 1882)

Charles Darwin is often cited as the greatest biologist in history.

His most famous work, On the Origin of Species, explains the
theory of evolution by natural selection, providing numerous
supporting examples.
 Darwin believed that all of life on earth had descended from a
common ancestor, whose offspring could vary slightly from the
previous generation. Successive generations of life took part in a
struggle for existence in which the best adapted variations
survived to seed new generations. Less well adapted variations
became extinct.
 Darwin’s observational skills as a scientist where extraordinary
that moved beyond the realms of plants and animals into the realms of humans. His book The
Descent of Man was so impressive yet controversial. He introduced the idea of all organic life,
including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking.

THINK ABOUT THESE

QUESTIONS
1. How did the ideas of Darwin contribute to the spark of Scientific
Revolution?
2. What is Darwin’s contribution to modern science?
3. How can Darwin’s evolutionary theory influence the following:
 Economy
 Agriculture
 Political Science
 Religion

SIGMUND FREUD (1856- 1939)

 Freud is a famous figure in the field of psychology.

 He made a significant contribution in the scientific world through the development of an important
observational method to gather reliable data to study human’s inner life. Thus method is popularly
known as the method of psychoanalysis.
 The scientific hypothesis he formulated formed the essential fundamental version of his method. For
Freud, this method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness.

THINK ABOUT THESE

QUESTIONS

1. By looking for other sources and literatures, what are the controversies or
questions on Freud’s ideas?
2. How can you describe Freudan ideas as a scientist?
3. If Freud is still alive, what do you think are the major changes he would make
to his theory?
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 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

Mesoamerican Civilization:

 Mayan
 Inca
 Aztec

MAYAN CIVILIZATION

 The ancient Mayans are a diverse group of indigenous people who lived in parts of present- day
Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras. It is regarded as one of the most
important pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures. The Mayas are credited with a number of
remarkable scientific achievements in various scientific fields such as astronomy, medicine, and
mathematics.
 Science and Technology Development:
a. The Mayan not only made the great progress in agriculture, but also made a big break in
technology.

b. The architectural and engineering skills were manifested in the grandeur of their tall pyramids
of limestones, with small temples on the top constructed like an arch supported by two side
walls bridged by a row of flat stones and ornamented by steeples or roof combs. They are
usually made of cherts, obsidian, silified limestone, and jade.

c. As far as astronomy was concerned, they tracked the movement of the stars and planets
across the sky, and were able to accurately predict celestial events such as eclipses. To the
Mayan, Venus was the most important astronomical object.
d. The Mayans also discovered an accurate calendar. The ritual calendar that developed in
Mesoamerica used a count of 260 days. This calendar gave each day a name, much like our
days of the week. There were 20-day names, represented by their respective symbols.

e. The written language of the Mayan was made up of about 800 glyphs, or symbols. Each one
represented a word or a syllable, and could be combined with the others in an almost infinite
number of ways. As a result, there were three or four different ways to write almost every
word in the Mayan language.

f. The Mayans were also talented in building elaborate temples and great cities without the
essential tools like metal. It is believed that Mayans were producing rubber products.

INCA CIVILIZATION

 Flourished in the Andean region of South America from the early 15th century A.D. up until its
conquest by the Spaniards in the 1530s. One of the Inca civilization’s most famous surviving
archaeological sites is Machu Picchu, which was built the as a retreat place for an Incan emperor.
The Incas called their empire Tawantinsuyu the “Land of the Four Corners”. And its official
language was Quechua; it was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The Inca Empire
originated at the city of Cuzco in what is today Peru. To support this empire, a system of roads
stretched to almost 25,000 miles.
 Science and Technology Development:
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a. They are rich in maize (corn) and dried llama, coca leaves and alcohol; Other consumable
goods include sweet potatoes, quinoa, beans and chili peppers. Coca leaves were used in
moderate amount to lessen hunger and pain during work, but were mostly used for religious
and health purposes as well as during surgeries as an anesthetic.

b. Mummification of individuals was an important part of Inca funerary rites.

c. November is described as being the “month of carrying the dead”, a time when people would
try to feed the mummies of their ancestors.

d. Striking artistry were its textiles; finest grade of cloth was called cumpi, being reserved for
the emperor and nobility. Clothes were woven out of wool from dried llamas and alpaca or
vicuna wool and cotton.

e. Objects were made out of gold and silver. Inca stone-working was also considered to be very
fine. Their craftsmen fitted building stones together perfectly without using any mortar, such
that an object as a thin as a razon blade could not be inserted between the stones.

f. Inca calendars were strongly tied to astronomy. The Inca calendar was essentially lunisolar,
as two calendars were maintained in parallel, one solar and one lunar. Twelve lunar months
fall 11 days short of a full 365 days-solar year. Equinoxes, solstices, and Venus cycles are
observed.

g. The Inca used assemblages of knotted strings, known as Quipu, used as mnemonic devices or
to record numerical data and also believed to record history and literature.

h. The Inca made many discoveries in medicine. They performed successful skull surgeries,
which involved cutting holes in the skull in order to alleviate fluid buildup and inflammation
caused by head wounds.

i. Physical measures employed by the Inca were based upon human body parts. Fingers, the
distance between thumb to forefinger, palms, cubits, and wingspans, were among those units
used. The most basic unit of distance was thatkiy or thatki, or one pace.

j. The Inca weaponry included: Bronze or bone-tipped spears; Two-handed wooden swords
with serrated edges; Clubs with stone and spiked metal heads; Woolen slings and stones.
Stone or copper headed battle-axes; Bolas (stones fastened to lengths of cord).

AHA
!
A vigesimal system is the number system developed by the Mayans. It
contains 20 essential digits. There were three important symbols, a
shell, dot and a bar to represent numbers. A dot is worth one unit, a
bar is worth 5 units, and a shell to symbolize zero. This numbering
system was used to create their calendar, for which they are praised
for to this day.
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AZTEC CIVILIZATION

 The Aztecs established their city of Tenochtitlan, present-day Mexico City in 1325 A.D. The
Aztecs are best known as a violent people who expanded their empire through ruthless warfare.
They also had a reputation of making human sacrifices in elaborate rituals that often involved the
removal of beating hearts, to appease their many gods. They practiced a highly organized system
of government and a language- Nahuatl
 Science and Technology Development:
a. The advances demonstrated in Aztec technology are so remarkable that they are still looked
upon adoringly to this day. Just a few of the Aztec accomplishments have been the
development of mathematics, the canao, the highly specialized Aztec calendar, and
remarkably helpful forms of medicine.
b. Aztec tools were made with obsidian and chert. Near the time they were overcome by
Spanish conquistadors, advances in Aztec technology led to the experimentation of making
tools with copper. Axe blades, bows and arrows were being made with either stone or copper.
Aztec technology was so advanced that they even made drills which were made of reed or
bone.
c. Aztec technology was familiar with the wheel. The wheel, however, was only used in toys.
d. Aztecs developed dugout canoes with which they transported themselves and their goods
throughout the many canals, lakes, and waterways found in the Valley of Mexico.
e. The Aztecs were very advanced scientific thinkers and mathematicians. The Aztec number
system was far more advanced than other cultures at the time.
f. Aztec astronomy was also an important component of their calendar, which reflected heavily
on their gods.
g. The Aztecs were also advanced in the development of medicine. In fact, Aztec medicine was
found in many forms, such as ointments, drinks, and salves.
h. This spectacular area of Aztec technology has been recorded in the Badianus Manuscript,
which was created by Aztec artist in 1552.

CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING!

Activity 1: Complete the table below by providing the necessary informations.

Mayan Civilization Inca Civilization Aztec Civilization

Present Day Location

Agriculture

Astronomy/ Calendar

Tools and weapons

Medicine

 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

INDIA
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 Early civilization in India emerged in river valleys, the valleys of the Indus River supported a
flourishing civilization that extended hundreds of miles from the Himalayas to the coast of
Arabian Sea.
 Science and Technology Development:
Two of the major cities were: Harappa and Mohenyo-Daro. At its height Harappa had 35,000
inhabitants and Mohenyo-Daro had perhaps 35,000 to 40,000 inhabitants.
 Evidence showed that Indus valley civilization have public wells provided with regular supply of
water for all the inhabitants and sanitation. All houses had their own private toilet which was
connected to a covered sewer network constructed on brickwork held together with gypsum-
based mortar that emptied into the surrounding or into a cesspit. Also evident was the presence of
public and private baths, sewage and sophisticated water management system.
 In 500 AD. Aryabhata presented astronomical and mathematical system that took the earth to spin
on its axis and considered the motions of the planets with respect to the sun(heliocentric) are
elliptical. He also made an accurate approximation of the Earth’s circumference and diameter,
and also discovered how the lunar eclipse and solar eclipse happen for the first time. He also
propounded the Heliocentric theory of gravitation, thus predating Copernicus by almost one
thousand years.
 Brahmagupta (598-668) was the head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain; estimated in the
7th century that the circumference of the earth was 5000 yojanas or the estimate of 36,000 km
which comes quite close to the actual circumference known today. He had said about gravity that
“Bodies fall towards the Earth as it in the nature of the earth to attract bodies, just as it is in nature
to flow”. He also made calculations of eclipses of the Sun and the Moon.
 In 1984, Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian to go to outer space. The Hindus use a system of
27 or 28 Nakshatras (Lunar constellations) to calculate a month. Each month can be divided into
30 lunar tithis (days). There are usually 360 or 366 days in a year.
 The Hindus use a system of 27 or 28 Nakshatras (lunar constellations) to calculate a month. Each
month can be divided into 30 lunar tithis (days). There are usually 360 or 366 days in a year.
 The Jantar Mantar in Jaipur is actually one of six major observatories built by the Maharajah. The
one in Jaipur not only follows the movements of the sun and the moon to help determine
auspicious dates of events, it also helps map out the position of the stars in the sky.

AHA
!
Ancient India was an early leader in metallurgy, as evidenced by the
wrought iron Pillar of Delhi.

CHINA

 Ancient China was built along the two main rivers—first the Yellow River (Huang He) in the
north, and later the Yangtze in the south. China is one of the oldest civilizations and the world’s
most populous country (Asia), with a population of over 1.35 billion.

 Science and Technology Development:

Various forms of science such as astronomy, physics, chemistry, meteorology, seismology, have
originated from China.
Chinese contributions to science and technology:
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 Paper and Chinese calligraphy began writing about 1500 BC. The earliest writing that we know
of from China was on animal bones, which are called “oracle bones” because they were used to
tell the future.
 Place value number system-decimal or base ten system was first developed by the Chinese. The
earliest invention was the abacus, a calculator that used sliding beads to help compute math
problems quickly.
 The first recorded observations of comets, solar eclipses, were done in China.
 Invented kites and lanterns.
 The clock was first devised for astronomical purposes. The first ever clock had a puppet which
would hold up a plate that would tell the time. Also giant water clocks which rang every 15
minutes were invented.
 Magnetic Compass: The compass was a wooden circle with markings on it, and a magnetic
spoon on top, used for religious purposes.
 Gunpowder: Scientists made gunpowder by mixing Sulphur, charcoal and potassium nitrate.
The reason gunpowder explodes is that it burns very fast, and when it burns it releases gases that
are bigger in volume than the original powder.
 Fireworks were actually bamboo cases filled with gunpowder with a fuse on the side. Fireworks
were initially used only for shows. Later on they were used to scare off enemies during the war.
 Kites were first invented in China during Chou dynasty. Kites were first made of bamboo and
silk. Chinese people flew kites for fun and also during war to carry messages to signal people and
also to carry explosives in besieged cities. Chinese put kites to use as hang gliders by cutting the
cord. The gliders were strong enough to sustain the weight of a man.
 Seismological detectors – Zhang Heng invented the earthquake detecting tool called
seismoscope. His seismoscope was a giant bronze vessel resembling a kettle almost 6 feet in
diameter. On the outside, the machine had eight dragons facing down marking the primary
directions of the compass. In each dragon’s mouth was a bronze ball. Beneath the dragons sat
eight bronze toads with their broad mouths gaping to receive the balls.
 Cross bow is a bow set horizontally on a stock. When the shooter releases a mechanism, the
crossbow fires arrows or bolts forced by the mechanical energy of previously stretched
bowstring.
 Fans were made of bamboo spines that stick out in the shape of a semicircle with silk wrapped
around it. Fans were mostly used by women and soldiers.
 Paper and Printing: Their early script contained 80,000 different characters. They went on to
invent books and had book shops in every city by the end of the Tang dynasty. There were 3
different kinds of paper, the first being silk rags, the cheap kinds were the wooden strips, and the
most expensive was silk cloth.
 Seed Drill: Seed drills were used by farmers to plant seeds into the soil at uniform depth.
Without this tool, farmers otherwise would toss the seeds with hands over the ground resulting in
wastage and uneven growth.
 Iron Plough: This was one of the major developments in ancient Chinese agriculture. It was first
developed in 4th century BC. Later on, it was more popular and used commonly during the Han
dynasty.
 Porcelain: This is made of special white clay which has a lot of kaolin in it. The clay is put on
fire at very high temperature. The temperature is kept so high that some of the clay melts and
becomes shiny and translucent like glass (Pottery).
 Silk was made from the cocoons of silkworms. The Chinese managed to keep the process for
making silk a secret for hundreds of years. Silk was a soft and light material much desired by the
wealthy throughout the world.
 Wheelbarrows are basically hand driven vehicles with two handles on the rear side for a person
to push ahead. It is mostly used in the Construction Industry. Wheelbarrows were in use in China
right from the Ancient times during the Han dynasty. Chuko Liang was the inventor of
wheelbarrow. Liang was a general who used the wheelbarrows to transport supplies and injured
soldiers. The Chinese wheelbarrows had two wheels and required two men to drive and steer.
 Other inventions included umbrella, iron casting, hot air balloon, matches, stirrups for riding
horses, and acupuncture. A clear coating called lacquer was also made to protect and enhance
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certain works of art and furniture. Paper money was first developed and used in China during the
Tang dynasty (7th century).

CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING!
ACTIVITY 2: MATCHING TYPE

Write the letter of your choice on the space provided before the number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1.Trigonometry, Sine, Tangent, a. Zhang Heng

Co-tangent
2.Algebra and Geometry b. Chinese Inventors

3.Invention of the pendulum c. Brahmagupta

Of a water clock
4.Theory of Relativity d. Aryabhata

5.Chinese writing on bones e. Haroon Ar-Rasheed

6. Gunpowder and fireworks f. Qaadhi Abhu Bakr

7.Seimoscope g. Ibn Moosaa

8.Porcelain and Poetry h. “oracle bones”

9. Hindu astronomical and

Mathematical system
10. He estimated the circumference
Of the Earth

MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

 Originated in the Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia in 622 A.D. Arabic is the written and spoken
language of the Arabs. At present there are 22 Arabic- speaking countries: Algeria, Bahrain,
Comoro Islands, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco,
Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Syria, Tunasia, UAE and Yemen. Their religion
Islam means “submission to the will of God”. God Allah conveyed to Muhammad, a tradesman, a
series of revelations which were to form the basis of the new faith.
 Science and Technology Development:
 Trigonometry, Sine, Tangent, Co-Tangent – Ibn Moosaa’s work Hisaab- Al JabWal Muqaabala
(The Calculation of Integration and Equation) presented 800 examples in the 8th century CE. His
work was translated from Arabic into Latin and until the 16th century CE. It was Europe’s main
textbook on the subject.
 Astronomy – invented an instrument used to observe star called Astrolabe
 Architecture – built before the great Mosque of Damascus
 Water Wheel
 Water Irrigation
 Algebra and Geometry – Muhammad bin Moosaa Al- Khawaarizmi is considered to be one of
the founders of Algebra. The word ‘Algorithm’ or ‘Algorizm’ is a corruption of his name or the
name of the town Khwaarizm (Kheva), in what is now Uzbekistan, where he was born. In
addition to introducing the Arabic numerals, he developed several arithmetical procedures,
including operations on fractions.
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 Physics and Chemistry – Kamaaluddeen examined the refraction of sunlight in raindrops and
offered an explanation of the genesis of primary and secondary rainbows.
 Haaroon Ar-Rasheed was associated with the story of the invention of the pendulum and the
presentation of a water clock to Emperor Charlemagne.
 Science and Mechanics – The development of the science of mechanics in Islam is an act of
genius. Moosaa bin Shaakir described one hundred pieces of mechanical equipment in his book
of artifices.
 Camera Obscura – In the field of optics, this was invented by Ibn Haytham in 1038 CE.
 Theory of Relativity- Qaadhi Abu Bakr developed the theory of relativity in the 8 th century CE
in terms of time and space by means of mathematical equations and astrophysics. Imagine,
Einstein who was not even born yet at the time, propounded the same theory of relativity much
later in the 20th century.
 Paper Making – This was one of the earliest skills attained by the Muslims. As early as the 8th
century CE, high quality paper was being manufactured in Samarqand. Egypt was known to have
its first paper mill in the year 900 CE.
 Advances in Industry – Muslims were leading in weaving wool, producing silk, pottery,
jewelry, and in leather and perfume industry.

AHA
!
Astrolabe – The Astrolabe is an ancient instrument that
measures the positions of stars and the solar system.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA

 Science and Technology Development:

Ancient Egypt depended on the waters of the River Nile, which flows through harsh and arid
desert. The Nile river gave life to the civilization of Egypt. The early settlers were animal hunters,
they were nomadic. Later changed their lifestyle to be farmland settlers. Agriculture was
supported mainly by extensive irrigation system.
 Ancient Egyptians learned to heat metal ore (copper, gold and bronze) and made weapons and
utensils. They may have been the first people to learn how to make glass(glassblowing). They
learned how to heat sand in very hot furnace and then blow the molten sand into glass. They
made glass jars and glass beads.
 Egyptian writing wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of papyrus reeds; their writing was in
the form of pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics. Their knowledge of human anatomy,
physiology, surgery and medical plants enabled them to master the art and science of embalming
their dead.
 Created the calendar based on the phases of the moon, consisting of 29 and ½ days. The first 365-
day calendar was devised by IMHOTEP, early in the Old Kingdom. They were the first to divide
the day into 24 hours, calculated the time by means of water clock, Their, interest in Astronomy
was focused on the stars and early calendar was based on the appearance and disappearance of
stars Sirius, the brightest in their horizon which coincide with the annual rise and fall of the Nile
river, help them forecast the seasons and predict the annual flooding on the Nile river.
 They were engaged in Pottery of various shapes and sizes artistically done such as pots, jars, cups
and bowls, they built houses made of sun dried mud bricks. Pyramids still stand today as the
monumental evidence of the scientific expertise and technical skills of the ancient Egyptians in
geometry; engineering, architecture and labor management. Iconic monuments such as the Giza
Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well as the Ruins of Memphis, and the valley of the Kings,
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reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study. The Giza Necropolis is
the oldest of the ancient wonders and the only still in existence.
 The Egyptians also engaged in ship building; Construction of canals, dikes, and ditches with
outlet system; Planted wheat, barley. Food was broiled, baked, stewed, fried, grilled or roasted.
They bred ducks, geese, pigs, goats, cattle and sheep; Manufactured soaps, creams, oils, perfumes
and eye make-up.

CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING!

ACTIVITY 3:

Explain briefly.

1. What are the influences in Scientific Revolution?

2. What are the three revolutions that defined the society?
3. Identify technology or inventions that helped the people during the civilizations mentioned.
4. If you were born in any of the civilizations mentioned, what invention or technology can you
create that can make a remarkable impact to the lives of the people?