16-12-07

TSTE25
FORMULAS(v1)
1(5)

Formula collection TSTE25 Power Electronics

Diode rectifiers
Half-wave single phase rectifier fed by √2𝑉𝑠 sin(𝜔𝑡)
Ideal, no load, average direct voltage:
1 π 2√2𝑉𝑠
Vd0 = ∫ √2Vs sin(ωt) dωt = ≈ 0.45𝑉𝑠
2π 0 2𝜋
Average direct voltage including commutation voltage drop:
2√2𝑉𝑠 ω𝐿𝑠 ω𝐿𝑠
Vd = Vd0 - Vd = – 𝐼
2𝜋 𝑑
≈ 0.45Vs - 𝐼
2𝜋 𝑑
2𝜋
Commutation angle, u:
ω𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑑
cos(𝑢) = 1 −
√2𝑉𝑠
Total rms ac-phase current:
1
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑑
√2
Fundamental ac-phase current rms:
1
𝐼𝑠1 = √2𝐼𝑑 ≈ 0.45𝐼𝑑
π

Full-wave single phase rectifier fed by √2𝑉𝑠 sin(𝜔𝑡)

Ideal, no load, average direct voltage:
1 𝜋 2√2𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑑0 = ∫ √2𝑉𝑠 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = ≈ 0.9𝑉𝑠
𝜋 0 𝜋
Average direct voltage including commutation voltage drop:
2√2𝑉𝑠 2ω𝐿𝑠 2ω𝐿𝑠
𝑉𝑑 = V𝑑0 − V𝑑 = 𝜋
− 𝜋
𝐼𝑑 ≈ 0.9V𝑠 − 𝜋
𝐼𝑑
Commutation angle, u:
2ω𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑑
cos(𝑢) = 1 −
√2𝑉𝑠
Total rms ac-phase current:
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑑
Fundamental ac-phase current rms:
2
𝐼𝑠1 = √2𝐼𝑑 ≈ 0.9𝐼𝑑
π

6-pulse, 3-phase rectifier fed by √2𝑉𝐿𝐿 cos(ω𝑡)

Ideal, no load, average direct voltage:
π⁄6
1 3
V𝒅𝒐 = ∫ √2 𝑉𝐿𝐿 cos(ω𝑡) 𝑑ω𝑡 = √2𝑉𝐿𝐿 ≈ 1.35𝑉𝐿𝐿
π⁄ 3 𝜋
−π⁄6

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Average direct voltage including commutation voltage drop:

3 3 3
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 − 𝑉𝑑 = √2𝑉𝐿𝐿 − ω𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑑 ≈ 1.35𝑉𝐿𝐿 − ω𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑑
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Commutation angle, u:
2ω𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑑
cos(𝑢) = 1 −
√2𝑣𝐿𝐿
Total rms ac-phase current:
2
𝐼𝑠 = √ ∙ 𝐼𝑑 ≈ 0.816𝐼𝑑
3
Fundamental ac-phase current rms:
1
𝐼𝑠1 = √6𝐼𝑑 ≈ 0.78𝐼𝑑
π

Thyristor converters
Full-wave single phase rectifier fed by √2𝑉𝑠 sin(𝜔𝑡)
Ideal, no load, average direct voltage:
1 𝜋+𝛼 2√2𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑑0 =∫ √2𝑉𝑠 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼) ≈ 0.9𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼)
𝜋 α 𝜋
Average direct voltage including commutation voltage drop:
2ω𝐿𝑠
𝑉𝑑 = V𝑑0 − V𝑑 ≈ 0.9V𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼) − 𝐼𝑑
𝜋
Commutation angle, u:
2ω𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑑
cos(𝛼 + 𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼) −
√2𝑉𝑠
Total rms ac-phase current:
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑑
Fundamental ac-phase current rms:
2
𝐼𝑠1 = √2𝐼𝑑 ≈ 0.9𝐼𝑑
π

6-pulse, 3-phase converter fed by √2𝑉𝐿𝐿 cos(ω𝑡)

Ideal, no load, average direct voltage:
π⁄6
1 3
V𝒅𝒐 = ∫ √2 𝑉𝐿𝐿 cos(ω𝑡) 𝑑ω𝑡 = √2𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼) ≈ 1.35𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼)
π⁄ 3 𝜋
−π⁄6
Average direct voltage including commutation voltage drop:
3
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑0 − 𝑉𝑑 ≈ 1.35𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼) − ω𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑑
𝜋
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Commutation angle, u:
2ω𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑑
cos(𝛼 + 𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼) −
√2𝑉𝐿𝐿
Total rms ac-phase current:
2
𝐼𝑠 = √ ∙ 𝐼𝑑 ≈ 0.816𝐼𝑑
3
Fundamental ac-phase current rms:
1
𝐼𝑠1 = √6𝐼𝑑 ≈ 0.78𝐼𝑑
π

DC/DC converters
Step-down, Buck
Average output voltage
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷 ∙ 𝑉𝑑 , 𝐼𝑜 > 𝐼𝐿𝐵 ; Continuous conduction mode
𝐷2
𝑉𝑜 = 1 𝐼 𝑉𝑑 , 𝐼𝑜 < 𝐼𝐿𝐵 ; Discontinuous conduction mode
𝐷 2 + ( 𝑜⁄𝐼 )
4 𝐿𝐵,𝑚𝑎𝑥

PWM duty cycle

𝑉
𝐷 = 𝑉𝑜 , 𝐼𝑜 > 𝐼𝐿𝐵
𝑑

𝐼𝑜
𝑉 ⁄𝐼
𝐷 = 𝑉𝑜 √ 𝐿𝐵,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉
, 𝐼𝑜 < 𝐼𝐿𝐵
𝑑 1− 𝑜⁄𝑉
𝑑

Boundary conditions on inductor current

𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑑
𝐼𝐿𝐵 = 𝐷(1 − 𝐷)
2𝐿
𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑑
𝐼𝐿𝐵,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8𝐿
Peak inductor current
𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑑
𝑖𝐿,𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝐼𝑜 + 𝐷(1 − 𝐷), 𝐼𝑜 > 𝐼𝐿𝐵
2𝐿
2𝐷
𝑖𝐿,𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝐼𝑜
), 𝐼𝑜 < 𝐼𝐿𝐵
1 𝐼
𝐷 2 + ( 𝑜⁄𝐼
4 𝐿𝐵,𝑚𝑎𝑥

Step-up, Boost
Average output voltage
1
𝑉𝑜 = 1−𝐷 ∙ 𝑉𝑑 , 𝐼𝑜 > 𝐼𝑜𝐵 ; Continuous conduction mode
𝐷2 𝑉𝑑
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑑 (1 + 4 𝐼𝑜 𝑉𝑜
), 𝐼𝑜 < 𝐼𝑜𝐵 ; Discontinuous conduction
( ⁄𝐼 )
27 𝑜𝐵,𝑚𝑎𝑥

PWM duty cycle

𝑉
𝐷 = 1 − 𝑉𝑑, 𝐼𝑜 > 𝐼𝑜𝐵
𝑜

4 𝑉 𝑉 𝐼𝑜
𝐷 = √27 𝑉𝑜 (𝑉𝑜 − 1) 𝐼 , 𝐼𝑜 < 𝐼𝑜𝐵
𝑑 𝑑 𝑜𝐵,𝑚𝑎𝑥
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Boundary conditions on output current

𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝑜𝐵 = 2𝐿
𝐷(1 − 𝐷)2
2 𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝑜𝐵,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
27 𝐿
Boundary conditions on inductor current
𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝐿𝐵 = 2𝐿
𝐷(1 − 𝐷)
𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝐿𝐵,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
8𝐿
Peak inductor current
𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑑
𝑖𝐿,𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝐼𝑜 + 2𝐿
𝐷, 𝐼𝑜 > 𝐼𝑜𝐵
2 𝑉𝑜
𝑖𝐿,𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝐼𝑜 𝐷 (𝑉 − 1), 𝐼𝑜 < 𝐼𝑜𝐵
𝑑

DC/AC converters, single phase

Half-bridge with PWM control
Fundamental frequency output voltage
𝑉𝑑
𝑉̂𝑜1 = 𝑚𝑎
2
Full-bridge with PWM control
Fundamental frequency output voltage
𝑉̂𝑜1 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑉𝑑

LC-oscillation
i L

R 𝑖(𝑡 = 0) = 𝑖0
{ }⇒
Ud C uc 𝑢𝑐 (𝑡 = 0) = 𝑢𝑐0

𝑈𝑑 − 𝑢𝑐0 −𝜁𝜔 𝑡 𝜔0
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑒 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡) + 𝑖 𝑒 −𝜁𝜔0 𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡) − 𝜁 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡))
0
𝜔𝐿 𝜔
𝜔0 𝑖0 −𝜁𝜔 𝑡
𝑢𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑢𝑐0 + (𝑈𝑑 − 𝑢𝑐0 ) [1 − 𝑒 −𝜁𝜔0 𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡) + 𝜁 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡))] + 𝑒 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡)
{ 𝜔 𝜔𝐶
1
𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦: 𝜔0 =
√𝐿𝐶
𝑅
where: 𝐷𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝜁 =
2𝜔0 𝐿
2
{𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦: 𝜔 = 𝜔0 √1 − 𝜁 }
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Undamped system, 𝜁 = 0, with 𝑖0 = 0

𝑈𝑑 − 𝑢𝑐0 𝑈𝑑 − 𝑢𝑐0
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔0 𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔0𝑡)
𝜔0 𝐿 𝐿
√
𝐶
{ 𝑢𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑈𝑑 − (𝑈𝑑 − 𝑢𝑐0 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔0 𝑡)

Fourier series coefficients using symmetry,

Integration rules