Spanish I - Beginning Spanish Language and Culture

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The document discusses a Spanish textbook called Spanish I: Beginning Spanish Language and Culture.

It is an open-access textbook that provides a comprehensive introduction to Spanish language for beginners.

It offers clear explanations and individual and group practice activities to help students learn.

Humboldt State University

Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University

Textbooks Series (imprint) Humboldt State University Press

2020

Spanish I: Beginning Spanish Language and Culture


Matthew Dean
Humboldt State University

Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/textbooks

Part of the Language and Literacy Education Commons, Modern Languages Commons, and the
Spanish and Portuguese Language and Literature Commons

Recommended Citation
Dean, Matthew, "Spanish I: Beginning Spanish Language and Culture" (2020). Textbooks Series (imprint).
4.
https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/textbooks/4

This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Humboldt State University Press at Digital Commons
@ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textbooks Series (imprint) by an authorized
administrator of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact
[email protected].
Spanish I: Beginning Spanish Language and Culture
Spanish I
Spanish I: Beginning Spanish language and Culture is an excellent digitally-free
alternative to the high-priced college Spanish textbook and, being an open-
access textbook, it affords instructors flexibility and versatility. It offers a
comprehensive introduction to the study of the Spanish language as it affords
students a solid foundation by guiding them through the learning process in a
non-intimidating way. The explanations of the inner-workings of the language
are clear and to the point, being very evident that the author never loses sight
that the intended audience are learners at a beginning level with no or very little
previous experience with the language. The presentation of grammatical points
Beginning Spanish
and vocabulary are short, well-paced, and followed by individual practice at
home and interpersonal practice in class. These activities are well thought out Language and Culture
and effective as to consolidate knowledge and use, both of which are recycled
throughout the sections and chapters as students advance.

-Dr. Susan Rubio, Professor of Spanish Studies and Chairperson of the


Department of Languages and Cultures at Molloy College.

Dr. Matthew Dean is a professor of Spanish in the


Department of World Languages and Cultures at
Humboldt State University. He has taught all levels of
Spanish language, literature, and culture to thousands
of community college and university students and

Matthew Dean
invites you to start your language adventure today.

Humboldt State University Press


HSU Press

Humboldt State University Library


1 Harpst St.
Arcata, CA 95521 Matthew Dean
https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/
hsu_press/ Humboldt State University Press
Spanish I

Beginning Spanish
Language and Culture

Matthew Dean

Humboldt State University Press


Dr. Matthew Dean grew up speaking only
English. As an undergraduate, he began
his exploration of Spanish, fell in love
with the language and cultures, and never
looked back. He began teaching Spanish
at San Diego State University in 1997.
Currently, he is Professor of Spanish in
the Department of World Languages and
Cultures at Humboldt State University.
He has taught all levels of Spanish
language, literature, and culture, and
directed several study abroad programs.
As a non-native Spanish speaker, Dr.
Dean understands the struggles of the
language learner. He has taught Spanish
to thousands of community college and
university students and invites you to start
your language adventure today.

Humboldt State University Press


Humboldt State University Library
1 Harpst Street
Arcata, California 95521

ISBN 978-1-947112-42-1

Matthew Dean © 2020

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons


Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Public Review

Spanish I: Beginning Spanish language and Culture is an excellent digitally-free alternative


to the high-priced college Spanish textbook and, being an open-access textbook, it affords
instructors flexibility and versatility. It offers a comprehensive introduction to the study of
the Spanish language as it affords students a solid foundation by guiding them through the
learning process in a non-intimidating way. The explanations of the inner-workings of the
language are clear and to the point, being very evident that the author never loses sight
that the intended audience are learners at a beginning level with no or very little previous
experience with the language. The presentation of grammatical points and vocabulary are
short, well-paced, and followed by individual practice at home and interpersonal practice
in class. These activities are well thought out and effective as to consolidate knowledge and
use, both of which are recycled throughout the sections and chapters as students advance.

This textbook follows the ‘flipped classroom’ approach. In this teaching/learning model,
students gain first-exposure to new material outside of class (“Para estudiar en casa” and
“Para practicar en casa” sections in the textbook) and then use class time to practice what
they have learned by “using” the language to communicate with their peers (“Para practicar
en clase” section in the textbook and capstone task at the end of each chapter). This
approach allows for students to take more control over their learning process and the
progress they are making.

The textbook structure supports the flipped classroom methodology as follows:

a. All five chapter have the same structure, with the same amount of sections,
therefore students become familiar with the organization of the text and learn how
to use it quickly and effectively.
b. At the beginning of every chapter the learning objectives for the whole chapter are
clearly stated; then, every section is preceded by the specific learning objective(s)
tackled in that section. Therefore, students know exactly what they are expected to
achieve, and can gage for themselves if they have.
c. All the sections within the chapters Include pertinent and succinct introductions,
preparing the student to what is going to be presented. At the same time, these
introductions establish a sense of progression, linking what is coming up with what
has already been learnt.

-Dr. Susan Rubio


Dr. Susana Rubio is Professor of Spanish Studies and serves as Chairperson of the Department
of Languages and Cultures at Molloy College. She joined Molloy College's faculty in fall 2001.
She previously taught at the University of the South in Sewanee, TN, and at the University of
Richmond, VA. Prof. Rubio specializes in twentieth century literature and film. Other areas of
interest include Teaching Foreign Languages Methodology, Translation, and Hispanic Cultural
Studies. She holds a Ph.D. from Stony Brook University, and a Licenciatura en Filología
Hispánica from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.

iii
Acknowledgements

This book was written while on sabbatical from HSU during the 2016-2017 academic year.
Thank you to Humboldt State University and the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social
Sciences. This project would never have been completed without your support.

Thank you to all of my colleagues in the Department of World Languages and Cultures,
especially Russell "Carlos" Gaskell and Rosalba Dean, who used the first drafts of the text
and provided very valuable feedback. Thank you to the students who used the first drafts;
they also contributed with suggestions and comments. Your keen eyes and insights
enhanced the quality of the text.

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Susana Rubio, Professor of Spanish
at Molloy College, for her objective and extremely detailed peer review of the manuscript.
Thank you for doing such a great job.

Thank you to Kyle and Humboldt State University Press. It has been great working with
you.

A special thanks to my wife, Rosalba, and my children, Nikolás and Ellena. I love you.

This book was inspired by students who took Spanish classes with me over many years,
especially those who studied abroad with me in Spain (in 2016, 2018, and 2019-2020). I
miss you guys.

-Dr. Matthew Dean

iv
To Instructors and Students

Spanish I: Beginning Spanish Language and Culture was conceived to offset some of the
financial burdens that community college and university students face today. This digitally-
free alternative to the high-priced college Spanish textbooks contains solid explanations
and varied practice of vocabulary, grammar, and culture topics. It can be adopted and used
digitally without cost to the student or the instructor. This text is also available cheaply for
print-on-demand through Amazon.

This textbook contains themed chapters, which are divided into 8 sections. Each section
has its own set of learning objectives, and is further separated into three types of
assignments, Para estudiar en casa (with detailed explanations), Para practicar en casa
(homework exercises), and Para practicar en clase (paired and group classwork
activities). The explanations and primary input are written to be easily comprehensible.
The individual exercises are geared towards acquisition of form and function, and the
communicative classwork exercises promote interpersonal exchanges between students.
The digital copy includes some embedded audio files, and we are developing a website to
house many more resources.

This textbook is published with specific Creative Commons Copyrights that permit the
modification (remix, tweak, and build upon) of any and all parts of this text, provided that
there is attribution to the author. It has already been used successfully for online and face-
to-face classes. It is expected that each instructor will utilize this text to best fit their unique
teaching style. This textbook is designed to be adaptable; it has an internal modular
structure that allows instructors or students to easily link related topics. For example, each
chapter has a section on pronunciation and those sections could be combined to create a
module that would be useful for any level of Spanish. Further, instructors may elect to skip
over certain materials, simply because there is more than can be effectively covered in one
semester.

v
SPANISH I

Beginning Spanish
Language and Culture
1.En la universidad ..........................................1

2.La familia .......................................................62

3.En casa .........................................................130

4.De compras ................................................192

5.Los pasatiempos ......................................257


1
En la universidad
1.1 Learning Objectives:
a. To learn about the organization of this book
b. ¡A conocernos!
c. To practice important words and phrases for class
1.2 Learning Objectives:
a. To learn to correctly pronounce the Spanish vowels
b. To learn to correctly pronounce the Spanish consonants
c. To become familiar with the Spanish alphabet and phonetics
1.3 Learning Objectives:
a. To learn expressions of greeting and leave-taking
b. To understand the appropriate uses of formal and informal etiquette
c. To learn the days of the week
1.4 Learning Objectives:
a. To learn about adjective agreement
b. To learn about the subject pronouns in Spanish
c. To learn to conjugate the verb SER
d. To learn about cognates
1.5 Learning Objectives:
a. To learn the numbers 0-99 in Spanish
b. To study the indefinite article (a, an, or some) and grammatical gender
c. To acquire vocabulary related to the university and the classroom
d. To practice using the special verb form: hay (there is and there are)
1.6 Learning Objectives:
a. To be able to express likes and dislikes with gustar
b. To understand the infinitive form of Spanish verbs
c. To learn some Spanish verb meanings
1.7 Learning Objectives:
a. To be able to ask what time it is and tell what time it is in Spanish
b. To be able to ask at what time something will occur and tell what time
something will occur
1.8 Learning Objectives:
a. To learn about countries and cultures of the Spanish-speaking world
b. To review what you learned in 1.1 -1.8

1
1.1 Spanish I

1.1: Para estudiar en casa

1.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about the organization of this book
b. ¡A conocernos!
c. To practice important words and phrases for class

Introduction:
Welcome to Beginning Spanish Language and Culture (SPAN 105) at HSU! This course is
designed for the true beginner. As such, we will be covering the absolute basics of Spanish a
language and culture. Today we will learn about the structure of this textbook, practice
some set phrases to get you started speaking Spanish right away, and learn some important
vocabulary and phrases to use throughout the semester.

1.1.a. To learn about the organization of this book

This text has been developed as an Open Educational Resource (OER) by the Spanish
Program at Humboldt State University. We have identified specific goals for this course
and, by following this textbook, you will successfully acquire the skills and knowledge
needed to pass this course. Although individual instructors will personalize the content of
each class session by choosing to substitute, modify, or eliminate certain activities, this
book is designed as a day-to-day outline for the entire semester.

There are five chapters in this textbook and each chapter is separated into eight sections.
The eight sections of each chapter are labeled in the following manner:

1.1 means chapter 1, section 1

Each section is divided into three parts: "For Study at Home," "For Practice at Home," and
"For Practice in Class." Section headers look like this:

Para estudiar en casa

Para practicar en casa

Para practicar en clase

2
En la universidad 1.1

Before each class, students are expected to complete the homework in order to be fully
prepared to participate. Homework is comprised of the first two parts (Para estudiar en
casa AND Para practicar en casa). New content is presented in Para estudiar en casa
and initial exercises are contained in Para practicar en casa. Most class time will be
dedicated to the exercises in Para practicar en clase. Class time will be used for practice,
not new content presentation.

Each section has its own set of Learning Objectives, which appear at the beginning of each
part (Para estudiar en casa, Para practicar en casa, and Para Practicar en clase). There
may be two to four Learning Objectives for each section and each one is labeled with a
letter. These Learning Objectives are also listed in the Table of Contents at the beginning of
the book.

In the Para estudiar en casa section, each Learning Objective will be addressed separately
as new content is presented. For example, right now, you are below a heading that looks
like this:

1.1.a. To learn about the organization of this book

Now that you know about the organization of this book, we will proceed to the next
learning objective for 1.1.

1.1.b. ¡A conocernos!

¡A conocernos! means "let's get to know each other." Read the following model dialog
between a professor and student and try to figure out what they are saying.

MODELO:
PROFESOR: ¿Cómo te llamas?
ESTUDIANTE: Me llamo Mateo.
PROFESOR: ¿Cómo estás?
ESTUDIANTE: Estoy bien.
PROFESOR: ¿De dónde eres?
ESTUDIANTE: Soy de Nueva York.
PROFESOR: ¿Dónde vives?
ESTUDIANTE: Vivo en Arcata.

Now, replace the given answers with your own.

PROFESOR: ¿Cómo te llamas?


ESTUDIANTE: Me llamo .
PROFESOR: ¿Cómo estás?
ESTUDIANTE: Estoy .

3
1.1 Spanish I

PROFESOR: ¿De dónde eres?


ESTUDIANTE: Soy de .
PROFESOR: ¿Dónde vives?
ESTUDIANTE: Vivo en .

If you are talking about someone else, you would use different pronouns (he or she, instead
of you and I) and the verb conjugations would also be different. Since the question and
answer refer to the same person, the conjugation is the same in the question and the
answer. Don't worry about the conjugations yet, just try to memorize these sentences as set
phrases. Let's see the same dialog as before, but this time referring to someone else,
another student named Mateo.

MODELO:
PROFESOR: ¿Cómo se llama?
ESTUDIANTE: Se llama Mateo.
PROFESOR: ¿Cómo está?
ESTUDIANTE: Está bien.
PROFESOR: ¿De dónde es?
ESTUDIANTE: Es de Nueva York.
PROFESOR: ¿Dónde vive?
ESTUDIANTE: Vive en Arcata.

Before class, you should practice these sentences in Para practicar in casa, which will be
after the next Learning Objective of 1.1 is presented.

1.1.c. To practice important words and phrases for class

Think about the following words in the context of the Spanish language and culture
classroom. They are words and phrases that the instructor or the students might use on
any given day.

Useful Classroom Expressions

Español Inglés
Repite, por favor. Repeat, please.
No sé. I don't know.
¿Cómo? What?
Sí. Yes.
No. No.
¿Cómo se dice: ________? How do you say: ________?
Se me olividó. I forgot.
Tengo una pregunta. I have a question.
¿Cómo se escribe ______? How do you write/spell ________?
Escuchen, por favor. Listen, please.

4
En la universidad 1.1

Contesta en frases completas. Answer in complete sentences.


Libro de texto Textbook
Cuaderno Notebook
Escuchar To listen
En la página... On page...
Escribir To write
Perdón. Pardon me.
Levántense, por favor. Get up, please.
Más despacio, por favor. Slower, please.
No entiendo / comprendo I don't understand.
Otra vez, por favor. Again, please.
¿Puedo ir al baño? Can I go to the bathroom?
¿Me prestas un lápiz (una pluma)? Would you lend me a pencil (pen)?
¿Puedo hablar en inglés? Can I speak in English?
Abran el libro, por favor. Open the book, please.
Presten atención, por favor. Pay attention, please.
Levanten la mano. Raise your hand.
Tarea Homework
Contestar To answer
Trabajen en grupos (parejas). Work in groups (pairs).
Silencio, por favor. Silence, please.
En la pizarra On the board
Saquen los libros. Take out your books.
Siéntense, por favor. Sit down, please.

You should now proceed to Para practicar en casa to practice all the Learning Objectives
of 1.1.

5
1.1 Spanish I

1.1: Para practicar en casa

1.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about the organization of this book
b. ¡A conocernos!
c. To practice important words and phrases for class

A. Sections and Parts of the chapters


Answer the following questions.

1. How many sections are in each chapter?


2. How many parts are in each section?
3. What are the names of the parts of each section?

4. What is listed at the beginning of each section?


5. What parts make up the homework?

B. Personal information
Answer the questions in complete sentences. Write the answers in the space provided.

1. ¿Cómo te llamas?
2. ¿Cómo estás?
3. ¿De dónde eres?
4. ¿Dónde vives?

C. Your Best Friend (tu mejor amigo)


Answer the questions about your best friend in complete sentences. Write the answers in
the space provided.

1. ¿Cómo se llama tu mejor amigo?


2. ¿Cómo está?
3. ¿De dónde es?
4. ¿Dónde vive?

6
En la universidad 1.1

D. Who Says That?


Write "profesor", "estudiante", or "ambos" (both) to indicate who would probably say the
following words and phrases in class.

1. Levántense, por favor.


2. Siéntense, por favor.
3. No entiendo.
4. Contesta en frases completas.
5. No sé.
6. Trabajen en parejas.
7. ¿Cómo se dice: house?
8. No entiendo.
9. Presten atención, por favor.
10. ¿Puedo ir al baño?

E. What Would You Say?


Using the words and phrases presented, what would you say in the following situations? If
more than one answer is acceptable, write all appropriate answers.

1. The instructor is speaking too fast.


2. You didn't hear what was said.
3. You want to know how to say "textbook".
4. You need to write something, but don't have a pen.
5. A classmate keeps talking when they shouldn't.

You have now completed the homework for 1.1. The next section will be completed in class.

7
1.1 Spanish I

1.1: Para practicar en clase

1.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about the organization of this book
b. ¡A conocernos!
c. To practice important words and phrases for class

A. Interviews (entrevistas)
Ask several classmates the following questions. Answer verbally.
1. ¿Cómo te llamas?
2. ¿Cómo se llama tu mejor amigo?
3. ¿Cómo estás?
4. ¿Cómo está tu mejor amigo?
5. ¿De dónde eres?
6. ¿De dónde es tu mejor amigo?
7. ¿Dónde vives?
8. ¿Dónde vive tu mejor amigo?
B. ¡A presentarnos!
Using the information from the previous exercise, present one of your classmates to the
rest of the class. Follow the model below.
MODELO:
Se llama Lynn. Está bien. Es de San Diego. Vive en Eureka.

C. Who Says That?


Group the useful words and expressions into the following categories. Write the words and
expressions in the columns below according to who might say them in class.

Profesor Estudiante Ambos

8
En la universidad 1.1

D. What Would You Say?


Take turns asking a classmate what you would say in the following situations. If more than
one answer is acceptable, say all possibilities. You and your partner should take turns
making up situations for the last four responses.

1. You want to know how to spell "notebook".


2. You need to explain an idea, but can't do it in Spanish.
3. You didn't hear what was just said.
4. You bumped into someone.
5. You need to borrow a pencil.
6. You want to ask a question.
7. ?
8. ?
9. ?
10. ?

E. Repaso (Review)
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you understand the organization of this book?


2. Do you know some useful classroom expressions (or at least where to find them)?
3. Can you answer the following questions:
a. ¿Cómo te llamas?
b. ¿Cómo estás?
c. ¿De dónde eres?
d. ¿Dónde vives?

Tarea (homework):
Complete 1.2 Para estudiar en casa and 1.2 Para practicar en casa.

9
1.2 Spanish I

1.2: Para estudiar en casa

1.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn to correctly pronounce the Spanish vowels
b. To learn to correctly pronounce the Spanish consonants
c. To become familiar with the Spanish alphabet and phonetics

Introduction:
Pronunciation is the foundation of spoken language. Mastering pronunciation is essential to
building confidence in oral communication. It is very important to practice and master each
of the sounds and master their uses. If you cannot pronounce the words correctly, you will
not be correctly understood. If you can pronounce the words correctly, you will be able to
understand better when you hear them too.

1.2.a. To learn to correctly pronounce the Spanish vowels

In English, many letters represent several sounds. Sometimes this depends on regional
dialects. Sometimes it depends on the other letters in the word. Vowels, for example, may
have up to five sounds. In general, this is not the case in Spanish.

In Spanish, phonetics (sounds) is much simpler. There are five vowels: a e i o u (like
English, sometimes y). Each vowel has only one sound associated with it. Sometimes
vowels have a written accent above them (á é í ó ú). The written accent does not change the
pronunciation of the vowel; the written accent only tells us which syllable to stress in the
word.

The name of the vowel is pronounced the same and written the same as the vowel itself.
Vowel Name of Vowel
a a
e e
i i
o o
u u

Listen to the vowel sounds in this audio file.

a e i o u
a e i o u
a la casa lápiz a
e le estoy élite e

10
En la universidad 1.2

i di dice ítem i
o lo mono ópera o
u tu una túnel u
a e i o u
a e i o u

1.2.b. To learn to correctly pronounce the Spanish consonants

The pronunciation of Spanish consonants is much simpler than the pronunciation of


English consonants. Except for dialectical differences, very few letters have more than one
sound*. Most Spanish consonants sound very similar to English.

Here is a summary of consonants that are challenging or need special attention from
native English speakers. Listen to the challenging consonant sounds in this audio file.

Letter pay special attention to: Examples


b has the same sound as the v tubo / tuvo
c sounds like an English k in front of the ca co cu (que, qui)
vowels: a o u
c sounds like an English s in front of the ce ci
vowels: e i. See the footnote*
d sound is produced closer to the front of the todo /días
mouth almost like the English th
g sounds like an English g in front of the ga go gu (gue, gui)
vowels: a o u
g sounds like an English h in front of the ge gi
vowels: e i
h is never pronounced hola sounds like ola
j sounds like an English h jamón / Javier
k most words with k are from other kiosko / kiwi
languages
ll not a letter, but sounds like an English y ella / valle
ñ sounds like English ny cañón
r is rolled when it's the first letter of a word Roberto / carro
or when there are two in a row
t does not have the trill as in English tree, todo / tu
almost sounds like an English d
v has the same sound as the b tubo / tuvo
x sounds like an English x but sometimes like excelente / México
an English h
y sounds like an English y as in yolk yo / hoyo
z mostly pronounced as an English s. See the zapato / cabeza
footnote*

11
1.2 Spanish I

*An example of dialectical differences is the letter z in some parts of Spain and most of the
rest of the Spanish speaking world and the other parts of Spain. In parts of Spain, the letter
z is pronounced as the th in English, but in most of the rest of the Spanish-speaking world it
is pronounced as an English s. Another example is the letter c. In parts of Spain, when the
letter c is in front of an e or i, it is pronounced the same as the z as described above (like th
in English in parts of Spain, but like an s in most of the rest of the Spanish-speaking world).

1.2.c. To become familiar with the Spanish alphabet and phonetics

Now that you know the vowel sounds and the consonants that require special attention,
here is the entire alphabet with the letter names and examples.

Letter Letter Name Examples


a a antes / adelante
b be benevolente / boca
c ce canción / excelente
d de durante / dinero
e e elefante / elegante
f efe fantasía / frente
g ge grande / geneología
h hache hay / hola
i i itinerario
j jota Jaime / Jorge
k ka kilo / kilómetro
l ele lección / elemental
m eme material / emoción
n ene nacional / nada
ñ eñe cañón / niño
o o otoño / octubre
p pe pequeño / poco
q qu que /quien
r ere caro / carro
s ese segundo / sección
t te tiempo / todo
u u útil / usar
v uve (v de vaca / v chica) voluntario / vacaciones
w doble uve Washington
x equis México / conexión
y i griega yo / cayó
z zeta zebra /zero

12
En la universidad 1.2

1.2: Para practicar en casa

1.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn to correctly pronounce the Spanish vowels
b. To learn to correctly pronounce the Spanish consonants
c. To become familiar with the Spanish alphabet and phonetics

A. Las vocales
1. Listen to the audio file in 1.2.a Para Estudiar en Casa.
2. Practice the five vowel sounds until you have mastered them. Be sure to say them out
loud.

B. Las consonantes
1. Listen to the audio file in "Para Estudiar en Casa" of 1.2.
2. Practice the challenging consonant sounds until you have mastered them. Be sure to say
them out loud.

C. El deletreo (Spelling)
1. Read the following examples to figure out what the questions and answers mean.

Profesora Estudiante
¿Cómo se escribe tu nombre? Se escribe M - A - T - E - O.
¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de tu mejor Se escribe R - O - B - E - R - T - O.
amigo (your best friend)?
¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de tu Se escribe M - A - R - Í - A.
madre?
¿Cómo se escribe el nombre del Se escribe T - R - U - M - P.
Presidente?

2. Now answer the following questions (say the answers out loud).

1. ¿Cómo se escribe tu nombre?


2. ¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de la universidad?
3. ¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de tu madre?
4. ¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de tu padre?
5. ¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de tu mejor amigo?

13
1.2 Spanish I

1.2: Para practicar en clase

1.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn to correctly pronounce the Spanish vowels
b. To learn to correctly pronounce the Spanish consonants
c. To become familiar with the Spanish alphabet and phonetics

A. Entrevista
Ask a classmate the following questions and write down the answers in complete
sentences.

1. ¿Cómo se escribe tu nombre?

2. ¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de la universidad?

3. ¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de tu madre?

4. ¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de tu padre?

5. ¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de tu mejor amigo?

B. Las vocales
Practice pronouncing the vowels with a classmate. Take turns with a classmate, carefully
pronouncing the following words with special attention to the vowel sounds.

cuaderno entiendo levanten


silencio pizarra despacio
página texto contesta
cómo pregunta favor

C. Las consonantes
Practice pronouncing the consonants with a classmate. Take turns with a classmate,
carefully pronouncing the following words with special attention to the sounds of the
consonants.

cafetería ventana bibliotecaria


francés computadora psicología
bolígrafo biología gimnasio
silencio silla literatura
baño salón español

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En la universidad 1.2

D. Dictado
a. Write down 5 random words.
b. Spell the words as a dictation for a classmate to write down.
c. Now switch roles.

E. Reciclaje (Recycle)
Ask and answer the following questions with a classmate.

¿Cómo te llamas? ¿Cómo se escribe tu nombre?


¿De dónde eres? ¿Cómo estás?
¿Dónde vives? ¿Cómo se escribe "Argentina"?

F. Repaso (Review)
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you know the Spanish alphabet?


2. Can you correctly pronounce the Spanish vowels?
3. Can you correctly pronounce the Spanish consonants?
4. Can you answer the following questions:
a. ¿Cómo se escribe tu nombre?
b. ¿Cómo se escribe "California?"

Tarea (homework):
Complete 1.3 Para Estudiar en Casa and 1.3 Para Practicar en Casa.

15
1.3 Spanish I

1.3: Para estudiar en casa

1.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn expressions of greeting and leave-taking
b. To understand the appropriate uses of formal and informal etiquette
c. To learn the days of the week

Introduction:
Greetings and leave-takings (saying good-bye) are important every day occurrences.
Therefore it is very important to become familiar with the many ways in which we greet
each other and say good-bye. Many times, we greet each other with questions like: "What's
up?" or "How's it goin'?" Often, we are not expecting an answer to these questions; they
function as a simple "hello." Every time we speak to someone, we choose a level of
formality (we speak differently with different people). This includes the words we choose
and even the way that we pronounce them. Lastly, we will learn the days of the week.

1.3.a. To learn expressions of greeting and leave-taking

The following are common expressions of greetings and leave takings, along with some
possible responses. Many of them are interchangeable. Study them and think about when
and where you might use them. Practice saying them out loud.

Greetings:

Español Inglés
Hola. Hello.
Buenos días. Good morning.
Buenas tardes. Good afternoon.
Buenas noches. Good evening / night.
¿Qué tal? How are things?
¿Cómo estás? How are you?
¿Y tú? And you?

Leave-takings:

Español Inglés
Adiós. Goodbye.
Hasta mañana. Until tomorrow.
Hasta el lunes/martes/etc. Until Monday/Tuesday/etc.

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En la universidad 1.3

Hasta luego. See you later.


Nos vemos. See you.
Chao. Chao.
Buenas noches. Good night.
Hasta pronto. See you soon.

Meeting someone for the first time:

Español Inglés
Me llamo NOMBRE. My name is NAME.
Soy NOMBRE. I'm NAME.
Mucho gusto. (A) Pleasure.
Encantado (encantada) Charmed (Charmed - when female)
Igualmente. Likewise.
Te presento a NOMBRE. This is NAME. (to someone - informal)
Le presento a NOMBRE. This is NAME. (to someone - formal)
Les presento a NOMBRE. This is NAME. (to several people)

MODELO:
ELIZABETH: Hola.
ROBERTO: Buenos días.
ELIZABETH: ¿Cómo te llamas?
ROBERTO: Me llamo Roberto. ¿Y tú?
ELIZABETH: Me llamo Elizabeth. Mucho gusto.
ROBERTO: Encantado. Te presento a mi amigo Alejandro.
ELIZABETH: Hola. Encantada.
ALEJANDRO: Hola. Igualmente.
ELIZABETH: Hasta luego.
ROBERTO: Nos vemos.
ALEJANDRO: Adiós.

Cultural note: In the Spanish-speaking world, it is very common to give hugs and kisses
with greetings and leave-takings.

1.3.b. To understand the appropriate uses of formal and informal etiquette

In English, the subject pronoun "you" may be used as a singular "How are you?" (referring
to one person) or it may be plural "How are you?" (referring to more than one person). In
Spanish, there are different forms for singular and plural. In addition, there are different
forms that indicate formality. The verb ESTAR means TO BE, so "how are you?" can have
the several forms depending on the subject. Study the following chart and try to
understand the differences.

17
1.3 Spanish I

Spanish English Context How are you?


informal (singular)
tú you with friends and ¿Cómo estás?
peers
formal (singular)
usted (Ud.) you used to show ¿Cómo está?
respect
informal & formal
vosotros/as you (plural of tú) used ¿Cómo estáis?
only in Spain
informal & formal
ustedes you (plural of usted) ¿Cómo están?
only Latin America

Cultural Note: In some parts of the Spanish-speaking world, there are other pronouns to
express "you", but this chart contains the most common.

When you meet people for the first time, it is best to use the formal expressions. If the
situation calls for a more informal tone, someone will suggest that you "tutear." In Latin
America it is more important to maintain formality, but in Spain, it is more common to be
informal more quickly.

MODELO:
SEÑOR AMARO: Hola chicos, ¿Cómo estáis?
UNO NIÑO: Muy bien. ¿Cómo está usted?
SEÑOR AMARO: Fenomenal.

Note:
In the example above, Señor Amaro greets several children informally in Spain (using
vosotros) and one of the children responds formally (using usted).

MODELO:
UN NIÑO: Hola chicos, ¿Cómo están?
UNA NIÑA: Muy bien. ¿Cómo estás tú?
UN NIÑO: Bien.

Note:
In the example above, one child greets several children informally in Latin America (using
ustedes) and one of the children responds informally (using tú).

For more models of formal and informal greetings and leave takings, please watch this
video.

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En la universidad 1.3

1.3.c. To learn the days of the week

The days of the week are very useful and common vocabulary items. Study the days of the
week.

Los días de la semana The Days of the Week


lunes Monday
martes Tuesday
miércoles Wednesday
jueves Thursday
viernes Friday
sábado Saturday
domingo Sunday

Note:
The days of the week are not capitalized in Spanish. Of course, if it is the first word of a
sentence, it would be capitalized.

Miércoles and sábado both have tildes.

As in English, weeks are usually divided into the workdays (los días de entresemana) and
the weekends (los días de los fines de semana).

Español Inglés
Hoy es lunes. Today is Monday.
La clase de español es los lunes, martes, Spanish class is on Mondays, Tuesdays,
miércoles, y jueves. Wednesdays, and Thursdays.
No hay clase el fin de semana. There is no class on the weekend.
Mañana es viernes. Tomorrow is Friday.
Nos vemos el lunes. See you on Monday.

MODELO:
¿Qué día es hoy?
Hoy es miércoles.
¿Qué día es mañana?
Mañana es jueves.
¿Qué días de la semana hay clase de biología?
La clase de biología es los lunes, miércoles y viernes.
¿Hay clase el sábado?
No, no hay clase el sábado.
¿Nos vemos el viernes?
Sí, nos vemos el viernes.

19
1.3 Spanish I

1.3: Para practicar en casa

1.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn expressions of greeting and leave-taking
b. To understand the appropriate uses of formal and informal etiquette
c. To learn the days of the week

A. Saludos
Write at least two ways to respond to the following phrases.

MODELO:
Hasta mañana. Adiós. Hasta mañana.

1. Buenos días. _____________________ _______________________


2. Hasta luego. _____________________ _______________________
3. Chao. _____________________ _______________________
4. ¿Qué tal? _____________________ _______________________
5. Hola. _____________________ _______________________

B. Dialog (Diálogo)
Write a dialog between you and another student that you have not previously me. Greet
him or her, ask their name, tell them your name, and ask what days they have class. Say
good bye.

YO:

YO:

YO:

YO:

YO:

YO:

YO:

YO:

YO:

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En la universidad 1.3

C. Presentaciones
Using complete sentences, how would you introduce the following people? Be careful with
"to whom" you are presenting (te, le, les).

MODELO:
Introduce Bob to a friend. Te presento a Bob.

1. Introduce "Roberto" to a group of peers.

2. Introduce "Ana" to your best friend.

3. Introduce "Jorge" to your classmates.

4. Introduce your best friend to your professor.

5. Introduce your professor to your best friend.

D. Tú, usted, vosotros o ustedes


Think about the following situations. Which pronoun would you likely use in each context?

1. You meet an older person for the first time.


2. You meet someone younger than you for the first time.
3. You meet an important executive of the company that you work for.
4. You are talking to your best friend.
5. You are talking to a group of peers in Spain.
6. You are talking to a group of peers in Latin America.
7. You are talking to a senior citizen that you just met.
8. You are talking to your professor.
9. You are talking to one of your classmates.
10. You are talking to your classmates.

E. A Different "You"
Write the different meanings for the following pronouns and at least one original context in
which you could appropriately use each pronoun.

Pronoun Meanings Original Context


ustedes

vosotros/as

usted

21
1.3 Spanish I

F. ¿Cómo estás? ¿Cómo estáis? Cómo está? Cómo están?


Write the appropriate way to ask "how are you" in Spanish according to the context.

Context How are you?


your best friend
the President of the University
your little sister
you friend's grandfather
your two best friends in Spain
your two best friends in Latin America

G. ¿Qué día es hoy?


Practice writing the days of the week.

1. Los días de entresemana son


2. Los días del fin de semana son
3. ¿Qué día es hoy?
4. ¿Qué día es mañana?

H. ¿Qué día es?


Answer the following questions according to the calendar below.

MODELO:
¿Qué día es el 28 de enero de 2021? Es jueves.

1. ¿Qué día es el 24 de enero de 2021?


2. ¿Qué día es el 8 de enero de 2021?
3. ¿Qué día es el 17 de enero de 2021?
4. ¿Qué día es el 13 de enero de 2021?
5. ¿Qué día es el 4 de enero de 2021?

22
En la universidad 1.3

1.3: Para practicar en clase

1.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn expressions of greeting and leave-taking
b. To understand the appropriate uses of formal and informal etiquette
c. To learn the days of the week

A. Entrevista
Converse with a classmate and be sure to include the following:

• greet them and ask what their name is


• ask how they are and where they are from
• ask where they live and how to spell the name of the town or city
• take your leave

MODELO:
ESTUDIANTE A: Buenos días.
ESTUDIANTE B: Hola.
ESTUDIANTE A: ¿Cómo te llamas?
ESTUDIANTE B: Me llamo Beth. ¿Y tú?
ESTUDIANTE A: Me llamo John.
ESTUDIANTE B: ¿Cómo estás?
ESTUDIANTE A: Bien. ¿Y tú?
ESTUDIANTE B: Estoy bien. ¿De dónde eres?
ESTUDIANTE A: Soy de Naperville. ¿De dónde eres?
ESTUDIANTE B: Soy de Riverside. ¿Cómo se escribe Naperville.
ESTUDIANTE A: Se escribe N-A-P-E-R-V-I-L-L-E. ¿Y Riverside?
ESTUDIANTE B: Se escribe R-I-V-E-R-S-I-D-E. ¿Dónde vives?
ESTUDIANTE A: Vivo en Eureka. ¿Y tú?
ESTUDIANTE B: Vivo en Arcata.
ESTUDIANTE A: Hasta pronto.
ESTUDIANTE B: Hasta luego.

Now, introduce that person to another classmate. When you are introduced, repeat the
above instructions with your new partner.

B. Tú, usted, vosotros, vosotras, o ustedes


Discuss with a classmate the following situations. Which pronoun would you use and why?

1. You meet your friend's mother.


2. You are talking to your former high school teacher.

23
1.3 Spanish I

3. You are talking to one of your friend's friends.


4. You meet a young child.
5. You are talking to the Chair of a Department at HSU.
6. You meet the Dean of the College at HSU.

C. Los días de la semana


With a partner, take turns telling the days of the week. While taking turns, how fast can you
cycle through all of them without making a mistake.

D. Reciclaje
Ask and answer the following questions with a classmate. Try speaking to someone you
have not worked with yet.

1. ¿Qué tal?
2. ¿Cómo te llamas?
3. ¿Cómo se escribe tu nombre?
4. ¿De dónde eres?
5. ¿Dónde vives?
6. ¿Cómo se llama tu mejor amigo?
7. Present this person to another classmate.
8. Say good-bye to them.

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you greet people appropriately in Spanish?


2. Can you say respond appropriately to different ways of saying goodbye?
3. Do you understand the different ways of saying "you" in Spanish and in what contexts
they are appropriate?
4. Can you present someone to someone else?
5. Can you respond appropriately to the following?
a. ¿Qué tal?
b. Nos vemos.
c. Mucho gusto.

Tarea (homework):
Complete 1.4: Para Estudiar en Casa and 1.4: Para Practicar en Casa.

24
En la universidad 1.4

1.4: Para estudiar en casa

1.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about adjective agreement
b. To learn about the subject pronouns in Spanish
c. To learn to conjugate the verb SER
d. To learn about cognates

Introduction:
Today we will learn how to describe people and things. To do this, we will work with
adjectives. In Spanish, the adjective has to agree in gender and number with the noun that
it modifies. We will learn the subject pronouns used to conjugate verbs in Spanish. We will
conjugate the verb SER, which means "to be" in English. We will use the many words that
you already know in Spanish, because Spanish and English have many cognates. Cognates
are words that look and sound similar in two or more languages. For example, the English
word "university" is similar to the Spanish word "universidad"; they sound similar and
refer to the same thing.

1.4.a. To learn about adjective agreement

In Spanish, adjectives must agree with the noun in gender (masculine and feminine) and
number (singular and plural). Notice how, in the chart below, the English adjective is the
same for all subjects, but it is different in Spanish. The differences reflect the gender and
number of the nouns they modify.

English Sentence Spanish Sentence


He is active. Él es activo.
She is active. Ella es activa.
They are active. (referring to males) Ellos son activos.
They are active. (referring to females) Ellas son activas.

In Spanish, most adjectives have four forms:

Gender/Number Singular Plural


Masculine activo activos
Feminine activa activas

Here are some examples:


Él es activo.
Ella es activa.
Ellas son activas.
Ellos son activos.

25
1.4 Spanish I

Normally, we use the masculine singular form as the generic or neutral form, so, to refer to
an adjective in general, it ends in an -o (i.e. activo).

Predicting gender of nouns based on the final letters of the word is not always possible.
However, here are some high probability indicators:

Masculine endings -o taco


Feminine endings -a, -ión, -tad, dad casa, educación, libertad,
universidad

Some adjectives do not reflect gender. They do not end in an -o, rather an -e (i.e.
inteligente) or a consonant (peculiar). Since the masculine and feminine forms are the
same, they only have two forms: singular and plural.

Gender/Number Singular Plural


Masculine inteligente inteligentes
Feminine inteligente inteligentes

To pluralize a word that ends in a consonant, we usually add "es".

Gender/Number Singular Plural


Masculine peculiar peculiares
Feminine peculiar peculiares

Here are examples of these types of adjectives:


Ella es inteligente.
Él es inteligente.
Vosotras sois inteligentes.
Ellos son inteligentes.

1.4.b. To learn about the subject pronouns in Spanish

To conjugate a verb, we have always have a subject in English. The subject determines the
form (conjugation) of the verb. Below is a chart showing the English subject pronouns and
their Spanish counterparts.

English Subject Pronoun Spanish Subject Pronoun


I yo
you tú or usted*
he él
she ella
we nosotros/as
you (plural) vosotros/as (Spain) or ustedes*
they ellos or ellas
*Refer to Section 1.3.b to review the differences between the various uses of the subject
pronoun "you."
26
En la universidad 1.4

Note:
Notice how the first five pronouns are singular and the rest are plural. Also notice that
there are masculine and feminine versions of "él/ella, nosotros/nosotras,
vosotros/vosotras, and ellos/ellas." In Spanish, it is common to use the masculine form
whenever there is at least one male in the group. A group of males would be nosotros,
vosotros, or ellos; a group of females would be nosotras, vosotras, or ellas; and a mixed
group would be nosotros , vosotros, or ellos.

Cultural Note:
In some places, you may see a gender-neutral version for the mixed group using the @
symbol, as in: nosotr@s or ell@s. This can also be reflected in adjectives, as in: latin@s. In
English, we do the same, but use an X, as in Latinx for Latino or Latina.

1.4.c. To learn to conjugate the verb SER

To conjugate a verb, we almost always have employ a subject pronoun in English. The
subject determines the form (conjugation) of the verb. Below is the English conjugation of
the verb "to be."

English Subject Pronoun English Verb Conjugation


I am
you are
he is
she is
we are
you (pl.) are
they are

Here is the equivalent conjugation in Spanish.

Spanish Subject Pronoun Spanish Verb Conjugation


yo soy
tú eres
él es
ella es
usted es
nosotros or nosotras somos
vosotros or vosotras sois
ellos or ellas son
ustedes son

In Spanish, we are not always required to specifically state the subject pronoun, because
the verb conjugation includes that information. For example, "Soy" means "I am." It cannot

27
1.4 Spanish I

refer to any other subject, so it is unnecessary to say "yo". In fact, "yo soy" would be more
like saying "I, I am," emphasizing or over-emphasizing the word "I." Occasionally we want
to emphasize the subject, like when we are making a comparison. For example, "she isn't,
but I am." Here it would be appropriate to say "yo soy." However, most of the time we
would not state that particular subject. The following subject pronouns are usually omitted
unless we want to emphasize them: yo, tú, nosotros/nosotras, and vosotros, vosotras. When
the subject has been established in the conversation and it is obvious to whom we are
referring, ANY subject pronoun can be omitted.

1.4.d. To learn about cognates

Cognates are words that refer to the same thing, and look and sound similar in two or more
languages. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs can be cognates. This means that you
already know many, many words in Spanish (even if you don't realize it yet). You can find
many websites that list common Spanish/English cognates.

Today we will focus on adjectives and how we can use them with the verb SER. SER refers
to characteristics of people, so if we ask "¿Cómo es la profesora?" we want to know what
kind of a person she is.

Below is a list of Spanish cognate adjectives. You should be able to guess the meaning of all
of them. Look up any words that you cannot understand.

Spanish Adjective Cognates

activo extrovertido independiente perfecto


ambicioso famoso inteligente positivo
arrogante fantástico interesante puntual
artístico flexible intolerante religioso
atractivo generoso introvertido reservado
brillante honesto liberal responsable
curioso horrible misterioso romántico
cruel ideal modesto serio
deshonesto ignorante muscular sincero
eficiente impaciente negativo tímido
elegante importante organizado tolerante
emocional imposible paciente terrible
excelente impulsivo peculiar valiente

Be sure to make these adjectives agree with the nouns (or subject pronouns) they modify.

¿Cómo es ella? Es paciente y atractiva. (feminine singular)


¿Cómo es él? Es romántico y modesto (masculine singular)
¿Cómo son ellos? Son valientes y sinceros (masculine plural)
¿Cómo sois vosotras? Somos elegantes y honestas. (feminine plural)
¿Cómo eres tú? ___________________ (? singular)

28
En la universidad 1.4

1.4: Para practicar en casa

1.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about adjective agreement
b. To learn about the subject pronouns in Spanish
c. To learn to conjugate the verb SER
d. To learn about cognates

A. Which Subject Pronoun?


Tell which subject pronoun you should use in the following contexts. Mixed group means a
mixture of males and females.

MODELO:
You are talking about your mother ella
You are talking to you mother tú or usted (depends on formality)

1. You are talking to a mixed group of your peers


2. You are talking about a group of your peers (all male)
3. You are talking to a group of female peers
4. You are talking to your best friend
5. You are talking about your best friend
6. You are talking about your parents
7. You are talking to your professor
8. You are talking to a mixed group of professors
9. You are talking about a mixed group of professors
10. You are talking about a group of female professors

B. Conjugate Ser
Provide the conjugation for each subject given. Study the conjugation, then, try to complete
this without looking. Then, check your work.

MODELO:
ustedes son

1. vosotras
2. ellas
3. Roberto
4. María y Natalia
5. ellos
6. tú
7. ustedes
8. nosotros

29
1.4 Spanish I

9. él y yo
10. yo

C. Adjective Agreement
Make the given adjective agree with the nouns.

MODELO:
ellas/impulsivo impulsivas

1. vosotros/paciente
2. nosotras/famoso
3. ellos/muscular
4. ella/cruel
5. él y ella/generoso
6. ellas/tímido
7. él y yo/emocional
8. Cristina/romántico
9. Manuel/puntual
10. él/organizado

D. ¿Cómo es usted?
Using the conjugations of the verb SER and the adjective congnates, answer the following
questions in complete sentences. Try to use two adjectives for each answer and be sure to
check the agreement of the adjectives.

MODELO:
¿Cómo es tu mamá? Es paciente y perfecta.

1. ¿Cómo es usted?
2. ¿Cómo es el Presidente?
3. ¿Cómo es tu mejor amigo o amiga (best friend)?
4. ¿Cómo es Brad Pitt?
5. ¿Cómo es Taylor Swift?
6. ¿Cómo son tus padres?
7. ¿Cómo es tu familia?
8. ¿Cómo sois vosotros (you and your family)?
9. ¿Cómo son tus profesores?
10. ¿Cómo eres tú?

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En la universidad 1.4

1.4: Para practicar en clase

1.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about adjective agreement
b. To learn about the subject pronouns in Spanish
c. To learn to conjugate the verb SER
d. To learn about cognates

A. Entrevista
Converse with a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.

1. ¿Cómo eres?
2. ¿Cómo es tu mejor amigo?
3. ¿Cómo son tus profesores?
4. ¿Cómo es Jennifer Lawrence?
5. ¿Cómo son tus padres?
6. ¿Cómo es tu familia?
7. ¿Cómo son tus amigos y tú?
8. ¿De dónde eres?

B. Adjective Agreement
Take turns with a classmate giving each other nouns and adjectives to make complete
sentences. Mix and match the nouns and adjectives and see how fast you can make the
sentences. Pay special attention to the conjugation of ser and the agreement of the
adjectives. Use other nouns and adjectives that are not on the list.

MODELO:
ella / rico "Ella es rica"

Nouns Adjectives
ellos fantástico
ellas liberal
nosotros serio
vosotros tolerante
nosotras curioso
vosotras eficiente
él activo
ella impulsivo
él y ella elegante
usted reservado
ustedes excelente

31
1.4 Spanish I

C. Las personas famosas


Referencing famous people, answer the following questions, taking turns with a classmate.
Be sure to check the adjective agreement.

MODELO:
¿Quién es atractivo? Jennifer Lawrence es atractiva.

1. ¿Quién es talentoso?
2. ¿Quién es horrible?
3. ¿Quién es modesto?
4. ¿Quién es romántico?
5. ¿Quién es religioso?
6. ¿Quién es muscular?
7. ¿Quién es arrogante?
8. ¿Quién es generoso?
9. ¿Quién es honesto?
10. ¿Quién es flexible?

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you understand and know all the subject pronouns in Spanish?


2. Can you conjugate the verb SER?
3. Do you understand how adjectives agree with nouns?
4. Do you understand the concept of cognates and can you give several examples of them?
5. Can you answer the following questions:
a. ¿Cómo eres?
b. ¿Cómo son tus amigos?
c. ¿Quién es ambicioso?
d. ¿Cómo es tu familia?

Tarea (homework):
Complete 1.5 Para Estudiar en Casa and 1.5 Para Practicar en Casa.

32
En la universidad 1.5

1.5: Para estudiar en casa

1.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the numbers 0-99 in Spanish
b. To study the indefinite article (a, an, or some) and grammatical gender
c. To acquire vocabulary related to the university and the definite article
d. To practice using the special verb form: hay (there is and there are)

Introduction:
Today we will study numbers and university related vocabulary. In order to practice these
topics, we will also work on the indefinite article and a special verb form: hay. Numbers in
Spanish are relatively easy and the indefinite article works like an adjective (see Section
1.4.c) in that it reflects gender and number. Hay is a special verb form for both singular and
plural that is very useful and common.

1.5.a. To learn the numbers 0-99 in Spanish

To count in Spanish, use the following:


cero diez veinte treinta cuarenta cincuenta
uno once veintiuno or treinta y uno cuarenta y
veinte y uno uno
dos doce veintidós or treinta y dos cuarenta y sesenta
veinte y dos dos
tres trece veintitrés or treinta y tres cuarenta y
veinte y tres tres
cuatro catorce veinticuatro or treinta y cuarenta y setenta
veinte y cuatro cuatro cuatro
cinco quince veinticinco or treinta y cuarenta y
veinte y cinco cinco cinco
seis dieciséis or veintiséis or treinta y seis cuarenta y ochenta
diez y seis veinte y seis seis
siete diecisiete or veintisiete or treinta y cuarenta y
diez y siete veinte y siete siete siete
ocho dieciocho or veintiocho or treinta y cuarenta y noventa
diez y ocho veinte y ocho ocho ocho
nueve diecinueve veintinueve treinta y cuarenta y
or or nueve nueve
diez y nueve veinte y nueve

33
1.5 Spanish I

As you can see, numbers 16-19 and 21-29 have two forms. It is recommended that you use
one or the other. Note that the combined forms may require written accents and the other
(non-combined) forms are similar to the rest of the numbers (31-39, 41-49, etc.). Both
forms are correct.

1.5. b. To study the indefinite article (a, an, or some) and grammatical gender

When we refer to non-specific nouns in English, we use what is called the "indefinite
article." Non-specific is when we say things like: "a book" or "some pens." This works the
same way in Spanish, although not always word for word. In Spanish, the indefinite article
works like an adjective; therefore, it has to agree in gender and number. In Spanish, all
nouns have gender; this is considered grammatical gender, not biological gender. This can
be confusing, but all nouns are either masculine or feminine. Here is the indefinite article in
Spanish.

Gender/Number singular plural


masculine un unos
feminine una unas

When the noun is masculine singular, use un: un cuaderno (a notebook)


When the noun is feminine singular, use una: una ventana (a window)
When the noun is masculine plural, use unos: unos cuadernos (some notebooks)
When the noun is feminine plural, use unas: unas ventanas (some windows)

In English, we sometimes say "an" instead of "a." This is because of the sound of the next
word, as in "an apple," instead of "a apple." This does not occur with the indefinite article in
Spanish. However, the number 21 (veintiuno) has similar forms when used with nouns:
veintiún cuadernos, veinteuna ventanas.

1.5.c. To acquire vocabulary related to the university and the definite article

In English, the definite article (the) is used to refer to specific nouns ("the book," as
opposed to "a book"). The definite article, like the indefinite article, works like an adjective
and has to agree in gender and number. Here is the definite article in Spanish.

Gender/Number singular plural


masculine el los
feminine la las

When the noun is masculine singular, use el: el cuaderno (the notebook)
When the noun is feminine singular, use la: la ventana (the window)
When the noun is masculine plural, use los: los cuadernos (the notebooks)
When the noun is feminine plural, use las: las ventanas (the windows)

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En la universidad 1.5

It is very important to pay attention to the gender of nouns. As we saw in 1.4.a, the last
letter or letters of a word can sometimes help you to know the gender. Below is a list of
high probabilities of gender based on word ending (but there are almost always
exceptions!).

Masculine endings -o taco


casa, educación, libertad,
Feminine endings -a, -ión, -tad, dad
universidad

Below is a list of "active" vocabulary related to the university and the classroom. "Active"
vocabulary means that it is fair game for any future test or quiz. Try to memorize
vocabulary with the definite article; this will help you to remember the gender of the noun.
Many of these words are cognates and should be relatively easy to guess. Look up any
words that you might not know.

Los lugares Los objetos Las personas Las materias


la biblioteca el bolígrafo el bibliotecario la biología
el bosque la computadora la bibliotecaria las matemáticas
la cafetería el cuaderno el compañero de la psicología
clase (de cuarto)
la calle el diccionario la compañera de los estudios
clase (de cuarto) internacionales
la cancha (de tenis, el escritorio el consejero el español
de futbol)
el edificio el lápiz la consejera el francés
el estacionamiento el libro de texto el estudiante la administración de
empresas
el gimnasio la mesa la estudiante las comunicaciones
la librería la mochila el presidente la filosofía
la oficina el papel la presidenta la literatura
la piscina la pizarra el profesor el inglés
la residencia la puerta la profesora la sociología
el salón de clase la silla el secretario las ciencias
(naturales, políticas,
sociales)
la tienda la ventana la secretaria la economía

35
1.5 Spanish I

1.5. d. To practice using the special verb form: hay (there is and there are)

Hay means "there is" and "there are." Note that this verb form is both singular and plural.
Place "no" before the verb to negate it. Study the following:

English Spanish
What is there in the classroom? ¿Qué hay en el salón de clase?
There are some students. Hay unos estudiantes.
How many students are there? ¿Cuántos estudiantes hay?
There are twenty five students Hay veinticinco estudiantes.
Are there two professors? ¿Hay dos profesores?
No, there are not (two professors). No, no hay (dos profesores).
Is there a window in the classroom? ¿Hay una ventana en el salón de clase?
Yes, there are two. Sí, hay dos.

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En la universidad 1.5

1.5: Para practicar en casa

1.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the numbers 0-99 in Spanish
b. To study the indefinite article (a, an, or some) and grammatical gender
c. To acquire vocabulary related to the university and the definite article
d. To practice using the special verb form: hay (there is and there are)

A. Count in Spanish
1. Practice saying out loud all the numbers from zero to ninety nine.

2. Write out all the numbers from zero to forty. Then, check your spelling.

3. Say the following equations out loud (use y for plus and menos for minus) and fill in the
missing answers:

MODELO:
3 + 9 = 12 tres y nueve son doce.
20 - 6 = 14 veinte menos seis son catorce.

5+2=7 10 + 8 = 18
21 - 4 = 17 33 - 2 = 31
55 + 1 = 56 46 + 3 = 49
64 - 2 = ? 78 - 3 = ?
84 +4 = ? 93 + 6 = ?

B. Grammatical Gender
Write the grammatical gender of the following?

MODELO:
cuaderno masculino
ventana femenino

1. bolígrafo 2. gimnasio
3. ciencia 4. estacionamiento
5. papel 6. calle
7. mochila 8. residencia
9. bosque 10. francés

37
1.5 Spanish I

C. Indefinite Article
Write the indefinite article for each of the following:

MODELO:
un edificio

1. compañera 2. consejera
3. estudiante 4. administración de empresas
5. español 6. estudios internacionales
7. librería 8. profesora
9. cafetería 10. bibliotecario

D. Definite Article
Write the definite article for each of the following:

MODELO:
los edificios

1. silla 2. escritorio
3. papeles 4. lápiz
5. mesas 6. puertas
7. biología 8. tiendas
9. francés 10. calles

E. Definite and Indefinite Articles


Change the definite articles to indefinite articles, and the indefinite articles to definite
articles.

MODELO:
el gimnacio un gimnacio

1. un diccionario 2. la oficina
3. la mochila 4. una residencia
5. una ventana 6. los profesores
7. las computadoras 8. una economía
9. unos bolígrafos 10. unas profesoras

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En la universidad 1.5

F. ¿Qué hay en tu cuarto?


Use hay to write what there is in your room.

MODELO:
Hay un cuaderno.

¿Qué hay en tu cuarto?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

G. Cierto o falso
Read each sentence out loud and write whether the statements are true (cierto) or false
(falso). Correctly rewrite the false statements.

1. Hay una tienda en el salón de clase.


2. Hay un estacionamiento en la piscina.
3. Hay una biblioteca en la cancha de fútbol.
4. Hay una cafetería en el libro de texto.
5. Hay una pizzara en el salón de clase.
6. Hay una cancha de fútbol en la universidad.
7. Hay una piscina en el salón de clase.
8. Hay un libro de texto en la calle.
9. Hay una silla en el bosque.
10. Hay una residencia en el estudiante.

39
1.5 Spanish I

1.5: Para practicar en clase

1.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the numbers 0-99 in Spanish
b. To study the indefinite article (a, an, or some) and grammatical gender
c. To acquire vocabulary related to the university and the definite article
d. To practice using the special verb form: hay (there is and there are)

A. Entrevista
Converse with a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.

1. ¿Cómo eres?
2. ¿Cómo es tu mejor amigo?
3. ¿Qué hay en tu cuarto?
4. ¿Cuántos estudiantes hay en el salón de clase?
5. ¿Cuántas ventanas hay en el salón de clase?
6. ¿Hay un consejero en el salón de clase?
7. ¿Hay una librería en el salón de clase?
8. ¿Qué hay en el salón de clase?
9. En HSU, ¿hay un bosque?
10. En HSU, ¿hay una cafetería?
11. ¿Cuántos minutos hay en una hora?
12. ¿Cuántas horas hay en un día?

B. Count to 99
In a small group, count to 99 with each member of the group saying the next number. Start
over if someone makes a mistake or hesitates too long.

C. Grammatical Gender
Take turns with a classmate reading words from the vocabulary list. Your partner should
say the gender of the words. You each should say the grammatical gender of at least 10
words each.

MODELO:

piscina femenino

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En la universidad 1.5

D. Definite Article
Take turns with a classmate reading words from the vocabulary list. Your partner should
say the definite article for each word. You each should say the definite article of at least 10
words each.

MODELO:

ventana la ventana

E. Indefinite Article
Take turns with a classmate reading words from the vocabulary list. Your partner should
say the indefinite article for each word. You each should say the indefinite article of at least
10 words each.

MODELO:

cuaderno un cuaderno

F. Review
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you count to 99 in Spanish?


2. Do you understand the difference between the definite and indefinite articles?
3. Do you know the active vocabulary?
4. Can you guess the gender of the active vocabulary?
5. Can you answer the following questions:
a. ¿Cuantos profesores hay en el salón de clase?
b. ¿Hay una pizarra en el salón de clase?
c. ¿Qué hay en tu cuarto?
d. ¿Cuantos libros hay en tu mochila?

Tarea (homework):
Complete 1.6 Para Estudiar en Casa and 1.6 Para Practicar en Casa.

41
1.6 Spanish I

1.6: Para estudiar en casa

1.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to express likes and dislikes with gustar
b. To understand the infinitive form of Spanish verbs and how to use it with gustar
c. To learn some Spanish verb meanings

Introduction:
Today we will learn how to talk about things (nouns) and activities (verbs) that we like and
dislike. We will use the verb gustar. The grammatical structure of gustar works differently
than in English. We will learn some new vocabulary and practice some that we have
already learned.

1.6.a. To be able to express likes and dislikes with gustar

Study the following examples.

Español Inglés
Me gusta el libro. I like the book. (singular noun)
Me gusta la mochila. I like the backpack. (singular noun)
Me gustan los libros. I like the books. (plural noun)
Me gustan las mochilas. I like the backpacks. (plural noun)
Me gusta leer. I like to read. (one activity/verb)

The verb gustar means to be pleasing. So structurally, "me gusta la clase" literally means
"the class is pleasing to me". In English, we would say: "I like the class." For now, learn to
express likes and dislikes without worrying about this difference in grammatical structure.
Study the following:

English (note that these Liking singular nouns or Liking plural nouns
subject pronouns are not activities (verbs)
used in Spanish)
I like... me gusta... me gustan...
you (tú) like... te gusta... te gustan...
he likes
she likes le gusta... le gustan...
you (usted) like...
we like... nos gusta... nos gustan...
you (vosotros) like... os gusta... os gustan...
they like les gusta... les gustan...
you (ustedes) like...

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En la universidad 1.6

Note that the only difference in the conjugation of gustar is that there is an "n" at the end
when there is plural nouns.

With gustar, it is very important to use the definite article with nouns, unless it is a proper
noun. Proper nouns refer to individual people, places, or institutions and are usually
capitalized.

MODELO:
Me gusta la universidad. (noun)
Me gusta HSU. (proper noun)

To clarify the meaning of le or les (which could refer to him or her) or to emphasize (for
example when comparing: "she doesn't, but I do"), there is an additional element.

Singular Plural
(a mí) me gusta = I like (a nosotros/as) nos gusta
(a ti) te gusta = you like (a vosotros/as) os gusta
(a él) le gusta = he likes (a ellos) les gusta
(a ella) le gusta = she likes (a ellas) les gusta
(a usted) le gusta = you like (a ustedes) les gusta

To negate this type of sentence, the word "no" goes between the two elements: "A ella no le
gusta." Sometimes the additional element is all that is needed to communicate the idea.
Study the following.

Spanish English
Me gusta la clase. ¿te gusta? I like the class. Do you?
Sí, a mí también. Yes, I do too.
A Roberto no le gusta el libro, pero a ella, sí. Robert doesn't like the book, but she does.

Note:
Whenever the verb gustar is used, we must include the first element (me, te, etc.), which is
called the indirect object pronoun.

1.6.b. To understand the infinitive form of Spanish verbs and how to use it with gustar

The infinitive verb form is when the verb is not conjugated. That means that it is the
simplest form of the verb, unmodified and without a subject. The subject is usually a person
that performs the action of the verb. In English, the infinitive has two parts. The first part is
always the word "to." Here are some examples:

English infinitives:
to be to live
to speak to rain
to eat to care about

43
1.6 Spanish I

In Spanish, the infinitive form is just one word and always ends in the letter "r." There are
three types of Spanish verbs, those that end in -ar, -er, and -ir. Here are the same verbs in
Spanish:

Spanish infinitives:
hablar cuidar
comer ser
vivir escribir

In English, we can say: "I like to read" (infinitive) or "I like reading" (-ing form). We can use
the infinitive or the -ing form for this type of sentence. In Spanish, we always use the
infinitive form for this type of sentence: Me gusta leer. Study the following examples.

English Spanish
I like living in Arcata. Do you? Me gusta vivir en Arcata. ¿Te gusta?
Yes, I do too, but María doesn't. Sí, a mí también, pero a María, no.
... ...
Well, we like to eat at Renata's. Pues, nos gusta comer en Renata's.
My friends like eating there too. A mis amigos les gusta comer allí también.

1.6.c. To learn some Spanish verb meanings

You have already learned a few verbs in the previous sections of this book (ser, hablar,
comer, vivir, llover, cuidar, and gustar). Now we will learn some more verbs so that we can
practice using the infinitive form with gustar. The following list of verbs will be considered
active vocabulary.

Spanish Infinitives English Infinitives


aprender to learn
bailar to dance
beber to drink
enseñar to teach
escribir to write
escuchar to listen
estudiar to study
hacer to do / to make
jugar to play (a sport or a game)
practicar to practice
tocar to play (a musical instrument)

MODELO:
¿Qué te gusta hacer? What do you like to do (doing)?
Me gusta tocar la guitarra. I like to play (playing) the guitar.

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En la universidad 1.6

1.6: Para practicar en casa

1.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to express likes and dislikes with gustar
b. To understand the infinitive form of Spanish verbs and how to use it with gustar
c. To learn some Spanish verb meanings

A. Gustar
Complete the Spanish translations. Which word is missing?

English Spanish
1. I like coffee. ___________ gusta el café.
2. He likes coffee. ___________ gusta el café.
3. She likes coffee. ___________ gusta el café.
4. We like coffee. ___________ gusta el café.
5. They like coffee. ___________ gusta el café.
6. You like coffee (singular, informal). ___________ gusta el café.
7. You like coffee (singular, formal). ___________ gusta el café.
8. You like coffee (plural, informal). ___________ gusta el café.
9. You like coffee (plural, formal). ___________ gusta el café.
10. The students like coffee. A los estudiantes ___________ gusta el café.

B. Gustar conjugation
Conjugate gustar. Remember that it is singular when liking singular nouns and activities
and plural when liking plural nouns.

1. Les el café.
2. Me los libros.
3. ¿Te los profesores?
4. A mis amigos les el bosque.
5. A los estudiantes les la clase.
6. Nos los estudios internationales.
7. ¿A ustedes les bailar?
8. A ella le estudiar la psicología.
9. Os el gimnasio.
10. No le las matemáticas.

45
1.6 Spanish I

C. Emphasis or Clarification
Write the missing information.

1. A mis amigos gusta el español.


2. me gusta también.
3. ¿A ustedes gusta vivir en Humboldt?
4. A ella gusta estudiar en el bosque.
5. nos gusta comer tacos.
6. A él no gusta la lasagna.
7. ¿A tu mejor amigo gustan los libros?
8. os gusta el actor Tom Cruz.

D. Preguntas personales
Answer the following questions using complete sentences.

1. ¿Qué te gusta hacer?


2. ¿Te gusta estudiar?
3. ¿Te gusta el café?
4. ¿Te gusta beber café en la mañana?
5. ¿Qué te gusta comer?
6. ¿Te gusta bailar?
7. ¿A tus amigos les gusta bailar?
8. ¿A ellos qué les gusta hacer?

46
En la universidad 1.6

1.6: Para practicar en clase

1.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to express likes and dislikes with gustar
b. To understand the infinitive form of Spanish verbs and how to use it with gustar
c. To learn some Spanish verb meanings

A. Entrevista
Converse with a classmate; ask and answer the following questions. Fill in the blanks with
your own ideas.

1. ¿Qué te gusta hacer?


2. ¿Te gusta el actor/la actriz ?
3. ¿Te gusta la película (movie) ?
4. ¿Qué tipo de música te gusta escuchar? (clásica, rap, etc.)
5. ¿Qué te gusta comer?
6. ¿A ti y a tus amigos qué les gusta hacer?
7. ¿Te gusta el libro ?
8. ¿Te gusta vivir en Humboldt? ¿Por qué? (why?)

B. Preferencias
Based on the prompts below, make a list of the things that you like and don't like - at least
three. Then form questions to ask your partner if they like or dislike them too.

MODELO:
Me gusta el libro Don Quijote. ¿Te gusta Don Quijote?
No, a mí no me gusta. Me gustan los libros de Harry Potter. ¿Te gustan?
Sí, a mí también me gustan los libros de Harry Potter.

1. restaurantes:
2. libros:
3. películas:
4. cantantes (singers)
5. programas de televisión:

47
1.6 Spanish I

C. Emparejar (matching)
Take turns with a classmate reading the following elements. Your partner should provide
the matching element. Note that there may be several possible answers; ask for all the
possible answers.

MODELO:
a ella le
os a vosotros / a vosotras

1. a mí
2. te
3. a usted
4. a ellas
5. os
6. a la profesora
7. a nosotros
8. a ella
9. a vosotras
10. le
11. a ellos
12. a ti
13. a él
14. nos
15. a vosotros
16. me
17. a ustedes
18. a mi mejor amigo
19. les
20. a nosotras

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you talk about things you and others like and dislike?
2. Can you discuss the activities you and others like to do and do not like to do?
3. Do you know the active vocabulary?
4. Can you answer the following questions:
a. ¿Qué te gusta hacer?
b. ¿Qué te gusta comer?
c. ¿Te gustan las clases?
d. ¿A tus amigos les gusta HSU?

Tarea (homework):
Complete 1.7 Para Estudiar en Casa and 1.7 Para Practicar en Casa.

48
En la universidad 1.7

1.7: Para estudiar en casa

1.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to ask what time it is and tell what time it is in Spanish
b. To be able to ask at what time something will occur and tell what time something will
occur

Introduction:
We will continue to practice university-related vocabulary and use it to practice telling
time and discussing schedules.

1.7.a. To be able to ask what time it is and tell what time it is in Spanish

English Spanish
What time is it? ¿Qué hora es?
It's five o'clock. Son las cinco.
It's one ten. Es la una y diez.
in the morning de la mañana
in the afternoon de la tarde
at night de la noche
It's midnight Es medianoche / Son las doce de la noche.
It's at noon Es al mediodía / Es a las doce de la tarde.
on the dot. en punto

Notes:
You must use the definite article with the number of the hour in Spanish.

The verb ser is plural for all but one o'clock.

Cultural Note:
In some Spanish-speaking countries, morning lasts until 3:00, which is also lunchtime.

¿Qué hora es?

Es la una Es la una y veinte. Son las tres. Son las once y tres
de la mañana. de la noche.

49
1.7 Spanish I

¿Qué hora es?

Son las dos y quince. Son las cuatro y treinta. Son las seis menos quince.
or or or
Son las dos y cuarto. Son las cuatro y media. Son las seis menos cuarto.
or
Son las cinco y cuarenta y cinco.
¿Qué hora es?

Son las diez y cuarenta. Son las doce en punto. Son las nueve menos cinco.
or or or
Son las once menos veinte. Es mediodía. Son las ocho y cinquenta y cinco.
or or
Es medianoche. Cinco para las nueve.

1.7.b. To be able to ask at what time something will occur and tell what time something will
occur

English Spanish
(At) what time is the class? ¿A qué hora es la clase?
It's at three thirty. Es a las tres y media.
Note:
To ask when something will occur in Spanish we must use the preposition a (at), but in
English it is often optional.

¿A qué hora es la clase?

(La clase) Es a la una. Es a las cuatro y media. Es a las tres en punto.

50
En la universidad 1.7

1.7: Para practicar en casa

1.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to ask what time it is and tell what time it is in Spanish
b. To be able to ask at what time something will occur and tell what time something will
occur

A. ¿Qué hora es?

1. ¿Qué hora es ahora (now)? Tell the time out loud in Spanish.

2. You already know how to tell time in English, so from now on, every time you need to
know the time, say it to yourself in Spanish.

3. Write what time is indicated in complete sentences. If there is more than one way of
expressing the time, say all options:

MODELO:
2:15 a.m. Son las dos y cuarto de la mañana.
Son las dos y quince de la mañana.

1. 1:15 a.m.
2. 12:45 p.m.
3. 12:00 p.m.
4. 7:20 a.m.
5. 4:50 a.m.
6. 10:10 p.m.
7. 9:00 a.m.
8. 3:18 p.m.
9. 6:30 p.m.
10. 11:15 a.m.

B. ¿A qué hora?

1. ¿A qué hora es tu clase de español?

2. You already know how to tell what time something is in English, so from now on, every
time you need to know at what time something is, say it to yourself in Spanish.

51
1.7 Spanish I

3. Tell what time something is according to the prompts; if there is more than one way of
expressing it, say all options.

MODELO:
7:30 p.m. Es a las siete y media de la tarde.
Es a las siete y treinta de la tarde.
1. 4:10 p.m.
2. 2:35 p.m.
3. 1:30 p.m.
4. 1:30 p.m.
5. 10:00 p.m.
6. 8:15 a.m.
7. 11:00 a.m.
8. 4:45 p.m.
9. 6:50 a.m.
10. 1:15 a.m.

C. ¿Qué hora es? y ¿A qué hora es?


Write the answers in complete sentences according to the prompts.

MODELO:
¿Qué hora es? (10:22 a.m.)
Son las diez y veinte y dos de la mañana.

1. ¿A qué hora es tu programa favorito? (8:00 p.m.)

2. ¿Qué hora es? (1:40 p.m.)

3. ¿A qué hora es el concierto? (9:30 p.m.)

4. ¿Qué hora es? (3:30 a.m.)

5. ¿Qué hora es? (10:45 p.m.)

6. ¿A qué hora es tu clase favorita? (11:00 a.m.)

7. ¿A qué hora es la cita? (3:45 p.m.)

8. ¿Qué hora es? (1:15 a.m.)

9. ¿A qué hora es la clase? (12:00 p.m.)

10. ¿Qué hora es? (12:55 a.m.)

52
En la universidad 1.7

1.7: Para practicar en clase

1.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to ask what time it is and tell what time it is in Spanish
b. To be able to ask at what time something will occur and tell what time something will
occur

A. Entrevista
Converse with a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.

1. ¿Qué hora es?


2. ¿A qué hora es tu primera clase?
3. ¿A qué hora es tu última clase?
4. ¿A qué hora es tu programa favorito?
5. ¿A qué hora tu clase favorita?
5. ¿Qué hora es?

B. ¿Qué hora es?


With a classmate, tell what time it is according to the prompts. Express each time in as
many logical ways as possible.

1. 6:15 a.m. 2. 3:30 p.m.


3. 7:45 p.m. 4. 8:19 a.m.
5. 1:10 p.m. 6. 1:00 a.m.
7. 4:58 p.m. 8. 2:39 a.m.
9. 12:00 a.m. 10. 11:55 a.m.

C. El horario de clases (the schedule of classes)


Use the class schedule below to discuss the start times with a classmate. Ask each other
when each class is.
MODELO:
¿A qué hora es la clase de biología?
Es a las nueve de la mañana en punto.

Las materias La hora


la biología 9:00 a.m.
la administración de empresas 3:30 p.m.
las ciencias naturales 4:50 p.m.
las ciencias políticas 6:50 p.m.
las ciencias sociales 7:20 a.m.
las comunicaciones 4:15 p.m.
la economía 8:20 a.m.
el español 10:30 a.m.

53
1.7 Spanish I

los estudios internacionales 3:00 p.m.


la filosofía 2:15 p.m.
el francés 1:30 p.m.
el inglés 12:00 p.m.
la literatura 10:15 a.m.
las matemáticas 11:00 a.m.
la psicología 1:00 p.m.
la sociología 12:15 p.m.

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you ask what time it is and tell what time it is in Spanish?
2. Are you able to ask what time something is and tell what time something is in Spanish?
3. Do you know the active vocabulary?
4. Can you answer the following questions:
a. ¿Qué hora es?
b. ¿A qué hora es tu programa favorito?
c. ¿A qué hora es tu clase de español?

Tarea:
Complete 1.8 Para Estudiar en Casa and 1.8 Para Practicar en Casa.

54
En la universidad 1.8

1.8: Para estudiar en casa

1.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about countries and cultures of the Spanish-speaking world
b. To review what you learned in 1.1 -1.8

Introduction:
For today's lesson, we will learn about where Spanish is spoken, how many speakers of
Spanish there are, and what are some of the iconic customs of those countries. In addition
we will begin to review what we have learned so far, so that you are ready to move on to
the next section.

1.8.a. To learn about countries and cultures of the Spanish-speaking world

Watch this video: El español en el mundo.

1.8.b. To review what you learned in 1.1 -1.8

Here is a list of the learning objectives so far. Look them over carefully; we have already
made a lot of progress. Go back and review any topics that you think you need to practice
more.

1.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about the organization of this book
b. ¡A conocernos!
c. To practice important words and phrases for class
1.2 Learning Objectives:
a. To learn to correctly pronounce the Spanish vowels
b. To learn to correctly pronounce the Spanish consonants
c. To become familiar with the Spanish alphabet and phonetics
1.3 Learning Objectives:
a. To learn expressions of greeting and leave-taking
b. To understand the appropriate uses of formal and informal etiquette
c. To learn the days of the week
1.4 Learning Objectives:
a. To learn about adjective agreement
b. To learn about the subject pronouns in Spanish
c. To learn to conjugate the verb SER
d. To learn about cognates

55
1.8 Spanish I

1.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the numbers 0-99 in Spanish
b. To study the indefinite article (a, an, or some) and grammatical gender
c. To acquire vocabulary related to the university and the classroom
d. To practice using the special verb form: hay (there is and there are)
1.6 Learning Objectives:
a. To be able to express likes and dislikes with gustar
b. To understand the infinitive form of Spanish verbs
c. To learn some Spanish verb meanings
1.7 Learning Objectives:
a. To be able to ask what time it is and tell what time it is in Spanish
b. To be able to ask at what time something will occur and tell what time
something will occur
1.8 Learning Objectives:
a. To learn about countries and cultures of the Spanish-speaking world
b. To review what you learned in 1.1 -1.8

56
En la universidad 1.8

1.8: Para practicar en casa

1.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about countries and cultures of the Spanish-speaking world
b. To review what you learned in 1.1 -1.8

A. El español en el mundo
Watch the video again and answer the following questions. You can enable the closed
captions for the video, but be advised that they are not all accurate.

1. According to the video, how many people are native Spanish speakers?

2. According to the video, in how many countries is Spanish the official or co-official
language?

3. Which country has the most Spanish speakers?

4. Which country has the second most Spanish speakers?

5. Name 4 countries where there are many Spanish speakers, but Spanish is not an official
or co-official language.

6. According to the video, how many people study Spanish?

7. What is the name of the famous Spanish literary work mentioned in the video?

8. What is the capital of Argentina and what is the mythic character mentioned?

9. What culture is found in Perú, Bolívia, and Ecuador?

10. Which cultures are found in Mexico?

57
1.8 Spanish I

B. El español en el mundo actual


Keep in mind that the information in the video is dated. That being the case, look up
current information for the following:

1. How many people are native Spanish speakers?

2. How many people speak Spanish in the world?

3. What country has the second most Spanish speakers?

4. Name 4 more countries where there are a large number of Spanish speakers.

5. Why are you studying Spanish?

Be prepared to share this information in class, but also be prepared for other students to
have different answers from different sources.

C. Repaso (Review)
Review the learning objectives again and repeat the exercises in any section that you think
you need to practice more.

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En la universidad 1.8

1.8: Para practicar en clase

1.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about countries and cultures of the Spanish-speaking world
b. To review what you learned in 1.1 -1.8

A. Entrevista
Converse with a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be sure to use an
appropriate greeting.

1. ¿Cómo te llamas?
2. ¿Cómo se escribe tu nombre?
3. ¿De dónde eres?
4. ¿Cómo estás?
5. ¿Dónde vives?
6. ¿Cómo se llama tu mejor amigo?
7. ¿Cómo se escribe su nombre?
8. ¿De dónde es tu mejor amigo?
9. ¿Cómo es tu mejor amigo?
10. ¿Qué hay en tu cuarto?
11. ¿Qué hay en el salón de clase?
12. ¿Cuántas horas hay en un día?
13. ¿Qué te gusta hacer?
14. ¿Qué te gusta comer?
15. ¿Te gusta el chocolate?
16. ¿Qué hora es?
17. ¿A qué hora es tu programa favorito?
18. ¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de tu programa favorito?

B. El español en el mundo
In a small group, compare the information you found about the current numbers of Spanish
speakers. Did you find the same answers? What is different and who is correct? Discuss
your findings with the class.

C. Repaso (Review)
Practice the following with a classmate.

1. Take turns saying the letters of the alphabet in Spanish. Is there any pronunciation that
you have doubts about? If so, discuss with your partner or ask the professor. Practice the
alphabet by dictating words to each other (spell them and have your partner write them
down).

59
1.8 Spanish I

2. Count to 100 with your partner. Take turns and start over if you mess up or hesitate too
long. Dictate some phone numbers (or other numbers) that you know and have your
partner write them down.

3. Discuss with your partner the differences and appropriate uses of the following: tú, usted,
vosotros, ustedes.

4. With your partner practice the conjugation of the verb ser. Randomly switch subjects
below and ask your partner to conjugate the verb.

yo tú
él ella
usted nosotros/as
vosotros/as ellos
ellas ustedes

5. Practice adjective agreement with your partner by selecting subjects above and matching
them with the adjectives below. ("yo / honesto" - honesta or honesto depends on who says
"yo")

atractivo generoso introvertido reservado


brillante honesto liberal responsable
curioso horrible misterioso romántico

6. Practice university related vocabulary and the verb hay with your partner by providing
several answers to the following questions. Don't forget to use the indefinite article.

a. ¿Qué hay en tu cuarto?


b. ¿Qué hay en tu mochila?
c. ¿Qué hay en el salón de clase?
d. ¿Qué hay en la universidad?

7. Practice gustar with your partner by answering the questions below. Don't forget to use
the definite article with nouns.

a. ¿Te gusta la universidad?


b. ¿Te gustan las hamburguesas?
c. ¿Qué más te gusta?
d. ¿Te gusta vivir en Humboldt?
e. ¿Te gusta bailar?
f. ¿Qué más te gusta hacer?

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En la universidad 1.8

8. Practice telling the time with your partner using the chart below

¿Qué hora es?

1. 6:15 a.m. 2. 3:30 p.m.


3. 7:45 p.m. 4. 8:19 a.m.
5. 1:10 p.m. 6. 1:00 a.m.
7. 4:58 p.m. 8. 2:39 a.m.
9. 12:00 a.m. 10. 11:55 a.m.

9. Practice telling what time something is with your partner by using the class schedule
below.

Las materias La hora


los estudios internacionales 1:00 a.m.
la filosofía 3:30 p.m.
el francés 4:50 p.m.
el inglés 6:45 p.m.
la literatura 7:20 a.m.

Tarea:
Continue to review in order to be prepared for the Chapter 1 Assessment.

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2
La familia
2.1 Learning Objectives:
a. To learn more about the masculine and feminine forms of nouns and adjectives
b. To understand more about the singular and plural forms of nouns and adjectives
c. To understand the forms and uses of the possessive adjectives
d. To acquire family related vocabulary
2.2 Learning objectives:
a. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in a vowel, n, or s
b. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in other consonants
c. To learn to stress all words with written accents
2.3 Learning objectives:
a. To fully understand the use of subject pronouns
b. To learn conjugations for regular -ar verbs
c. To be able to construct and respond to "yes or no" questions
d. To acquire vocabulary related to common -ar verbs
2.4 Learning objectives:
a. To learn conjugations for regular -er and -ir verbs
b. To acquire vocabulary related to common regular -er and -ir verbs
c. To be able to ask and answer questions using common interrogative words
2.5 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb estar
b. To modify nouns using estar and adjectives
c. . To be able to use estar for location
2.6 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb tener
b. To learn and be able to use special expressions with the verb tener
c. To be able to use tener and other verbs with infinitives
2.7 Learning objectives:
a. To be able to form EQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives
b. To be able to form UNEQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives
c. To be able to form superlatives
2.8 Learning objectives:
a. To understand the culture behind Spanish last names
b. To review what you learned in 2.1-2.8

62
La familia 2.1

2.1: Para estudiar en casa

2.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn more about the masculine and feminine forms of nouns and adjectives
b. To understand more about the singular and plural forms of nouns and adjectives
c. To understand the forms and uses of the possessive adjectives
d. To acquire family related vocabulary

Introduction:
In this section, we will examine more fully the concept of grammatical gender and the
masculine and feminine forms of nouns and adjectives. We will learn how to pluralize
nouns and adjectives, learn about the possessive adjectives, and family vocabulary.

2.1.a. To learn more about the masculine and feminine forms of nouns and adjectives

Normally, nouns that refer to males are masculine and nouns that refer to females are
feminine. In other words, the biological gender is indicated by the word itself. In the lists
below, notice how the articles also reflect gender in Spanish.

Masculine Feminine Masculino Femenino


the man the woman el hombre la mujer
the father the mother el padre la madre
the rooster the hen el gallo la gallina
the ram the ewe el carnero la oveja

Biological gender is often indicated in professions in English and Spanish.

the actor the actress el actor la actriz


the king the queen el rey la reina

In English, since gender is not indicated in the articles, gender neutrality is becoming
common more quickly. For example, we rarely say "waiter/waitress" or
"steward/stewardess." These words have been replaced with the more gender-neutral
terms: "server" and "flight attendant."

In Spanish, sometimes there are different words to indicate gender, like el hombre and la
mujer. Other times, the word is modified to reflect the gender of the individual, as in el niño
and la niña. Some masculine nouns (and adjectives) that end in o can be changed to the
feminine by changing o to a. Some examples are:

63
2.1 Spanish I

masculino femenino
el hermano la hermana
el primo la prima
el abuelo la abuela
el hijo la hija
el tío la tía
el perro la perra

Some masculine nouns that end in consonants can be changed to the feminine by adding an
a to the end of the word. Here are some examples:

masculino femenino
el profesor la profesora
el señor la señora
el investigador la investigadora
el doctor la doctora

Note: Nouns that end in ista and most nouns that end in e can be masculine or feminine.
For example:

masculino femenino
el artista la artista
el dentista la dentista
el estudiante la estudiante
el cantante la cantante

A few words that end in e can also be changed to the feminine by changing e to a, but it is
still correct to just change the article. As in:

masculino femenino
el presidente la presidente or la presidenta

Some words, although they refer to people, do not change gender. They are like most
nouns; they do not change their gender. An important example of this is the word
"person." "Person" is a feminine noun and there is no masculine form, so even though we
are speaking about a man, we could refer to him as "la persona," as in "la persona quien
escribe" (the person who is writing).

So far, all this talk about gender has referred to individuals (people or animals) that have
biological gender. For English speakers, this makes perfect sense. However, all nouns in
Spanish have grammatical gender; they are either masculine or feminine regardless of
what they refer to. In other words, the gender is arbitrary and does not change. A table is
feminine and a shoe is masculine, and that is all there is to it. This can be a difficult concept
to grasp, but it is an essential part of the Spanish language and simply must be accepted.

As mentioned in 1.5.c, the ending of nouns can often help to identify the gender. Predicting
gender of nouns based on the final letters of the word is not always possible.

64
La familia 2.1

However, here are some high probability indicators:

Gender Ending Example


Masculine -o taco
Feminine -a, -ión, -tad, dad casa, educación, libertad,
universidad

Note: El día and la mano are common exceptions. Other exceptions include masculine
nouns that are derived from Greek, not Latin, and include words ending -ma, -ta and -pa: (el
problema, el programa, el planeta, el cometa, el drama, and el mapa). See this link for more
detailed information on predicting gender of nouns based on word endings.

2.1.b. To understand more about the singular and plural forms of nouns and adjectives

There are a few rules for pluralizing nouns. Fortunately, these same rules also apply to
adjectives. Remember that articles and adjectives must agree with the noun in gender and
number. Masculine forms are commonly used to refer to groups with at least one male.
Some nouns are singular and refer to a group of individuals, like la familia and la clase
(referring to a group of students).

To pluralize a noun (or adjective) that ends in a vowel, add s.

Singular Plural
el padre los padres
el hijo los hijos
la hermana las hermanas
la esposa las esposas

To pluralize a noun (or adjective) that ends in a consonant, add es.

Singular Plural
el papel los papeles
la universidad las universidades
el profesor los profesores
la actitud las actitudes

Note: If the singular form ends in a stressed syllable with an accent (tilde), the accent is
dropped in the plural form: la nación ➔ las naciones.

Note: To pluralize nouns that end in the letter z, change z to c before adding es: el lápiz ➔
los lápices.

65
2.1 Spanish I

2.1.c. To understand the forms and uses of the possessive adjectives

The possessive adjectives modify nouns and tell to whom the noun belongs, for example:
"my class" and "your book." The possessive adjectives correspond to the subject pronouns
(I ➔ my, you ➔ your, etc.). Like all adjectives, the possessive adjectives must agree in
number with the nouns they modify, so most have two forms: singular and plural. In
addition, the nosotros and vosotros forms also agree in gender, therefore, there are four
forms. Study the following chart.

Gender/Number Singular Plural


First Person mi(s) nuestro(s) / nuestra(s)
Second Person tu(s) vuestro(s) / vuestra(s)
Third Person su(s) su(s)

Note:
As with the verb conjugations, personal pronouns of the second person formal (usted and
ustedes) use the third person forms.
Possessive adjectives must agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify,
but most possessive adjectives only have to agree in number. Study the following examples.

With Singular Nouns With Plural Nouns


Leo mi libro. Leo mis libros.
Su hermana está aquí. Sus hermanas están aquí.
Nuestro tío estudia español. Nuestros tíos estudian español.
Vuestra tía estudia español. Vuestras tías estudian español.

Note:
"Su" and "sus" could mean "his," "her," their," or "your" depending on the context of the
sentence. As in English, most of the time, it is clear to whom the noun pertains.

66
La familia 2.1

2.1.d. To acquire family related vocabulary

The following is an example of a family tree, showing some basic family relationships. We
will use this family tree to discuss Carmen's family from her perspective. In the narrative
below, notice the gender and number agreements of the family vocabulary.

Juan y Elena son mis abuelos. Juan es mi abuelo y Elena es mi abuela. Olivia y Miguel son mis
padres. Olivia es mi madre y Miguel es mi padre. Roberto, Alejandro, Natalia y Pedro son mis
tíos. Roberto, Alejandro y Pedro son mis tíos. Natalia es mi tía. Raquel es mi hermana y Sofía
es mi prima.

Soy la nieta de Juan y Elena. Soy la hija de Olivia y Miguel. Soy la sobrina de Roberto,
Alejandro, Natalia y Pedro. Soy la hermana de Raquel y la prima de Sofía.

67
2.1 Spanish I

Study the following vocabulary and think about how you could describe your family
relationships. Look up any additional words that you need to describe your family.

Los parientes The Relatives


los padres the parents
el padre the father
la madre the mother
los hijos the children
el hijo the son
la hija the daughter
los abuelos the grandparents
el abuelo the grandfather
la abuela the grandmother
los hermanos the siblings
el hermano the brother
la hermana the sister
los tíos the aunts and uncles
el tío the uncle
la tía the aunt
los sobrinos the nieces and nephews
los nietos the grandchildren
los primos the cousins
el esposo the husband
la esposa the wife
el padrastro the stepfather
la madrastra the stepmother
el hijastro the stepson
la hijastra the stepdaughter
el medio hermano the half-brother
la media hermana the half-sister
el suegro the father-in-law
la suegra the mother-in-law
el yerno the son-in-law
la nuera the daughter-in-law
el cuñado the brother-in-law
la cuñada the sister-in-law

Las mascotas The Pets


el perro the dog
el gato the cat
el pájaro the bird
el conejo the rabbit

Note:
The masculine plural form is commonly used to refer to both masculine and feminine
counterparts (los tíos = the aunts and uncles, etc.).

68
La familia 2.1

2.1: Para practicar en casa

2.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn more about the masculine and feminine forms of nouns and adjectives
b. To understand more about the singular and plural forms of nouns and adjectives
c. To understand the forms and uses of the possessive adjectives
d. To acquire family related vocabulary

A. Nouns that can change gender I


Change the following to feminine. Remember the articles and adjectives must all
agree.
MODELO:
mi hermano mi hermana

1. vuestro tío
2. tu abuelo
3. su hijo
4. nuestro perro
5. vuestro cuñado
6. su nieto
7. mi primo
8. su sobrino
9. tu suegro
10. nuestro hijastro

B. Nouns that can change gender II


Now change the following to the masculine AND pluralize them.

MODELO:
su abuela sus abuelos

1. mi hija
2. su media hermana
3. nuestra prima
4. su tía
5. vuestra abuela
6. tu hijastra
7. mi hermana
8. nuestra sobrina
9. su perra
10. tu cuñada

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2.1 Spanish I

C. Plural forms of nouns


Pluralize the following.

MODELO:
mi padre mis padres

1. nuestro tío
2. nuestra tía
3. su hermana
4. su hermana
5. mi primo
6. mi prima
7. tu hija
8. tu hijo
9. vuestra abuela
10. vuestro abuelo

D. Singular forms of nouns


Make the following singular.

MODELO:
vuestros padres vuestro padre

1. nuestros abuelos
2. nuestras abuelas
3. sus primos
4. sus primas
5. tus madrastras
6. tus padrastros
7. vuestros sobrinos
8. vuestras sobrinas
9. mis hijos
10. mis hijas

E. Los parientes
Complete the sentences logically (sometimes there is more than one possible answer). Be
sure to double check the gender and number for agreement.

1. La madre de mi madre es mi
2. El padre de mi sobrina es mi
3. La hermana de mi prima es
4. La hija de mi madre es mi
5. El esposo de mi abuela es mi
6. Los hermanos de mi padre son mis

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La familia 2.1

7. Las nietas de mis abuelos son mis


8. El esposo de mi hija es mi
9. La hija de mi abuelo es mi
10. La madre de mi esposo es mi

F. Preguntas personales
Answer the following questions according to your personal experience.
MODELO:

¿Cómo son tus primos?


Son tolerantes.

1. ¿Cómo se llaman tus abuelos?


2. ¿Cómo se llaman tus hermanos?
3. ¿Cómo se llaman tus padres?
4. ¿Dónde viven tus primos?
5. ¿Dónde viven tus padres?
6. ¿Cómo son tus hermanos?
7. ¿Cómo son tus mascotas?
8. ¿Cómo son tus primos?

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2.1 Spanish I

2.1: Para practicar en clase

2.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn more about the masculine and feminine forms of nouns and adjectives
b. To understand more about the singular and plural forms of nouns and adjectives
c. To understand the forms and uses of the possessive adjectives
d. To acquire family related vocabulary

A. Entrevista
With a classmate, take turns asking and answering the following questions. After
responding, ask the same question and change the gender.

MODELO:
¿Cómo se llama tu abuelo?
Se llama Octavio. ¿Cómo se llama tu abuela?

1. ¿Cómo se llama tu padre?


2. ¿Cómo es tu padre?
3. ¿Dónde vive tu padre?
4. ¿ Cómo se llama tu hermano?
5. ¿Cómo es tu hermano?
6. ¿Dónde vive tu hermano?
7. ¿Cómo se llama tu primo?
8. ¿Cómo es tu primo?
9. ¿Dónde vive tu primo?
10. ¿Cómo se llama tu tío?
11. ¿Cómo es tu tío?
12. ¿Dónde vive tu tío?

B. Gender and Number


Take turns with a classmate to make the following masculine and singular.

MODELO:
vuestras abuelas
vuestro abuelo

1. nuestras hijas 2. sus nietas


3. mis hermanas 4. tus sobrinas
5. vuestras cuñadas 6. nuestras nietas
7. tus tías 8. sus medias hermanas
9. mis perras 10. vuestras hijastras

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La familia 2.1

C. Mi familia
With a classmate, take turns describing the members of your family (what their name is,
what they are like, and where they live).

MODELO:
Mi hermano se llama Tomás. Es inteligente y trabajador. Vive en Nueva York.

D. La madre de mi madre es mi ...


Follow the model and create 5 original challenges for your partner using the family
vocabulary. Write down your challenges and then say them to your partner.

MODELO:
La madre de mi madre es mi ...

E. Review
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you understand that some nouns have feminine forms and others do not?
2. Can you change the gender of certain nouns and adjectives?
3. Can you change the number (singular and plural) of certain nouns and adjectives?
4. Do you know how to use the possessive adjectives?
5. Do you know the family related vocabulary?

Tarea (homework):
Complete 2.2 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.2 Para Practicar en Casa.

73
2.2 Spanish I

2.2: Para estudiar en casa

2.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in a vowel, n, or s
b. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in other consonants
c. To learn to stress all words with written accents

Introduction:
In this section, we will work on pronunciation. Specifically, we will learn to stress the
correct syllable of every word in Spanish. The stressed syllable is dependant upon the last
letter of the word and / or if it has a written accent. There are other ways to understand
this information and, perhaps, you have studied them. Use whichever way helps you to best
understand how to stress words in Spanish.

2.2.a. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in a vowel, n, or s

Every word in Spanish has one syllable that is stressed more than the other syllables. When
pronouncing the word, it is incorrect to stress the wrong syllable. In fact, stressing the
wrong syllable may even result a completely different word. Words that have only one
syllable must stress the single syllable, so this section will focus on multi-syllable words.

• Words in Spanish that have no written accent and end in a vowel, n, or s always
stress the second-to-last (penultimate) syllable.

That's it. It's simple. Right? Learn that statement and you will know how to correctly stress
most words in Spanish (well, sometimes you will have to know how to divide words into
syllables too - for now, divide them as best you can using what you know from English).

Here are some examples:

casa hombre niño pantalones hablan


hermana pesadumbre cerebro granadas bailaron

Each of these words ends in a vowel, n, or s and none have written accents, so they all
stress the penultimate syllable. It doesn't matter if there are two or many more syllables;
count from the last syllable and stress the second-to-last. You do not need to know what
the words mean in order to pronounce them correctly. As you say them, overemphasize the
stressed syllable (sometimes it helps to gesture with your hand or nod your head as you
stress the words).

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La familia 2.2

2.2.b. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in other consonants

Now we will learn to appropriately stress all the other words without written accents.

• Words that don't have a written accent and end in any other consonant (other than
n or s) always stress the last syllable.

Know this rule (and the first one) and you will be able to correctly stress the vast majority
of words in Spanish. Again, since we are focusing on stressing the correct syllable, it's a
good idea to overemphasize the pronunciation (and / or use hand gestures or head nods).

Here are some examples:

bondad señor feroz papel comer


universidad trabajador avestruz español aprender

Note:
You have already learned how to pluralize nouns and adjectives. If these words were
pluralized, they would all follow the first rule (ending in s after adding -es), not this rule.
The result is that the same root syllable is stressed (universidad ➔ universidades).

2.2.c. To learn to stress all words with written accents

So far, we have covered all Spanish words without written accents. Now we will consider
words with written accents. Written accents (la tilde) only go on vowels (á, é, í, ó, and ú).
The tilde has two functions:

1. To change the normally stressed syllable (basically to break the two rules we just
discussed)
2. To indicate a different connotation of a word that is pronounced exactly the same.
These "twin" words are usually monosyllable words (mi vs mí), but also there are
some with more syllables (como vs cómo).

For now, we only need to concern ourselves with the first function, the one that changes
the normally stressed syllable. The tilde breaks the rules previously discussed and allows
words to be stress on any syllable (last, second-to-last, third-to-last, etc.).

• Words with written accents (tildes) always stress the syllable with the tilde.

Once again, as you pronounce these words, try to overemphasize the pronunciation with
special attention to the syllables. It also helps to use hand gestures or head nods.

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2.2 Spanish I

Here are some examples:

última sílaba penúltima sílaba antipenúltima sílaba


jamás árbol séptimo
ratón lápiz América
corazón azúcar islámico
Panamá fácil México

Note:
When nouns and adjectives with tildes (and without) are pluralized, they must still stress
the same root syllable. Most of the time, this means that you carryover the tilde to the
plural form. Here are some examples:

Carrying over the tilde


árbol ➔ árboles
América ➔ Américas

However, in some uncommon cases, when you pluralize, you may have to add or remove a
tilde to maintain the stress on the root syllable. Either way, all words follow one of the
three rules presented in this section. Here are some examples:

Adding tildes to plural forms Removing tildes to plural forms


examen ➔ exámenes ratón ➔ ratones
orden ➔ órdenes corazón ➔ corazones

Here is a summary of the three rules for stressing the correct syllable in all Spanish words.

Pronunciation Rules for Syllable Stress


1. Words in Spanish that have no written accent and end in a vowel, n, or s always
stress the second-to-last (penultimate) syllable.
2. Words that don't have a written accent and end in any other consonant (other than n
or s) always stress the last syllable.
3. Words with written accents (tildes) always stress the syllable with the tilde.

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La familia 2.2

2.2: Para practicar en casa

2.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in a vowel, n, or s
b. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in other consonants
c. To learn to stress all words with written accents

A. Las tres reglas


Use the summary of the three rules on the previous page and indicate which pronunciation
rule the following words follow.

MODELO:
vosotras regla 1
universidad regla 2
fácil regla 3

1. mamá
2. números
3. regla
4. símbolo
5. sobrinos
6. juez
7. nacionalidad
8. ciudad
9. hermana
10. débil

B. La sílaba tónica
Practice pronouncing the following words. Divide the words into syllables and underline
the stressed syllable. Don't worry about what the words mean; focus on the syllable stress.

1. dinero
2. camiseta
3. padres
4. exámenes
5. crítico
6. critico
7. criticó
8. acabar
9. almorzar
10. animal

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2.2 Spanish I

C. La pluralización
Write the plural forms for the following words. Pay special attention to the stress of the
root syllable and if the tilde is carried over, lost, or added to the plural form.

1. orden
2. corazón
3. alemán
4. fácil
5. islámico
6. fantástica
7. lámpara
8. natural
9. azul
10. trabajador

D. Las reglas
Without looking at the explanations above, write down the three rules in your own words.
Also write 3 examples of each rule. Afterwards, check that what you wrote is correct.

1.

2.

3.

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La familia 2.2

2.2: Para practicar en clase

2.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in a vowel, n, or s
b. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in other consonants
c. To learn to stress all words with written accents

A. La trabalengua
With a classmate, practice pronouncing the following tongue twister. Then answer the
questions that follow.

Erre con erre cigarro,


erre con erre barril.
Rápido corren los carros,
sobre los rieles del ferrocarril.

Which words stress the last syllable?


Which rule(s) do those words follow?
Which words stress the second-to-last syllalbe?
Which rule(s) do those words follow?
Which words stress other syllables (not last or second-to-last)?
Which rule(s) do those words follow?

B. Las reglas
Use the summary of the three rules and indicate which pronunciation rule the following
words follow.

MODELO:
vosotras regla 1
universidad regla 2
fácil regla 3

1. trabalenguas
2. accidente
3. refrigerador
4. ángel
5. clase
6. papel
7. educativo
8. artículo
9. estómago
10. límite

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2.2 Spanish I

C. La sílaba tónica
With a classmate, divide the following words into syllables and underline the stressed
syllable according to the rules. Then, practice pronouncing them. Don't worry about what
they mean; focus on the syllable stress.

1. hijastro
2. padres
3. hablar
4. pájaro
5. francés
6. familia
7. actor
8. escribir

D. Las palabras gemelas (twins)


With a classmate, discuss if the tildes in the following words are 1) required to change the
stressed syllable or 2) if they simply indicate a different use of the word (the two functions
of the tilde).

1. está
2. esta
3. donde
4. dónde
5. cuándo
6. cuando
7. trabajo
8. trabajó

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you know which syllable to stress in words without tildes?


2. Do you know which syllable to stress in words with tildes?
3. Do you know why some words loose or gain a tilde between the singular and plural
forms?
4. Do you know the three rules for syllable stress in Spansh?

Tarea:
Complete 2.3 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.3 Para Practicar en Casa.

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La familia 2.3

2.3: Para estudiar en casa

2.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To fully understand the use of subject pronouns
b. To learn conjugations for regular -ar verbs
c. To be able to construct and respond to "yes or no" questions
d. To acquire vocabulary related to common -ar verbs

Introduction:
In this section, we will discuss the use of subject pronouns and learn the conjugations for
regular -ar verbs. You will be able to use several regular -ar verbs to ask and answer yes
and no questions.

2.3.a. To fully understand the use of subject pronouns

Please review the introduction to subject pronouns in 1.4.b. Also, review the different uses
in Spanish of the subject pronoun "you" as presented in 1.3.b.

Subject pronouns, like all pronouns, take the place of nouns.

• "I" and "we" refer to the person speaking and are considered the "first" person.

• "You" refers to the person being spoken to and is considered the "second" person.

• "He, she, it," and "they" refer to the person being spoken about and are considered
the third person.

There are singular and plural forms of the first, second, and third person subject pronouns.
Examine the following chart.

Person/Number Singular Plural


First Person yo nosotros/as
Second Person tú, usted vosotros/as, ustedes
Third Person él, ella ellos, ellas

Note:
"Usted" and "ustedes" are commonly abbreviated as "Ud." and "Uds.".

As discussed in 1.4.b, subject pronouns are frequently omitted in Spanish. This is because
that information is understood as part of the verb conjugation. Yo, tú, nosotros/as, and

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2.3 Spanish I

vosotros/as are typically omitted. In addition, the English subject pronoun "it" does not
even exist in Spanish. There is no Spanish equivalent, because it is fully incorporated into
the verb conjugation. Consider the following:

English Spanish
It is important. Es importante.
It is perfect. Es perfecto.
It is horrible. Es horrible.
It is one o'clock. Es la una.

Note:
"It" can be a subject pronoun, performing the action of the verb (i.e. "It is important"), or
"it" can be an object pronoun, receiving the action of the verb ("I see it" or "I threw the ball
at it"). Do not confuse the subject pronoun "it," which do exist in Spanish, with the object
pronouns "it." For now, just remember that the Spanish verb conjugation includes "it."

2.3.b. To learn conjugations for regular -ar verbs

There three types of regular verbs: verbs ending in -ar, -er, and -ir. In this section, we will
focus on the conjugations of verbs ending in -ar. Remember that the infinitive is the form of
the verb without conjugation. The infinitive and other verb forms have two parts: the stem
and the ending.

Infinitivo (infinitive) Raíz (stem) Terminación (ending)


hablar habl- -ar

As we have seen in previous sections, the verb conjugations have endings associated with
the subject pronouns. Here are the conjugations of the verb: hablar (to speak/to talk).
Notice how the stem is the same, but the ending depends on the subject.

Singular Plural
yo hablo (I speak) nosotros/as hablamos (we speak)
tú hablas (you speak) vosotros/as habláis (you speak)
él (he/it speaks) ellos (they speak)
ella habla (she/it speaks) ellas hablan (they speak)
usted (you speak) ustedes (you speak)

Note:
The conjugations for the second person formal (usted and ustedes) are the same as the third
person conjugations.

It is useful to memorize the verb hablar as an example verb for all regular -ar verbs. In
addition, you can memorize just the endings: -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an.

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La familia 2.3

Spanish present tense conjugations have different English equivalents depending on the
context. Here are the most common:

Spanish Present Tense English Equivalent Context


I speak present action (habitual)
Hablo I am speaking in-progress action
I do speak / Do I speak? general actions/ question
I will speak near future action

2.3.c. To be able to construct and respond to "yes or no" questions

As noted in the previous section, one of the English equivalents of the Spanish present
tense includes the auxiliary verb "to do." In English, this is how we commonly form "yes or
no" questions, but there is no Spanish equivalent for that auxiliary verb; it is simply part of
the Spanish verb conjugation. To form a question like: "Do you speak Spanish?" you would
say: "¿Hablas español?"

Say the following examples out loud and notice how your voice naturally raises at the end
of each question. This is called raising intonation. Raising intonation is one way that we
indicate that we are asking a question.

Question in English Pregunta en español


Do I speak now? ¿Hablo ahora?
Do you speak Spanish? ¿Hablas español?
Does he speak English? ¿Habla inglés?
Do we speak? ¿Hablamos?
Do they speak German? ¿Hablan alemán?

Note:
In Spanish, there is a question mark at the beginning and at the end of questions. This way,
you will know that it should be read as a question before you start reading it.

In English, we are not required to use the auxiliary verb "to do." All of the above questions
could be formed without it. "I speak now?" and "you speak Spanish?" are perfectly good
questions in English. In English, the auxiliary verb can soften the question and make it
more obvious that the sentence is a question.

Sometimes, when forming questions, we can alter the normal order (placement) of the
subject and verb. Consider the possible answers to the question: "You guys speak Spanish?"

Normal order (statement) We do.


Normal order (question) We do?
Altered order (question) Do we?

83
2.3 Spanish I

When we reverse the normal order of the subject and verb in order to form questions, we
emphasize the fact that it is a question. The same is true in Spanish, but the placement of
the subject is even more flexible. Notice the placement of the subject pronoun in these
questions:

Questions in English Preguntas en español


¿Habla español?
Does he speak Spanish? ¿Él habla español?
He speaks Spanish? ¿Habla él español?
¿Habla español él?

To answer these questions, we could simply say "sí" or "no." However, it is very important
to practice answering with more complete sentences, especially the verb conjugation.

Here are possible affirmative answers to these questions.

Affirmative Responses in English Respuestas afirmativas en español


Yes. Sí.
Yes, he does speak Spanish. Sí, habla español.
Yes, he speaks Spanish. Sí, él habla español.

Note:
The use of the subject pronoun (él) in the response is unnecessary, because the subject is
already established in the question.

Negative Responses in English Respuestas negativas en español


No.
No. No, no habla español.
No, he does not speak Spanish? No, él no habla español.

Note:
In Spanish, the word "no" can appear twice in the responses. One answers the question, just
like in English. The other negates the verb, just like the word "not" in English.

¿Tus amigos hablan español?


Sí, hablan español.
¿Hablan alemán?
No, no hablan alemán.

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La familia 2.3

2.3.d. To acquire vocabulary related to common -ar verbs

Here are some common regular -ar verbs. They all conjugate exactly like hablar in the
present tense.

Spanish English
bailar to dance
buscar to look for
cantar to sing
cenar to eat dinner / to have dinner
comprar to buy
desayunar to eat breakfast / to have breakfast
desear to want (desire)
enseñar to teach
escuchar to listen (to)
estudiar to study
mandar to send (something)
mirar to watch
nadar to swim
necesitar to need
pagar to pay (for something)
practicar to practice
regresar to return (to a location)
tocar to touch / to play a musical instrument
tomar to take / to drink
trabajar to work
usar to use / to wear (clothes)
viajar to travel

Note:
Certain verbs include extra words in English.

buscar to look for Él busca un lápiz. He is looking for a pencil.


cenar to eat dinner Ceno a las 6. I eat dinner at 6.
desayunar to eat breakfast ¿Desayunas aquí? Do you eat breakfast here?
escuchar to listen to Escucho música clásica. I listen to classical music.
pagar to pay for Pago la comida. I pay for the food.

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2.3 Spanish I

2.3: Para practicar en casa

2.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To fully understand the use of subject pronouns
b. To learn conjugations for regular -ar verbs
c. To be able to construct and respond to "yes or no" questions
d. To acquire vocabulary related to common -ar verbs

A. Which person?
Indicate which person (first, second, or third) is being mentioned.

MODELO:
yo first

1. vosotras
2. tú y tus amigos
3. ustedes
4. Hillary
5. Jorge
6. ellos
7. nosotros
8. tú y yo
9. mis amigos y yo
10. Roberto y María

B. Which pronoun?
Indicate which subject pronoun should be used to answer the following questions. The
subject pronoun will often be omitted in the answer, but it is really important to identify
the subject according to which the verb should be conjugated.

MODELO:
¿Tú hablas español? yo

1. ¿Vosotras buscáis el libro?


2. ¿Tus amigos y tú trabajan?
3. ¿Viajan ustedes mucho?
4. ¿Hillary toca la guitarra?
5. ¿Paga Jorge la entrada?
6. ¿Ellos toman limonada?
7. ¿Escuchamos música clásica?
8. ¿Bailamos tú y yo?
9. ¿Cantamos bien mis amigos y yo?
10. ¿Estudian mucho Roberto y María?

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La familia 2.3

C. A Conjugar
Conjugate the verbs according to the subject provided to form complete questions.

1. ¿ (Tomar - tú) una clase de matemáticas?


2. ¿ (Bailar - tú) con tus amigos?
3. ¿ (Nadar - tú) en la piscina de la universidad?
4. ¿ (Desayunar) en Renata's?
5. ¿ (Cenar - tú) en la cafetería de la universidad?
6. ¿ (Escuchar - tú) música clásica?
7. ¿ (Mirar - tú) mucha televisión?
8. ¿ (Estudiar - tú) en la biblioteca?
9. ¿ (Hablar - tú) español?
10. ¿Tus amigos (trabajar)?

D. Preguntas personales
Now answer the questions above based on your own experience. Here and in class, answer
in complete sentences and play along, meaning if you are asked about your roommate, but
you don't have one, just answer as if you did.

MODELO:
¿Trabajas en la librería?
Sí, trabajo en la librería.
or
No, no trabajo en la librería.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

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2.3 Spanish I

2.3: Para practicar en clase

2.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To fully understand the use of subject pronouns
b. To learn conjugations for regular -ar verbs
c. To be able to construct and respond to "yes or no" questions
d. To acquire vocabulary related to common -ar verbs

A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be sure to answer affirmatively
and negatively just to practice.

1. ¿Nadas? ¿Nadas en la piscina de la universidad?


2. ¿Cenas en la cafetería de la universidad?
3. ¿Cenas a las seis? ¿Desayunas a las ocho?
4. ¿Tomas limonada? ¿Tomas cerveza?
5. ¿Viajas mucho?
6. ¿Estudias en la biblioteca de la universidad?
7. ¿Escuchas música técnica / clásica / rock / de México?
8. ¿Regresas a casa a las 10 de la noche?
9. ¿Trabajas en la librería de la universidad? ¿Dónde trabajas?
10. ¿Miras Los diarios de vampiros?

B. Más preguntas
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions - be careful with the subject in
the answer. Answer affirmatively and negatively just to practice.

1. ¿Tus amigos y tú trabajan?


2. ¿Tus amigos estudian en el bosque?
3. ¿Tú y tus amigos bailan?
4. ¿Cenas con tus amigos?
5. ¿Tus amigos tocan música / guitarra / piano?
6. ¿Vosotros viajáis frecuentemente?
7. ¿Tus amigos cantan?
8. ¿Pagas tus cuentas (bills)?
9. ¿Ustedes toman una clase de psicología?
10. ¿Tú y tus compañeros de clase usan computadoras en clase?

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La familia 2.3

C. Las conjugaciones
With a classmate, use the list of verbs below and take turns fully conjugating them. Tell
your partner the verb you want them to conjugate.

MODELO:
hablar
hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan

bailar buscar cantar


cenar comprar desayunar
desear enseñar escuchar
estudiar mandar mirar
nadar necesitar pagar
practicar regresar tocar
tomar trabajar viajar

D. Preguntas originales
Write five original questions with the verbs above. Then take turns asking and answering
them with a classmate.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you fully understand the difference between the first, second, and third persons?
2. Can you conjugate regular -ar verbs?
3. Do you know the meaning of the verbs in the list above?
4. Can you form "yes" or "no" questions with the verbs above?
5. Can you answer affirmatively and negatively when asked "yes" or "no" questions?
6. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Viajas mucho?
b. ¿Usas tu teléfono en clase?
c. ¿Tus amigos nadan en la piscina de la universidad?
d. ¿Tus amigos y tu trabajan?

Tarea:
Complete 2.4 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.4 Para Practicar en Casa.

89
2.4 Spanish I

2.4: Para estudiar en casa

2.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn conjugations for regular -er and -ir verbs
b. To acquire vocabulary related to common regular -er and -ir verbs
c. To be able to ask and answer questions using common interrogative words

Introduction:
In this section, we will greatly expand our ability to conjugate Spanish verbs by learning the
other two types of regular conjugations, -er and -ir verbs. We will continue to practice the
verbs by asking questions, but now we will ask them with interrogative (question) words.

2.4.a. To learn conjugations for regular -er and -ir verbs

In section 2.3.b, you learned how to conjugate regular -ar verbs and what their
conjugations mean in English. This knowledge will make it much easier to understand the
conjugations and uses of regular -er and -ir verbs.

Just like -ar verbs, -er and -ir verbs have two parts. We will use the common verbs of comer
(to eat) and vivir (to live) as examples.

Infinitivo (infinitive) Raíz (stem) Terminación (ending)


comer com- -er
vivir viv- -ir

The conjugations for regular -er and -ir verbs are very similar to regular -ar verb
conjugations. Notice that the only difference between -ar verbs and -er verbs are the
vowels (a ➔ e).

Singular Plural
yo como vivo nosotros/as comemos vivimos
tú comes vives vosotros/as coméis vivís
él ellos
ella come vive ellas comen viven
usted ustedes

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La familia 2.4

The endings for the -er and -ir verbs are identical, except for the nosotros and vosotros
forms.

Singular Plural
yo -o nosotros/as -emos -imos
tú -es vosotros/as -éis -ís
él ellos
ella -e ellas -en
usted ustedes

2.4.b. To acquire vocabulary related to common regular -er and -ir verbs

Here are some common regular -er verbs. They all conjugate exactly like comer in the
present tense.

Spanish English
aprender to learn
beber to drink
comer to eat
comprender to understand
correr to run
creer (en)* to think, to believe (in)
deber to owe, should, must
leer to read
responder (a)* to respond, to answer, to reply
vender to sell

Here are some common regular -ir verbs. They conjugate exactly like vivir.

Spanish English
abrir to open
asistir (a)* to attend (to go to an event)
compartir to share, to divide up
cumplir to fulfill, to carry out (obligations)
escribir to write
insistir (en)* to insist (on)
recibir to receive
subir (a)* to go up, to climb up
vivir to live

Note:
Depending on what follows, certain verbs (*) can require prepositions and others can be
used with infinites.

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2.4 Spanish I

2.4.c. To be able to ask and answer questions using common interrogative words

In 2.3.c, you learned how to ask and answer "yes or no" questions. In this section, we will
focus on interrogative words (question words) to form questions.

In previous sections, we have already used a few interrogative words. Here is a list of
interrogative words that we will use in this section.

Spanish English
¿cómo? how?
¿cuándo? when?
¿cuánto? how much?
¿cuántos(as)? how many?
¿cuál(es)? what? / which?
¿dónde? where?
¿por qué? why?
¿qué? what?
¿quién(es)? who? / whom?

Note:
All interrogative words have written accent marks. The accent mark does not change which
syllable of the word is stressed. Instead, the accent mark on interrogative words indicates
that the word functions as a question. Notice the difference in the function of the word
"where" in the following examples.

Spanish English
¿Dónde vives? Where do you live?
Sé donde vives. I know where you live.

In the first example, "where" is an interrogative word and functions as a question. In the
second example, it does not. In Spanish, this difference is indicated by the accent mark.

In the following examples, notice that the verb in the question is frequently required in the
answer, although the subject may often be different.

Pregunta Respuesta
¿Cómo estás? Estoy bien.
¿Cuándo es la clase? Es a las 2.
¿Cuánto dinero necesitas? Necesito dos dólares.
¿Cuántos estudiantes hay en la clase? Hay 25 estudiantes.
¿Cuál es tu deporte favorito? Es el futbol americano.
¿Dónde vives? Vivo en Chicago.
¿Por qué estudias español? Estudio español porque mis amigos hablan
español.

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La familia 2.4

¿Qué escuchas? Escucho música clásica.


¿Quién enseña la clase? La profesora enseña la clase.

If there is a preposition in the question, the same preposition usually occurs in the answer.

Pregunta Respuesta
¿De dónde eres? Soy de Chicago.
¿Para quién es el libro? Es para mi amiga.
¿A qué hora es el concierto? Es a las 10.

Questions with interrogative words function the same way as "yes or no" questions. See
section 2.3.c to review raising intonation, English auxiliary verb "to do," word order in
questions, affirmative responses, and negative responses.

Note:
Both ¿cuál? and ¿qué? can mean "what?" in English. The main difference is with the verb
ser. With the verb ser, ¿qué? asks for a definition, but ¿cuál? asks for a specific answer from
a set of possibilities. Consider the following questions and answers.

¿Qué es tu número de teléfono? What is your telephone number?


Es el número para llamarme. It's the number you dial to call me.
¿Cuál es tu número de teléfono? What is your telephone number?
Es (707) 555-8292. It's (707) 555-8292.

¿Qué es tu deporte favorito? What's your favorite sport?


Es el deporte que me gusta más. It's the one I like the most.
¿Cuál es tu deporte favorito? What's your favorite sport?
Es el futbol. It's soccer.

Note:
In English, we would rarely ask the above questions that start with ¿qué es? However,
whenever we are asking for a definition, we would say ¿qué es? (i.e. ¿Qué es una
preposición?)

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2.4 Spanish I

2.4: Para practicar en casa

2.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn conjugations for regular -er and -ir verbs
b. To acquire vocabulary related to common regular -er and -ir verbs
c. To be able to ask and answer questions using common interrogative words

A. Verbos -er y -ir


Conjugate the verbs in parenthesis according to the subject.

1. ¿Vosotras (vivir) en Los Ángeles?


2. Tú y tus amigos (comprender) la información.
3. Ustedes (abrir) los libros.
4. Carla (compartir) la comida.
5. Álvaro (asistir) a la clase.
6. Ellos (leer) los libros.
7. Nosotros (comer) hamburguesas.
8. Tú y yo (subir) el árbol (tree).
9. Mis amigos y yo (escribir) poemas.
10. Darío y Candela (vender) cerámica.

B. ¿Cuál verbo?
Choose the most appropriate verb and conjugate it according to the context of each
sentence.

MODELO:
¿Tú (vivir / aprender) español? aprendes

1. ¿Vosotras (beber / abrir) el libro?


2. ¿Tus amigos y tú (vivir / creer) en Arcata?
3. ¿(Comprender / Subir) ustedes el poema?
4. ¿Juana (asistir / comer) a la clase?
5. ¿Raúl (comprender / abrir) la puerta?

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La familia 2.4

6. ¿Ellos (beber / leer) limonada?


7. Nosotros (vender / escribir) la frase.
8. Tú y yo (insitir / vivir) en California.
9. ¿Tú (creer / abrir) que hay mucha tarea?
10. Mateo (deber / aprender) español.

C. Preguntas personales
Write the answers to these questions according to your personal experience.

MODELO:
¿Dónde trabajas?
Trabajo en la librería.

1. ¿Por qué estudias español?


2. ¿Con quién cenas?
3. ¿Dónde trabajas?
4. ¿De dónde es tu mejor amigo?
5. ¿Cómo está tu mejor amigo?
6. ¿Cuándo estudias?
7. ¿Qué lees?
8. ¿Cuál es tu clase favorita?
9. ¿Cuál es tu número de teléfono?
10. ¿A qué hora es tu clase favorita?
11. ¿Por qué estudias en HSU?
12. ¿Cómo es tu clase favorita?
13. ¿Qué bebes para el desayuno?
14. ¿Cuántas clases tomas?
15. ¿Cuántos bolígrafos tienes?

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2.4 Spanish I

D. Preguntas originales
Write ten original questions for your classmates using question words and -er and -ir
verbs.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

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La familia 2.4

2.4: Para practicar en clase

2.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn conjugations for regular -er and -ir verbs
b. To acquire vocabulary related to common regular -er and -ir verbs
c. To be able to ask and answer questions using common interrogative words

A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be sure to answer affirmatively
and negatively just to practice.

1. ¿Lees mucho? ¿Lees en la biblioteca de la universidad?


2. ¿Comes en la cafetería de la universidad?
3. ¿Asistes a clase todos los días?
4. ¿Aprendes matemáticas / español / filosofía / sociología?
5. ¿Abren la librería a las 5 de la mañana?
6. ¿Bebes leche / cerveza / limonada / café / té?
7. ¿Escribes novelas / poemas / canciones (songs)?
8. ¿Lees las noticias (news) / la tarea / ?
9. ¿Trabajas en la librería de la universidad? ¿Dónde trabajas?
10. ¿Miras Los diarios de vampiros?

B. Asociaciones
Discuss with a classmate which verbs you can associate with the following ideas. Provide
the infinitive. There can be several answers for each idea.

1. un libro de texto
2. un poema
3. una limonada o una cerveza
4. la librería
5. una tienda (store)
6. la literatura, las matemáticas, etc.
7. una puerta o una ventana
8. un restaurante
9. la tarea
10. en tu casa

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2.4 Spanish I

C. Las conjugaciones
With a classmate, use the list of verbs below and take turns fully conjugating them. Tell
your partner the verb you want them to conjugate.

MODELO:
comer
como, comes, como, comemos, coméis, comen

abrir aprender asistir (a)


beber comer compartir
comprender creer (en) cumplir
deber escribir insistir (en)
leer recibir responder (a)
subir (a) vender vivir
trabajar escuchar bailar

D. Preguntas originales
Ask a partner the original questions you wrote in the Para practicar en casa section. Write
down their answers.

1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs?


2. Do you know the meaning of the verbs in the list above?
3. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Por qué vives en Humboldt?
b. ¿Comprendes la gramática nueva?
c. ¿Dónde comes?
d. ¿Qué lees normalmente?

Tarea:
Complete 2.5 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.5 Para Practicar en Casa.

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2.5: Para estudiar en casa

2.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb estar
b. To modify nouns using estar and adjectives
c. To be able to use estar for location

Introduction:
In this section, we will focus on two uses of a very common and important verb, estar. You
have already used this verb to express how you are. Now we will learn the full present
tense conjugation of estar, new adjectives to use with this verb, and how to tell where
nouns are located.

2.5.a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb estar

Ser and estar are two verbs that express "to be" in English. You will study the differences
between ser and estar in Chapter 4. For now, think of ser as describing characteristics (she
is intelligent) and estar as describing conditions (she is tired).

Estar is an -ar verb, but it is also irregular, so it does not exactly conjugate like hablar.
Carefully study and practice saying out loud the full conjugation of estar.

Singular Plural
yo estoy nosotros/as estamos
tú estás vosotros/as estáis
él ellos
ella está ellas están
usted ustedes

Note:
Notice that the ending for the nosotros and vosotros are the same as regular -ar verbs. The
other forms are irregular. The y at the end of the conjugation for yo and the written accents
on the other forms change which syllable is stressed. For those subjects, regular -ar verbs
stress the second-to-last syllable, but these all stress the last syllable. Consider the written
accent to be as important as a letter. If you do not include it, not only is it misspelled, but it
could also mean something completely different.

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2.5 Spanish I

2.5.b. To modify nouns using estar and adjectives

In chapter 1, we introduced the use of ser with adjectives. Ser is used when the adjective is
a characteristic (referring to professions, religions, qualities of the noun). Estar is used to
describe states and conditions. Notice the different types of adjectives in the following
examples.

Pregunta Respuesta
¿Cómo eres? Soy inteligente, generoso y organizado.
¿Cómo estás? Estoy alegre, entusiasmado y contento

As with all adjectives, they must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. As
a review, here are the different forms of the adjectives above:

Gender / Number Singular Plural


Masculine alegre, generoso, contento alegres, generosos, contentos
Feminine alegre, generosa, contenta alegres, generosas, contentas

The most common word used with estar is bien (well). It's actually an adverb and,
therefore, there is only one form.

Pregunta Respuesta
¿Cómo estás? (Estoy) bien.
¿Cómo están tus familiares? (Están) bien.

The following adjectives describe states and conditions and are typically used with estar.

Spanish English
aburrido bored
apurado hurried, in a hurry
bien well (good)
borracho drunk
cansado tired
enfermo sick
entusiasmado enthusiastic
feliz happy
furioso furious, angry, mad
listo ready
loco crazy
nervioso nervous
orgulloso proud
sano healthy
tranquilo calm, quiet
triste sad

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La familia 2.5

MODELO:
¿Cómo está tu hermana?
Está feliz, orgullosa y entusiasmada.
¿Cómo están tus primos?
Están nerviosos, cansados y apurados.
¿Cómo están tus primas?
Están tranquilas, aburridas y tristes.
¿Cómo estás?
Estoy bien.

2.5.c. To be able to use estar for location

One of the uses of estar is to express location. We use estar to ask where something is and
to express where something is. Consider the following sentences.

Pregunta Respuesta
¿Dónde estás? Estoy en mi casa.
¿Dónde está el libro de texto? Está en mi mochila.
¿Dónde están los estudiantes? Están en clase.

We often use the word en when using estar for location. In the following examples, notice
how the word en is expressed differently in English.

Spanish English
Estamos en California. We're in California.
Mi teléfono está en la mesa. My phone is on the table.
Los niños están en casa. The boys are at home.

Note:
When expressing location, use "en" to express "at" ("at home"). When expressing time, use
"a" to express "at" ("at two o'clock").

The following words can be used to express location without the word en.

Spanish English Example


aquí here Estamos aquí.
allí over there Estáis allí.
allá (way) over there Están allá.

As in English, the use of these words is relative (depending on the perspective of the
speaker).

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2.5 Spanish I

2.5: Para practicar en casa

2.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb estar
b. To modify nouns using estar and adjectives
c. To be able to use estar for location

A. La conjugación del verbo estar


Conjuga el verbo estar segun el contexto (el sujeto).

1. Mi familia feliz.
2. Mis primos y yo en la casa de mi abuela.
3. Las sobrinas de mis amigos orgullosas.
4. ¿Dónde tú?
5. Vosotros en la universidad.
6. Mi hermano muy contento.
7. Yo con mi familia en California.
8. Mis hijos en la casa de mi madre.
9. Mis abuelos bien.
10. ¿Cómo tus amigos?

B. Estar con adjetivos


Using your own relatives (or imaginary/ideal ones) complete the following sentences with
estar and adjectives presented in this section. Make sure that the verb is conjugated for the
correct subject and that the adjectives agree with the noun.

MODELO:
Mis padres están contentos.

1. Mi esposa
2. Mis gatos
3. Mis primos
4. Mi hermana
5. Mis hermanos
6. Mi abuela
7. Mis tías

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La familia 2.5

8. Mis hijos
9. Mi sobrina
10. Mis cuñados

C. ¿Dónde está?
Use the following elements to form complete sentences following the model.

MODELO:
él/su casa Él está en su casa.

1. Roberto/Arcata
2. los estudiantes/clase
3. Mi cuaderno/mi mochila
4. yo/mi apartamento
5. guitarra/la mesa
6. ellos/el restaurante
7. mi perro/el sofá
8. Mi abuela/la cama
9. mis hermanas/el carro
10. vosotras/aquí

D. Preguntas originales
Using the question words (¿por qué?, ¿cuántos?, ¿dónde?, etc.) and the verb estar, write 10
original questions for your classmates.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

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2.5 Spanish I

2.5: Para practicar en clase

2.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb estar
b. To modify nouns using estar and adjectives
c. To be able to use estar for location

A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be creative with your answers.
Use complete sentences and provide other answers for what people are doing.

1. ¿Cómo estás?
2. ¿Dónde estás tú en este momento?
3. ¿Cómo está tu mejor amigo?
4. ¿Dónde está tu mejor amigo?
5. ¿Cómo están tus primos?
6. ¿Dónde están tus primos ?
7. ¿Cómo están tus padres?
8. ¿Cómo está tu hermana?
9. ¿Dónde está tu hermana?
10. ¿Dónde está tu casa?

B. La conjugación de estar
Conjugate estar for the following subjects. Once you are done, compare your answers with
a classmate's and then check your answers. Make sure that you have spelled all
conjugations correctly. Pay special attention to the tildes.

yo nosotros
tú vosotros
usted ustedes

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La familia 2.5

C. ¿Cómo estás y dónde estás?


With a classmate, ask and answer how and where the following people are. Use two
adjectives and be creative (i.e. answer as if you had children even if you don't).

MODELO:
(tus hijos)
¿Cómo están tus hijos?
Están contentos y orgullosos.
¿Dónde están (tus hijos)?
Están en la casa de mi madre.

1. (tu perro) 2. (tus abuelos)


3. (tu suegra) 4. (tu madre)
5. (tu padre) 6. (tu hija)
7. (tus tíos) 8. (tu prima)
9. (tus sobrinos) 10. (tus nietos)

D. Preguntas originales
Ask your classmate the question you wrote in the Para practicar en casa section. Write
their answers.

1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you correctly conjugate the verb estar?


2. Can you describe states and conditions with estar and some adjectives?
3. Do you know how to express location with estar?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Dónde estás?
b. ¿Cómo estás?
c. ¿Dónde está tu mochila?
d. ¿Cómo están tus abuelos?

Tarea:
Complete 2.6 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.6 Para Practicar en Casa.

105
2.6 Spanish I

2.6: Para estudiar en casa

2.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb tener
b. To learn and be able to use special expressions with the verb tener
c. To be able to use tener and other verbs with infinitives

Introduction:
In this section, we will practice a very common and useful verb: tener. First, we will learn
its conjugation, which is irregular. Then we will learn to use several useful idioms with the
verb tener. Lastly, we will learn to combine tener and other verbs with infinitives.

2.6.a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb tener

Tener means "to have" in English, but only in the sense of possession, as in "I have three
brothers"; it is not the same as the auxiliary verb "to have," as in "I have done that" or "I
have dinner" (as in "to eat").

Tener is an -er verb, but it is also irregular, so it does not exactly conjugate like comer.
However, the endings are the same, it is the stem that is irregular. You will learn more
verbs like tener, so it is important to get a good foundation to help you acquire other
irregular verbs.

Carefully study and practice saying out loud the full conjugation of tener.

Singular Plural
yo tengo nosotros/as tenemos
tú tienes vosotros/as tenéis
él ellos
ella tiene ellas tienen
usted ustedes

Note:
There is a "g" in the yo form.
There is a "stem change" (cambio de raíz) of e ➔ ie in the tú, usted, and ustedes forms.
That stem change does not appear in the yo, nosotros, or vosotros forms.
The endings are the same as all other -er verbs, like comer.

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La familia 2.6

Read carefully the following examples:

¿Cuántos hermanos tienes?


Tengo tres hermanos.
¿Cuántas hermanas tienes?
Tengo tres hermanas.
¿Cuántos primos tienen ustedes?
Tenemos muchos primos porque tenemos muchos tíos.

2.6.b. To learn and be able to use special expressions with the verb tener

Besides referring to possession, tener is used to express states of being. In English, we use
other verbs, like "to be," for these ideas, so try not to think of these as direct (word-for-
word) translations, rather, focus on the meaning of what is being expressed.

Tener Expression English Equivalent


tener # años to be # years old
tener hambre to be hungry
tener sed to be thirsty
tener calor to be hot*
tener frío to be cold
tener sueño to be sleepy
tener razón to be correct
tener miedo to be afraid
tener prisa to be in a hurry

Note:
*The expression tener calor refers to body heat. Be aware that ser/estar caliente referring
to people means to being attractive/horny. Picante refers to spicy hot.

Carefully read the following examples.

¿Cuántos años tienes?


Tengo veintidós años.
¿Cómo estás?
Tengo (mucha) hambre.
¿Tienes sed.
No, no tengo sed.
¿Tienes calor?
No. Tengo frío.
¿Cómo estás?
Tengo sueño.
Tienes miedo.
Sí, tengo (mucho) miedo; no me gustan los monstruos.

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2.6 Spanish I

¿Tienes unos minutos?


No. No tengo tiempo. Tengo mucha prisa.
2 + 2 = 4.
Tienes razón.

2.6.c. To be able to use tener and other verbs with infinitives

Tener can be combined with the infinitives of other verbs to express "to feel like doing" and
"to have to do."

Tener Expression English Equivalent


tener ganas de hacer to feel like doing
tener que hacer to have to do

Consider the following examples.

¿Tienes ganas de comer?


Sí, tengo ganas de comer.

¿Tenemos que estudiar hoy?


Sí, tenemos que estudiar todos los días.

Besides tener, many other verbs can also be combined with infinitives of other verbs. Here
are some that you may have already learned.

Infinitive Expression English Equivalent


necesitar hacer to need to do
(Le) gusta hacer to like to do
desear hacer to desire/want to do
deber hacer to must do/should do

MODELO:
¿Ustedes necesitan beber más agua?
Sí, necesitamos beber más agua.
¿Les gusta bailar?
Sí, nos gusta bailar.
¿Desean comer ahora?
Sí. Tenemos mucha hambre.
¿Deben responder en frases completas?
Sí, debemos responder en frases completas.

There are many other verbs that can be combined with infinitives.

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La familia 2.6

2.6: Para practicar en casa

2.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb tener
b. To learn and be able to use special expressions with the verb tener
c. To be able to use tener and other verbs with infinitives

A. La conjugación de tener
Complete the following sentences by conjugating the verb tener according to the context.

1. Roberto dos hermanas.


2. Nosotros una casa en Humboldt.
3. Ellas que estudiar más.
4. Tú ganas de comer.
5. Yo una familia muy grande.
6. Usted muchos primos.
7. ¿Vosotros parientes en California?
8. Yo no hermanos.
9. Ana y Mónica tíos que viven en Nevada.
10. Ustedes mucha tarea.

B. Preguntas personales
Answer the following questions in complete sentences using the verb tener.

1. ¿Cuántos hermanos tienes?

2. ¿Tienes sed?

3. ¿Tienes hambre?

4. ¿Tienes ganas de bailar?

5. ¿Cuántos primos tienes?

6. ¿Tienes frío?

7. ¿Tienes miedo de las serpientes?

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2.6 Spanish I

8. ¿Tienes que trabajar hoy?

9. ¿Tienes sueño?

10. ¿Cuántos años tienes?

C. La traducción
Translate the following into Spanish using the two verb structures discussed in this section.

1. My father has to work.

2. I feel like singing.

3. Our sisters want to travel.

4. Her aunts have to sing.

5. My cousins like to write.

6. I need to study Spanish.

7. My spouse wants to eat.

8. My family and I should swim.

9. You guys need to eat.

10. You have to visit your cousin.

D. Sujetos diferentes
Write each expression using the following subject pronouns: tú, él, nosotros, vosotros, ellas.
MODELO:
Tengo sed. Tienes sed, Tiene sed, Tenemos sed, Tenéis sed, Tienen sed.
1. Tengo hambre.
2. Tengo sueño.
3. Tengo miedo.
4. Tengo que estudiar.
5. Tengo ganas de comer.

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La familia 2.6

2.6: Para practicar en clase

2.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb tener
b. To learn and be able to use special expressions with the verb tener
c. To be able to use tener and other verbs with infinitives

A. El verbo tener
• With a classmate, take turns practicing the conjugation of tener. Tell them a subject
pronoun (yo, tú, él, ella, usted, nosotros, vosotros, ellos, ellas) and they say the
conjugation.
• Continue taking turns, this time, instead of a subject pronoun, tell them a random
subject (mi hermano Tomás, los compañeros de clase, mi novia y yo).
• Finally, take turns conjugating the entire verb.

B. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions using complete sentences. Be
creative with responses to the open-ended questions.

1. ¿Tienes frío? ¿Quién tiene frío? ¿Tienes calor? ¿Cuándo tienes calor?
2. ¿Tienes hambre? ¿Quién tiene hambre? ¿Tienes sed? ¿Cuándo tienes sed?
3. ¿Tienes que trabajar hoy? ¿Tienes que estudiar hoy?
4. ¿Tienes prisa? ¿Cuándo tienes prisa?
5. ¿Tienes ganas de viajar? ¿Adónde tienes ganas de viajar?
6. ¿Cuántos años tienes? ¿Cuántos hermanos tienes? ¿Cuántas clases tienes este semestre?
7. ¿Tienes sueño? ¿Cuándo tienes sueño?
8. ¿Tienes miedo? ¿De qué tienes miedo?
9. ¿Debemos responder con frases completas?
10. ¿Tenemos que ser creativos?

C. "Tienes que" and "Tengo ganas de"


With a classmate, take turns asking and answering questions. For the questions use the list
of verbs below and "tener que." Answer affirmatively, but then add a "tener ganas de"
preference. Follow the model.

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2.6 Spanish I

MODELO:
¿Tienes que trabajar hoy?
Sí, pero tengo ganas de bailar. ¿Tienes que estudiar hoy?
Sí, pero tengo ganas de escuchar música.

escuchar música beber agua


mirar la televisión comer una hamburguesa
nadar en la playa leer una novela
trabajar escribir un poema
viajar a Europa abrir la ventana
cenar aprender más verbos
estudiar comprender la gramática
bailar asistir a un concierto
cantar compartir una actividad

D. Expresiones con el verbo tener


With a partner, describe the situation with a logical tener expression. Be sure to conjugate
according to the correct subject. Follow the model.

MODELO:
Bebo mucha agua. "Tengo sed."

1. Los estudiantes comen una ensalada.


2. Son las 11:50 y tengo clase a las 12. Necesito llegar a tiempo.
3. Ustedes tienen un examen mañana y necesitan aprender la gramática.
4. Hay unas serpientes en la casa de la profesora.
5. Estamos en las montañas. Es de noche. No tenemos chaqueta.
6. Te gusta mirar la televisión y no tienes que trabajar.
7. Es de noche después de un día muy ocupado.
8. Vosotros bebéis mucha limonada.
9. Estamos en Las Vegas en junio durante el día.
10. No me gustan las arañas (spiders) y hay muchas aquí.

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you know the full conjugation of the verb tener?


2. Do you understand the uses of tener?
3. Can you use two verbs together to refer to the same subject?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Cuántos hermanos tienes?
b. ¿Tienes sed/hambre/sueño/frío/calor/miedo/prisa?
c. ¿Qué tienes que hacer hoy?
d. ¿Necesitas trabajar hoy?

Tarea:
Complete 2.7 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.7 Para Practicar en Casa.

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La familia 2.7

2.7: Para estudiar en casa

2.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to form EQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives
b. To be able to form UNEQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives
c. To be able to form superlatives

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about EQUAL and UNEQUAL comparisons of nouns and
adjectives.

Preliminary Note:
Be very careful to use the correct subject pronoun for both sides of the comparison. In
conversational English, it is very common to use object pronouns instead of subject
pronouns for comparisons. Although this is common, it is technically grammatically
incorrect in formal English.

Conversational English Formal English


I take as many classes as her. I take as many classes as she (takes).
You take more classes than me. You take more classes than I (take).
I am as tall as them. I am as tall as they (are).
She is older than him. She is older than he (is).

Since this is so common in English, it often leads to grammatical mistakes in Spanish.


Always use subject pronouns for both sides of comparisons.

Note:
In formal English, we can repeat the verb or use the auxiliary verb "to do": (You have more
brothers than I have / You have more brothers than I do). However, the verb should not be
repeated in Spanish: (Tú lees tanto como yo).

2.7.a. To be able to form EQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives

To form EQUAL comparisons (comparaciones iguales) in English, we usually use "as .... as".
In Spanish, this is replaced with forms of "tanto ... como". The form of "tanto" depends on
what is being compared. Here are the formulas for EQUAL comparisons.

EQUAL Comparisons of: Español Inglés


Nouns tanto/a/os/as (sustantivo) as many (noun) as /
como as much (noun) as
Adjectives tan (adjetivo) como as (adjective) as

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2.7 Spanish I

Sustantivos / Nouns

Español Inglés
Él tiene tanto dinero como ella. He has as many money as she does.
Ella tiene tanta ropa como nosotros. She has as much clothes as we have.
Compro tantos libros como tú. I'm buying as many books as you.
Ellos toman tantas clases como yo. They take as many classes as I do.

Note:
When comparing nouns, tanto functions as an adjective; therefore, there are four forms
depending on the gender and number of the noun (tanto, tanta, tantos, tantas).

Adjetivos / Adjectives

Español Inglés
Nosotros estamos tan cansados como él. We are as tired as he is.
Tú eres tan bonita como ella. You are as pretty as she is.
Ellos son tan estudiosos como yo. They are as studious as I am.
Yo estoy tan nervioso como ellas. I am as nervous as she is.

Note:
Don't forget that adjectives must agree with the noun they modify. With comparisons, there
are two nouns and the adjective should agree with the first one (the subject of the verb).

2.7.b. To be able to form UNEQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives

To form UNEQUAL comparisons (comparaciones desiguales) in English, we usually use


"more (or less/fewer) .... than". In Spanish, this is replaced with forms of "más (o menos) ...
que". Here are the formulas for UNEQUAL comparisons.

UNEQUAL Comparisons Español Inglés


of:
Nouns más / menos (sustantivo) more / less (noun) than
que
Adjectives más / menos (adjetivo) que more / less (adjective) than
(adjective) + er than

Sustantivos / Nouns

Español Inglés
Él tiene más dinero que ella. He has more money than she does.
Ella toma menos clases que nosotros. She takes fewer classes than we do.
Compro más libros que tú. I'm buying more books than you.
Ellos beben menos café que yo. They drink less coffee than I do.

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La familia 2.7

Note:
In English, we use "fewer" for things that can be counted individually (classes) and
"less" for things that are measured (coffee), abstract ideas (happiness), and nouns
without common plural forms (money).

Adjetivos / Adjectives

Español Inglés
Nosotros somos más activos que él. We are more active than he is.
Tú eres más bonita que ella. You are prettier than she is.
Ellos son menos estudiosos que yo. They are less studious than I am.
Yo estoy más aburrido que ellas. I am more bored than she is.

Note:
Notice how some translations have different structures in English. Don't forget that in
Spanish adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify.

Adjetivos irregulares / Irregular Adjectives

As in English, there are some adjectives that are irregular. For example, we do not say: "she
is more good than someone else". Instead, we say: "she is better". Fortunately, some
irregular adjectives are the same in Spanish and English. Study the following irregular
adjectives.

Español Inglés
más bueno/a/os/as ➔ mejor/mejores more good ➔ better
más malo/a/os/as ➔ peor/peores more bad ➔ worse
more joven/es ➔ menor/menores more young ➔ younger
más viejo/a/os/as ➔ mayor/mayores more old ➔ older

MODELO:
Mi clase de biología es mejor que mi clase de matemáticas.
Este equipo es peor que el otro equipo.
Mi primo es menor que yo.
Mis padres son mayores que tus padres.

2.7.c. To be able to form superlatives

The superlatives (los superlativos) are a special type of comparison. Superlatives express
"the best", "the most", "the worst", etc. of a given set. Superlatives can be formed with most
adjectives. Always use the definite article to create superlatives. Here is the formula for
creating superlatives.

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2.7 Spanish I

SUPERLATIVES of: Español Inglés


Adjectives el/la/los/las (noun) más the most (adjective) (noun)
(adjetivo) de (grupo) of/in (group)

MODELO:
Bill Gates es la persona más rica del mundo.
El mandarín es el idioma más difícil de todos.
Las secoyas son los árboles más altos del mundo.
El fútbol es el deporte más popular de todos.

Note:
The adjective must agree with the noun it modifies, not necessarily the subject of the
sentence.

Superlativos irregulares / Irregular Superlatives

Mejor/peor usually precede the nouns.

Irregular Superlatives of: Español Inglés


mejor /mejores el/la/los/las mejor/mejores the best
(noun) de (grupo) (noun) of/in (group)
peor / peores el/la/los/las peor/peores the worst
(noun) de (grupo) (noun) of/in (group)

Menor/mayor do not require the nouns.

Irregular Superlatives of: Español Inglés


menor / menores el/la/los/las the youngest
menor/menores de (grupo) of/in (group)
mayor / mayores el/la/los/las the oldest
mayor/mayores de (grupo) of/in (group)

MODELO:
Kevin Durant es el mejor jugador de básquetbol este año.
Los estudiantes de español son los mejores estudiantes de HSU.
Los exámenes de química son los peores exámenes de todos los exámenes.
Meryl Streep es la mejor actriz de todas.
Mi hija es la menor de la familia.
Mi madre es la mayor de la familia.

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La familia 2.7

2.7: Para practicar en casa

2.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to form EQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives
b. To be able to form UNEQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives
c. To be able to form superlatives

A. Las comparaciones iguales.


Mónica and Michelle are identical twins. They are the same. Write comparisons according
to the clues. Make sure that the adjectives agree with the nouns they modify.

MODELO:
ser feliz (=) Mónica es tan feliz como Michelle.
1. ser alto (=)
2. ser inteligente (=)
3. ser bonito (=)
4. tener zapatos (=)
5. leer libros (=)
6. estar sano (=)
7. tener hermanos (=)

B. Las comparaciones desiguales


Melissa is Mónica's friend. She is completely different. Write comparisons according to the
clues. Make sure that the adjectives agree with the nouns they modify.

MODELO:
ser feliz (+) Melissa es más feliz que Mónica.

1. ser alto (-)


2. ser inteligente (-)
3. ser bonito (+)
4. tener zapatos (-)
5. leer libros (+)
6. estar sano (+)
7. tener hermanos (+)

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2.7 Spanish I

C. Los superlativos
Nancy is Melissa, Mónica, and Michelle's friend, but she is rather extreme. She is the best.
Write superlative statements about her according to the clues.

MODELO:
feliz Nancy es la más feliz de todas.

1. ser alto
2. ser inteligente
3. ser bonito
4. ser bueno
5. ser viejo

D. Preguntas personales
Contesta las preguntas con frases completas.

1. ¿Quién es más alto, tu madre o tu padre?

2. ¿Quién es el mayor de tu familia? ¿Quién es el menor de tu familia?

3. ¿Quién es tan bonita como tu madre?

4. ¿Quiénes tienen más zapatos, los hombres o las mujeres?

5. ¿Quién es el más alto de tu familia?

6. ¿Quién es más alto que tú? ¿Quién es menos alto que tú?

7. ¿Quién toma más clases que tú? ¿Quién toma menos clases que tú?

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La familia 2.7

2.7: Para practicar en clase

2.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to form EQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives
b. To be able to form UNEQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives
c. To be able to form superlatives

A. Entrevista
With a partner, take turns asking and answering the Preguntas personales from 2.7 Para
practicar en casa.

B. Conversaciones
With a partner or two, discuss the following:

1. el mejor restaurante y el peor restaurante de Arcata


2. la mejor actriz y la peor actriz
3. la mejor película y la peor película
4. el mejor libro y el peor libro
5. la ropa más importante para el hombre y para la mujer
6. el lugar más relejante de Humboldt y el lugar menos relejante
7. el día de la semana más divertido y menos divertido
8. el cuarto más importante de la casa y el menos importante
9. el problema más grave del mundo
10. el mejor deporte

C. Entre tú y yo (between you and me)


With a classmate, compare yourselves. Discuss and form comparisons for the following:

MODELO:
tomar clases ➔ ¿Cuántas clases tomas? ➔ Tú tomas tantas clases como yo.

1. tener hermanos
2. ser alto
3. tener primas
4. tener años (mayor/menor)
5. ser atlético

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2.7 Spanish I

6. estar cansado
7. tener hambre

D. ¿Estereotipos?
Discuss the following pairs and form original EQUAL and UNEQUAL comparisons for a)
nouns and b) adjectives.

MODELO:
los hombres / las mujeres
a) sustantivo: Los hombres tienen tantos problemas como las mujeres.
b) adjetivo: Las mujeres son más inteligentes que los hombres.

1. los estudiantes / los profesores


a. b.
2. los republicanos / los demócratas
a. b.
3. los niños / los adultos
a. b.
4. los chicos / las chicas
a. b.
5. los rubios (blondes) / los morenos (brunettes)
a. b.

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you form EQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives?


2. Can you form UNEQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives?
3. Can you form superlatives?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Quién es más alto, tú o tu mejor amigo?
b. ¿Quién es el mayor de tu familia?
c. ¿Quién tiene más hermanas, tú o tu mejor amigo?

Tarea:
Complete 2.8 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.8 Para Practicar en Casa.

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La familia 2.8

2.8: Para estudiar en casa

2.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To understand the culture behind Spanish last names
b. To review and practice what you learned in 2.1-2.8

Introduction:
As we come to the end of the second chapter, we will continue our discussion of families with
particular emphasis on the cultural system of using two last names in the Spanish-speaking
world. In addition, before moving on to the next chapter, we will review the language and
culture topics that were covered in chapter 2 and complete a capstone project.

2.8.a To understand the culture behind Spanish last names

Read out loud the following passage a few times. Try to focus on the pronunciation of the
letters and the correct syllable stress. Use the context of the passage to help you understand
any words that you do not know. If you cannot figure out what a word means by using the
context, look up the meaning. There are questions and exercises based on this passage in the
"2.8: Para Practicar en Casa" section below.

El sistema de dos apellidos

Los apellidos indican las relaciones familiares con nuestros antepasados. Indican
que somos parte de unos grupos específicos (las familias de nuestros padres). En
muchos países donde se habla español es muy común que las personas tengan dos
apellidos. El sistema de dos apellidos es el resultado de muchos procesos
históricos.

En los Estados Unidos es más común sólo mantener el apellido del padre.
Entonces, ¿por qué tener dos apellidos? Pues, la respuesta es simple: tenemos el
apellido del padre y el apellido de la madre. Juntos los dos apellidos documentan
la decendencia familiar de la familia del padre y de la madre también.

Hoy día, hay debate sobre el orden de los apellidos, pero típicamente cuando nace
un bebé en un país hispanohablante, recibe dos apellidos, el primero es del padre y
el segundo es de la madre. Considerar este ejemplo.

Juan es el hijo de Pepe y Rosa. Pepe se llama Pepe Martínez Quiroz y Rosa se llama
Rosa González Montoya. Entonces, el nombre entero de Juan es: Juan Martínez
González.

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2.8 Spanish I

2.8.b. To review what you learned in 2.1-2.8

Below you will find the complete list of the chapter 2 learning objectives. You should
understand each of them. Review them carefully and, if you are unsure about any of them, go
back and review the explanations.

2.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn more about the masculine and feminine forms of nouns and adjectives
b. To understand more about the singular and plural forms of nouns and adjectives
c. To understand the forms and uses of the possessive adjectives
d. To acquire family related vocabulary
2.2 Learning objectives:
a. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in a vowel, n, or s
b. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in other consonants
c. To learn to stress all words with written accents
2.3 Learning objectives:
a. To fully understand the use of subject pronouns
b. To learn conjugations for regular -ar verbs
c. To be able to construct and respond to "yes or no" questions
d. To acquire vocabulary related to common -ar verbs
2.4 Learning objectives:
a. To learn conjugations for regular -er and -ir verbs
b. To acquire vocabulary related to common regular -er and -ir verbs
c. To be able to ask and answer questions using common interrogative words
2.5 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb estar
b. To modify nouns using estar and adjectives
c. . To be able to use estar for location
2.6 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb tener
b. To learn and be able to use special expressions with the verb tener
c. To be able to use tener and other verbs with infinitives
2.7 Learning objectives:
a. To be able to form EQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives
b. To be able to form UNEQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives
c. To be able to form superlatives
2.8 Learning objectives:
a. To understand the culture behind Spanish last names
b. To review what you learned in 2.1-2.8

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La familia 2.8

2.8: Para practicar en casa

2.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To understand the culture behind Spanish last names
b. To review what you learned in 2.1-2.8

A. El sistema de dos apellidos


Answer the following questions according to the reading passage above.

1. ¿Qué indican los apellidos?

2. ¿Dónde es muy común que las personas tengan dos apellidos?

3. ¿Dónde es más común sólo mantener el apellido del padre?

4. ¿Por qué tienen dos apellidos

5. ¿Sobre qué hay un debate?

6. Típicamente, ¿cuál apellido es el primero?

7. ¿Cuál sería tu nombre entero en este sistema?

B. ¿Cómo se llama?
Based on what you learned in the passage above, what is the full name of the following
offspring?

MODELO:

De Ana Fernández Rojas y Alejandro Coto Rivera nace Felipe:


Felipe Coto Fernández

1. De Jaime López Pimentel y Victoria Castro Suárez nace Sara:

2. De Catalina Serrano Blanco y Sebastián Muñoz Romero nace Diego:

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2.8 Spanish I

3. De Emilio Núñez Vidal y Renata Prieto Vega nace Daniela:

4. De Camila Torres Garrido y Samuel Ferrer Giménez nace Agustín:

5. De Julieta Vicente Campos y Nicolás Ibáñez Caballero nace Martina:

C. Repaso (Review)
Review the chapter 2 learning objectives again and repeat the exercises in any section that
you think you need to practice more.

D. Chapter 2 Capstone Project


The family tree project serves as the culminating project for Chapter 2 - La familia. It is the
synthesis of everything we have covered so far, including a variety of information from
vocabulary to the proper use of verbs, nouns, and adjectives. This project will help you study
for your oral exam as well as prepare you for the oral final at the end of the semester.

Materials- For this project you will need pictures of your family “members”. IF
you do not have access to pictures, or they are too personal, you MAY use
appropriate imagery that represents them (i.e., if I don’t have a picture of mi
hermano and he likes football, barbecuing, and spending time with friends, I can
use a picture(s) from the internet that depicts this). A minimum of 1 image per
“family member” is required.

Mode of delivery- This presentation should be completed using Power Point or


Google Slides. You will present yours in class, so be sure to practice your script.

Instructions - Prepare a multimedia biographical presentation of “your” family.


Please:
• Present a minimum of 6 “family” members, including yourself, your
grandparents, parents/ guardians, siblings, or pets.
• Describe each “member” of your family following the models provided below.
• Be sure to include sufficient variation in your descriptions of people so that
person A doesn´t sound like person B (even if they are twins!)
• Pets may only count as 1 person.
• IF your family is very large (i.e., due to divorce, remarriage, many siblings, etc.),
you may choose to group your family members in a way that you can present
them all. OR you may choose to present only a select few.
• IF someone has passed away, you may still include that person.
• IF your family is unknown to you, too personal of a topic, or you would - for any
reason - prefer NOT to discuss your family, it is possible to create a presentation
based on:
a. la familia de otra persona (i.e., Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera, un buen amig@,
etc.)
b. la familia ideal - how you might “choose” your family based on your own
personality or interests.

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La familia 2.8

Content- Presentations should include the following information:

¿Cómo se llama?
Éste es (mi padre). Se llama (John).
¿Cómo es?
Es (profesión). Trabaja en (lugar).
Es (adjetivo), (adjetivo) y (adjetivo)
¿Cuántos años tiene?
Tiene (número) años.
¿Dónde vive y con quién(es)?
Vive en (lugar) con (personas).
¿Qué le gusta(n)?
Le gusta(n)…
¿Qué no le gusta(n)?
No le gusta(n)

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2.8 Spanish I

2.8: Para practicar en clase

2.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To understand the culture behind Spanish last names
b. To review what you learned in 2.1-2.8

A. Los apellidos de mis compañeros de clase


Get the first name of three classmates. Then ask for the last name of the father and maiden
name of the mother. Write the names of all three classmates according to the two last name
system described above. Use the following questions to elicit the needed information.

¿Cómo te llamas?
¿Cómo se apellida tu padre?
Sin casarse, ¿cómo se apellida tu madre?

In a small group, discuss the two last name system. How is it beneficial? Are there any
disadvantages? Should this be more common? Why or why not?

B. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.

1. Describe a tu familia. Incluye a tus padres, tus hermanos, tus abuelos, tus tíos y tus primos.
2. ¿Cuántas clases tomas este semestre? ¿Cuál es tu favorita? ¿Quién toma más?
3. ¿Dónde estudias?
4. Cuando tienes mucha sed, ¿qué bebes?
5. ¿Quién es el más alto, tú o tu compañero?
6. ¿Cómo están tus amigos?
7. ¿Quién enseña la clase de español?
8. ¿Tocas un instrumento musical? ¿Cuál?
9. ¿Adónde viajas normalmente?
10. ¿Cuál es tu deporte favorito? ¿Por qué?
11. ¿Por qué estudias en HSU?
12. ¿Cuándo miras la televisión?
13. ¿Con quién cenas? ¿Dónde cenas?
14. ¿Dónde trabajas?

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La familia 2.8

C. Repaso
Practice the following with a partner

1. El género y el número
Take turns with a classmate to make the following masculine and singular.

MODELO:
las doctoras bajas
el doctor bajo

1. las artistas pobres 2. las señoras ricas


3. las cantantes malas 4. unas primas altas
5. unas hermanas sanas 6. las perras amarillas
7. las atletas nuevas 8. unas dentistas honestas
9. unas niñas emocionales 10. las amigas positivas

2. Las comparaciones
With a classmate, form comparisons with the following information. For unequal comparisons
say both possibilities.

MODELO:
ser alto / LeBron James o la profesora de la clase de español
LeBron James es más alto que la profesora
La profesora es menos alta que LeBron James.

1. ser rico / Bill Gates o la profesora de la clase de español


2. estar nervioso / la profesora de la clase de español o los estudiantes
3. tener más años / la profesora de la clase de español o los estudiantes
4. tener más responsabilidades / tú o tu mejor amigo
5. tener hermanos / tú o tu compañero de clase
6. ser impulsivo / tú o tu mejor amigo
7. estar loco / tú o tu mejor amigo
8. tomar clases / tú o tu mejor amigo
9. ser bonita / Jennifer Lawrence o Angelina Jolie
10. Hacer películas /Johnny Depp o Jim Carrey

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2.8 Spanish I

3. La sílaba tónica
With a classmate, practice pronouncing the following words. Divide the words into syllables
and underline the stressed syllable. Don't worry about what the words mean; focus on the
syllable stress.

1. caballeros
2. escándalo
3. películas
4. trabajador
5. típico
6. inglés
7. banana
8. trabajar
9. arquitectura
10. maleta

4. Ensalada de verbos
Write the correct form of the verbs in parenthesis according to the context.

Mi familia (ser) grande.


Yo (tener) muchos hermanos, tíos y primos.
Mis hermanos (vivir) con mis padres y yo en Eureka.
Mis hermanas necesitan (estudiar) más. Todos los días
(mirar) la televisión.
Mi hermano mayor (asistir) a Eureka High y (trabajar) en
Kinko's. A el le (gustar) nadar mucho. Él (nadar) todos
los días en la piscina pública en Arcata pero en este momento él está
(trabajar).
Mis abuelos no viven cerca. Ellos (viajar) mucho.
También (escuchar) música clásica. Mi abuela
(bailar) y mi abuelo (cantar).
Mis primos (trabajar) con mis tíos en una empresa.
Ellos (fabricar) y (vender)
ventanas.
¿Cómo (ser) tu familia?

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La familia 2.8

5. Expresiones con el verbo tener


With a partner, describe the situation with a logical tener expression. Be sure to conjugate
according to the correct subject. Follow the model.

MODELO:
Estoy muy cansado. "Tengo sueño."

1. Son las 7:50. Roberto necesita tomar el autobús a las 8 y todavía está en casa.
2. Después de trabajar 8 horas y estar en clase toda la tarde, por fin, estoy en casa.
3. Estoy mirando una película de horror.
4. Nancy necesita beber agua.
5. Ustedes necesitan comer.
6. A mis hermanos les gusta tocar la guitarra. Tienen tiempo libre ahora.
7. Necesito una chaqueta.
8. 8 x 8 son 64.

Tarea:
Continue to review in order to be prepared for the Chapter 2 Assessment.

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3
En casa
3.1 Learning Objectives:
a. To acquire vocabulary related to the rooms / parts of a house
b. To learn vocabulary related to furniture, appliances, and other household items
3.2 Learning objectives:
a. To learn what diphthongs are, how they are formed, and why they are important
b. To understand how diphthongs are broken
c. To be able to correctly pronounce words with and without diphthongs
3.3 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb ir
b. To be able to use ir to tell to where someone is going and the contraction al
c. To be able to use ir to tell what someone is going to do
3.4 Learning objectives:
a. To be able to conjugate hacer, poner, salir, traer and caer
b. To understand e➔ie stem-changing verbs
c. To learn new e➔ie stem-changing verbs
3.5 Learning objectives:
a. To understand o➔ue stem-changing verbs
b. To learn new o➔ue stem-changing verbs
3.6 Learning objectives:
a. To learn e➔i stem-changing verbs
b. To be able to conjugate and understand the uses of ver and oír
c. To review e➔ie, o➔ue, and e➔i stem changing verbs
3.7 Learning objectives:
a. To understand the concept and structure of pronominal verbs
b. To learn important pronominal verbs
c. To be able to appropriately use common time-related expressions
3.8 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about living conditions for young people in Spain
b. To review what you learned in 3.1-3.8

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En casa 3.1

3.1: Para estudiar en casa

3.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To acquire vocabulary related to the rooms / parts of a house
b. To learn vocabulary related to furniture, appliances, and other household items

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will study house / home related vocabulary. As with other vocabulary
lists, remember to study each new word with the definite article. Also, be sure to look up
any additional words that you might need to describe your own home.

3.1.a. To acquire vocabulary related to the rooms / parts of a house

The following vocabulary list features rooms and spaces of houses. Study carefully each
word. Pronounce them out loud and try to visualize your house or your ideal house.

Los cuartos y los espacios The rooms and the spaces


la cocina the kitchen
el baño the bathroom
el comedor the dining room
la sala the living room
la habitación the bedroom
el despacho the office
el garaje the garage
el patio the patio
el jardín the garden
la piscina the pool
los muebles the furniture
los aparatos the appliances
la alfombra the rug

Note:
There are several ways of expressing certain words. This depends on many things, like
regionalisms and dialects. For example, " the bedroom" can be expressed as: el cuarto, la
habitación, el dormitorio, la recámara, and la alcoba. While all of these words are
acceptable, we suggest that you learn one for now. Later, you may want to learn others
depending on where you travel and with whom you are speaking.

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3.1 Spanish I

3.1.b. To learn vocabulary related to furniture, appliances, and other household items

In this section, we will consider each room separately and study words to describe
the items found in each room presented in the previous section.
En la cocina, hay...
el armario the cabinet
el mostrador the countertop
el cajón the drawer
el fregadero the kitchen sink
el refrigerador the refrigerator
la estufa the stove
el horno the oven
el microondas the microwave
la cafetera the coffee maker

En el baño, hay...
el espejo the mirror
el lavabo the bathroom sink
la bañera the bathtub
el inodoro the toilet
la ducha the shower
la toalla the towel

En el comedor, hay...
la mesa the table
las sillas the chairs
la vitrina the china cabinet

En la sala, hay...
el sofá the sofa / couch
el sillón the armchair
la mesa del centro the coffee table
el televisor / la televisión the television set
el control remoto the remote control
la alfombra the rug

En la habitación, hay...
la cama the bed
el clóset / el armario the closet / the armoire / the wardrobe
la mesita de noche the night table

En el despacho, hay...
el escritorio the desk
la lámpara the lamp
el estante the bookcase
la computadora / el ordenador the computer

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En casa 3.1

3.1: Para practicar en casa

3.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To acquire vocabulary related to the rooms / parts of a house
b. To learn vocabulary related to furniture, appliances, and other household items

A. Los cuartos y los espacios


Use the new vocabulary to tell where you do the following.

MODELO:
I take a shower in el baño

1. I brush my teeth in
2. I eat breakfast in
3. I do my homework in
4. I park the car in
5. I swim in
6. I cook dinner in
7. I watch television in
8. I sleep in
B. ¿Dónde está?
Use the verb estar to tell in which room(s) you find the following items.

MODELO:
la cama La cama está en la habitación.

1. el lavabo
2. el fregadero
3. la estufa
4. el sillón
5. el escritorio
6. la cafetera
7. el inodoro
8. el estante
C. ¿El coche está en la piscina?
Answer the following questions and provide a logical response.

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3.1 Spanish I

MODELO:
¿El coche está en la piscina? No, está en el garaje.

1. ¿La estufa está en el garaje?


2. ¿El televisor está en el fregadero?
3. ¿El escritorio está en la cama?
4. ¿La lámpara está en el inodoro?
5. ¿La cafetera está en el sofá?
6. ¿El sofá está en el horno?
7. ¿El espejo está en el refrigerador?
8. ¿La alfombra está en el microondas?
9. ¿La mesita de noche está en el patio?
10. ¿El armario está en el jardín?

D. ¿Qué hay en tu casa?


Answer the questions based on your own home or your ideal home. If your home does not
have a particular space, pretend that it does and answer the questions anyway. Provide as
many answers as possible.

1. ¿Qué tienes en tu cocina?


2. ¿Qué hay en tu sala?
3. ¿Qué hay en tu baño?
4. ¿Qué tienes en tu habitación?
5. ¿Qué hay en tu comedor?
6. ¿Qué tienes en tu despacho?
7. ¿Qué hay en tu patio?
8. ¿Qué tienes en tu garaje?

E. ¿Cómo se llama?
Use sticky notes or pieces of paper to label the parts of your house and the items in your
home. Every time you go by one of them, repeat the vocabulary words until you know them
all.

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En casa 3.1

3.1: Para practicar en clase

3.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To acquire vocabulary related to the rooms / parts of a house
b. To learn vocabulary related to furniture, appliances, and other household items

A. ¿En qué cuarto está?


With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.
1. ¿En qué cuarto está el escritorio?
2. ¿En qué cuarto está el inodoro?
3. ¿Dónde está el sillón?
4. ¿En qué cuarto están las sillas y la mesa?
5. ¿En qué cuarto está la cama?
6. ¿En qué cuarto está la cafetera?
7. ¿Dónde está el coche?
8. ¿En qué cuarto está el lavabo?
9. ¿Dónde está el control remoto?
10. ¿En qué cuarto está la alfombra?

B. Asociaciones
Discuss with a classmate with which parts of a house, furniture, and household items you
associate with the following actions. Use as many vocabulary words as you can for each
action.
1. Estudiar
2. Cocinar
3. Dormir (to sleep)
4. Comer
5. Ducharse (to shower)
6. Estacionar (to park a car)
7. Mirar la televisión
8. Leer un libro

C. ¿Qué hay en tu casa?


With a partner, ask and answer the following questions in complete sentences.

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3.1 Spanish I

1. ¿Cuántos cuartos hay en tu casa?


2. ¿Qué cuartos hay en tu casa?
3. ¿Qué hay en tu cocina?
4. ¿Qué hay en tu baño?
5. ¿Qué hay en tu comedor?
6. ¿Qué hay en tu sala?
7. ¿Qué hay en tu habitación?
8. ¿Qué hay en tu despacho?
9. ¿Qué hay en tu garaje?
10. ¿Qué hay en tu patio?

D. Diseñar (to design) una casa


With a classmate, draw the floor plan for a house. Include all the rooms presented in the
vocabulary. Then, label each room and the items within each room.

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you know the Spanish words for different rooms of a house?


2. Can you name appliances and furniture related to each room in a house?
3. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Qué cuartos hay en tu casa?
b. ¿Qué hay en tu habitación?
c. ¿Dónde está el inodoro?
d. ¿Qué hay en tu cocina?

Tarea:
Complete 3.2 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.2 Para Practicar en Casa.

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En casa 3.2

3.2: Para estudiar en casa

3.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn what diphthongs are, how they are formed, and why they are important
b. To understand how diphthongs are broken
c. To be able to correctly pronounce words with and without diphthongs

Introduction:
The focus of this section is diphthongs. Diphthongs occur when two vowels are pronounced
together as one syllable. This is the last major lesson on pronunciation.

3.2.a. To learn what diphthongs are, how they are formed, and why they are important

In English, we sometimes pronounce two vowels together. Carefully pronounce each of the
following English words.

sound three
fair load
bear weird

How many syllables does each word have, two or one? In these examples, two vowels are
linked to form one syllable, a diphthong. If, when you pronounce these words, you split the
diphthongs, they will not sound correct. Try it.

The same is true in Spanish; some vowels must be linked to form diphthongs and others
cannot form diphthongs. Besides correctly forming the syllables of a word, understanding
diphthongs will allow you to correctly stress all words as discussed in 2.3. A good
understanding of diphthongs will allow you to correctly pronounce all words in Spanish,
which is why diphthongs are so important.

The rules for diphthongs (los diptongos) are relatively easy in Spanish. Without getting into
linguistic terminology, we can say that there are two types of vowels: strong vowels and
weak vowels. Here is a way for you to remember which is which.

U and I are weak.

Not a very positive affirmation, but it does help to remember which vowels form
diphthongs. Only the weak vowels form diphthongs, only u and i (and sometimes y). Here is
the main rule of diphthongs in Spanish:

Any weak vowel next to any another vowel (weak or strong) will form a diphthong.

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3.2 Spanish I

The order of the vowels does not matter (strong/weak or weak/strong). Any combination
of two vowels with at least one weak vowel will form diphthongs, but two strong vowels do
not. When a strong vowel is linked with a weak vowel, the main stress will be on the
stronger vowel. When two weak vowels are linked, the main stress will be on the last
vowel. Here are some examples of Spanish words with diphthongs.

aire agua
reina fuego
Luis ciudad
radio cuota

Note:
The letter h is not pronounced. Therefore, the letter h between two vowels does not block
the formation of diphthongs. For example, ahumar, prohibido, and ahijado form diphthongs
around the letter h.

When two strong vowels are next to each other, they do NOT form diphthongs. Here are a
few examples:

león alcohol poseer caer

Sometimes a strong vowel can be surrounded by weak vowels. This is called a triphthong
(triptongo). Here are some examples.

cambiáis Uruguay miau semiautomático

Sometimes the letter u is silent. This occurs in the following combinations: gue, gui, que,
and qui. Since the u is silent, it does not combine with the other letters to form a triptongo.
The other letters may form a diptongo. Here are some examples.

guerra guiando quema quiero

3.2.b. To understand how diphthongs are broken

Diphthongs form automatically any time at least one weak vowel is next to another vowel.
If the weak vowel is stressed, then it will require a written accent mark (tilde) and the
diphthong will be broken. Notice how, in the following examples, the tilde occurs on the
weak vowel. Pronounce each word carefully, separating the syllables and stressing the one
with the tilde.

día Raúl
reír reúno
oído evalúo

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En casa 3.2

However, if the tilde is on the strong vowel (the one that is stressed anyway), the diphthong
is NOT broken. Notice how, in the following examples, the tilde occurs on the strong vowel.
Pronounce each word carefully, maintaining the diphthongs.

habláis cuándo
también quién
nación acentuó

Note:
When both vowels are weak, the tilde does not break the diphthong. This is not common.

3.2.c. To be able to correctly pronounce words with and without diphthongs

Let's quickly review the pronunciation rules that were covered in 2.2.

Pronunciation Rules for Syllable Stress


1. Words in Spanish that have no written accent and end in a vowel, n, or s always
stress the second-to-last (penultimate) syllable.
2. Words that don't have a written accent and end in any other consonant (other than
n or s) always stress the last syllable.
3. Words with written accents (tildes) always stress the syllable with the tilde.

As you can see, to apply these rules you must be able to correctly separate words into
syllables and to do that, you must understand when diphthongs are formed and when
diphthongs are broken. All words in Spanish follow these three pronunciation rules.

Here are some words with diphthongs that follow rule number 1 above.

aula Europa tierra aunque

Here are some words with diphthongs that follow rule number 2 above.

ciudad enviar sexual especial

Here are some words with diphthongs that follow rule number 3 above.

educación veintitrés Juárez automóvil

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3.2 Spanish I

3.2: Para practicar en casa

3.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn what diphthongs are, how they are formed, and why they are important
b. To understand how diphthongs are broken
c. To be able to correctly pronounce words with and without diphthongs

A. Los diptongos I
Which of the following combinations of vowels would form diphthongs?

1. eo 2. ie
3. ai 4. ou
5. ua 6. ae
7. ao 8. ue
9. ui 10. eo

B. Los diptongos II
Which of the following combinations of vowels with tildes would form diphthongs?

1. uí 2. ié
3. ió 4. éi
5. eó 6. eú
7. úa 8. iú
9. áu 10. oá

C. Los diptongos III


The words below contain one or more diphthongs. Underline all the diphthongs.

1. eutanasia 2. juicio
3. pausa 4. coincidencia
5. ahilar 6. acentúan
7. androide 8. aeropuerto
9. guantes 10. acuático

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En casa 3.2

D. Una trabalengua
Read the following tongue twister out loud several times. Use all you know about Spanish
pronunciation and be careful to correctly pronounce the diphthongs. Focus on the
pronunciation and not so much on the meaning. Querer means "to love" and "to want".

Quiero y no quiero querer


a quien no queriendo quiero.
He querido sin querer
y estoy sin querer queriendo.
Si por mucho que te quiero,
quieres que te quiera más,
te quiero más que me quieres
¿que más quieres?, ¿quieres más?

141
3.2 Spanish I

3.2: Para practicar en clase

3.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn what diphthongs are, how they are formed, and why they are important
b. To understand how diphthongs are broken
c. To be able to correctly pronounce words with and without diphthongs

A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.

1. ¿Qué hay en tu habitación?


2. ¿Qué palabras de la lista de vocabulario de 3.1 tienen diptongos?
3. ¿Tu nombre tiene diptongo?
4. ¿Tu apellido tiene diptongo?
5. ¿"California" tiene diptongo?
6. ¿"Nueva York" tiene diptongo?
7. ¿"León" tiene diptongo?
8. ¿"Eureka" tiene diptongo?
9. ¿Cuántos diptongos hay en la trabalengua?
10. Practica el trabalengua en voz alta con tu compañero de clase.

B. Los diptongos
Underline the diphthongs and / or triphthongs in the following words. Divide the words
into syllables. Circle the stressed syllable. Practice pronouncing the words out loud.

1. función 2. opioide
3. estudiáis 4. europea
5. introducciones 6. miau
7. actuéis 8. áureo
9. veintisiete 10. guau

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En casa 3.2

C. Las sílabas
With a classmate, identify any diphthongs and divide the words into syllables. Using the
pronunciation rules, underline the stressed syllable. Practice pronouncing the words out
loud.

1. trabalenguas 2. euforia

3. comedia 4. europea

5. introducciones 6. tauromaquia

7. laureado 8. ahí

9. ahilar 10. veintisiete

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you understand how diphthongs are formed and why they are important?
2. Do you know what happens to a diphthong when a tilde is on the weak vowel?
3. Do you know what happens to a diphthong when a tilde is on the strong vowel?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿"Monstruo" tiene diptongo?
b. ¿Tu nombre o apellido tiene diptongo?
c. ¿"Juego" tiene diptongo?

Tarea:
Complete 3.3 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.3 Para Practicar en Casa.

143
3.3 Spanish I

3.3: Para estudiar en casa

3.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb ir
b. To be able to use ir to tell to where someone is going and the contraction al
c. To be able to use ir to tell what someone is going to do

Introduction:
In this section, we will focus on two uses of a verb common and important verb: ir. We will
learn the full present tense conjugation of ir and be able to use it with locations to tell
where someone is going and with verbs to tell what someone is going to do.

3.3.a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb ir

Ir is the infinitve form of a verb in Spanish. In English, ir means "to go".

Ir is an -ir verb, but it is also irregular. The endings are actually similiar to an -ar verb (like
hablar), but the stem changes by adding the letter v.

Singular Plural
yo voy nosotros/as vamos
tú vas vosotros/as vais
él ellos
ella va ellas van
usted ustedes

Note:
Notice that the endings are almost exactly like the verb estar, except that there are no tildes.
However, with estar, the tildes are required to force the stress to be on the syllables that
are stressed naturally in ir (therefore, the same syllable is stressed, but the tildes are not
required).

Carefully study and practice saying out loud the full conjugation of ir.

Note:
The nosotros conjugation, vamos, is often used as an equivalent of "Let's go".

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En casa 3.3

3.3.b. To be able to use ir to tell to where someone is going and the contraction al

One of the uses of ir is to express to where someone is going. We use ir with the preposition
a (to) in order to ask and state: to where someone is going. As with other present tense
conjugations, the present tense of ir can refer to habitual, in progress, or near future
actions. Consider the following sentences.

Pregunta Respuesta
¿Adónde vas? Voy a mi casa.
¿Adónde va tu mejor amigo? Va a la biblioteca.
¿Adónde van los estudiantes? Van a la playa.

Whenever we state a destination, we must use the preposition a. As in the above questions,
the a can be attached to dónde to ask "to where". In the following examples, notice how the
word "to" can be omitted in English, but a cannot be omitted in Spanish.

Spanish English
Vamos a casa. We're going home.
Los niños van adentro. The boys are going inside.

In both English and Spanish, we often use the definite article when stating a destination.
Consider the following examples.

Spanish English
Van a la biblioteca. They're going to the library.
Va a la playa. She's going to the beach.
Vas a las montañas. You're going to the mountains.

Note:
Whenever the preposition a comes directly before the masculine singular definite article
(el), a contraction occurs.

a + el = al

This is similar to the other Spanish contraction: de + el = del. Both of these contractions
only occur with the masculine singular definite article. Consider the following examples.

Spanish English
Voy al parque. I'm going to the park.
Vas a la tienda. You're going to the store.
Va a las Islas Canarias. He's going to the Canary Islands.
Van a los lugares más interesantes del They're going to the most interesting
mundo. places in the world.

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3.3 Spanish I

3.3.c. To be able to use ir to tell what someone is going to do

Ir can be used with infinitives of other verbs to tell what someone is going to do in the near
future. The structure is similar to English. In both languages, we use the verb "to go" (ir)
and the infinitive of another verb (el infinitivo). Some verbs always require a preposition in
order to be used with other verbs. This is the case with ir, we must always use the
preposition a. Here are a few examples:

Español Inglés
Voy a hablar. I am going to speak.
Vas a comer. You are going to eat.
Ellas van a escribir. They are going to write.
¿Vais a bailar? Are you going to dance?

Note:
We have already used the infinitive of the verb hacer (to do). This is a useful verb for asking
what someone is going to do. Notice that you can answer by replacing the verb hacer with
any other infinitive.

Pregunta Respuesta
¿Qué vas a hacer hoy? Voy a asistir a clase.
¿Qué vas a hacer este fin de semana? Voy a trabajar este fin de semana.
¿Qué van a hacer tus amigos mañana? Van a estudiar.

If your answer contains hacer, then you are limited to how you can finish the sentence.

Pregunta Respuesta
¿Qué vas a hacer hoy? Voy a hacer la tarea.
¿Qué vas a hacer este fin de semana? Voy a hacer la cama.
¿Qué van a hacer tus amigos mañana? Van a hacer mucho.

Here are some useful words and expressions to use with the future.

Español Inglés
mañana tomorrow (also morning)
esta tarde this afternoon
esta noche this evening/tonight
en dos días/semanas/meses in two days/weeks/months
más tarde later

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En casa 3.3

3.3: Para practicar en casa

3.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb ir
b. To be able to use ir to tell to where someone is going and the contraction al
c. To be able to use ir to tell what someone is going to do

A. La conjugación del verbo ir


Conjugate the verb ir according to the context.

1. Mi familia a Tejas.
2. Mis primos y yo a la casa de mi abuela.
3. Los sobrinos de mis amigos también.
4. ¿Adónde tú?
5. Vosotros a la universidad.
6. Mi hermano a Nueva York.
7. Yo a vivir en California.
8. Mis hijos a cocinar.
9. Mis abuelos a viajar.
10. ¿Qué a hacer ustedes?

B. ¿Adónde van?
Use the following elements to form complete sentences following the model. Use the verb ir
to tell to where each person is going. Don't forget the preposition a and be careful with the
contractions.

MODELO:
él/su casa Él va a su casa.

1. Roberto/Arcata
2. los estudiantes/clase
3. la profesora/su despacho
4. yo/mi apartamento
5. el presidente/México
6. ellos/el restaurante

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3.3 Spanish I

7. mi perro/el garaje
8. Jorge/el baño
9. mis amigos/el patio
10. vosotras/jardín

C. ¿Qué van a hacer?


Use the verb in parenthesis to indicate what these people are going to do. Be sure to
conjugate ir, use the preposition a and the infinitive of the verb indicated.

1. Mi familia (visitar) Los Ángeles.


2. La sobrina de María (bailar).
3. El tío de María (escribir) una carta.
4. Yo (leer) una novela.
5. Tú (hablar) con mi hermana.
6. Ellos (estudiar) los verbos nuevos.
7. Todos vosotros (aprender) español.
8. Mi compañero de clase (responder).
9. Ella (abrir) su libro.
10. Nosotros (trabajar) en la cafetería.

D. ¿Qué van a hacer?


Tell what the following people are going to do. Use verbs that we have learned so far and
complete each sentence with ir a and the infinitive of a different verb - do not repeat verbs.

1. Mi madre
2. Mis primos
3. Mi hermana
4. Mis tíos
5. Mi perro
6. Mi mejor amigo
7. Mi profesor de español
8. Mi padre
9. Mi abuelo
10. Y tú, ¿qué vas a hacer?

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En casa 3.3

3.3: Para practicar en clase

3.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb ir
b. To be able to use ir to tell to where someone is going and the contraction al
c. To be able to use ir to tell what someone is going to do

A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be creative with your answers.
Use complete sentences and provide other answers for what people are doing.

1. ¿Qué vas a hacer hoy?


2. ¿Qué vas a hacer este fin de semana?
3. ¿Qué vas a hacer en el verano?
4. ¿Adónde vas a ir mañana?
5. ¿Vas a la playa frecuentemente?
6. ¿Adónde vas los fines de semana?
7. ¿Adónde van tus amigos?
8. ¿A qué hora vas a estar en tu casa hoy?
9. ¿A qué hora vas a trabajar?
10. ¿Qué van a hacer tus amigos?

B. La conjugación de ir
Conjugate ir for the following subjects. Once you are done, compare your answers with a
classmate's and then check your answers. Make sure that you have spelled all conjugations
correctly.

yo nosotros
tú vosotros
usted ustedes

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3.3 Spanish I

C. ¿Adónde vas?
With a classmate, use the verb ir to ask where they usually go at the following times.

MODELO:
(6:00 p.m.) ¿Adónde vas a las seis de la tarde?
Voy a mi casa.

1. (8:30 a.m.) 2. (10:00 a.m.)


3. (12:30 p.m.) 4. (2:45 p.m.)
5. (4:15 p.m) 6. (5:55 p.m.)
7. (8:05 p.m.) 8. (10:30 p.m.)
9. (12:30 a.m.) 10. (5:10 a.m.)

D. ¿Qué van a hacer?


Each of the following people are going to do four activities today. With a classmate, take
turns saying each person will do. Be sure to use the Ir a + infinitivo construction.

1. La profesora (enseñar, escribir en la pizarra, cenar, ver la televisión)


2. Mis amigos (desayunar, estudiar, correr, jugar videojuegos)
3. Yo (comer, limpiar mi cuarto, llamar a mis amigos, salir con mis amigos)
4. Tú (abrir un libro, leer mucho, comprender, hacer los ejercicios)
5. Ellas (salir, escuchar música, bailar, regresar a casa tarde)
6. Vosotros (estar en casa todo el día, tocar la guitarra, descansar, beber agua)
7. Mis amigos y yo (bailar, cantar, aprender mucho, practicar español)
8 Yo (trabajar, escribir, nadar, ir de compras)

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you correctly conjugate the verb ir?


2. Do you know how to use ir to correctly tell where people are going?
3. Can you express the near future with ir a and the infinitive of other verbs?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Adónde vas?
b. ¿Qué vas a hacer mañana?
c. ¿Adónde van tus amigos?

Tarea:
Complete 3.4 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.4 Para Practicar en Casa.

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En casa 3.4

3.4: Para estudiar en casa

3.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to conjugate hacer, poner, salir, traer and caer
b. To understand e➔ie stem-changing verbs
c. To learn new e➔ie stem-changing verbs

Introduction:
In this section, we will focus on new verbs. Some are irregular in the yo form, others are
stem-changing. Once we understand how stem changing verbs work, we will learn a list of
new verbs and practice conjugating them in the present tense.

3.4.a. To be able to conjugate hacer, poner, salir traer, and caer

¿Cuántos hermanos tienes?


Tengo 3 hermanos.

Tener is irregular in the first person (yo), because it has the letter g as part of the
conjugation. The following verbs share this special irregularity.

Spanish yo English
hacer hago to do, to make
poner pongo to put
salir salgo to go out
traer traigo to bring
caer caigo to fall

Note:
Traer and caer have an additional irregularity in the yo form, because of the letter i, which
forms part of a diphthong.

The conjugations for the rest of subject pronouns the same as regular -er or -ir verbs, like
comer or vivir. Here are the complete conjugations of these verbs.

Hacer Poner Salir Traer Caer


hago pongo salgo traigo caigo
haces pones sales traes caes
hace pone sale trae cae
hacemos ponemos salimos traemos caemos
hacéis ponéis salís traéis caéis
hacen ponen salen traen caen

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3.4 Spanish I

MODELO:
¿Haces la tarea todos los días?
Sí, hago la tarea todos los días.
¿Sales con tus amigos con frecuencia?
Sí, salgo con mis amigos frecuentemente.
¿Dónde pones tus libros?
Pongo mis libros en mi mochila.
¿Siempre traes los libros a clase?
Sí, siempre traigo los libros a clase.

3.4.b. To understand e➔ie stem-changing verbs

Verbs ending in -ar, -er, and -ir can be stem-changing. The endings follow regular -ar, -er,
and -ir verbs. There are three types of stem-changes (e➔ie, e➔i, and o➔ue). In this section,
we will focus on e➔ie.

Notice how the e of the infinitive becomes ie in all of the conjugations except nosotros and
vosotros. This pattern has led some to call these "boot" verbs.

pensar (ie) to think

pienso pensamos
piensas pensáis
piensa piensan

Tener is an e➔ie stem-changing verb, although tener is also irregular in the yo form.
Similarly, venir (to come) is an e➔ie stem-changing verb that is irregular in the yo form, just
like tener.

venir (ie) to come

vengo venimos
vienes venís
viene vienen

MODELO:
¿Vienes a clase todos los días?
Sí, vengo a clase todos los días.
¿Piensas en español?
Sí, a veces pienso en español.

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En casa 3.4

3.4.c. To learn new e➔ie stem-changing verbs

The following are important e➔ie stem-changing verbs. Usually, when these verbs are
presented they are followed by (ie) to indicate the stem change.

Español Inglés
cerrar (ie) to close
comenzar (ie) to begin / to start
empezar (ie) to begin / to start
entender(ie) to understand
pensar (ie) to think
perder (ie) to lose
preferir (ie) to prefer
querer (ie) to want, to love
sentir to feel
tener (ie) to have
venir (ie) to come
Note:
Comenzar and empezar both mean "to begin / to start". These verbs can be used with
infinitive of other verbs, but require the preposition a (empiezo a leer, comienzas a
caminar).
Note:
Pensar is often used with que, as in: Pienso que es importante (I think that it's important).
Pensar is also used with en, as in: Pienso en mi familia (I'm thinking about my family).
Pensar is also used with infinitives of other verbs. Pienso leer hoy (I plan to read today).

MODELO:
¿La profesora cierra la puerta del salón de clase?
Sí, siempre cierra la puerta.
¿A qué hora comienza la clase?
La clase empieza a las 2.
¿Entiendes los verbos nuevos?
Sí, entiendo los verbos nuevos.
¿Piensas que es importante practicar español todos los días.
Sí, pienso que sí.
¿Pierdes tus llaves con frecuencia?
No, no pierdo mis llaves con frecuencia.
¿Los estudiantes prefieren tener mucha tarea?
No, prefieren poca tarea.
¿Quieres salir con tus amigos esta noche?
Sí, quiero salir con ellos.
¿A qué hora vienes a mi casa.
Lo siento, no voy a tu casa hoy, porque tengo que trabajar.

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3.4 Spanish I

3.4: Para practicar en casa

3.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to conjugate hacer, poner, salir traer, and caer
b. To understand e➔ie stem-changing verbs
c. To learn new e➔ie stem-changing verbs

A. La conjugación de los verbos nuevos


Conjugate the verbs according to the context.

1. Mi familia siempre (salir) al patio para cenar.


2. Mis primos y yo (venir) de la casa de mi abuela.
3. Mi amigo siempre (perder) su teléfono.
4. Yo (poner) los libros en el estante.
5. Vosotros (traer) vuestros cuadernos a clase.
6. Mi hermano (preferir) comer ensalada.
7. Yo (hacer) la tarea en mi habitación.
8. ¿Ustedes (querer) comer?
9. La clase (empezar) a las doce y media.
10. Los estudiantes (entender) los verbos nuevos.
B. ¿Cuál verbo?
Use the meanings of the verbs to determine which verb to use for each sentence. Then
conjugate the verb appropriately to complete the dialog. Use each verb only once.

pensar salir tener perder comenzar


poner preferir querer empezar

DIEGO: Olivia, ¿ ir al concierto esta noche?


OLIVIA: Sí. ¿A qué hora ?
DIEGO: Pues, hay dos. Uno a las 9 y el otro, a las 11.
OLIVIA: ir a las 11 porque que trabajar hoy.
DIEGO: Vale. ¿ que es importante llegar temprano?
OLIVIA: No. Normalmente unos 15 minutos antes.
DIEGO: Cuidado con tu entrada (entry ticket). Siempre las entradas.
OLIVIA: No. Siempre las entradas en mi cartera (wallet).

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En casa 3.4

C. Frases originales
Combine the following elements to create original sentences. Mix and match the elements.

mi familia salir la habitación frecuentemente


mis primos traer la cocina todos los días
mi mejor amigo y yo pensar la sala en la mañana
yo venir el jardín enla noche
tú preferir el comedor a las 10
vosotros querer el patio nunca (never)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

D. Preguntas personales
Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. ¿A qué hora vienes a la universidad?


2. ¿Qué pones en tu mochila?
3. ¿A qué hora sales de tu casa?
4. ¿Qué traes a clase?
5. ¿Haces la tarea todos los días?
6. ¿Tus padres y tú prefieren comer en la cocina o en el comedor?

7. ¿Tus amigos y tú cierran los libros?

8. ¿Tu familia y tú empiezan a preparar la cena a las 6?

9. ¿Tus compañeros de clase y tú entienden los verbos nuevos?

10. ¿Pierdes tus llaves con frecuencia?

155
3.4 Spanish I

3.4: Para practicar en clase

3.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to conjugate hacer, poner, salir, traer and caer
b. To understand e➔ie stem-changing verbs
c. To learn new e➔ie stem-changing verbs

A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be creative with your answers.
Use complete sentences.

1. ¿A qué hora vienes al campus de la universidad?


2. ¿Sales con tus amigos los fines de semana?
3. ¿Qué tienes que hacer hoy?
4. ¿Dónde pones tu mochila?
5. ¿Piensas tomar español 106?
6. ¿Pierdes tus llaves con frecuencia?
7. ¿Prefieres comer ensalada o hamburguesas?
8. ¿Traes tus libros a clase todos los días?
9. ¿Haces tu cama todos los días?
10. ¿A qué hora empieza tu primera clase?

B. Los verbos nuevos


Conjugate the verbs provided. Once you are done, compare your answers with a
classmate's and then check your answers.

1. Cerrar. Yo la ventana y vosotros la puerta.


2. Entender. Yo la gramática y nosotros los verbos.
3. Traer. Yo la comida y ellos las bebidas.
4. Perder. Yo mis llaves y vosotros la clase.
5. Empezar. Yo a las 6 y ustedes a las 8.
6. Venir. Yo a las 5:55 y tú a las 7:55.
7. Querer. Yo leer y ella caminar.
8. Poner. Yo atención en clase y él no atención.

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En casa 3.4

C. ¿Cuál verbo?
Based on the meanings, choose the most logical verb to complete each sentence. Then
conjugate the verb according to the context. Check your answers with a classmate.

1. Mis amigos llegar temprano. (perder / preferir)


2. Tú con tus amigos después de clase. (salir / querer)
3. Alondra siempre sus llaves. (perder / salir)
4. Los estudiantes los libros. (comenzar / cerrar)
5. Mis compañeras siempre las bebidas a las fiestas. (traer / pensar)
6. ¿Vosotros la tarea todos los días? (poner / hacer)
7. Mis amigos y yo siempre juntos los fines de semana. (salir / preferir)
8. Los profesores a clase a tiempo. (venir / entender)
9. Nosotros mirar la televisión. (querer / entender)
10. Yo que trabajar hoy. (traer / tener)

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you fully conjugate the verbs presented?


2. Do you know the meaning of the verbs presented?
3. Do you understand how to use some of these verbs with prepositions and infinitives?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿A qué hora vienes a la universidad?
b. ¿Qué pones en tu mochila?
c. ¿Entiendes los verbos nuevos?
d. ¿Qué piensas hacer hoy?

Tarea:
Complete 3.5 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.5 Para Practicar en Casa.

157
3.5 Spanish I

3.5: Para estudiar en casa

3.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To understand o➔ue stem-changing verbs
b. To learn new o➔ue stem-changing verbs

Introduction:
In this section, we will learn new verbs with another type of stem-change, o➔ue stem-
changing verbs. We will acquire new verbs and use the days of the week to practice the
new verbs.

3.5.a. To understand o➔ue stem-changing verbs

You have already learned how stem-changing verbs work. Remember "the boot?" There are
stem changes for all subjects, except nosotros and vosotros. Just like we saw in 3.4 with
pensar and other e➔ie stem-changing verbs, -ar, -er, and -ir verbs can feature this new
stem-change (o-ue) for all conjugations, except nosotros and vosotros.

volver (ue) to return somewhere

vuelvo volvemos
vuelves volvéis
vuelve vuelven

There is one verb that is considered part of this group. However, there is no letter o in the
infinitive. The verb jugar changes from u➔ue. It is the only commonly used Spanish verb
with this specific stem-change.

jugar (ue) to play

juego jugamos
juegas jugáis
juega juegan

Jugar is often used with the preposition a. There is no equivalent in English.

Español Inglés
Juega al baloncesto. He's playing basketball.
Jugamos al ajedrez. We're playing chess.

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En casa 3.5

3.5.b. To learn new o➔ue stem-changing verbs

The following are important o➔ue stem-changing verbs. Usually, when these verbs are
presented they are followed by (ou) to indicate the stem change.

Español Inglés
almorzar (ue) to have lunch
contar (ue) to count / to tell
costar (ue) to cost
dormir (ue) to sleep
devolver (ue) to return something
encontrar (ue) to find
jugar (ue) to play
mostrar (ue) to show
poder (ue) to be able to
probar (ue) to taste / to try
recordar (ue) to remember
soñar (ue) to dream
volver (ue) to return someplace

Note:
As mentioned above, jugar is an exception, because the u of the stem changes ue, not the o.
Soñar is often used with the preposition con to mean: to dream "about." Sueña con viajar =
He dreams about traveling.
Poder is frequently used with infinitives of other verbs: Puedo nadar bien = I can swim well.

MODELO:
¿A qué hora almuerzas normalmente?
Normalmente, almuerzo a la 1.
¿Quién cuenta buenas historias?
Mi papá cuenta buenas historias.
¿Cuánto cuesta una hamburguesa en Stars?
Cuesta cinco dólares.
¿Cuántas horas duerme la profesora cada noche?
Duermo 8 horas cada noche.
¿Siempre devuelven los libros a la biblioteca?
Sí, siempre devolvemos los libros.
¿Los estudiantes encuentran la información que necesitan?
Sí, encuentran la información.
¿Juegas al fútbol?
Sí, juego al fútbol.
¿El profesor muestra la información en la pizarra?
Sí, él puede dibujar también.
¿Recuerdas que hay una prueba (quiz) hoy?
Sí, y sueño con sacar una A.

159
3.5 Spanish I

3.5: Para practicar en casa

3.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To understand o➔ue stem-changing verbs
b. To learn new o➔ue stem-changing verbs
c. To practice using the days of the week

A. La conjugación de los verbos de cambio de raíz ue


Conjugate the verbs according to the context.
1. Los domingos mi familia y yo (almorzar) en casa.
2. Mis primos (almorzar) en la casa de mi abuela.
3. Vosotros
(jugar) al fútbol americano.
4. Ellos
(jugar) al baloncesto.
5. Tú
(soñar) con ser actor.
6. Mi hermano y yo
(soñar) con ser famosos.
7. María
(dormir) 8 horas cada noche.
8. Vosotros
(dormir) 8.5 horas.
9. Mis abuelos
(volver) a las 9.
10. Nosotros
(volver) más tarde.
B. El diálogo en la tienda
Complete the dialog between the shopper and the clerk.

DEPENDIENTA: Hola. ¿Te (poder - yo) ayudar?


CLIENTE: Ah, sí. Hola. El sábado es el cumpleaños de mi sobrino.
(querer - yo) comprarle algo.
DEPENDIENTA: ¿Cuántos años (tener)?
CLIENTE: (tener) 15 años y
(recordar - yo) que él (jugar) mucho al fútbol y
(soñar) con jugar con Messi.
Desafortunadamente, no (encontrar - yo) nada aquí.
DEPENDIENTA: Bueno, te (mostrar) algunas cosas. Aquí hay
un jersey de Messi que (costar) $40.
CLIENTE: Me gusta, pero no (recordar) su talla (size).
DEPENDIENTA: No hay problema. Si no es de su talla, (volver -tú)
aquí y te (devolver - nosotros) el dinero.
CLIENTE: Pues, tengo prisa, porque hoy
(almorzar - yo) con mi esposo y vamos a
(probar) la paella española por primera vez.

160
En casa 3.5

DEPENDIENTA: Muy bien. ¡Buen provecho!


CLIENTE: Gracias. Adiós.
DEPENDIENTA: Adiós.

C. ¿Cuál verbo?
Choose the correct verb for the context and conjugate it appropriately.
1. Mi perro (dormir / recordar) en mi cama.
2. ¿Cuánto (poder / costar) el estante?
3. Mi novia (almorzar / probar) conmigo los lunes.
4. Mi compañero de casa (soñar / jugar) con ser rico algún día.
5. El profesor (mostrar / almorzar) la gramática nueva.

D. Preguntas personales
Contesta las preguntas con frases completas.

1. Normalmente, ¿a qué hora vuelves a tu casa por la noche?

2. ¿Juegas al ajedrez? ¿Juegas al baloncesto? ¿Juegas al fútbol?

3. ¿Almuerzas con tus amigos los sábados? ¿Dónde?

4. Típicamente, ¿cuántas horas duermes cada noche?

5. ¿Puedes nadar bien? ¿Puedes esquiar bien?

6. ¿Recuerdas los cumpleaños de tus padres?

7. ¿Con qué sueñas? ¿Sueñas con ser rico?

8. ¿Qué días de la semana tienes clase?

9. ¿Qué días de la semana trabajas?

10. Aproximadamente, ¿cúanto cuesta la gasolina hoy?

161
3.5 Spanish I

3.5: Para practicar en clase

3.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To understand o➔ue stem-changing verbs
b. To learn new o➔ue stem-changing verbs
c. To practice using the days of the week

A. Entrevista
With a classmate, write 6-8 original questions using the following verbs. Then, find another
partner to interview. Write their answers, then, report back to your original partner.

Almorzar Dormir Soñar Jugar


Volver Recordar Costar Poder

Preguntas

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Respuestas

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

162
En casa 3.5

B. Ideas originales
With a partner, use the structure of the given sentence as a model, but add original
elements (replace the italicized word) for each new subject. Then, share your sentences
with the class.

MODELO: Mis padres pueden viajar mucho.


yo Yo puedo jugar mucho.
tú Tú puedes estudiar mucho.
mis amigos Mis amigos no pueden bailar mucho.

1. Yo duermo ocho horas cada noche.


mi mejor amigo
vosotros

2. Nosotros almorzamos ensalada.
yo
ella
mi familia
3. Él juega al hockey.
mi padre
mi madre
nosotros
4. Ella sueña con ser rica.
yo
vosotros
Roberto
5. Mi familia puede nadar bien.

nosotros
ellos
6. El profesor muestra la gramática.
yo
vosotros
ella
7. Mis abuelos recuerdan su boda.

yo
nosotros
8. Un libro de texto normalmente cuesta cien dólares.
un vestido
unas sandalias
una cena elegante
9. Cuando tengo suerte, encuentro dinero.
ella
nosotros
usted

163
3.5 Spanish I

C. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you correctly conjugate the ue stem-changing verbs?


2. Do you know what the ue stem-changing verbs mean?
3. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Qué puedes hacer bien?
b. Normalmente, ¿cuántas horas duermes cada noche?
c. Típicamente, ¿a qué hora vuelves a casa?
d. ¿Qué almuerzas los fines de semana?

Tarea:
Complete 3.6 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.6 Para Practicar en Casa.

164
En casa 3.6

3.6: Para estudiar en casa

3.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn e➔i stem-changing verbs
b. To be able to conjugate and understand the uses of ver and oír
c. To review e➔ie, o➔ue, and e➔i stem changing verbs

Introduction:
In this section, we cover the last type of stem-change: e➔i. We will consider the subtle
differences between ver/mirar and oír/escuchar. Since you have learned all three types of
stem-changing verbs, we will practice all of them together.

3.6.a. To learn e➔i stem-changing verbs

e➔i stem-changing verbs work just like the other stem-changing verbs that you have
already learned. Remember that the endings are regular and there is no stem-change for
the nosotros and vosotros forms. This is the only stem-change that also affects the present
participle (pidiendo, repitiendo, consigiendo etc.)

pedir (i) to ask for

pido pedimos
pides pedís
pide piden

Reír and sonreír require tildes.

reír (i) to laugh

río reímos
ríes reís
ríe ríen

The following are important e➔i stem-changing verbs. Usually, when these verbs are
presented they are followed by (i) to indicate the stem change.

Español Inglés
competir (i) to compete
conseguir (i) to get / to obtain
corregir (i) to correct
medir (i) to measure

165
3.6 Spanish I

pedir (i) to ask for


reír (i) to laugh
repetir (i) to repeat
seguir (i) to follow / to continue
servir (i) to serve
sonreír (i) to smile

Note:
You may notice some patterns within this list of verbs. For example, if you know how to
conjugate seguir, then you will know how to conjugate conseguir. The same is true with reír
and sonreír. Another repeating pattern within these verbs is: -edir in medir/pedir and
-etir in competir/repetir.
The verb corregir is irregular in the yo form, because the sound of the letter g changes
depending on the vowel that follows. Pronounce the following: corregir, corrijo and
corrigo*. The g changes to j for the yo form in order to preserve the sound of the infinitive.

MODELO:
En este restaurante, siempre pido la pizza, pero mi hermana pide la ensalada.
Sí, la pizza que sirven es excelente.
Yo corrijo mi tarea y el profesor corrige los exámenes.
Repito que es importante repetir las prácticas.
El cómico sonríe y el público ríe mucho.
El carpintero mide dos veces antes de cortar.
Los estudiantes siguen las instrucciones.

3.6.b. To be able to conjugate and understand the uses of ver and oír

Ver and oír are slightly irregular. Their counterparts, mirar and escuchar, are regular
conjugations.

ver = to see oír = to hear


veo oigo
ves oyes
ve oye
vemos oyemos
veis oís
ven oyen

Note:
As you can see, ver is only irregular in the yo form, because the letter e is not dropped.
Oír is also irregular in the yo form, like tengo, pongo, and traigo. In addition, the i is not
dropped, except in the vosotros form, and it becomes a y (the Greek i = i griega). This also
occurs in the present participle: oyendo.

As always, it is best to practice pronouncing the conjugations of new verbs several times.

166
En casa 3.6

In English, seeing and hearing are more passive, while watching and listening are more
active. Occasionally, these verbs are interchangeable in English, but most of the time, they
are not. Consider the following examples:

Passive Active
I see the television. I watch the television.
You hear a noise. You listen to a noise.

It is more common in Spanish that ver and mirar can be used interchangeably, the same for
oír and escuchar. Be aware that this is the case, so that you can appropriately understand
the difference from the context, but it is recommended that you use them as you would in
English. Consider the following examples; think about what they mean and how you might
translate them to English.

MODELO:
Miro la televisión por la noche.
Veo un barco en el mar.
Miran la Serie Mundial cada año.
Ven a su amiga caminando en la calle.
Escucho las noticias en la radio.
Oigo el ruido de los vecinos.
Escuchamos las instrucciones.
Oímos la música toda la noche.

3.6.c. To review e➔ie, o➔ue, and e➔i stem changing verbs

The following is a summary of information related to stem-changing verbs in Spanish.

There are three types of stem-changing verbs and the stem-change is usually indicated in
parenthesis following the infinitive of the verb.

e➔ie o➔ue e➔ i
querer (ie) poder (ue) servir (i)

Stem-changes in the present tense do not affect the nosotros or vosotros forms. These are
sometimes called "boot" verbs. The endings are the same as regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs.

cerrar (ie) to close

cierro cerramos
cierras cerráis
cierra cierran

167
3.6 Spanish I

Stem-changes can be combined with other types of irregular verb forms.

tener (ie) to have

tengo tenemos
tienes tenéis
tiene tienen

A few require tildes.

sonreír (i) to smile

sonrío sonreímos
sonríes soneís
sonríe sonríen

It is important to pronounce the conjugations of these verbs in order to learn the stem-
changes.

Here is a complete list of all of the important stem-changing verbs presented thus far.

e➔ie o➔ue e➔ i
cerrar (ie) almorzar (ue) competir (i)
comenzar (ie) contar (ue) conseguir (i)
empezar (ie) costar (ue) corregir (i)
entender(ie) dormir (ue) medir (i)
pensar (ie) devolver (ue) pedir (i)
perder (ie) encontrar (ue) reír (i)
preferir (ie) jugar (ue) repetir (i)
querer (ie) mostrar (ue) seguir (i)
sentir poder (ue) servir (i)
tener (ie) probar (ue) sonreír (i)
venir (ie) recordar (ue) ---
--- soñar (ue) ---
--- volver (ue) ---

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En casa 3.6

3.6: Para practicar en casa

3.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn e➔i stem-changing verbs
b. To be able to conjugate and understand the uses of ver and oír
c. To review e➔ie, o➔ue, and e➔i stem changing verbs

A. La conjugación de los verbos de cambio de raíz e➔i


Conjugate the verb in parenthesis according to the context.

1. Los jugadores de baloncesto (competir) en el partido.


2. Mis primos y yo (seguir) visitando la tumba de mi abuelo.
3. Vosotros (pedir) una ensalada.
4. Ellos (pedir) un sándwich.
5. Tú (corregir) tus propios errores.
6. Mi hermano y yo (corregir) los errores del otro.
7. María (servir) la cena a las siete.
8. Vosotros (servir) la cena a las seis y media.
9. Mis abuelos (reír) y (sonreír) mucho.
10. Nosotros (reír) y (sonreír) mucho también.

B. Ver/mirar y oír/escuchar
Use the context of each sentence to choose the correct verb from the options. Then,
conjugate in the present tense. Remember to use the meaning in English, but be aware that
even in these cases, these verbs are often interchangeable in Spanish.

¿Ver o mirar?
1. ¿ tú a la persona allí? Creo que es mi ex.
2. Cada noche mi hermana y yo nuestro programa favorito.
3. Está oscuro. No (yo) muy bien.
4. En la próxima esquina (corner) que (tú), dobla a la
derecha (turn right).
5. En el parque por la tarde, él a la gente paseando.

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3.6 Spanish I

¿Oír o escuchar?
6. Los estudiantes atentamente a la explicación de la profesora.
7. El volumen está muy bajo. Nosotros no muy bien.
8. En la distancia, nosotros las campanas de la iglesia (church bells).
9. Hijo mío, ¿cuántas veces tengo que repetir? Tú me , pero
no me .

C. Ensalada de verbos de cambio de raíz


Conjugate the verb in the present tense according to the context.

1. Nosotros (encontrar) la solución al problema.


2. Mi mejor amigo siempre (dormir) hasta el mediodía.
3. Los estudiantes (repetir) la pronunciación de las palabras.
4. Cada año, ellos (conseguir) un trabajo en el verano.
5. ¿Vosotros (pensar) que váis al concierto esta noche?
6. ¿A qué hora (empezar) la fiesta?
7. La comida que (servir - ellos) en ese restaurante es malísima.
8. ¿Tú (poder) hablar francés también?
9. Mis compañeros y yo (venir) a la universidad a la misma hora.
10. A veces, Los Dodgers (perder) también.
11. Yo (tener) que estudiar hoy.
12. Después de practicar mucho, los estudiantes (entender) la gramática.
13. Nosotros (recordar) los mejores tiempos.
14. Si (querer - tú) ser rico, es importante trabajar mucho.
15. Los estudiantes más dedicados, (seguir) estudiando.
16. Jorge (venir) a la fiesta con su novia.
17. Todos los días, Miguel (jugar) con sus amigos en la calle.
18. Yo siempre (sonreír) cuando estoy con ella.
19. Mi hermana (soñar) con vivir en México.
20. Esta tienda (cerrar) a las diez de la noche.

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En casa 3.6

D. Preguntas personales
Contesta las preguntas con frases completas.

1. ¿Qué piensas hacer este fin de semana?

2. ¿Qué repite mucho la profesora? ¿Qué repiten mucho tus padres?

3. ¿Qué pides en tu restaurante favorito?

4. Típicamente, ¿sonríes mucho? ¿ríes mucho?

5. ¿En qué restaurante sirven tu comida favorita?

6. ¿Con qué sueñas?

7. ¿Qué tienes que hacer hoy? ¿Qué quieres hacer hoy?

8. ¿A qué hora vienes al campus? ¿A qué hora vuelves a casa?

9. ¿Prefieres leer o mirar la televisión?

10. ¿Dónde almuerzas frecuentemente?

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3.6 Spanish I

3.6: Para practicar en clase

3.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn e➔i stem-changing verbs
b. To be able to conjugate and understand the uses of ver and oír
c. To review e➔ie, o➔ue, and e➔i stem changing verbs

A. Entrevista
Ask and answer the following questions with a classmate.

1. ¿Cuándo corriges la tarea?


2. ¿Qué platos sirven en tu resaurante favorito?
3. Cuando estás solo en casa, ¿qué almuerzas?
4. Cuando tus amigos están en tu casa, ¿qué sirves para el almuerzo?
5. ¿Cuál programa de televisión miras con frecuencia?
6. ¿Qué tienes que hacer hoy? ¿Qué quieres hacer hoy?
7. Después de clase, ¿sigues practicando español?
8. ¿Ves a tu familia cada semana?
9. ¿Siempre escuchas atentamente cuando habla el profesor/la profesora?
10. Donde vives, ¿qué oyes por la noche?

B. ¿Cuál cambio de raíz


With a partner, take turns reading a random verb from the lists below. Your partner should
say which stem-change the verb is, and provide at least one conjugation.

MODELO:
Estudiante A: Dormir.
Estudiante B: Dormir, o➔ue, duermes.

medir sentir entender devolver corregir empezar


costar pedir almorzar pensar cerrar conseguir
jugar preferir repetir querer tener servir
sonreír encontrar perder probar venir soñar
volver reír mostrar contar competir poder

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En casa 3.6

C. La opción más lógica


With a partner, discuss the context and the verbs provided. Choose the most logical verb.
Then, write the correct form of the verb according to the context.

1. La clase (comenzar/estudiar) a las 10 de la mañana.


2. Los estudiantes (entender/soñar) los nuevos verbos.
3. Mi hijo (tocar/jugar) la guitarra muy bien.
4. A veces, ellos (pedir/preguntar) más tiempo.
5. Hoy quiero (almorzar/tener) una hamburguesa.
6. Mis hermanas (pensar/poder) hablar italiano.
7. Es importante no (encontrar/perder) las llaves.
8. Todos (oír/escuchar) cuando Carlos (reír/sonreír).
9. Mis hijos (devolver/volver) a casa a las ocho.
10. En la noche, nosotros (corregir/soñar) con los ángeles.
11. Algunas personas (seguir/conseguir) trabajando depués de las cinco.
12. Los profesores (repetir/medir) la misma información muchas veces.
13. Cuando tienes tiempo, favor de (poner/pensar) las cosas en su lugar.
14. Yo siempre (preferir/llevar) mis libros a clase.
15. Cada viernes, yo (contar/salir) con mis amigos por la noche.

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you correctly conjugate the e➔i stem-changing verbs?


2. Do you know what the e➔i stem-changing verbs mean?
3. Do you know the understand ver/mirar and oír/escuchar?
4. Do you know about the general characteristics of stem-changing verbs?
5. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Qué pides en tu restaurante favorito?
b. Normalmente, ¿quién ríe más tú o tu mejor amigo?
c. ¿Escuchas a tus padres?
d. ¿Qué quieres hacer mañana?
e. ¿Qué días de la semana tienes clase?

Tarea:
Complete 3.7 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.7 Para Practicar en Casa.

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3.7 Spanish I

3.7: Para estudiar en casa

3.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To understand the concept and structure of pronominal verbs
b. To learn important pronominal verbs
c. To be able to appropriately use common time-related expressions

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about a new type of verb, the pronominal verb. The structure is
straightforward, but the concept is often confusing to English speakers. You will learn
many important pronominal verbs, many having to do with your daily routine. Lastly, we
will practice some prepositions of time, so that you can tell the order of the things that you
do during your daily routine.

3.7.a. To understand the concept and structure of pronominal verbs

You have already learned some conjugations of at least one pronominal verb. Do you
remember how to say, "What's your name"?

¿Cómo te llamas?

Llamarse is a pronominal verb. That means that when you conjugate it, it has an extra
pronoun. These are sometimes called "se" verbs, because when they are presented in the
infinitive form, the pronoun "se" is added to the end, as in "llamarse".

Pronominal verbs can be -ar, -er, or -ir verbs. When we conjugate these verbs, there are
always three elements, 1) the subject, 2) the pronoun, and 3) the conjugation. In order to be
grammatically correct, all three elements must agree. Although all three elements must
refer to the same subject, the subject is not always explicitly stated.

el sujeto el pronombre la conjugación


yo me llamo
tú te llamas
él, ella, usted se llama
nosotoros/as nos llamamos
vosotros/as os llamáis
ellos, ellas, ustedes se llaman

In Spanish, we specify the subject, as needed, according to the context, as was discussed in
1.4. The subject of "me llamo" must be "yo", therefore it is normally omitted.

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En casa 3.7

Pronominal verbs can be stem-changing verbs.

acostarse (uo): to lay down / to go to bed

me acuesto nos acostamos


te acuestas os acostáis
se acuesta se acuestan

Sometimes, non-pronominal verbs have a pronominal counterpart that has a different


meaning. The conjugations are the same; the only difference is the pronoun. Notice the
difference in meaning between the following non-pronominal and pronominal verbs.

Español Inglés
dormir (ue) to sleep
dormirse (ue) to fall alseep
llamar to call
llamarse to be named
poner to put, to place
ponerse to put on (oneself)

Pronominal or Reflexive?

Pronominal verbs are sometimes called "reflexive" verbs by teachers and textbooks.
Reflexive is when the action is received by the doer of the action. The equivalent pronouns
in English are: "myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and
themselves", and so they are also referred to as "self" verbs. In English, we do not always
use this pronoun, because is understood by the context. For example, if you say: "I shaved",
it is understood that you shaved yourself. If you shaved someone else, you would add a
pronoun to indicate that, like "I shaved him".

It is true that some pronominal verbs are reflexive, but not all. There are many examples of
this: Does a book call itself anything? Llamarse is not reflexive, it just has an extra
pronoun. In fact is the other way around. All reflexive verbs are pronominal, but not all
pronominal verbs are reflexive. To call all pronominal verbs reflexive is like saying all dogs
are chihuahuas, instead of saying all chihuahuas are dogs. Therefore, it is better not to think
of these verbs as reflexives, rather as pronominal or se verbs, verbs that have an extra
pronoun.

The Placement of Pronouns

These pronouns usually go before the conjugated verb. Consider the following examples.

MODELO:
Me llamo María y mi hermano se llama Tomás.
Me acuesto y pronto me duermo.
Cuando tengo frío, me pongo una chaqueta.

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3.7 Spanish I

When the structure of a sentence contains two verbs, there are often two possibilities:
1) before the conjugated verb and 2) attached to the infinitive.

1. Before the Conjugated Verb 2. Attached to the Infinitive


Me voy a dormir. Voy a dormirme.
Me quiero acostar. Quiero acostarme.

3.7.b. To learn important pronominal verbs

The following list of common pronominal verbs contains many verbs that are related to
your daily routine, specifically, things we do everyday.

Español Inglés
acostarse (ue) to lay down / to go to bed
afeitarse to shave (oneself)
bañarse to bathe/to take a bath
cepillarse los dientes/el pelo to brush one's teeth/hair
despedirse (i) to say good-bye
despertarse (ie) to wake up
divertirse (ie) to have fun
ducharse to shower
graduarse to graduate
lavarse las manos/el pelo to wash one's hands/hair
levantarse to get up
llamarse to be named
maquillarse to put makeup on (oneself)
peinarse to comb one's hair
ponerse to put on (oneself)
quedarse to stay
quitarse to take off
secarse to dry (oneself)
sentarse (ie) to sit down
sentirse (ie) to feel
vestirse (i) to get dressed

MODELO:
En la mañana, me despierto a las 7:30. Me quedo acostada unos 10 minutos.
Después, me levanto. Voy al baño y me cepillo los dientes. Me quito la pijama.
Me ducho y me afeito. Antes de vestirme, me seco y me maquillo. Desayuno
en la cocina. Me cepillo el pelo, me pongo la chaqueta y salgo para la
universidad. Depués de mis clases, almuerzo con mis amigos.
En la tarde, me siento cansada. Vuelvo a casa y me acuesto un rato. Más tarde,
salgo con mis amigas y nos divertimos mucho.

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En casa 3.7

En la noche, después de despedirme de mis amigas, regreso a casa. Me siento


a estudiar en la sala. Luego, me quito la ropa, me pongo la pijama. Me
quito el maquillaje, me lavo la cara y me acuesto. Finalmente, me duermo
rápidamente.

Note:
Since the pronoun associated with the verbs often indicates who receives the action of the
verb, we use definite articles in Spanish instead of the possessive adjectives:

Español Inglés
me cepillo los dientes I brush my teeth
me lavo la cara I wash my face

3.7.c. To be able to appropriately use common time-related expressions

In this chapter, you have studied many new verbs. Additionally, you will be discussing your
daily routine. In order to do so effectively, you need to know how to describe a series of
activities. The following list of adverbs and time-related expressions will help you to
describe, in order, the sequence of actions that make up your daily routine.

Español Inglés
antes (de) before
primero first
segundo second
tercero third
después (de) afterwards/after
por último lastly
finalmente finally
en seguida immediately
muy pronto very soon/quickly/right away
temprano early
luego later
más tarde later
hasta until
durante 2 horas/minutos/días for 2 minutos/hours/days

MODELO:
Me despierto muy temprano. Primero me levanto. Segundo me quito el
pijama y tercero me visto. En seguida voy a la cocina. Tomo un poco de café y
leo el periódico, pero antes preparo mi almuerzo. Después, voy al baño y me
cepillo los dientes durante 2 minutos. Por último me peino y finalmente
estoy listo para ir a clase.

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3.7 Spanish I

Some expressions can be used with other time references that you have already studied.

MODELO:
Después de las 7:30 tengo tiempo para estudiar. Antes de las 8:30 estoy lista
para salir, pero no voy a la universidad hasta las 9.

Some expressions can be used with the infinitive verb form. The only verb form that should
follow a preposition (de, a, para, etc.) is the infinitive.

MODELO:
Estudio hasta terminar el capítulo. Antes de acostarme, me cepillo los
dientes. Después de ponerme la pijama, me acuesto y me duermo.

Note:
In English, we would use the gerund (present participle) after a preposition (antes de
acostarme = before laying down).

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En casa 3.7

3.7: Para practicar en casa

3.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To understand the concept and structure of pronominal verbs
b. To learn important pronominal verbs
c. To be able to appropriately use common time-related expressions

A. La conjugación de los verbos pronominales.


Conjugate the verb in parenthesis according to the context.

1. Mi familia y yo siempre (levantarse) muy temprano.


2. Yo (acostarse) temprano también.
3. Mi hermana (cepillarse) los dientes en seguida.
4. Mis hermanos (vestirse) primero.
5. Nosotros (ducharse) todos los días.
6. Mi hermano menor (bañarse).
7. Yo (afeitarse) en la ducha.
8. ¿Ustedes (divertirse) con sus amigos?
9. Tú (lavarse) las manos frecuentemente.
10. Los estudiantes (vestirse) antes de clase.

B. ¿Cuál verbo?
Choose the most appropriate verb and write the correct verb form according to the context.

ponerse divertirse vestirse bañarse acostarse


levantarse despertarse ducharse lavarse cepillarse

Silvia a las 8 de la mañana todos los días.


Primero, y en seguida va al baño. Allí
los dientes y la cara. Los fines de semana, prefiere
porque tiene más tiempo, pero entresemana,
porque es más rápido. Después para trabajar o si es
sábado, ropa muy cómoda. Todos los días
y a las 10 .

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3.7 Spanish I

C. Actions: Habitual and Future


Using the infinitive form of the pronominal verbs, write down 5 things that you normally
do everyday. Try to include some additional information.
(i.e. Cepillarme los dientes en el baño.)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Now, conjugate them in the present tense to describe your habitual actions
(i.e. Me cepillo los dientes en el baño.)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Now use ir + infinitivo to describe what you are going to do tomorrow. Remember that you
have two options for pronoun placement. Try to use both.
(i.e. Voy a cepillarme los dientes en el baño. Me voy a cepillar los dientes en el baño.)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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En casa 3.7

D. Mi rutina diaria
Write your daily routine. Use as many actions as possible. Indicate the order that you do
the actions using the time-related expressions. Indicate in what part of the house you do
the actions. Try to be as detailed as possible.

En la mañana,

Por la tarde,

En la noche,

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3.7 Spanish I

3.7: Para practicar en clase

3.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To understand the concept and structure of pronominal verbs
b. To learn important pronominal verbs
c. To be able to appropriately use common time-related expressions

A. Las asociaciones
With a partner, write which part of the house, which furniture and/or appliances you
associate with the following actions. Can you associate any other verbs or words with
these? See which group can find the most associations.

1. despertarse
2. cepillarse los dientes
3. maquillarse
4. afeitarse
5. vestirse
6. ducharse
7. peinarse
8. sentarse
9. divertirse
10. acostarse

B. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be creative with your answers.
Use complete sentences.

1. ¿A qué hora te acuestas normalmente? ¿A qué hora te despiertas?


2. ¿Cuántas veces al día te cepillas los dientes?
3. ¿Te bañas o te duchas normalmente?
4. ¿Cuántas veces a la semana te afeitas?
5. ¿Te cepillas el pelo o te peinas?

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En casa 3.7

6. ¿Cuándo te gradúas?
7. ¿Te diviertes con tus amigos los viernes?
8. Tus amigos y tú, ¿se despiden con besos y abrazos?
9. ¿Te maquillas?
10. ¿Qué haces después de ducharte?

C. La secuencia de actividades
Thinking of your daily routine, fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of pronominal
verbs that would normally have the sequence indicated.

1. Primero y segundo
2. Antes de , yo siempre
3. y en seguida
4. Siempre las 8 de la mañana, luego
5. Normalmente , luego
6. , más tarde
7. y , por fin
8. muy temprano, por eso mucho.
9. Después de , normalmente yo
10. hasta muy tarde, por eso mucho.

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you understand the concept and structure of pronominal verbs?


2. Do you know the meaning of the pronominal verbs?
3. Can you use time-related expressions to describe your daily routine?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿A qué hora te acuestas?
b. ¿Cuántas veces a la semana te duchas?
c. ¿Qué haces después de despertarte?
d. ¿Te diviertes los fines de semana?

Tarea:
Complete 3.8 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.8 Para Practicar en Casa.

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3.8 Spanish I

3.8: Para estudiar en casa

3.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about living conditions for young people in Spain
b. To review what you learned in 3.1-3.8

Introduction:
In this chapter, we discussed our homes and daily routines. We will use an LTE (Letter To
the Editor) sent to a Spanish newspaper to discuss current economic living conditions in
Spain. Also, before moving on to chapter 4, we will review the language and culture topics
from chapter 3 and complete a capstone project.

3.8.a. To learn about living conditions for young people in Spain

El País is a Spanish Newspaper. In August of 2005, Carolina Alguacil, a 27 year old woman,
wrote an opinion piece titled: Yo soy "mileurista".

Yo soy "mileurista"

Follow the link to read the original letter in which she coined the term "mileurista". The
letter describes the economic situation of her generation, highly educated individuals who
could only find employment that would pay around 1000 euros per month (mil - eur -ista).

Unfortunately, high unemployment, low wages, and a cost of living equal to other countries
in Europe where salaries are higher, have continued to deteriorate the situation. Carolina
Alguacil was complaining about her generation's salaries, but since then, other terms, like
"nimileurista" (not even mileurista) and seiscientos eurista have been coined.

For further reading (optional), try the following links:

El País, 23 de octubre, 2005: La generación de los mil euros

El País, 12 de marzo, 2012: Generación "nimileurista"

El País, 10 de mayo, 2015: Mileuristas, diéz años después

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En casa 3.8

3.8.b. To review what you learned in 3.1-3.8

Below you will find the complete list of the chapter 3 learning objectives. You should
understand each of them. Review them carefully and, if you are unsure about any of them,
go back and review the explanations.

3.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To acquire vocabulary related to the rooms / parts of a house
b. To learn vocabulary related to furniture, appliances, and other household items
3.2 Learning objectives:
a. To learn what diphthongs are, how they are formed, and why they are important
b. To understand how diphthongs are broken
c. To be able to correctly pronounce words with and without diphthongs
3.3 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb ir
b. To be able to use ir to tell to where someone is going and the contraction al
c. To be able to use ir to tell what someone is going to do
3.4 Learning objectives:
a. To be able to conjugate hacer, poner, salir, traer and caer
b. To understand e➔ie stem-changing verbs
c. To learn new e➔ie stem-changing verbs
3.5 Learning objectives:
a. To understand o➔ue stem-changing verbs
b. To learn new o➔ue stem-changing verbs
3.6 Learning objectives:
a. To learn e➔i stem-changing verbs
b. To be able to conjugate and understand the uses of ver and oír
c. To review e➔ie, o➔ue, and e➔i stem changing verbs
3.7 Learning objectives:
a. To understand the concept and structure of pronominal verbs
b. To learn important pronominal verbs
c. To be able to appropriately use common time-related expressions
3.8 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about living conditions for young people in Spain
b. To review what you learned in 3.1-3.8

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3.8 Spanish I

3.8: Para practicar en casa

3.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about living conditions for young people in Spain
b. To review what you learned in 3.1-3.8

A. Comprensión de lectura
Answer the following questions based on the LTE: Yo soy "mileurista".
1. Según la lectura, ¿cuántos años tiene un mileurista?

2. ¿Qué cualificaciones o preparaciones tiene un mileurista?

3. ¿Qué le gusta al mileurista?

4. ¿Qué no tiene el mileurista?

5. ¿Quién se ríe cuando dice que gana "nine hundred and ninety seven euros"?

B. ¿Eres mileurista?
Think about and answer the following questions based on your own experience. If needed,
look up information.

1. Immediately after graduation from college, how much do you expect to earn per month?

2. What is the monthly minimum wage in California? What percentage of that would go to
the typical rent?

3. Why are they laughing at the mileurista at the end of the letter?

4. How do you think this generation of mileuristas feels about their future?

5. What do you think led to this economic situation?

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En casa 3.8

C. Repaso (Review)
Review the chapter 3 learning objectives again and repeat the exercises in any section that
you think you need to practice more.

D. Chapter 3 Capstone Project


The house and routine project is the culminating project for Chapter 3 - La casa. The
project brings together everything you have learned so far, especially vocabulary and verb
forms covered in this chapter. This project will help you study for your chapter exam as
well as the oral final at the end of the semester.

Materials- For this project you will need pictures of the rooms in your house.
IF you prefer, you MAY use appropriate imagery that represents them (i.e., if
I don’t have a picture of a living room, I can use a picture(s) from the internet
that portrays it. A minimum of 1 image per “residential space” is required.

Mode of delivery- This presentation should be completed in Power Point or


Google Slides. You will present yours in class, so be sure to practice your
script.

Instructions - Prepare a multimedia presentation of your house and daily


routine. Please:
• Present a minimum of 5 residential spaces, including your bedroom,
bathroom, kitchen, living room, and one other space, like a garden or patio,
etc.
• Describe each space using the chapter vocabulary and look up any additional
words that you need. ¿Qué hay en tu cuarto, etc.?
• Describe what you do in each space throughout your day using the verbs
covered in this chapter: (i.e. En mi habitación, hay... Primero, me despierto,
entonces, me levanto.... Después voy al baño, En mi baño hay..., etc.)
• IF, for any reason, you prefer NOT to discuss YOUR home, it is possible to
create a presentation based on someone else's home:
a. la casa de otra persona (i.e., Barak Obama, Elon Musk, un buen amig@,
etc.)
b. la casa ideal - how you might “choose” your home and routine to be, based
on your own personality or interests.

Content- Presentations should include the following information:


¿Qué cuarto?
Éste es mi baño.
¿Qué hay en el cuarto?
En mi baño hay dos espejos y dos lavabos. También hay un inodoro y
una ducha.
¿Qué haces en el cuarto?
En mi baño, me cepillo los dientes, me ducho, me peino y me visto.
¿Adónde vas después?
Después voy a la cocina...

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3.8 Spanish I

3.8: Para practicar en clase

3.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about living conditions for young people in Spain
b. To review what you learned in 3.1-3.8

A. ¿Somos mileuristas?
In a group of 3 or 4 classmates, discuss the reading: Yo soy "mileurista". Be sure to address
the following topics:

1. What caused the economic situation of the mileurista?


2. How qualified are mileuristas compared to the typical college grad in the U.S.?
3. How does the lifestyle of the mileurista sound to you, short-term and long-term?
4. What future plans do you have? What future plans does a mileurista have? Are you able
or will you be able to save money? Can they?
5. What advice would you give to a mileurista?

B. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following.

1. ¿Qué hay en tu casa/habitación/cocina/baño/comedor/sala?


2. ¿Qué vas a hacer esta mañana/durante las próximas vacaciones/ este fin de semana?
3. ¿Qué va a hacer tu mejor amigo/tus amigos/tus amigos y tú?
4. ¿A qué hora empieza tu primera clase/tu última clase? ¿Qué días tienes clases?
5. ¿Qué quieres hacer hoy/mañana/este fin de semana/después de graduarte?
6. ¿Dónde y con quién almuerzas normalmente?
7. ¿Juegas al béisbol/baloncesto/fútbol/fútbol americano/hockey/etc.?
8. ¿Puedes nadar bien/correr muy rápido/escribir poesía?
9. ¿Qué pides en tu restaurante favorito? ¿Qué sirven normalmente?
10. ¿Qué pones en tu mochila? ¿Qué traes a clase? ¿A qué hora sales con tus amigos?
11. ¿Qué haces en la mañana/los fines de semana/cuando tienes clase?
12. ¿A qué hora vienes a la universidad?

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En casa 3.8

C. Repaso
Practice the following with a partner.

1. El Vocabulario
With a partner, discuss how each of these sentences could be changed to make sense. Try to
find multiple options for each by using this chapter's vocabulary.

MODELO:
¿El lavabo está en la habitación? No, el lavabo está en la cocina.
No, el inodoro está en el baño.
No, la bañera está en el baño, etc.

¿La estufa está en el baño?


¿El televisor está en el horno?
¿La cama está en la piscina?
¿El inodoro está en la habitación?
¿El sofá está en la cocina?
¿La mesita de noche está en el jardín?
¿El refrigerador está en el espejo?
¿La alfombra está en el sofá?
¿El jardín está en el garaje?
¿El armario está en el baño?

2. Las sílabas
With a classmate, divide the following words into syllables. Using the pronunciation rules,
underline the stressed syllable. Practice pronouncing the words out loud.

1. cuarto 2. maestro

3. país 4. australiano

5. miércoles 6. impermeable

7. monstruo 8. siempre

9. bailar 10. hay

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3.8 Spanish I

3. ¿Qué van a hacer?


With a classmate, guess what the following people are going to do. Use verbs that we have
learned so far and complete each sentence with the ir + infinitivo construction - do not
repeat verbs.

1. ¿Qué va a hacer tu madre hoy?


2. ¿Qué van a hacer tus primos mañana?
3. ¿Qué va a hacer tu hermana este fin de semana?
4. ¿Qué van a hacer tus tíos durante las próximas vacacciones?
5. ¿Qué va a hacer tu perro esta tarde?
6. ¿Qué va a hacer tu mejor amigo mañana por la mañana?
7. ¿Qué va a hacer tu profesor de español esta noche?
8. ¿Qué va a hacer tu padre el miércoles?
9. ¿Qué van a hacer tus abuelos el viernes por la noche?
10. ¿Qué van a hacer tus compañeros de clase después de clase?

4. Algunos verbos nuevos


Conjugate the verbs provided. Once you are done, compare your answers with a
classmate's and then check your answers.

1. Preferir. Ella la costa y vosotros las montañas.


2. Entender. Tú a la profesora y nosotros la lección.
3. Traer. Yo las entradas y ellos a sus amigos.
4. Perder. Él sus llaves y vosotros la clase.
5. Empezar. Tú a las 6 y nosotros a las 8.
6. Venir. Yo a la universidad y tú a tu casa.
7. Querer. Nosotros salir y ella quedarse.
8. Poner. Yo la mesa y él no la mesa.

5. Mi rutina diaria
With a partner, take turns describing your daily routine. Be sure to include the days of the
week, the places in your home where certain actions are performed, and your class and
work schedule.

6. Mi rutina diaria ideal


Now discuss how you would like your daily routine to be. What time would you get up or
go to bed if you could do so at any time? What would your class and work schedule be like?

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En casa 3.8

7. Mi casa
With a partner, discuss your current apartment or home, or the apartment or house where
you grew up. Specifically, try to use as much of the vocabulary from this chapter to tell ¿qué
hay? in each room.

8. Mi casa ideal
With a partner, take turns describing your ideal house. Discuss where it would be, how
many rooms, and all the things inside it.

Tarea:
Continue to review in order to be prepared for the Chapter 3 Assessment.

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4
De compras
4.1 Learning Objectives:
a. To acquire vocabulary related to clothes and accessories
b. To learn vocabulary related to colors, patterns, and materials
c. To practice shopping-related vocabulary
4.2 Learning objectives:
a. To review the main use of the tilde
b. To learn the other use of the tilde
c. To recognize and understand common examples of some "twin" words
4.3 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about direct object pronouns and their function
b. To learn about the "personal a"
c. To be able to use direct object pronouns with infinitives
4.4 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the conjugations and uses of saber and conocer
b. To learn the conjugations and uses of ser and estar
c. To learn about adjectives that change meaning with ser and estar
4.5 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about indefinite and negative adverbs and their uses
b. To learn about indefinite and negative nouns and their uses
c. To learn about indefinite and negative adjectives and their uses
4.6 Learning objectives:
a. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative adjectives
b. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative pronouns
c. To be able to understand and use the neuter demonstrative pronouns
4.7 Learning objectives:
a. To be able to form the present participle and the present progressive
b. To understand the uses of the present participle and present progressive
c. To be able to use the present progressive with certain pronouns
4.8 Learning objectives:
a. To practice interpersonal exchanges between a salesclerk and a customer
b. To review what you learned in 4.1 - 4.8

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4.1: Para estudiar en casa

4.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To acquire vocabulary related to clothes and accessories
b. To learn vocabulary related to colors, patterns, and materials
c. To practice shopping-related vocabulary

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will study colors and patterns, clothes and accessories, and shopping-
related vocabulary. As with other vocabulary lists, remember to study each new noun with
the definite article. Also, be sure to look up any additional words that you might need to
describe your own clothes.

4.1.a. To acquire vocabulary related to clothes and accessories

The following vocabulary list features common clothes and accessories. Study carefully
each word. Pronounce them out loud and try to visualize them on yourself or a friend.

La ropa The Clothes


los zapatos (de tacón) the shoes (high heeled)
los tenis the tennis shoes
las sandalias the sandals
las chanclas the flip flops
las zapatillas the slippers
las botas the boots
los calcetines the socks
las medias the stockings
la ropa interior the underwear
los calzones the underpants
el sostén the bra
las pijamas the pajamas
la bata the robe
los pantalones the pants
los jeans the jeans
la falda the skirt
el vestido the dress
la camiseta the t shirt
la camisa the shirt
la blusa the blouse
el suéter the sweater
el traje / el traje de baño the suit / the bathing suit

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4.1 Spanish I

Note:
Ropa is a singular noun that refers to something plural: clothes. You do not have to
pluralize it.

There are several ways of expressing certain words. This depends on many things, like
regionalisms and dialects. For example, "jeans" can be expressed as: los bluejeans, los
vaqueros, even pantalones, etc. While all of these words are acceptable, we suggest that you
learn one for now. Later, you may want to learn others depending on where you travel and
with whom you are speaking.

Los acesorios The Accessories


el sombrero the hat
la gorra the cap
el cinturón the belt
la corbata the tie
la chaqueta the jacket
el abrigo the coat
el impermeable the raincoat
el bolso the hand bag
la cartera the wallet
los guantes the gloves
la bufanda the scarf
las joyas the jewelry
el collar the necklace
el brazalete the bracelet
el reloj the watch
los aretes the earrings
el anillo the ring

MODELO:
¿Qué llevas hoy?
Hoy, llevo unas sandalias, unos pantalones cortos y una camiseta.
¿Qué llevas tú?
Llevo unos zapatos, unos calcetines, una falda y una blusa. También llevo dos
anillos, unos aretes, un brazalete y un collar.
¿Qué llevas para dormir?
Llevo unas pijamas.
¿Qué llevas para nadar?
Llevo un traje de baño.
¿Qué llevas para un evento elegante?
Llevo un vestido y unos zapatos de tacón.
¿Qué lleva el presidente?
Lleva unos zapatos y un traje con una corbata.

Note:
Normally, in both English and Spanish, we use the indefinite article for articles of clothes.

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4.1.b. To learn vocabulary related to colors, patterns, and materials

In this section, we will learn vocabulary related to colors and patterns. Colors are often
used as adjectives, so there are four forms for most of them. The gender and number of
colors follow the same rules discussed in 2.1. Study and pronounce each word carefully.

Los colores The Colors


amarillo yellow
anaranjado orange
azul (marino) blue (navy)
blanco white
dorado gold
gris grey
marrón brown
negro black
plateado silver
púrpura purple
rojo red
rosa pink
verde green
violeta violet

Note:
Azul, gris, púrpura, rosa, verde, and violeta have only one singular form. Púrpura and violeta
are also exceptions in the plural, because the vowel does not change (unos pantalones
púrpuras).

Los patrones y materiales The Patterns and Materials


de cuadros plaid
de lunares polka-dot
de rayas striped
de algodón cotton
de cuero leather
de lana wool
de oro gold
de plata silver
de seda silk

MODELO:
¿Qué llevas hoy?
Llevo una falda de lunares, una corbata de seda y unos zapatos de cuero.
¿Qué joyas llevas hoy?
Llevo unos aretes de plata y un collar de plata.
¿De qué es esta camiseta?
Es de algodón.

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4.1 Spanish I

4.1.c. To practice shopping-related vocabulary

In this section, we will learn vocabulary related to shopping. In the vocabulary list below,
you will find nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Study each word carefully and try to relate it to
something personal in your life. Be sure to pronounce each word carefully out loud.

Spanish English
el almacén the department store
el centro comercial the mall
el mercado the market
la plaza the plaza
la tienda the store
la ganga the bargain
el precio (fijo) the price (the fixed price)
las rebajas the sales
barato cheap
caro expensive
cómodo comfortable
de moda in fashion / trendy
comprar to buy
llevar to wear/to take/to carry
regatear to haggle
usar to wear/to use
vender to sell

MODELO:
¿Adónde vas hoy?
Voy al centro comercial para comprar ropa nueva.
¿Qué buscas?
Necesito comprar unos pantalones nuevos, pero baratos. Por eso, espero
encontrar una ganga o, si no tiene precio fijo, pienso regatear.
Debes ir a la nueva tienda en la plaza. Allí venden de todo. No tienen muchas cosas
caras y hoy tienen rebajas. Siempre encuentro gangas y puedes regatear.
Perfecto. ¿Quieres ir conmigo?
Sí, pero no puedo ir hasta la tarde porque la ropa que quiero usar está en la lavadora.
¿Qué ropa?
Mi falda de rayas y mi blusa blanca. ¿Puedes esperar?
No. Tengo una cita con mi novio a las 3 de la tarde.
Bueno, buena suerte con las compras.
Gracias por la información. Hasta luego.
Hasta pronto, chica.

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4.1: Para practicar en casa

4.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To acquire vocabulary related to clothes and accessories
b. To learn vocabulary related to colors, patterns, and materials
c. To practice shopping-related vocabulary

A. Mi ropa
Use the new vocabulary and write down all the items that you have of the following colors,
patterns, and materials. Don't forget your accessories.

MODELO:
verde: camiseta, corbata, camisa, pantalones, calcetines, anillo

1. blanco
2. rojo
3. azul
4. gris
5. negro
6. de rayas
7. de oro
8. de cuero
9. de algodón
10. de seda

B. ¿Qué tienes en tu clóset?


Look in your closet and / or dresser and describe 10 different items that you have,
including color, patterns, and materials.

MODELO:
Tengo un cinturón marrón. Es de rayas y de cuero.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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4.1 Spanish I

7.
8.
9.
10.
C. ¿De qué color es?
Complete the following sentences with colors. Be sure to match agreement with gender and
number where appropriate. You may provide additional information.

1. Mi camisa favorita es
2. Quiero un coche
3. Mi habitación es
4. Mis pantalones favoritos son
5. Mi cartera es
6. Mis botas favoritas son
7. Mi traje favorito es
8. Mi traje de baño favorito es
9. Mi cinturón favorito es
10. Mis zapatos favoritos son
D. ¿Qué llevas?
Use complete sentences to answer the following questions based on your own preference.
Include as much information as possible, like colors, patterns, and materials.

MODELO:
¿Qué llevas para dormir? Llevo unos pantalones cortos y una camiseta.

1. ¿Qué llevas en casa?


2. ¿Qué llevas a clase?
3. ¿Qué llevas para nadar en el río?
4. ¿Qué llevas para una cita con tu novi@?
5. ¿Qué llevas para una entrevista?
6. ¿Qué llevas a una boda?
7. ¿Qué llevas hoy?
8. ¿Qué llevas para trabajar?
9. ¿Qué llevas cuando haces ejercicio?
10. ¿Qué llevas cuando tienes frío?

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4.1: Para practicar en clase

4.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To acquire vocabulary related to clothes and accessories
b. To learn vocabulary related to colors, patterns, and materials
c. To practice shopping-related vocabulary

A. ¿De qué color es?


With a classmate, discuss the color or colors that you might associate with the following
items.

1. el dinero
2. la bandera (flag) americana
3. el cielo (sky)
4. la sangre (blood)
5. la nieve (snow)
6. una manzana (apple)
7. las flores
8. un arco iris (rainbow)
9. el bosque
10. el amor

B. En la tienda
Discuss with a classmate where you might go to purchase the following items. Tell them the
name of the store, if the items are expensive or not, how much they cost, etc.

MODELO:
un reloj de oro
¿Adónde vas para comprar un reloj de oro?
Voy a Sears en el centro comercial. Venden todo barato, tienen
mucha selección y muchas rebajas. Un reloj cuesta menos de $100.

un vestido elegante un cinturón de cuero


unos jeans unos aretes de plata
unos zapatos de tacón alto unos calcetines de algodón
unos tenis blancos una chaqueta de cuero
una bufanda de seda una gorra de béisbol

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4.1 Spanish I

C. ¿Entrevista?
With a partner, ask and answer the following questions in complete sentences. Include as
much detail as possible, such as colors, patterns, and materials.

1. ¿Qué llevas hoy?


2. ¿Qué lleva la profesora hoy?
3. ¿Qué llevas para un evento elegante?
4. ¿Dónde compras tu ropa? ¿Por qué?
5. ¿Qué ropa tienes de seda?
6. ¿Qué ropa tienes de cuero?
7. ¿Qué ropa blanca tienes?
8. ¿Qué ropa negra tienes?
9. ¿Dónde hay gangas esta semana?
10. ¿En qué tienda venden zapatos muy cómodos?

D. Diseño de moda
With a classmate, design a new male or female outfit or "look" for this winter. What are the
accessories that will accompany your design? Color your drawing and/or use labels to
indicate the color, pattern, and material of each item. When you are done, share your
design by showing the drawing and describing all of the items.

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you know the Spanish words for different articles of clothing and accessories?
2. Can you name all the colors, patterns, and materials in Spanish?
3. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Qué llevas hoy?
b. ¿Qué lleva el profesor?
c. ¿Adónde vas para comprar unos jeans nuevos?
d. ¿Qué hay en tu clóset?

Tarea:
Complete 4.2 Para Estudiar en Casa and 4.2 Para Practicar en Casa.

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4.2: Para estudiar en casa

4.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To review the main use of the tilde
b. To learn the other use of the tilde
c. To recognize and understand common examples of some "twin" words

Introduction:
The focus of this section is the tilde that you sometimes see over a vowel in Spanish. The
tilde has two functions. The main function of the tilde, as you have already learned in 2.2, is
to change the stressed syllable of the word. The other use of the tilde is to indicate a
difference between two words (twins) that are pronounced (and stressed) exactly the
same.

4.2.a. To review the main use of the tilde

As you recall, every word in Spanish has one syllable that is stressed more than the rest. If
there is no tilde, the only options are the last syllable or the second to last syllable, always
based on the last letter of the word. The tilde breaks those rules and allows any syllable to
be stressed. Here are the rules as summarized in 2.2.

Pronunciation Rules for Syllable Stress


1. Words in Spanish that have no written accent and end in a vowel, n, or s always
stress the second-to-last (penultimate) syllable.
2. Words that don't have a written accent and end in any other consonant (other than n
or s) always stress the last syllable.
3. Words with written accents (tildes) always stress the syllable with the tilde.

With these rules and the understanding of diphthongs presented in 3.2, you should be able
to correctly stress any word in Spanish. Below are examples of words that follow each rule;
the stressed syllable is underlined.

Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3


abogado nacionalidad débil
practico error práctico
viven avestruz practicó

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4.2 Spanish I

4.2.b. To learn the other use of the tilde

The other use of the tilde, besides changing the normally stressed syllable of a word, is to
indicate a different connotation of a word that is pronounced the same way. One of the
twins does not have a tilde and the other twin does. They are pronounced exactly the same,
but have different meanings. These words are called homonyms. You have already seen a
number of these words.

Español Inglés
tu yours
tú you
el the
él he
que that
qué what
como I eat
cómo how

MODELO:
¿Tú tienes tu libro?
Sí.
Y tu hermano, ¿él tiene el otro?
Sí. ¿Qué quieres? ¿Quieres el libro que él tiene?

¿Puedes ver cómo yo como cuando tengo prisa?


Sí.

Note:
Although these words are pronounced exactly the same, they have different meanings. This
difference in meaning is often understood by the context and, when written, indicated by
the tilde.

Remember that interrogative words always have tildes when functioning as a question.
Interrogative words can be used as direct or indirect questions (or exclamations), in which
case, they have tildes. Carefully consider the following.

Direct Question ¿Por qué vas? Why are you going?


Indirect Question No sabe por qué vas. He doesn't know why you
are going.

However, interrogative words can be used as relative pronouns, in which case, they are not
questions and do not have tildes. Although the translation may be the same, the function is
different. In this case, the functional difference is indicated by the tilde.

Relative Pronoun Estudio cuando tengo un I study when I have an


examen. exam.
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De compras 4.2

4.2.c. To recognize and understand common examples of some "twin" words

The following list of common examples of "twin" words will be very helpful as you develop
your abilities in Spanish. Carefully study each word. Pronounce each one out loud and think
about how you might use it in a sentence.

Español Inglés
si / sí if / yes
tu / tú your / you
mi / mí my / (to) me
el / él the / he
te /té to you / tea
se / sé -self (pronoun) / I know (verb conj.)
mas / más but / more
de / dé of, from / give (verb form of dar)
solo / sólo alone / only
que / qué that or what / what?
como / cómo I eat, how (pronoun) / how?
por que / por qué why (pronoun) / why?
quien / quién who, whom (pronoun) / who?, whom?
donde / dónde where (pronoun) / where?
adonde / adónde to where (pronoun) / to where?
cual, cuales / cuál, cuáles which (pronoun) / which?
cuando / cuándo when (pronoun) / when?
cuanto / cuánto how much (pronoun) / how much?

Notes:
a) Some of these verb forms (dé and sé) you have not learned yet. b) The rule requiring a
tilde over sólo is no longer obligatory, it is only when there is ambiguity about if it means
alone or lonely. c) Later in this chapter you will learn other twin words related to
demonstrative adjectives that don't have tildes (esta casa = this house) and demonstrative
pronouns that sometimes do (ésta = this one).

MODELO:
¿A ti te gusta el té o el café?
Ambos, pero a mí me gusta tomar té en mi cama antes de empezar el día. Sólo
tomo café si estoy con otras personas. Si estoy solo, tomo té.

¿Dónde está el libro de Juan?


El libro de él está en la mesa donde debe estar.

¿Cuándo sales con tus amigos?


Siempre salgo con ellos cuando termino la tarea.

¿Quién es?
Es la persona con quien trabajo.

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4.2 Spanish I

4.2: Para practicar en casa

4.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To review the main use of the tilde
b. To learn the other use of the tilde
c. To recognize and understand common examples of some "twin" words

A. Las tildes I
Which of the following requires a tilde? Add any necessary tildes.

1. ¿Te gusta el te? 2. A mi me gusta mi casa.


3. ¿Cuando llora? 4. Solo llora cuando está solo.
5. Sí, voy a ir si tengo tiempo. 6. Mi hermana tiene el teléfono de el.
7. ¿Tu tienes tu libro? 8. ¿Que haces cuando tienes tiempo libre?
9. Como con mi amiga. 10. ¿Donde van a comer?

B. Las tildes II
Listen to the recording and, based on the pronunciation and your knowledge of the
pronunciation rules, add a tilde to any word that requires one. (Hint: figure out which
syllable is stressed automatically, then listen to the audio and add a tilde when it doesn't
match).

1. esta 2. esta
3. hablara 4. hablara
5. critico 6. critico
7. critico 8. practico
9. practico 10. practico

C. Las tildes III


Use all you know about pronunciation and tildes to add any required tildes to the following
sentences.

1. Mario tiene solo un amigo. Por eso siempre esta tan solo.
2. Mi tio compra regalos para mi.
3. ¿Cantas tu en el concierto mañana? Tu voz me gusta mucho.
4. El ultimo dia de la semana es el sabado.
5. ¿Quien es la persona con quien con tu mama?

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D. Un trabalengua

Read the following tongue twister out loud several times. Use all you know about Spanish
pronunciation and be careful to stress the correct syllable and correctly pronounce the
diphthongs. Focus on the pronunciation and not so much on the meaning. Contar means "to
count" and "to tell". Un cuento is "a story".

Cuando cuentes cuentos,


cuenta cuantos cuentos cuentas;
porque si no cuentas cuantos cuentos cuentas,
no sabrás cuántos cuentos cuentas.

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4.2 Spanish I

4.2: Para practicar en clase

4.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To review the main use of the tilde
b. To learn the other use of the tilde
c. To recognize and understand common examples of some "twin" words

A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.

1. ¿Qué llevas hoy?


2. ¿Qué lleva el profesor?
3. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre te y té?
4. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre el y él?
5. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre donde y dónde?
6. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre cuándo y cuando?
7. ¿Dónde compras ropa?
8. ¿Qué tiendas tienen rebajas esta semana?
9. ¿Entiendes el trabalengua?
10. Practica el trabalengua en voz alta con tu compañero de clase.

B. Los gemelos (the twins)


Discuss with a partner each of the following words. Does it have a twin? If so, what does
each one mean or what is the function of the other.

1. mas 2. ti
3. si 4. fe
5. cuales 6. pero
7. tu 8. quien
9. se 10. la

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C. Las sílabas
With a classmate, identify any diphthongs and divide the words into syllables. Using the
pronunciation rules, underline the syllable that would be stressed without a tilde (as they
are written now). Pronounce them, emphasizing the way they are written - without tildes.

When you are ready, your instructor will pronounce the words correctly. Add any tilde that
is required to stress the correct syllable. Practice pronouncing the words out loud.

1. despues 2. tambien

3. telefono 4. veintidos

5. examenes 6. azul

7. aqui 8. interes

9. dolares 10. angeles

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you understand the main use of the tilde?


2. Do you understand the other function of the tilde?
3. Can you tell the difference between all the twins presented in this section?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre mi y mí?
b. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre quien y quién?
c. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre si y sí?

Tarea:
Complete 4.3 Para Estudiar en Casa and 4.3 Para Practicar en Casa.

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4.3 Spanish I

4.3: Para estudiar en casa

4.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about direct object pronouns and their function
b. To learn about the "personal a"
c. To be able to use direct object pronouns with infinitives

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will cover the direct object pronouns. You will learn to recognize them
and use them in different situations. You will also learn about the "personal a".

4.3.a. To learn about direct object pronouns and their function

Pronouns take the place of nouns and the direct object (el complemento directo) of a
sentence answers the question "what?" (or "who?") in relation to the verb. Consider the
following example in English:

MODELO:
I see the ball.
What do I see?
The ball.
The ball is the direct object of the sentence.
I see it.
"It" is the pronoun that takes the place of the direct object (the ball).

The main function of the direct object pronoun is to avoid repetition. It is easier to say "it"
than "the ball". However, the direct object is not always so simple. Think about this next
example.

MODELO:
I see the big red ball that was kicked by the player into the stands, fell on the ground,
and rolled back onto the field.

Can you identify the direct object of the sentence above? Using the direct object pronoun,
we can reduce this example to the same sentence as the first example: "I see it", because "it"
can also replace "the big red ball that was kicked by the player into the stands, fell on the
ground, and rolled back onto the field".

The direct object can include many, many words and be replaced with just one pronoun.
The direct object pronoun is used to avoid the repetition of the direct object, whether it
be as short as "the ball" or as long as a paragraph.

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The following chart shows all of the direct object pronouns in Spanish and English.

Español English
me nos me us
te os you you
lo los it/him/you them
la las it/her/you them

Note:
Remember that "you" can refer to the following subject pronouns: informal singular (tú),
informal plural (vosotros), formal singular (usted), and formal plural (ustedes). Here,
however, "you" is the direct object pronoun, not the subject pronoun.
Do not confuse the subject and object. Remember, there is no "it" as a subject pronoun in
Spanish.

In Spanish, the direct object pronoun usually goes right before the conjugated verb. In
English, it usually goes after the conjugated verb.

In the following examples, "lo" or "it" refers to "el libro" or "the book".

Español English
Lo tengo. I have it.
¿Lo buscas? Are you looking for it?
¿Dónde lo pones? Where do you put it?
Lo pongo en el estante. I put it in the bookshelf.

MODELO:
¿Haces la tarea?
Si, la hago.
¿Haces los ejercicios en el libro de texto?
Sí, los hago.
¿Traes tu libro de texto a clase?
Sí, lo traigo.
¿Me buscas?
Sí, te busco.
¿Llevas tus pantalones favoritos?
Sí, los llevo.

When you begin working with direct object pronouns, at first you will want to ask yourself
the following 2 questions:

1) What is the direct object of the sentence?


and
2) What is the pronoun for that direct object?

Eventually, however, with enough practice, it will become automatic, just like in English.
You don't ask yourself those questions in order to use direct object pronouns in English. Do
you?
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4.3 Spanish I

4.3.b. To learn about the "personal a"

In Spanish, whenever the direct object of the sentence is a specific person (or something
personified - like a pet), we have to use the "personal a" (la a personal). There is no
equivalent in English. Notice the use of the "personal a" in the sentences on the right.

Not a Specific Person Specific Person


Busco el libro. Busco a mi amigo.
Ella visita Nueva York. Ella visita a su familia.
Queremos más tiempo libre. Queremos a nuestra madre.
Escuchamos la música. Escuchamos a la profesora.
Encuentran la información. Encuentran al profesor.*

Note:
*The "personal a" forms a contraction with "el", just like the "prepositional a".

The only exception is with the verb tener. With tener, we do not use the "personal a".

MODELO:
Tengo dos hermanas y quiero mucho a mis hermanas.
Tengo un amigo. Veo a mi amigo frecuentemente.

If the direct object does not refer to a specific person or persons, we do not use the
"personal a".

MODELO:
Busco un asistente con experiencia.
Quiero encontrar una persona amable.

The "personal a" is used before "quién" and "quiénes" when these interrogative words
refer to the direct object in a question.

MODELO:
¿A quién buscas?
¿A quiénes visitan?

When replacing the direct object with the direct object pronoun, the "personal a" is
absorbed into pronoun.

MODELO:
Busco a mi amigo. Lo busco porque tengo su teléfono.
Visito al médico. Lo visito porque necesito hablar con él.
¿Quieres a tu esposo?
Sí, lo quiero.

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De compras 4.3

4.3.c. To be able to use direct object pronouns with infinitives

In 3.7 we learned about the placement of pronouns for pronominal verbs. The placement of
the direct object pronoun is the same. As we have seen in the previous examples, the direct
object pronoun usually comes directly before the conjugated verb. Consider the following
examples.

MODELO:
Busco a mi hermana. La busco.
Visito a mi familia. La visito.
Encuentras a tus amigos. Los encuentras.

However, if there is a construction with an infinitive, then you have two options: 1) before
the conjugated verb or 2) attached to the infinitive.

If the phrase has an infinitive, your options are:

Before the Conjugated Verb Attached to the Infinitive


La voy a buscar. Voy a buscarla.
La quiero visitar. Quiero visitarla.

In the rare case that you combine a direct object pronoun with a pronominal verb, the
"reflexive" pronoun comes first and they cannot be separated. Placement options are the
same as above. Consider the following examples for Me pongo los pantalones verdes.

Before the Conjugated Verb Attached to the Infinitive


Me los pongo. ---
Me los quiero poner. Quiero ponérmelos.

Note:
When attaching two pronouns to an infinitive, a tilde is required to maintain the original
pronunciation (stressed syllable) of the word.

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4.3 Spanish I

4.3: Para practicar en casa

4.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about direct object pronouns and their function
b. To learn about the "personal a"
c. To be able to use direct object pronouns with infinitives

A. Los pronombres del complemento directo I


Underline the direct object of the following sentences. Write the correct pronoun in the
space provided.

MODELO:
Busco a mi amigo. lo

1. Mi amigo busca su libro.


2. Yo hago la cama todos los días.
3. Tú traes tu mochila a clase.
4. Ella necesita su bolsa.
5. Vosotros pensáis regatear el precio.
6. Mi hermano compra un regalo para mi sobrina.
7. Ellos mandan tarjetas postales cuando viajan.
8. Nosotros pagamos las cuentas mensuales.
9. ¿Tú ves a tu prima?
10. Ustedes van a vender el coche.

B. Los pronombres del complemento directo II


Rewrite the following sentences using the appropriate direct object pronoun.

MODELO:
Ella necesita el libro de texto. Ella lo necesita.

1. Roberto cierra la puerta de la tienda.


2. Los estudiantes recuerdan el primer día de clase.
3. La profesora escribe las instrucciones.
4. Yo quiero a mi familia.
5. El presidente corrige los errores.

212
De compras 4.3

6. Ellos piden una hamburguesa.


7. El perro sigue a mi hermano.
8. Jorge sirve comida muy buena.
9. Mis amigos consiguen un trabajo nuevo.
10. Vosotras perdéis las llaves del coche.

C. La a personal
Write in the personal a whenever the direct object is a person. Don't forget the a + el = al.

1. La mamá baña su bebé.


2. La sobrina de María busca su coche.
3. El público ve el presidente.
4. Yo encuentro mis amigos.
5. Tú tienes tres hermanos.
6. Ellos quieren sus hijos.
7. Todos vosotros aprendéis la nueva gramática.
8. El barbero afeita el hombre.
9. Ellos escriben una carta.
10. Nosotros buscamos el profesor.

D. Entrevista
Answer the following questions in complete sentences. Be sure to use the direct object
pronoun in your answers.

1. ¿Siempre haces la tarea?


2. ¿Comprendes los pronombres del complemento directo?
3. ¿Escribes cartas?
4. ¿Cantas la canción?
5. ¿Comes hamburguesas?
6. ¿Lees el periódico?
7. ¿Haces los ejercicios?
8. ¿Vas a hacer la tarea esta noche?
9. ¿Dónde vas a comer la cena esta tarde?
10. ¿Practicas los verbos nuevos?

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4.3 Spanish I

4.3: Para practicar en clase

4.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about direct object pronouns and their function
b. To learn about the "personal a"
c. To be able to use direct object pronouns with infinitive

A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be sure to answer with direct
object pronouns.

1. ¿Dónde compras tu ropa?


2. ¿Dónde venden vestidos elegantes?
3. ¿Pagas tus cuentas?
4. ¿Haces la tarea cada día?
5. ¿Llevas tu camiseta favorita hoy?
6. ¿Llevas tus zapatos favoritos hoy?
7. ¿Comes ensalada?
8. ¿Tú me ves?
9. ¿Miras al profesor?
10. ¿Lees la pregunta?

B. Los pronombres del complemento directo I


With a classmate, take turns randomly saying the following nouns. Your partner should say
what direct object pronoun could replace them.

MODELO:
los ejercicios los

la bata los pantalones las camisetas el cinturón


el vestido las medias los calcetines la falda
el profesor la mamá a usted a ella
las chanclas los calzones la ropa interior a mí
a ti las sandalias la chaqueta los guantes
el collar el reloj la cartera los aretes
los anillos a vosotros a nosotros a ustedes
los sombreros el abrigo las camisas los jeans

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De compras 4.3

C. Los pronombres del complemento directo II


With a partner, underline the direct object of the following sentences. Then, rewrite the
sentences replacing the direct object with the direct object pronoun. For some sentences
you have two options for pronoun placement. Write both options and don't forget any
required accents.

MODELO:
Voy a comprar una camisa blanca para la boda de mi hermano.
La voy a comprar. / Voy a comprarla.

1. Van a regatear los precios de la ropa.

2. Buscamos al profesor de la clase de español.

3. Vamos a visitar a la familia de mi esposa en San Diego.

4. Ella estudia los nuevos verbos.

5. Van a entregar la tarea este viernes.

6. Lees el periódico de hoy.

7. Voy a hacer los ejercicios en el libro de texto.

8. Veo mi programa favorito de la televisión.

9. ¿Vas a llevar tu traje de baño a la fiesta?

10. Abren el libro.

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you correctly identify the direct object of a sentence?


2. Do you know how to answer a question with the direct object pronoun?
3. Can you correctly place the pronoun when there is an infinitive?
4. Can you answer the following questions using the direct object pronoun?
a. ¿Haces la tarea todos los días?
b. ¿Dónde venden ropa cómoda?
c. ¿Vas a contestar todas las preguntas?
Tarea:
Complete 4.4 Para Estudiar en Casa and 4.4 Para Practicar en Casa.

215
4.4 Spanish I

4.4: Para estudiar en casa

4.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the conjugations and uses of saber and conocer
b. To learn the conjugations and uses of ser and estar
c. To learn about adjectives that change meaning with ser and estar

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will study two pairs of verbs: saber/conocer and ser/estar. They are
especially tricky for native English speakers, because, in English, we use one verb for each
pair. However, even though we use one verb, there are subtle differences. Learning to
appropriately choose the correct verb from these pairs will build your confidence and help
you be better understood by native Spanish speakers.

4.4.a. To learn the conjugations and uses of saber and conocer

Saber and conocer both mean "to know" in English, but, as we shall see, they really are
different ways of knowing. First, let's begin with the conjugations, then, we will take a
closer look at the uses of these two verbs.

Saber Conocer
sé conozco
sabes conoces
sabe conoce
sabemos conocemos
sabéis conocéis
saben conocen

Note:
The first person singular is irregular for both of these conjugations. Be sure to take the time
to study these forms.

Essentially, saber is "to know" something, like a fact, and conocer is "to be familiar" with
something, like a person or place. In English, we understand that we do not know a person
or a city the same way that we know the answer to a simple math question.

Saber is also used with infinitive to say that one "knows how" to do something.

Think about what is being "known" in the following examples, because that is really what
determines the use of saber or conocer.

216
De compras 4.4

MODELO:
Hola, Mario. ¿Tú conoces a Luis, el hermano de Verónica?
No, pero conozco a Verónica y sé que son de Los Ángeles.
Pues, yo voy a visitarlos este fin de semana, pero no conozco la ciudad. ¿La conoces
tú?
Sí. ¿Por qué?
Porque quiero saber si quieres ir conmigo.
Sí, y también sé llegar a la casa de Verónica.
Perfecto. Prefiero salir temprano. ¿Sabes a qué hora vas a estar listo?
A las 10 de la mañana. ¿Vale?
Muy bien. Hasta pronto.
Hasta luego.

In regards to ideas, concepts, and areas of study, the use of saber or conocer can be a little
more complicated. Saber refers to learned skills or something you may have memorized.
Conocer is used when you are acquainted or familiar with a topic, like a book, a movie, or an
area of study. Think about the following examples.

MODELO:
¿Sabes dónde está el Museo del Prado en Madrid?
No. No conozco el museo, pero conozco un poco la ciudad de Madrid.
Bueno, tienes que conocerlo. En el museo hay muchas pinturas y esculturas famosas.
Conozco la historia de España, pero no sé cuáles obras están en el museo.
¿Conoces las pinturas de Velázquez?
No, no las conozco, pero sé que es de la misma época que Cervantes. ¿Conoces
las obras de Cervantes?
Sí, conozco el Quijote y las Novelas Ejemplares.
Yo no conozco sus obras, pero sé que es un autor muy famoso. ¿Sabes por qué?
Sí, porque muchas personas en el mundo conocen sus obras.
Bueno, de literatura no sé nada. De las matématecas, sé mucho.

4.4.b. To learn more about the differences between the uses of ser and estar

You have already learned the conjugations of two irregular Spanish verbs that mean "to
be": ser and estar. For review, here are the conjugations.

Ser Estar
soy estoy
eres estás
es está
somos estamos
sois estáis
son están

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4.4 Spanish I

Please review the active vocabulary for adjectives with ser in 1.4.d and adjectives with estar
in 2.5.b. The best way to describe the main differences between ser and estar is to say that
ser refers to characteristics and estar refers to conditions. Below is a detailed summary of
the uses of ser and estar.

Use Ser to Describe Inherent Examples:


Characteristics, like:
Inherent characteristics or personality Es inteligente. Es alta. Es amable.
Profession Somos estudiantes. Son abogados.
Relationships Es la mamá de ella.
Political affiliations Él es muy conservador; ella es demócrata.
Religion Soy musulmán. Eres judía.
Nationality Son españoles.
Member of a group Es uno de los estudiantes de la clase.
Origin Sois de Los Estados Unidos.
Material El anillo es de oro.
Price ¿Cuánto es? Son $20 dólares.
Destination Este regalo es para mi hermana.
Note:
With professions, the definite article not used.

Other Uses of Ser include: Examples:


Time Son las 2:20. La clase es a las 3.
Generalizations Es importante estudiar. Es interesante que...
Location of Events (not physical location) La fiesta es en la casa de María.
Note:
Events do not occupy space like physical objects. Use ser to indicate location of events.

Use Estar to Describe Conditions, like: Examples:


Mental State Está enfocado. Está destraído.
Physical State/Position La puerta está abierta. Está acostada.
Emotional State Está enojada. Está frustrado.
Social, Legal, or Vital Status Está divorciado. Está muerto.
Health Está enfermo. Está de buen salud.
Activity Está muy ocupado. Está de vacacciones.

Other Uses of Estar include: Examples:


Physical Location Está en la mesa. Está en California.
Temporal Location: months, seasons Estamos en primavera. Estamos en febrero.
Progressive Tense* Está estudiando. Están trabajando.
Idiomatic Expressions Estar: de acuerdo, al tanto, al corriente
Notes:
a) For temporal location, only the nosotros/nosotras forms are used. b) You will learn the
present progressive tense* in 4.7.

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De compras 4.4

4.4.c. To learn about adjectives that change meaning with ser and estar

Some adjectives can be used to refer to characteristics, when used with ser, or conditions,
when used with estar. Consider the following:

Adjective Meaning with Ser Meaning with Estar


alegre happy feeling happy
ciego blind blind to something (now)
guapo handsome looking handsome (now)
joven young looking young
pálido pale skinned looking pale (now)
perezoso lazy feeling lazy
viejo old looking old (now)

Other adjectives actually change their meaning depending on if they are used with ser or
estar. Remember, we are still talking about characteristics and conditions. Consider the
following:

Adjective Meaning with Ser Meaning with Estar


aburrido boring bored
borracho drunkard, a drunk drunk
enfermo sickly, a sick person sick
grave serious ill
listo clever, smart ready
malo bad ill
rico rich, delicious delicious
rojo red blushed
verde green unripe
vivo clever alive

There are other adjectives of both types listed above.

MODELO:
Esta película no me gusta porque es aburrida y por eso estoy aburrida.
Mi hijo es muy listo. Además, siempre está listo para aprender nueva información.
Los dueños de este restaurante son ricos porque la comida que sirven es/está rica.
Nancy está segura que viajar por avión es seguro.
Normalmente, no son muy alegres, pero hoy es la boda de su hijo, y ellos están
alegres.

Note:
At certain times, estar can be used instead of ser for inherent characteristics to show an
emotional one-time reaction. For example, when seeing New York City for the first time,
one could say: "está grande". Thereafter, however, one knows that "es grande".

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4.4 Spanish I

4.4: Para practicar en casa

4.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the conjugations and uses of saber and conocer
b. To learn the conjugations and uses of ser and estar
c. To learn about adjectives that change meaning with ser and estar

A. ¿Lo sabes o lo conoces?


Answer the following questions using the direct object pronoun

MODELO:
Saben la respuesta. Sí, la saben.

1. ¿La profesora conoce a todos los estudiantes de la clase?


2. ¿La profesora sabe todos sus nombres?
3. ¿Los estudiantes saben el nombre de la profesora?
4. ¿Los estudiantes saben su nota del último examen?
5. ¿Tú conoces al esposo de la profesora?
6. ¿Ustedes conocen a la presidenta de la universidad?
7. ¿Sabes las conjugaciones de los verbos?
8. ¿Conoces a los padres de tu novi@?
9. ¿Tus padres conocen a todos tus amigos?
10. ¿Tus padres saben el nombre de tu mejor amigo?

B. ¿Saber o conocer?
Use the context of each sentence to choose the correct verb, saber or conocer. Then,
conjugate in the present tense.

1. Yo la dirección (address) de mi amiga, pero


no llegar porque no la ciudad.
2. Mis padres a mi novio, pero no dónde vive.
3. Emilia, ¿tú cuál película quieres ver?
No, porque no estas películas. ¿A qué hora empieza la primera?
4. No tocar la guitarra muy bien pero a un
guitarrista que sí tocarla profesionalmente.

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De compras 4.4

C. Ser o estar I
Use the context of each sentence to choose the correct verb, ser or estar. Then, conjugate in
the present tense.

1. Mi anillo favorito de plata.


2. Mi camisa favorita en el clóset.
3. Los pantalones azules para mi hermano.
4. La corbata de seda de la China.
5. Mi abrigo en el armario.
6. Mis zapatos favoritos negros.
7. En este almacén, los precios muy bajos.
8. Mi familia de vacaciones.
9. Mi sobrina muy cansada porque trabaja mucho.
10. Los estudiantes sentados en sus sillas.

D. Ser o estar II
Use the context and adjectives in each sentence to choose the correct verb, saber or
conocer. Then, conjugate in the present tense.

1. Normalmente es muy trabajador, pero hoy mi hijo perezoso.


2. La familia de mi ex tiene mucho dinero. Ellos ricos.
3. La manzana no lista para comer, todavía verde.
4. José joven, pero después de trabajar todo el día viejo.
5. La hermana de mi amigo en el hospital y grave.
6. Todos los estudiantes sacaron una A en el examen. muy listos.
7. Los asistentes aburridos porque la conferencia aburrida.

E. Preguntas personales
Contesta las preguntas con frases completas.

1. ¿De dónde eres?


2. ¿Dónde estás?
3. ¿Cómo estás?
4. ¿Cómo eres?
5. ¿Sabes tocar un instrumento musical? ¿Cuál?

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4.4 Spanish I

4.4: Para practicar en clase

4.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the conjugations and uses of saber and conocer
b. To learn the conjugations and uses of ser and estar
c. To learn about adjectives that change meaning with ser and estar

A. Entrevista
Ask and answer the following questions with a classmate.

1. ¿De dónde eres?


2. ¿Dónde estás?
3. ¿Cómo estás?
4. ¿Cómo eres?
5. ¿Qué sabes hacer muy bien?
6. ¿Conoces a los padres de tu novi@?
7. ¿Sabes dónde está la oficina del profesor?
8. ¿Sabes cuándo vamos a tomar el próximo examen?
9. ¿Conoces un restaurante bueno en Humboldt?
10. ¿Estás sentado ahora?

B. Saber o conocer I
With a partner, discuss which verb, saber or conocer, you would use in the following
situations.

1. Do you know what we have to do for homework tonight?


2. Do you know Los Angeles?
3. Do you know a good clothing store in Arcata?
4. I want to meet your friend.
5. I don't know why we have so much homework.
6. I know a lot of scientific equations, but I don't know any physics.
7. Does he know how to swim?
8. Do you know the answer?

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De compras 4.4

C. Saber o conocer II
With a partner, discuss the context and the verbs provided. Choose the most logical verb.
Then, write the correct form of the verb according to the context.

1. Yo no la ciudad de San Diego.


2. Los estudiantes los nuevos verbos.
3. Mi hijo tocar la guitarra muy bien.
4. Ellos un restaurante muy bueno.
5. Hoy quiero a tu hermana.
6. Mis hermanas hablar italiano.
7. ¿Tú a qué hora empieza la película?
8. Todos cuándo es el próximo examen.
9. Mis hijos las obras de Pablo Picasso.
10. Nosotros no Los Ángeles.

D. Ser o estar
With a partner, discuss which verb, ser or estar, you would use in the following situations.

1. Is she the person who is sitting up front?


2. Where are you from?
3. Are you okay?
4. What time is it?
5. Where is the party?
6. Where are your friends?
7. How is the food today?
8. Is the store open?

E. ¿Quién es?
For this activity, you and your partner will take turns describing and guessing someone
famous. First, choose someone that you think your partner will recognize. Then, visualize
the famous person doing what they usually do (imagine you are looking at a photo). Then,
using the guide below, describe the scene and the person. Add any additional details that
you think will help your partner guess correctly, but don't give the answer away too easily.
Try to guess as many as you can in the time you have for this activity.

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4.4 Spanish I

Para describir la escena (the scene)


¿En qué estado o país está?
¿Dónde está? (casa, teatro, universidad, etc.)
¿Cómo es el lugar? (características: grande, pequeño, etc.)
¿Cómo está el lugar? (condiciones: ocupado, tranquilo, etc.)
¿Quién más está allí?
¿Por qué está allí?
¿Qué día es?
¿Qué hora es?

Para describir a la persona


¿De dónde es? (nacionalidad o ciudad)
¿Cómo es? (características físicas, cualidades, profesiones, etc.)
¿Cómo está? (condiciones: nervioso, arrogante, cansado, etc.)
¿Qué ropa lleva?
¿Qué está haciendo? (what is this person doing? Está hablando)

F. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you correctly conjugate saber / conocer and ser / estar?


2. Do you know the main differences between the verbs?
3. Do you understand how some adjectives can change meaning with ser or estar?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿De dónde eres? ¿Dónde estás?
b. ¿Cómo eres? ¿Cómo estás?
c. ¿Sabes esquiar?¿Conoces al presidente de los Estados Unidos?

Tarea:
Complete 4.5 Para Estudiar en Casa and 4.5 Para Practicar en Casa.

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De compras 4.5

4.5: Para estudiar en casa

4.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about indefinite and negative adverbs and their uses
b. To learn about indefinite and negative nouns and their uses
c. To learn about indefinite and negative adjectives and their uses

Introduction:
In this section, we will learn about indefinite and negative words. Although there are many
ways to express these words, essentially, we are talking about 'some" and "none", as in
sometimes, something, never, and nothing. Used in different ways, indefinite and negative
words can function as adverbs, nouns, and adjectives.

4.5.a. To learn about indefinite and negative adverbs and their uses

Adverbs modify verbs. You have been using some of these words since the first lessons of
this book. Most of the adverbs presented here will refer to the frequency with which we
perform the action of a verb. Study the following indefinite adverbs.

Adverbio indefinido Indefinite Adverb


a veces sometimes
de vez en cuando once in a while
siempre always
también also

The following are negative adverbs. Notice that they are opposites of the indefinite
adverbs.

Adverbio indefinido Indefinite Adverb


nunca never
jamás never
tampoco neither

Note:
Placement of adverbs in Spanish is flexible. As with other adverbs, indefinite and negative
adverbs can go before or after the verb. With negatives, the adverb can take the place of the
negation of the verb or be added to the end.

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4.5 Spanish I

MODELO:
Nunca trabajo los viernes. / No trabajo nunca los viernes.
Tampoco. / Tampoco trabajo los viernes. / No trabajo los viernes
tampoco.
A veces trabajo los lunes.
También. / También trabajo los lunes. / Trabajo los lunes también.
Llevo sandalias de vez en cuando. / De vez en cuando llevo sandalias. ¿Y tú?
No. Jamás llevo sandalias. / No. No llevo sandalias jamás.
Siempre llevo sandalias. / Llevo sandalias siempre.

4.5.b. To learn about indefinite and negative nouns and their uses

Nouns are persons, places, things, ideas. You have probably seen some of these before. We
use indefinite nouns when we can not or do not want to specify someone or something.
Study the following indefinite nouns.

Sustantivo indefinido Indefinite Noun


alguien someone, anyone
algo something, anything

Negative nouns are the opposites of the indefinite nouns.

Sustantivo negativo Negative Noun


nadie nobody, no one, not anybody
nada nothing, not anything

Note:
Remember that the letter d often sounds like the th. That is the way that nadie and nada
should be pronounced.

As we have seen, nouns can function as subjects and as objects.

MODELO:
¿Alguien sabe la diferencia?
No, nadie sabe. / No, no sabe nadie.
¿Algo está en la mesa?
No, nada está en la mesa. / No, no está nada en la mesa.

¿Ves a alguien en el patio?


No, no veo a nadie.
¿Tienes algo en la lavadora?
No, no tengo nada en la lavadora.

Note:
The "personal a" is used with alguien and nadie even when the direct object is not a
specific person. This is an exception.

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4.5.c. To learn about indefinite and negative adjectives and their uses

Adjectives describe nouns. Indefinite adjectives are similar to indefinite articles in more
than one way. Although adjectives usually come after the noun, like articles, indefinite and
negative adjectives come before. Also, directly before a masculine singular noun, alguno
becomes algún and ninguno becomes ningún (the tilde maintains the original stressed
syllable).

Adjetivo indefinido Indefinite Adjective


algún, alguna, algunos, algunas any, some

Negative adjectives are the opposites of the indefinite adjectives.

Adjetivo negativo Negative Adjective


ningún, ninguna, ningunos*, ningunas* not any, none

Note:
In the case of negative adjectives, they are rarely used, because if there are "not any", there
can be no plural. Rare exceptions occur when the noun must be plural*.

MODELO:
¿Algunos estudiantes quieren estudiar conmigo?
No, ningún estudiante quiere estudiar contigo.
¿Tenéis algunos pantalones de raya?
No, no tenemos ningunos pantalones de raya*.

¿Hay algunas blusas nuevas en tu clóset?


No, no hay ninguna blusa nueva.
¿Hay algunas medias que puedo usar?
No, no tengo ningunas medias que puedes usar*.

Mi amigo conoce algunas ciudades españolas.


No conoce ninguna ciudad española.

¿Tienes algún libro de Stephen King?


No, no tengo ningún libro de Stephen King.

¿Tienen algunos trajes azules que puedo probarme?


Sí, tenemos trajes azules, pero no tenemos ningún traje marrón.

Note:
The indefinite and negative adjectives can also be used as pronouns. When used as a
pronoun, the noun is not mentioned, for example: Tengo alguno. / Ponemos alguna. /
Buscamos algunos. / Ves algunas. / No tenemos ninguno. / No ponemos ninguna.

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4.5 Spanish I

4.5: Para practicar en casa

4.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about indefinite and negative adverbs and their uses
b. To learn about indefinite and negative nouns and their uses
c. To learn about indefinite and negative adjectives and their uses

A. Los opuestos I
Write the opposite of the following indefinite and negative adverbs, nouns, and adjectives.

1. nunca 2. alguien
3. algunos 4. tampoco
5. algo 6. ninguno
7. de vez en cuando 8. ningunas
9. ningún 10. alguno
11. algunas 12. jamás
13. ninguna 14. algún
15. siempre 16. nada
17. nadie 18. ningunos
19. a veces 20. también

B. Los opuestos II
Rewrite the following sentences using the opposite of the indefinite or negative words.

1. Siempre encuentro algunos amigos.


2. Nadie me reconoce nunca.
3. A veces compro algunos regalos.
4. No hay nada en ningún lugar.
5. También hay algunas playas bonitas.
6. Tiene algún abrigo nuevo.
7. No conozco a nadie en la fiesta.
8. Tienes algo para mi amigo.
9. En Eureka hay algunas tiendas excelentes.
10. Tampoco hay ningún traje para ti.

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C. Preguntas personales
Contesta las preguntas con frases completas. Practice using as many indefinite and negative
words as you can.

1. ¿Tienes algunos amigos en Rusia?

2. ¿Tocas algún instrumento musical? ¿Cuál?

3. ¿Tienes algunos pantalones caros?

4. ¿Siempre sacas una A en los exámenes?

5. ¿Conoces a alguien en el gobierno estudiantil?

6. ¿Tienes algo en la secadora?

7. ¿Hay algún programa bueno en la televisión?

8. ¿Tienes algún collar o anillo especial?

9. ¿Juegas algún videojuego en particular?

10. ¿A veces lees en algún lugar especial?

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4.5 Spanish I

4.5: Para practicar en clase

4.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about indefinite and negative adverbs and their uses
b. To learn about indefinite and negative nouns and their uses
c. To learn about indefinite and negative adjectives and their uses

A. Entrevista
Write your answers the following statements. Then, with a classmate, discuss your
answers. Use también or tampoco in your discussion whenever possible.

MODELO:
Me cepillo los dientes tres veces al día.
Yo también.
Nunca llevo una falda.
Yo tampoco.

1. ¿Llevas algún vestido elegante cada semana?

2. ¿Llevas algún impermeable especial?

3. ¿Trabajas algún fin de semana?

4. ¿Llevas algunos zapatos de tacón los viernes?

5. ¿Cuántas veces al día te cepillas los dientes?

6. ¿Siempre llevas algunos calcetines?

7. ¿Llevas alguna gorra durante clase?

8. ¿Siempre llevas algún reloj?

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B. Son completamente diferentes


Although they are sisters, Ángela's style is the complete opposite of Andrea's. Read about
what Ángela wears and, with a classmate, use the indefinite and negative words to discuss
what Andrea wears.

MODELO:
Ángela siempre lleva un collar de plata.
Andrea nunca lleva un collar de plata.
Andrea siempre lleva un collar de oro.
Ángela lleva algunos zapatos viejos.
Andrea lleva algunos zapatos nuevos.

1. Ángela lleva algún traje de baño de rayas.


2. Ángela nunca lleva aretes de oro.
3. Ángela tiene algunas botas de cuero.
4. Ángela lleva algunas camisetas de algodón.
5. Ángela siempre lleva alguna bufanda de seda.
6. Ángela nunca lleva ningún cinturón.
7. De vez en cuando Ángela lleva alguna falda de lunares
8. Ángela no tiene ninguna ropa rosa.
9. Ángela tiene alguna ropa negra.
10. Todas las camisetas de Ángela son blancas.

C. Ideas originales
With a partner, use the structure of the given sentence as a model, but add original
elements (replace the italicized word/s) for each new subject. Then, share your sentences
with the class.

MODELO:
Mis padres siempre viajan mucho.
yo Yo siempre juego mucho.
tú Tú siempre estudias mucho.
mis amigos Mis amigos siempre bailan mucho.

1. Yo tengo algunos pantalones nuevos en mi clóset.


mi mejor amigo
vosotros

2. Nosotros buscamos algún reloj de oro.
yo
ella
mi familia

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4.5 Spanish I

3. Él no tiene ninguna idea.


mi padre
mi madre
nosotros
4. Ella sueña con tener algunas vacacciones largas.
yo
vosotros
Roberto
5. Mi familia nunca duerme en el avión.

nosotros
ellos
6. El profesor siempre ayuda a los estudiantes.
yo
vosotros
ella
7. Mis abuelos jamás saben la fecha.

yo
nosotros
8. Tampoco saben el día.

yo
nosotros
9. Cuando tengo suerte, siempre encuentro dinero.
ella
nosotros
usted
10. Ellos saben algunas recetas para cocinar.
yo

nosotros

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you understand the uses of the indefinite adverbs, nouns, and adjectives?
2. Do you understand the uses of the negative adverbs, nouns, and adjectives?
3. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Conoces a alguien en la clase?
b. ¿Tienes algún reloj de plata?
c. ¿Siempre llevas ropa elegante?
d. ¿Qué no haces nunca?

Tarea:
Complete 4.6 Para Estudiar en Casa and 4.6 Para Practicar en Casa.

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4.6: Para estudiar en casa

4.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative adjectives
b. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative pronouns
c. To be able to understand and use the neuter demonstrative pronouns

Introduction:
In this section, we will focus on demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. They are relatively
easy to understand because there are exact English equivalents.

4.6.a. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative adjectives

¿Quieres comprar esa falda?


No, quiero comprar este vestido.

Demonstratives adjectives reflect gender and number, and are always accompanied by a
noun. In English, there are two demonstrative pronouns: "this" and "that". In Spanish, there
is an additional one, which is farther away, indicated by adding "over there".

The difference between "this", "that", and "that over there" refers to the distance from the
speaker. It is relative to the specific situation, just like in English, meaning that when the
perspective changes, so will the use of the adjective (i.e. "that book" can later be "this
book").

The distance can be in space or time, for example: "these days" or "those days long ago".

Here are the demonstrative adjectives.

Adjetivos demonstrativos Demonstrative Adjectives


este, esta this
estos, estas these
ese, esa that
esos, esas those
aquel, aquella that (over there)
aquellos, aquellas those (over there)

Note:
The masculine singular demonstrative adjective is formed when aquello becomes aquel.
which is similar to the masculine singular indefinite article (un), indefinite adjective
(algún), and negative adjective (ningún),

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4.6 Spanish I

MODELO:
¿Te gusta esta tienda?
Sí, me gusta esta tienda. Es mejor que esa tienda y aquella tienda
también.
Aquí venden muchas cosas bonitas, ¿verdad?
Sí, como estos zapatos, estas sandalias, esas camisetas, y esa bata.
¿Quieres comprar algo?
Sí, quiero comprar aquel traje de baño y aquella gorra.
Bueno, prefiero este traje de baño aquí. ¿Lo compro?
Claro. Vamos a pagar en esta caja.
Bien, voy a pagar con esta tarjeta de crédito.

4.6.b. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative pronouns

¿Cuál reloj quieres comprar, este, ese o aquel?

The demonstrative pronouns look exactly like the demonstrative adjectives. They also
work much the same way as the adjectives, except that they take the place of the noun.

In English, when we use the singular demonstrative pronouns, we usually say: "that one",
but for the plural we usually just say: "these", not "these ones"

Pronombres demonstrativos Demonstrative Pronouns


este, esta this one
estos, estas these
ese, esa that one
esos, esas those
aquel, aquella that one (over there)
aquellos, aquellas those (over there)

Note:
In the recent past, a tilde was used on the stressed syllable to distinguish the demonstrative
adjective from the demonstrative pronoun. In other words, the pronouns looked like this:
éste, éstas, ésa, ésos, aquél, aquéllas, etc.). The rules have changed and this is no longer
necessary unless there is the possibility of confusion. However, this is still very common
and is not considered incorrect to put the tildes on demonstrative pronouns.

MODELO:
¿Cuál te gusta más, esta o aquella?
Prefiero aquella.
Necesito un vestido nuevo. Quiero comprar ese.
¿Quieres ir a este restaurante, ese o aquel?
¿Cuáles son tus pantalones favoritos, estos, esos o aquellos.

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4.6.c. To be able to understand and use the neuter demonstrative pronouns

¿Qué es esto?
Por eso tenemos que estudiar.

When we do not know what something is, or when we are talking about a situation or an
abstract idea, we use the neuter form of the demonstrative pronouns. Neuter forms do not
reflect gender or number because they refer to something unknown.

Pronombres demonstrativos neutros Neuter Demonstrative Pronouns


esto this
eso that
aquello that (over there)

Note:
Since the neuter demonstrative pronoun represents something that is unknown, it does not
have gender or number. However, if you were to use a plural form for something unknown,
you would use the masculine (estos, esos, aquellos).

MODELO:
¿Qué es esto?
¿Qué es eso?
¿Qué es aquello?
Estas son mochilas.
¿Por eso estamos aquí?
Sí, estamos aquí para aprender.
¿Esto es un problema?
Sí, esto es un problema.
Aquello es horrible.
Sí, lo es.
¿Esto buscas?
Eso es todo.

The following words are often used with all forms of demonstratives, because they
represent similar distance perspectives.

Adverbios Adverbs
aquí (right) here
allí (over) there
allá (way) over there

MODELO:
¿Quieres estos pantalones aquí?
No. Prefiero esos allí o aquellos allá.

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4.6 Spanish I

4.6: Para practicar en casa

4.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative adjectives
b. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative pronouns
c. To be able to understand and use the neuter demonstrative pronouns

A. Los demonstrativos I
Write the three demonstrative adjectives that could be associated with each item.

MODELO:
zapatos estos esos aquellos

1. sandalias
2. falda
3. suéter
4. ropa
5. traje
6. aretes
7. cinturón
8. chaqueta
9. guantes
10. corbatas
B. Los demonstrativos II
Fill in the space with the appropriate demonstrative adjective.

AGUSTÍN: Nayra, ¿quieres comprar (this) anillo?


NAYRA: No. Me gusta más (that one) o (that one over there).
AGUSTÍN: Vale. Pienso comprar (this) corbata o (that one).
NAYRA: (This one) es más elegante y (that) sombrero allí me
gusta.
AGUSTÍN: Entonces, compramos (that) anillo allá, (this)
corbata y (that) sombrero allí.
NAYRA: Bien. Vamos a pagar en (that) caja.

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C. Cambio de perspectiva
Change the perspective. Write the other two possibilities. Follow the model.

MODELO:
Este abrigo es muy largo. Ese abrigo es muy largo. Aquel abrigo es muy largo.

1. Esta falda me gusta.


2. Esa gorra es grande.
3. Aquella bufanda es larga.
4. Este traje es de rayas.
5. Aquel suéter es de lana.
6. Ese vestido es de seda.
7. Estos calzones están limpios.
8. Aquellos aretes son caros.
9. Aquellas medias son de ella.
10. Esas botas están allí.

D. Las formas plurales


Rewrite the sentences in the plural form.

MODELO:
Me gusta este vestido aquí. Me gustan estos vestidos aquí.

1. El precio de esta bata es bajo.


2. Este vestido es de moda.
3. Esta tienda tiene esa bata en rebaja.
4. Aquel mercado está cerca.
5. Este collar es caro.
6. Aquel abrigo es negro.
7. Esa blusa es de algodón.
8. Este almacén va a cerrar.
9. Esa cartera es de cuero.
10. Aquella bufanda es de lunares.

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4.6 Spanish I

4.6: Para practicar en clase

4.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative adjectives
b. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative pronouns
c. To be able to understand and use the neuter demonstrative pronouns

A. Aquí y allí
With a classmate, take turns changing the forms of este to ese. Add allí and también.

MODELO:
Este vestido es caro. Ese vestido allí es caro también.

1. Estas pijamas son grandes.


2. Esta bata es barata.
3. Este cinturón es feo.
4. Estos bolsos son de cuero.
5. Estas botas son verdes.
6. Este precio es irrazonable.
7. Esta plaza está abandonada.
8. Estas joyas son caras.
9. Estos guantes están sucios.
10. Este brazalete es de oro.

B. Aquí y Allá
Use the same sentences above, but now take turns changing the forms of este to aquel. Add
allá and también.

MODELO:
Este vestido es caro. Aquel vestido allá es caro también.

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C. Los pronombres demonstrativos


Imagine you have certain objects in front of you. Choose five and write them in the spaces
below. Use the demonstrative adjective to tell your partner that you like them. Your
partner should imagine that there are similar objects further away and, using two
demonstrative pronouns, say that they like them too.

MODELO:
You say: Your partner says:
libro Me gusta este libro. Me gusta ese allí y aquel allá también.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you know the difference between the forms of este, ese, and aquel?
2. Can you use demonstrative adjectives and pronouns appropriately?
3. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Este reloj es caro?
b. ¿Dónde está aquella tienda que te gusta?
c. ¿Quieres comprar ese traje?
d. ¿Qué quieres hacer este fin de semana?

Tarea:
Complete 4.7 Para Estudiar en Casa and 4.7 Para Practicar en Casa.

239
4.7 Spanish I

4.7: Para estudiar en casa

4.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to form the present participle and the present progressive
b. To understand the uses of the present participle and present progressive
c. To be able to use the present progressive with certain pronouns

Introduction:
In this section, we will focus on the present progressive tense. The present progressive is
formed with the verb estar and the present participle. We will learn how to form the
present participle and the present progressive tense. We will learn how the uses of the
present progressive are different in Spanish compared to English. Lastly, we will learn how
to use certain pronouns with the present progressive tense.

4.7.a. To be able to form the present participle and the present progressive

Estar is used to form one part of the present progressive in Spanish. The structure is
similar to English. In both languages, we use the verb "to be" (estar) and the present
participle (el participio presente). Here are a few examples:

Spanish English
Estoy hablando. I am speaking.
Estás comiendo. You are eating.
Ella está escribiendo. She is writing.

In both English and Spanish, there are two parts to the present progressive:

Language/2 Parts Parte 1 Parte 2


Spanish Estar -ndo
English To be -ing

To form the second part, the present participle, we use -ando for -ar verbs and iendo for -er
and -ir verbs.

Verb Type Ending


-ar verbs -ando
-er verbs -iendo
-ir verbs

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Occasionally, the formation of the present participle will result in three vowels together. In
these cases, the i is changed to a y.

creer ➔ creiendo ➔ creyendo


leer ➔ leiendo ➔ leyendo

MODELO:
¿Qué estás haciendo?
Estoy estudiando el presente progresivo.
¿Qué está haciendo tu mejor amigo?
Está comprando unos guantes nuevos.
¿Qué está haciendo tu jefe?
Está leyendo un libro.

You can now form the present participle and present progressive for all the verbs you have
learned so far. In fact, you can now form the present participle and present progressive for
many more verbs that you have not even learned yet.

4.7.b. To understand the uses of the present participle and present progressive

In English, we often use the present participle as a noun, although we can also use the
infinitive. In Spanish, we always use the infinitive; the present participle is NEVER used as a
noun in Spanish. Consider the following examples.

Spanish English
Me gusta esquiar. I like skiing. / I like to ski.
Estudiar es importante. / Es importante Studying is important / It's important to
estudiar. study.

In Spanish, we use the present progressive ONLY to refer to actions that are currently in
progress. In English, we sometimes use the present progressive for habitual actions and
near-future actions.

Type of action Example Okay to use present


progressive in Spanish?
currently in progress I am studying now. yes
habitual action I am studying in the library no
everyday.
near future action I am studying with her this no
weekend.

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4.7 Spanish I

4.7.c. To be able to use the present progressive with certain pronouns

As you learned in 3.7 and 4.3, pronouns may be placed before the conjugated verb or
attached to an infinitive. The following are direct object pronouns and pronouns from
pronominal verbs.

MODELO:
¿Venden zapatos de tacón?
Sí, los vendemos. ¿Quieres comprar zapatos de tacón?
Sí, quiero comprarlos ahora.

¿Te bañas todos los días?


No, pero voy a bañarme hoy.

If the phrase has a present participle, your options are the same as with the infinitive:

Before the Conjugated Verb Attached to the Present Participle


Lo estoy buscando. Estoy buscándolo.
Se está vistiendo ahora. Está vistiéndose ahora.

Note:
When attaching a pronoun to the present participle, a tilde is required to maintain the
original pronunciation (stressed syllable) of the word.

In the rare case that you combine a direct object pronoun with a pronominal verb, the
"reflexive" pronoun comes first and they cannot be separated. Placement options are the
same as above. Consider the following examples for Me pongo los pantalones verdes.

Before the Conjugated Verb Attached to the Infinitive


or present participle
Me los pongo. ---
Me los quiero poner. Quiero ponérmelos.
Me los estoy poniendo. Estoy poniéndomelos

To summarize:
If you have one verb, you have one option: the pronoun goes before the conjugated verb.
If you have two verbs, you have two options: the pronoun can go before the conjugated
verb, or be attached to the infinitive or present participle.

MODELO:
¿Estás haciendo la tarea?
Sí, la estoy haciendo. / Sí, estoy haciéndola.
¿Estás cepillandote los dientes? / ¿Te estás cepillando los dientes?
Sí, me los estoy cepillando. / Sí, estoy cepillándomelos.

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4.7: Para practicar en casa

4.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to form the present participle and the present progressive
b. To understand the uses of the present participle and present progressive
c. To be able to use the present progressive with certain pronouns

A. El presente progresivo
Conjugate the verbs in the present progressive according to the context.

MODELO:
Yo (correr). Yo estoy corriendo.

1. Mi familia (vender) ropa ahora.


2. Mis primos y yo (regatear) con clientes.
3. Los sobrinos de mis amigos (mirar) la televisión.
4. ¿Dónde (leer) ahora?
5. Vosotros (estudiar) en la universidad.
6. Mi hermano (viajar) a Nueva York.
7. Yo (ducharme).
8. Mis hijos (visitar) a mi madre.
9. Mis abuelos (comer) con mis padres.
10. ¿Qué (hacer) tus amigos?

B. ¿El presente progresivo?


Decide if is okay to use the present progressive in these contexts.

MODELO: Presente Progresivo


He's traveling next weekend. Sí No X

1. She's exercising every day. Sí No


2. I'm eating at Paul's on Fridays. Sí No
3. We're going to Europe in May. Sí No
4. I'm shaving (now). Sí No
5. I'm looking for a bargain (now) Sí No
6. The baby's crying! Sí No

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4.7 Spanish I

C. El presente progresivo
Answer the following questions with appropriate pronouns. Write both options for
pronoun placement. Don't forget the tilde when attaching the pronouns to the participle.

MODELO:
¿Estás comiendo ensalada? Sí, la estoy comiendo. / Sí, estoy comiéndola.

1. ¿Tu madre está cocinando la cena?


2. ¿Tu padre está leyendo el periódico?
3. ¿Tu hermano está viendo la televisión?
4. ¿Tu hijo se está bañando?
5. ¿Tus amigos están escribiendo la respuesta?
6. ¿Quiénes están vistiéndose?
7. ¿Te estás poniendo las sandalias?
8. ¿Estás haciendo la tarea?
9. ¿Estás comprando estos zapatos?
10. ¿Estáis practicando el español?

D. What are these people doing now?


Guess what the following people are doing right now. Use verbs that we have learned so far
and complete each sentence with the present progressive of a different verb - do not repeat
verbs.

1. Mi madre
2. Mis primos
3. Mi hermana
4. Mis tíos
5. Mi perro
6. Mi mejor amigo
7. Mi profesor de español
8. Mi padre
9. Mi abuelo
10. Mis compañeros de clase

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4.7: Para practicar en clase

4.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To be able to form the present participle and the present progressive
b. To understand the uses of the present participle and present progressive
c. To be able to use the present progressive with certain pronouns

A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Use complete sentences and
answer with the appropriate pronouns.

1. ¿Estás comiendo el almuerzo ahora?


2. ¿Estás escribiendo un poema ahora?
3. ¿Tus amigos están visitándote ahora?
4. ¿Tus amigos están comprando ropa ahora?
5. ¿Tu mejor amigo está vistiéndose ahora?
6. ¿Tus compañeros de cuarto están limpiando el apartamento ahora?
7. ¿Tus primos están nadando ahora?
8. ¿Estás bañándote ahora?
9. ¿Tus amigos y tú están divirtiéndose ahora?
10. ¿Tus hermanos están trabajando ahora?

B. Mi actividad favorita
Close your eyes and picture yourself doing your favorite activity. How would you say that
in the present progressive? Now get up and go around the classroom and ask people what
they are doing and tell them what you imagine yourself doing.

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4.7 Spanish I

C. ¿Dónde estás y qué estás haciendo?


Ask a classmate, where they are and what they are doing at the following times.

MODELO:
(6:00 p.m.) ¿Dónde estás a las seis de la tarde?
Estoy en mi casa.
¿Qué estás haciendo a las seis de la tarde?
Estoy cenando.

1. (8:30 a.m.)
2. (10:00 a.m.)
3. (12:30 p.m.)
4. (2:45 p.m.)
5. (4:15 p.m)
6. (5:55 p.m.)
7. (8:05 p.m.)
8. (10:30 p.m.)
9. (12:30 a.m.)
10. (5:10 a.m.)

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Can you form the present progressive for regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs?
2. Do you understand how the use of the present progressive is different in Spanish?
3. Can you use pronouns with the present progressive?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Qué estás haciendo ahora?
b. ¿Qué están haciendo tus amigos?
c. ¿Qué estás haciendo a las seis de la tarde usualmente?

Tarea:
Complete 4.8 Para Estudiar en Casa and 4.8 Para Practicar en Casa.

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De compras 4.8

4.8: Para estudiar en casa

4.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To practice interpersonal exchanges between a salesclerk and a customer
b. To review what you learned in 4.1 - 4.8

Introduction:
In chapter 4, we focused on clothes, colors, certain verbs, demonstratives, and the present
progressive. Before moving on to chapter 5, we will focus on conversational speech between
a salesclerk and customer shopping for clothes, review chapter 4 language and culture
topics, and complete the chapter 4 capstone project.

4.8.a. To practice interpersonal exchanges between a salesclerk and a customer

Do you get the following joke?

A Spanish-speaking man who spoke no English went into


a department store to buy socks. He found his way to the
menswear department where a young lady offered to help him.
"Quiero calcetines", said the man.
"I don't speak Spanish, but we have some very nice suits
over here", said the salesgirl.
"No, no quiero trajes. Quiero calcetines", said the man.
"Well, these shirts are on sale this week", declared the
salesgirl.
"No, tampoco quiero camisas. Quiero calcetines", repeated
the man.
"I still don't know what you're trying to say. We have
some fine pants on this rack", offered the salesgirl.
"No, no quiero pantalones tampoco. Quiero calcetines",
insisted the man.
"These sweaters are top quality", the salesgirl probed.
"No, no quiero suéter. Quiero calcetines", said the man.
"Our undershirts are over here", fumbled the salesgirl,
beginning to lose patience.
"No, no quiero camisetas. Quiero calcetines", the man
repeated.
As they passed the underwear counter, the man spotted
a display of socks and happily grabbed a pair. Holding them up
he proclaimed: "Eso sí que es".
"Well, if you could spell it, why didn't you do that in the
beginning?" asked the exasperated salesgirl.

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4.8 Spanish I

The following is a dialog between a salesclerk and a customer. Read it out loud carefully.
Practice pronouncing one side of the conversation and then the other.

DEPENDIENTE: Hola. Bienvenidos a Diseños Marisol. ¿Cómo le puedo ayudar?


CLIENTE: Buenas. Busco ropa para una fiesta este fin de semana.
DEPENDIENTE: ¿Quieres llevar unos pantalones, una falda o un vestido.
CLIENTE: Prefiero llevar vestido, pero no tengo mucho dinero.
DEPENDIENTE: Tenemos esos vestidos allí en rebaja. También tenemos aquellos muy
baratos. ¿Quieres algún diseño en particular?
CLIENTE: Me gustan los vestidos de lunares, pero depende mucho de los colores.
DEPENDIENTE: ¿Te gusta aquel vestido blanco de lunares azules?
CLIENTE: No. No me gusta esa combinación de colores. Este vestido rojo es
mucho más bonito que aquel.
DEPENDIENTE: Bueno. El vestido rojo no está en rebaja. Es muy caro, pero tengo este
vestido verde. Es muy similar. ¿Qué te parece?
CLIENTE: Está bien, pero el vestido rojo es mejor. ¿Cuánto cuesta?
DEPENDIENTE: Cuesta ciento cincuenta dólares, sesenta más que el vestido
verde.
CLIENTE: Sí. Cuesta mucho más que el otro; más de lo que quiero gastar.
DEPENDIENTE: Tenemos una falda roja del mismo material que el vestido rojo.
CLIENTE: A ver. Me gusta. ¿Cuánto cuesta?
DEPENDIENTE: Cuesta noventa dólares, sesenta menos que el vestido y sólo
diez dólares más que el vestido verde.
CLIENTE: Bueno, voy a llevar la falda roja. Ya tengo una blusa, pero necesito
zapatos.
DEPENDIENTE: Esta semana tenemos zapatos en oferta. ¿Quieres zapatos de tacón?
CLIENTE: Sí.
DEPENDIENTE: ¿Te gustan aquellos zapatos?
CLIENTE: No. Prefiero esos zapatos allí. Son de tacón menos alto que aquellos.
DEPENDIENTE: Perfecto. ¿Algo más?
CLIENTE: Sí. ¿Tienen bufandas de seda?
DEPENDIENTE: Claro. Tenemos bufandas de seda blancas, amarillas, anaranjadas,
verdes, azules y grises.
CLIENTE: Creo que la bufanda blanca va bien con mi blusa y la falda.
DEPENDIENTE: Muy bien.
CLIENTE: Eso es todo, entonces.
DEPENDIENTE: En total, esta falda roja, estos zapatos, y esta bufanda blanca cuestan
ciento sesenta dólares y cincuenta y cinco centavos.
CLIENTE: ¿Aceptan tarjeta de crédito?
DEPENDIENTE: Sí.
CLIENTE: Aquí está.
DEPENDIENTE: Muy bien. Favor de firmar.
CLIENTE: Muchas gracias por todo.
DEPENDIENTE: Gracias a ti. Hasta luego.
CLIENTE: Hasta luego.

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De compras 4.8

4.8.b. To review what you learned in 4.1 - 4.8

Here is the complete list of chapter 4 learning objectives. Review each one carefully. You
should understand the content of each one. If you are not confident that you understand
and are able to perform each objective, go back and carefully review the explanations.

4.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To acquire vocabulary related to clothes and accessories
b. To learn vocabulary related to colors, patterns, and materials
c. To practice shopping-related vocabulary
4.2 Learning objectives:
a. To review the main use of the tilde
b. To learn the other use of the tilde
c. To recognize and understand common examples of some "twin" words
4.3 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about direct object pronouns and their function
b. To learn about the "personal a"
c. To be able to use direct object pronouns with infinitives
4.4 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the conjugations and uses of saber and conocer
b. To learn the conjugations and uses of ser and estar
c. To learn about adjectives that change meaning with ser and estar
4.5 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about indefinite and negative adverbs and their uses
b. To learn about indefinite and negative nouns and their uses
c. To learn about indefinite and negative adjectives and their uses
4.6 Learning objectives:
a. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative adjectives
b. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative pronouns
c. To be able to understand and use the neuter demonstrative pronouns
4.7 Learning objectives:
a. To be able to form the present participle and the present progressive
b. To understand the uses of the present participle and present progressive
c. To be able to use the present progressive with certain pronouns
4.8 Learning objectives:
a. To practice interpersonal exchanges between a salesclerk and a customer
b. To review what you learned in 4.1 - 4.8

249
4.8 Spanish I

4.8: Para practicar en casa

4.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To practice interpersonal exchanges between a salesclerk and a customer
b. To review what you learned in 4.1 - 4.8

A. Comprensión de la lectura
According to the dialog between the salesclerk and the customer, answer the following
questions using complete sentences.

1. ¿Por qué necesita ropa la cliente? ¿Cuándo es el evento?

2. ¿Qué prefiere llevar?

3. ¿Qué diseño de vestido prefiere?

4. ¿Cuál vestido piensa que es el mejor?

5. ¿Cuánto cuesta el vestido verde?

6. ¿Qué tipo de zapatos compra?

7. ¿De qué material es la bufanda que compra? ¿De qué color es la bufanda que compra?

8. ¿Cuánto cuesta todo? Si la bufanda cuesta veinte dólares, ¿cuánto cuestan los zapatos?

9. ¿Cómo paga?

10. En muchos países, es posible regatear los precios. ¿Es posible regatear en los Estados
Unidos? ¿En qué situaciones es posible? ¿Te gusta regatear o prefieres los precios fijos?

250
De compras 4.8

B. Un diálogo original
First, watch this video. Then, using the video and the dialog between the salesclerk and the
customer (see 4.8.a) as models, write an original dialog between a salesclerk and a customer
shopping for clothes. Be sure to include colors, materials, patterns, and prices. Also include
some demonstratives, comparisons, and indefinite and negative words.

DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:

C. Repaso
Review the chapter 4 learning objectives again and repeat the exercises in any section that
you think you need to practice more.

251
4.8 Spanish I

4.8: Para practicar en clase

4.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To practice interpersonal exchanges between a salesclerk and a customer
b. To review what you learned in 4.1 - 4.8

A. Chapter 4 Capstone Project


The clothes shopping skit is the culminating project for Chapter 4 - De compras. It will be a
group project (groups of 2 students) and involve a dialog between a salesclerk and a
customer. The project brings together everything you have learned so far, especially the
vocabulary and grammatical structures covered in this chapter.

Materials- For this project you should use actual clothes as props. These
items should be appropriate (not provocative) and can be yours or borrowed.
You can also mention other clothes that are not physically present as props.

Mode of delivery- This presentation should be completed with a partner in


class. You will have time during class to prepare, but you may also practice
outside of class. No reading allowed, so be sure to practice your script.

Instructions - Prepare a script with a partner in which one of you is the


salesperson and one of you is the customer. Please:
• Discuss purchasing a minimum of 3 types of clothing, for example, you might discuss:
shoes, pants, and accessories.
• Compare 2 articles of each type, for example, you might discuss two pairs of shoes
using comparisons of adjectives OR you might discuss the price of each item using
comparisons of nouns (dollars), etc..
• Discuss the price of each, fixed or negotiable, and the method of payment, credit card
or cash.
• Try to use as much vocabulary as possible, including clothes, patterns, materials,
colors, object pronouns, indefinite and negative words, demonstratives, etc.
• Use real props, unless, for any reason, you prefer NOT to bring clothes to class, it is
possible to bring pictures to appropriately represent them.

Content- Presentations should include the following information:


• Appropriate greetings and leave-takings
• Reasons for the purchase
• Comparisons of material, color, size, price, etc.
• Demonstratives to distinguish between the clothes.
• No reading, practice together to memorize or be able to improvise

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De compras 4.8

B. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following.
1. ¿Qué llevas hoy?
2. ¿Qué ropa blanca tienes?
3. ¿Qué ropa de algodón tienes?
4. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre si y sí?
5. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre el y él?
6. ¿Dónde compras tu ropa? (contesta con el pronombre del complemento directo)
7. ¿Haces la tarea cada día? (contesta con el pronombre del complemento directo)
8. ¿Qué sabes hacer muy bien?
9. ¿Conoces a los padres de tu novi@?
10. ¿Conoces un restaurante bueno en Humboldt?
11. ¿Cómo eres? ¿Cómo estás?
12. ¿Tocas algún instrumento musical? ¿Cuál?
13. ¿Conoces a alguien en el gobierno estudiantil?
14. ¿Tienes algo en el coche?
15. ¿Quieres contestar estas preguntas?
16. ¿Qué es esto? ¿Qué es eso? ¿Qué es aquello? (point at things in the classroom)
17. ¿Qué estás haciendo ahora?
18. ¿Estás cepillándote los dientes ahora?
19. ¿Dónde tienen rebajas esta semana?
20. ¿Trabajas en una tienda que vende ropa?

C. Repaso
Practice the following with a partner.

1. ¿De qué color es?


With a classmate, discuss the color or colors that you might associate with the following
items.

• un arco iris (rainbow)


• la bandera (flag) americana
• la puesta del sol (sunset)
• la naturaleza (nature)
• la pureza (purity)

253
4.8 Spanish I

• el mar (sea)
• una rosa
• tus pantalones favoritos
• los colores de los Lakers
• un elefante

2. Las tildes
Use all you know about pronunciation and tildes to add any required tildes to the following
sentences.

• A mi gusta esta falda que esta en mi closet.


• ¿Tu sabes que tu tio busca a su cinturón?
• ¿Donde vas a ver la pelicula este sabado?
• Siempre tenemos examenes los ultimos dias de la semana.
• El sueter que lleva mi mama es purpura.

3. Los pronombres del complemento directo


With a partner, underline the direct object of the following sentences. Then, rewrite the
sentences replacing the direct object with the direct object pronoun. For these sentences
you have two options for pronoun placement. Write both options and don't forget any
required accents.

MODELO:
Voy a comprar una camisa blanca.
La voy a comprar. / Voy a comprarla.

Pienso comer una ensalada rusa.

Estoy viendo al profesor.

¿Vas a cantar la canción?

Estamos estudiando español.

Mi mejor amigo va a llevar un traje nuevo.

254
De compras 4.8

4. Ser o estar
With a partner, discuss which verb, ser or estar, you would use in the following situations.

• Who is the person who is with your sister?


• The clothes are on the floor.
• Where are your friends from?
• What time is your favorite program?
• Where is the concert?

5. Son completamente diferentes


Although they are best friends, Jorge's style is the complete opposite of Manuel's. Read
about what Jorge wears and, with a classmate, use the indefinite and negative words to
discuss what Manuel wears.
MODELO:
Jorge siempre lleva un collar de plata.
Manuel nunca lleva un collar de plata.
Manuel siempre lleva un collar de oro.
Jorge lleva algunos zapatos viejos.
Manuel lleva algunos zapatos nuevos.

• Jorge lleva algún traje de baño azul.


• Jorge nunca lleva ningún reloj de oro.
• Jorge tiene algunas botas rojas.
• Jorge lleva algunas camisas de seda.
• Jorge siempre lleva calcetines blancos.

6. Los pronombres demonstrativos


Imagine you have certain objects in front of you. Choose five and write them in the spaces
below. Use the demonstrative adjective to tell your partner that you see them. Your partner
should imagine that there are similar objects further away and, using two demonstrative
pronouns, say that they see them too.

MODELO:
You say: Your partner says:
libro Veo este libro. Veo ese allí y aquel allá también.





255
4.8 Spanish I

7. ¿Dónde estás y qué estás haciendo?


Ask a classmate, where they are and what they are doing at the following times.

MODELO:
(6:00 p.m.) ¿Dónde estás a las seis de la tarde?
Estoy en mi trabajo.
¿Qué estás haciendo a las seis de la tarde?
Estoy trabajando.

1. (10:30 a.m.)
2. (12:00 a.m.)
3. (4:30 p.m.)
4. (7:45 p.m.)
5. (11:15 p.m)

8. De compras
• Practice acting out the dialog in 4.8.a. Take turns with your partner acting as the
salesclerk and the customer. Try adding some additional dialog.
• Practice acting out the dialogs that you and your partner wrote in 4.8 Para Practicar
en Casa.
• Practice interpreting the skit that you and your partner wrote for the chapter 4
capstone project.

Tarea:
Continue to review in order to be prepared for the Chapter 4 Assessment.

256
5
Los pasatiempos
5.1 Learning Objectives:
a. To acquire vocabulary related to months and holidays
b. To learn vocabulary related to seasons and weather
c. To practice vocabulary related to sports and recreational activity
5.2 Learning objectives:
a. To correctly pronounce the sounds of the letters C and G
b. To understand the sounds of the letter R
c. To practice the sounds of the letter X and review other letters
5.3 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about the prepositional pronouns and their function
b. To learn about the indirect object and the indirect object pronoun
c. To learn the present tense conjugations and uses of the verbs dar and decir
5.4 Learning objectives:
a. To review direct and indirect objects and their pronouns
b. To learn to use double object pronouns (direct and indirect together)
c. To understand placement options of double object pronouns
5.5 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the form and function of AFFIRMATIVE informal commands
b. To learn the form and function of NEGATIVE informal commands
c. To learn to use informal commands with certain pronouns
5.6 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the form and function of formal commands
b. To practice formal commands with certain pronouns
5.7 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about past tenses and to acquire related vocabulary
b. To learn the preterit forms of regular verbs
c. To learn the preterit forms of some important irregular verbs
5.8 Learning objectives:
a. To experience Spanish language through a popular song
b. To review what you learned in 5.1 - 5.8

257
5.1 Spanish I

5.1: Para estudiar en casa

5.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To acquire vocabulary related to months and holidays
b. To learn vocabulary related to seasons and weather
c. To practice vocabulary related to sports and recreational activity

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will study months, seasons, weather, and activities. As with other
vocabulary lists, remember to study each new noun with the definite article. Also, be sure
to look up any additional words that you might need to describe weather and your own
activities.

5.1.a. To acquire vocabulary related to months and holidays

The following vocabulary list includes all the months of the year. Study each one carefully.
Pronounce them out loud and try to think of personally relevant dates within each month.
Notice the similarities between the words in both languages. The similarities can lead to
mispronunciations (in which they sound more like English), so be especially careful to use
the Spanish sounds as you pronounce each one.

Los meses The Months


enero January
febrero February
marzo March
abril April
mayo May
junio June
julio July
agosto August
septiembre September
octubre October
noviembre November
diciembre December

Note:
Just like the days of the week, months are not automatically capitalized in Spanish. Months
and days of the week are capitalized according to other rules, like: being the first word of a
sentence.

258
Los pasatiempos 5.1

The following list features some holidays and celebrations in the US and the Spanish-
speaking world.

Los días festivos The Holidays


la Nochevieja New Year's Eve
el Año Nuevo New Year's Day
el Día de la Raza Columbus Day / Hispanic Awareness Day
el Día de la Independencia Independence Day
el Día de los Veteranos Veterans Day
el Día del Trabajo / de los Trabajadores Labor Day
el Día de Acción de Gracias Thanksgiving
el Día de los Inocentes April Fool's Day
la Nochebuena Christmas Eve
la Navidad Christmas
el Día de los Reyes Magos Day of the Magi (Wise Men) / Epiphany
la Pascua / la Pascua Judía Easter / Passover
Semana Santa Holy Week
el Día de los Muertos Day of the Dead
el Cinco de Mayo the Fifth of May

Note:
Holidays are typically national and religious. Please look up any holidays that might be
relevant to you (Janucá, Ramadán, etc.)

MODELO:
¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
Mi cumpleaños es el 21 de enero.
¿Cuál es la fecha de hoy?
Hoy es el 15 de noviembre.
¿Cuándo es el Día de Independencia mexicano?
Es el 16 de septiembre.
¿Cuándo es el Día de Independencia americano?
Es el 4 de julio.
¿Cuándo es el Día de Acción de Gracias?
Es el cuarto jueves de noviembre.
¿Cuándo se celebra el Día de los Reyes Magos?
Se celebra el 6 de enero.
¿Qué se celebra el Cinco de Mayo?
Se celebra la Batalla de Puebla, México, contra los franceses.
¿Cuándo es el Día de los Inocentes?
Es el primero de abril.

Note:
"Cuándo se celebra X" means "when is X celebrated".

259
5.1 Spanish I

5.1.b. To learn vocabulary related to seasons and weather

In this section, we will learn vocabulary related to seasons and weather. Weather depends
greatly on region, but, for simplicity, we will often discuss stereotypical weather (i.e. snow
in winter). As you say the seasons, think about where you are and what you do during that
time of year.

Las estaciones del año The Seasons of the Year


la primavera (marzo - mayo) Spring (March - May)
el verano (junio - agosto) Summer (June - August)
el otoño (septiembre - noviembre) Fall / Autumn (September - November)
el invierno (diciembre - febrero) Winter (December - February)

Note:
In English, "season" has a few additional meanings. "Season" can be a verb (to season food
= sazonar) and for sports (season = temporada).

Weather expressions in Spanish are generally formed with the verb: hacer. You might think
of it as "what's the weather doing". A few other Spanish verbs are also used to form
weather expressions. Read the following out loud and, as you pronounce each one, try to
visualize yourself or remember yourself experiencing that particular weather.

el tiempo The Weather


¿Qué tiempo hace? What is the weather?
Hace (mucho) calor. It's (very) hot.
Hace (mucho) frío. It's (very) cold.
Hace fresco. It's cool out.
Hace (mucho) sol. / Está (muy) soleado. It's (very) sunny.
Hace (mucho) viento. It's (very) windy.
Hace (muy) buen tiempo. It's (very) good weather. / It's nice out.
Hace (muy) mal tiempo. It's (very) bad weather.
Llueve. / Está lloviendo. / llover It's raining. / to rain
Nieva. / Está nevando. / nevar It's snowing. / to snow
Está (muy) nublado. / Está (muy) nubloso. It's (very) cloudy.
Hay (mucha) contaminación / humedad. There's (a lot) of pollution / humidity.

Note:
Be careful with the intensifiers: mucho and muy. Mucho is an adjective that modifies a noun,
like calor or frío. Muy is an adjective that modifies another adjective, like bueno o malo.

MODELO:
¿Qué tiempo hace en el invierno?
Hace frío y nieva.
¿Qué tiempo hace en el verano?
Hace calor y (hace) mucho sol.
Estamos en la primavera y por eso llueve mucho.

260
Los pasatiempos 5.1

5.1.c. To practice vocabulary related to sports and recreational activities

You have already learned many verbs that represent recreational activities, like nadar, leer,
bailar, jugar al fútbol, etc. Different verbs are typically associated with certain activities.
Jugar and practicar are used with many sports (jugar al béisbol, practicar el béisbol). Pay
attention to the verbs associated with each activity.

The following list of verbs represents additional recreational activities that you might
participate in. Please look up any activities, not mentioned so far, which are personally
relevant to you and add them to the list. As you pronounce each verb, visualize yourself or
someone else performing that activity.

Los deportes y las actividades recreativas Sports and Recreational Activities


el acampar / hacer camping / acampar camping / to camp
el alpinismo mountain climbing
las artes marciales the martial arts
el atletismo track and field
el bádminton badminton
el balonmano handball
el básquetbol / el baloncesto basketball
el béisbol baseball
el billar billiards
el boxeo / boxear boxing / to box
el busceo / buscear scuba diving / to scuba dive
la caminata / caminar hiking / to hike
la caminata con mochila backpacking
la caza / cazar hunting / to hunt
el ciclismo / montar en bicicleta cycling / to ride a bike
el disco volante frisbee
la equitación / montar a caballo equestrianism / horsebackriding
fútbol soccer
el fútbol americano American football
la gimnástica / la gimnasia gymnastics
el golf golf
el jockey hockey
la lucha libre / luchar wrestling / to wrestle
la natación / nadar swimming / to swim
el patinaje / patinar skating / to skate
la pesca / pescar fishing / to fish
el tenis tennis
el tenis de mesa ping-pong
el voleibol volleyball

Note:
The vast majority of sports are masculine, because each one is un deporte.

261
5.1 Spanish I

MODELO:
¿Qué deportes practicas?
Practico el fútbol y el jockey. Me gusta patinar y me gusta montar en
bicicleta.
¿Juegas al balonmano?
No. Juego al bádminton y al tenis de mesa.
¿Te gusta el fútbol americano?
Sí, pero no para jugar, solo mirar, igual con la lucha libre y el boxeo.
¿Pescas frecuentemente?
A veces, en la primavera vamos al río para pescar.
¿Sabes algún sitio bueno para caminar con mochila?
Sí. Hay muchos sitios buenos en la Lost Coast. Me gusta acampar allí
también.
¿Cuándo empieza la temporada de béisbol?
Empieza en la primavera.
¿Cuándo empieza la temporada de baloncesto?
Es en el otoño.

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Los pasatiempos 5.1

5.1: Para practicar en casa

5.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To acquire vocabulary related to months and holidays
b. To learn vocabulary related to seasons and weather
c. To practice vocabulary related to sports and recreational activity

A. Las fechas y las estaciones


Write the date and season for the following holidays in the current year.

MODELO:
La Navidad Es el 25 de diciembre. Es en el invierno.

1. El Día de los Inocentes


2. El Día de la Independencia Americana
3. El Día de Acción de Gracias
4. El Día del Trabajo
5. El Año Nuevo
6. El Día de San Valentín
7. El Día de los Muertos
8. La Nochevieja
9. El Día de la Raza
10. El Día de San Patricio

B. ¿Qué tiempo hace?


Based on what is being worn, what's the weather? Use complete sentences and do not
repeat the weather expressions.

1. Llevo un impermeable.
2. Llevas un abrigo, unos guantes y una bufanda.
3. Llevan unos pantalones cortos y una camiseta.
4. Llevamos un traje de baño y unas chanclas.
5. Lleváis una chaqueta y pantalones.
6. Lleva un sombrero.
7. Llevo unos jeans y un suéter.
8. Llevas una falda y una blusa.

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5.1 Spanish I

C. Los deportes
Match the player or competitor with their sport.

1. Tom Brady a. el básquetbol


2. Michelle Kwan b. el golf
3. Wayne Gretzky c. el boxeo
4. Derek Jeter d. la natación
5. LeBron James e. el tenis
6. Tiger Woods f. la gimnasia
7. Serena Williams g. el fútbol americano
8. Michael Phelps h. el béisbol
9. Shawn Johnson i. el patinaje
10. Mohamad Ali j. el jockey

D. El cuestionario
Use complete sentences to answer the following questions.

1. ¿Cuál es tu estación favorita?


2. ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
3. ¿Qué deportes practicas?
4. ¿Qué haces cuando hace calor?
5. ¿En qué estación estamos?
6. ¿Qué llevas cuando hace frío?
7. ¿Juegas al baloncesto, al béisbol, al fútbol?
8. ¿Caminas con mochila?
9. ¿Cuál es tu deporte favorito?
10. ¿Qué tiempo hace hoy?

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Los pasatiempos 5.1

5.1: Para practicar en clase

5.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To acquire vocabulary related to months and holidays
b. To learn vocabulary related to seasons and weather
c. To practice vocabulary related to sports and recreational activity

A. ¿Qué tiempo hace allí?


With a classmate, discuss the weather in the following locations during different seasons.
Use as many weather expressions as possible for each location.

MODELO:
Arcata, California En la primavera, llueve y hace fresco. También
hace viento. En el verano, hace sol y hace calor.

Miami, Florida Madrid, España


Los Ángeles, California Seattle, Washington
Londres, Inglaterra Las Vegas, Nevada
Anchorage, Alaska Stalingrad, Rusia
Santiago de Cuba Chicago, Illinois

B. Entrevista
With a classmate, take turns asking and answering the following questions.

1. ¿Qué deportes practicas?


2. ¿Cuál es tu deporte favorito? (para mirar y para practicar)
3. ¿Qué te gusta hacer cuando hace calor? (3 actividades)
4. ¿Qué te gusta hacer cuando hace frío? (3 actividades)
5. ¿Cuál es tu estación favorita? ¿Por qué?
6. ¿Qué llevas cuando hace fresco? ¿Qué llevas cuando llueve?
7. ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
8. ¿Cuándo se celebra el Día de Acción de Gracias?
9. ¿Cuál es la fecha de hoy? ¿Qué día es hoy?
10. ¿Qué tiempo hace hoy?

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5.1 Spanish I

C. Los días festivos y celebraciones


With a partner, discuss the following holidays and celebrations. Discuss the date and
season of each one. Who celebrates these holidays and how?

MODELO:
El Día de San Patricio El Día de San Patricio se celebra el 17 de marzo,
en la primavera. Es un día festivo de tradición
irlandés. Se celebra mucho el color verde. Hay
muchos desfiles (parades) y, en Chicago, tiñen
el agua del río verde. Se celebra con muchas
fiestas y cerveza.

la graduación de la universidad El Día de San Valentín


El Día de Acción de Gracias El Día de la Independencia Americana
La Nochevieja Halloween
La Navidad tu cumpleaños
La Pascua o la Pascua Judía una boda

D. Diseño de un día festivo


With a classmate, design a new holiday. Who, what, where, how, and when will it be
celebrated? And, of course, why is it celebrated? When you are done, share your design
with the class.

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you know the Spanish words for months, seasons, and holidays?
2. Can you describe the weather in most situations?
3. Do you know the Spanish names of major sports?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Qué tiempo hace?
b. ¿En qué estación estamos?
c. ¿Qué deportes practicas?
d. ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?

Tarea:
Complete 5.2 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.2 Para Practicar en Casa.

266
Los pasatiempos 5.2

5.2: Para estudiar en casa

5.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To correctly pronounce the sounds of the letters C and G
b. To understand when to roll the letter R
c. To practice the sounds of the letter X and review other letters

Introduction:
The focus of this section is pronunciation. In 1.2, we covered the sounds of all the letters
and paid special attention letters that are particularly challenging to native English
speakers. This will be a review of that information with a little more detail. Since this is
pronunciation, be sure to practice speaking out loud throughout this section.

5.2.a. To correctly pronounce the sounds of the letters C and G

The letters C and G have something in common; each one has two sounds depending on the
vowel that follows. The C sounds like the letter K and the G sounds like a G when in front of
A, O, or U. Listen to the model and practice pronouncing these out loud.

C G
A ca ga
O co go
U cu gu

Here are some examples. Listen to the model and carefully pronounce each one. Focus on
the sounds of the letters C and G.

C G
A casa, mercado gato, ganga
O color, blanco gorra, agosto
U cuadros, pascua guantes, agua

The letters C and G have different sounds when followed by the letters E and I. The C
sounds like an S before E or I and the G sounds like an English H before E or I. Listen and
practice these sounds.

C G
E ce ge
I ci gi

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5.2 Spanish I

Here are some examples. Listen to the model and carefully pronounce each one while
focusing on the sounds of the C and G.

C G
E cero, calcetines gente, agenda
I cinturón, cocina ginete, página

Note:
The pronunciation of the letter C refers to the most common pronunciation. There are
others. In most places in Spain, for example, the C would sound like an English TH when
coming before E or I, instead of an S. This is also the case for the letter Z. Listen to this
dialect here. In short and in general, CE, CI, and Z sound like TH in Spain and S in Latin
America. See the note on page 12.

In order to preserve the original sound of the letters C and G before the vowels E and I, we
must change the spelling. Here are the spelling changes. Listen to the model and practice
the sounds.

C ➔QU G ➔ GU
E que gue
I qui gui

Here are some examples. Listen and carefully pronounce each one.

C ➔QU G ➔ GU
E qué, aunque guerra, averigue
I quien, aquí guitarra, alguien

In the above examples, the letter U is silent. Sometimes, with GUI and GUE, the letter U is
not silent. This is called dieresis and is represented by two dots over the U. The two dots
mean that the letter U is pronounced. Listen and practice the following examples while
paying close attention to the dieresis.

GÜ+ diérisis ejemplos


E GÜE ambigüedad, bilingüe
I GÜI lingüística, pengüino

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Los pasatiempos 5.2

5.2.b. To understand the sounds of the letter R

Among the most challenging for native English speakers are the sounds of the letter R. First
of all, the Spanish R does not sound like the English R. It sounds more like the sound of the
two Ds of the English words "added" or "ladder". It also sounds like the two Ts of the
English words "little" or "butter". Of course, your dialect will affect how you pronounce
those words, but the placement of the tongue, when pronouncing those English words, is
closer to the Spanish R than the English R is.

Listen and practice the following words while paying close attention to the sound of the
letter R.

RA RE RI RO RU AR ER IR
cobrar aire abril coro bruja hablar comer vivir
barato libre cripta euro cruz diario eterno mirar
fibra oreja frito faro fruto amar hacer sátira
hora precio mérito ironía grupo araña perla unir
otra hombre varios oro virus jardín tejer virgo

Sometimes the R is rolled. The muscles of the tongue do not produce the roll. The roll is
produced by air flowing over the tongue, which causes the tongue to vibrate. It's like a
raspberry, but on the inside of the mouth. Some native English speakers find this extremely
hard to pronounce and they usually come up with strategies to mimic the sound. If you are
one of those individuals, keep trying!

There are two common circumstances that require the R to be rolled.


• when the R is the first letter of the word (word initial)
• when there are two Rs together in the word

Here are examples of the two circumstances mentioned above. Listen and practice with
special care to pronounce the R properly.

Word Initial RR
raro carro
reír error
reina gorra
rojo torre
rubí zorro

Note:
The R is also rolled after certain consonants (L, N, and S). These are less common.
If a compound word is formed and the second word begins with R, it is written with two
RRs (guardarropa, pelirrojo, saltarrocas, virrey)

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5.2 Spanish I

Sometimes the R is the only difference between words that mean completely different
things. The following list contains a select few of these words. Listen to the way they are
pronounced and focus on the pronunciation of the R.

Español Inglés
cero / cerro zero / hill, mountain
coral / corral coral / farmyard, corral
coro / corro choir / I run
hiero / hierro I wound, I hurt / iron
para / parra for / vine
pera / perra pear / female dog
pero / perro but / male dog
caro / carro expensive / car
moro / morro Moor, Muslim / snout, nose, mound
ahora / ahorra now / he saves

5.2.c. To practice the sounds of the letter X and review other letters

The letter X has two common sounds.

The most common sound is the same as the X in English. It sounds like the combination of
KS (exageración) or GS (examen) in English.

The other sound is like the H in English, which is similar to the sound of the medieval
Spanish X. This spelling is usually a proper name. In some places the spelling has been
modernized and in others it has been preserved.

X sounds like KS (or GS) X sounds like H


exageración México (sometimes spelled: Méjico)
examen mexicano (sometimes spelled: mejicano)
saxofón Oaxaca (sometimes spelled: Oajaca)
sexo Texas (sometimes spelled: Tejas)
taxi Xavier (sometimes spelled: Javier)

Note:
There are only a few words that start with X in Spanish. For those that do (like xilofón or
xenofobia), the X is pronounced like an S (just like in English: xylophone, xenophobia).
In some words derived from Indigenous American languages, like Nahuatl, the letter X is
pronounced like the combination SH in English (Xela, Xocoyote).

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Los pasatiempos 5.2

There are a few other letters that you should review. As presented in 1.2:
• B and V have the same sound, like the English B
• H is never pronounced
• J is pronounced like the English H
• L sounds like the English L, except when there are two; LL sounds like Y in "yes".
• Ñ sounds like NY in "canyon" or NI in "onion"
• Z is usually pronounced as an English S, although it is pronounced as TH in certain
dialects. See note on page 12.

Here are some examples. Listen to the model and practice the pronunciation of each
consonant.

B H J L Ñ V Z
bajo hola abajo llave baño vaso abrazo
bien hay concejero lluvia cariño activo lápiz
biblioteca hijo ejemplo ella empeño vivir zumo
nube prohíbe jaguar callado ñoqui veces zapato
obra búho naranja allí niño televisión azul

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5.2 Spanish I

5.2: Para practicar en casa

5.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To correctly pronounce the sounds of the letters C and G
b. To understand the sounds of the letter R
c. To practice the sounds of the letter X and review other letters

A. La letra C
Practice the pronunciation of each of the following words. Notice how sometimes the C
sounds like a K and other times it sounds like an S. Underline the words in which the C
sounds like an S.

1. caballo 6. Cuba
2. fácil 7. control
3. académico 8. necesitar
4. nación 9. caja
5. hacer 10. sincero

B. La letra G
Practice the pronunciation of each of the following words. Notice how sometimes the G
sounds like a G and other times it sounds like an H. Underline the words in which the G
sounds like an H.

1. droga 6. vegetario
2. peregrino 7. ilegítimo
3. surge 8. ganar
4. vigilar 9. golpe
5. pongo 10. guay

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Los pasatiempos 5.2

C. La letra R
Practice the pronunciation of each of the following words. Notice how sometimes the R is
rolled and other times it is not. Underline the words in which the R is rolled.

1. abierto 6. rojo
2. febrero 7. aburrido
3. raza 8. burrito
4. primavera 9. perro
5. reloj 10. rayas

D. La letra X
Practice the pronunciation of each of the following words. Notice how sometimes the X
sounds like a KS (or GS) and other times it sounds like an H. Underline the words in which
the X sounds like an H.

1. anexo 6. excluir
2. exacto 7. oaxaqueño
3. explicación 8. flexivo
4. mexicano 9. oxígeno
5. excusa 10. texano

E. Un trabalengua
Read the following tongue twister out loud several times. Use all you know about Spanish
pronunciation and be careful to stress the correct syllable. Focus on the pronunciation of
the letter R and not so much on the meaning.

Erre con erre cigarro,

erre con erre barril.

Rápido corren los carros,

cargados de azúcar del ferrocarril.

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5.2 Spanish I

5.2: Para practicar en clase

5.2 Learning Objectives:


a. To correctly pronounce the sounds of the letters C and G
b. To understand the sounds of the letter R
c. To practice the sounds of the letter X and review other letters

A. Entrevista
With a classmate, discuss the following questions.

1. ¿Cómo se escribe tu nombre?


2. ¿Cómo se escribe tu apellido?
3. ¿Cuál letra tiene el sonido de la K y la S en inglés?
4. ¿Cuál letra tiene el sonido de la G y la H en inglés?
5. Practica el trabalengua en voz alta con tu compañero de clase.

B. Emparejar con letras


With a classmate, match the letters with the descriptions of the sounds. In the descriptions,
the sounds refer to the sounds in English, for example: el sonido de la S (en inglés).

1. C a. En general, tiene el sonido de la S.


2. V b. Tiene los sonidos de la K y la S.
3. G c. Cuando hay dos, tiene el sonido de la Y.
4. H d. Tiene el sonido de NY o NI.
5. R e. Tiene el sonido de la B.
6. X f. Tiene el sonido de la H.
7. L g. Tiene los sonidos de la G y la H.
8. J h. No se pronuncia.
9. Ñ i. A veces tiene el sonido de la S.
10. Z j. Cuando hay dos, el sonido se extiende.

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Los pasatiempos 5.2

C. Emparejar con palabras


With a classmate, match the words with the descriptions of the sounds of the letters. In the
descriptions, the sounds refer to the sounds in English, for example: el sonido de la S (en
inglés).

1. mexicano a. Tiene una letra que no se pronuncia.


2. valiente b. La R se pronuncia como RR.
3. amarilla c. La X tiene el sonido de la H.
4. gira d. La V tiene el sonido de la B.
5. cerebro e. La G tiene el sonido de la H.
6. abrazo f. La C tiene el sonido de la S.
7. rey g. La L tiene el sonido de la Y.
8. exterior h. La Z tiene el sonido de la S.
9. hospital i. La G tiene el sonido de la G.
10. gota j. La X tiene el sonido de la KS o GS

D. Otro trabalengua
With a partner, read the following tongue twister out loud several times. Use all you know
about Spanish pronunciation and be careful to stress the correct syllable. Focus on the
pronunciation of the letter R and not so much on the meaning.

El perro de San Roque no tiene rabo


porque Ramón Rodríguez se lo ha robado.

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you know when the C sounds like a K and when it sounds like an S?
2. Do you know when the G sounds like a G and when it sounds like an H?
3. Do you understand when you are supposed to roll your Rs?
4. Do you understand the different sounds of the letter X?
5. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Cuáles letras tiene el sonido de la B?
b. ¿Cuál letra no se pronuncia?
c. ¿Cómo se pronuncia "cocina"?
d. ¿Cómo se pronucia "gigote"?

Tarea:
Complete 5.3 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.3 Para Practicar en Casa.

275
5.3 Spanish I

5.3: Para estudiar en casa

5.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about the prepositional pronouns and their function
b. To learn about the indirect object and the indirect object pronoun
c. To learn the present tense conjugations and uses of the verbs dar and decir

Introduction:
In this lesson, we will cover the prepositional pronouns, the indirect object, and the
indirect object pronouns. You will learn to recognize them and use them in different
situations. You will learn the present tense conjugations of the verbs dar and decir.

5.3.a. To learn about the prepositional pronouns and their function

You have already seen propositional pronouns, like (a mí and a ellos). A and all other
Spanish prepositions are used with specific pronouns, called prepositional pronouns (the
pronouns we use with prepositions). With all prepositions, including a, we can use proper
nouns (Robert) or the equivalent subject pronouns (usted, él, nosotros, etc.). The only
exceptions are yo and tú, which are replaced with mí and ti. Here is a list of all of the
Spanish prepositional pronouns.

Singular Plural
mí nosotros / as
ti vosotros / as
él él
ella ella
usted ustedes

You have already used these pronouns with the preposition de. Here is a list of other
Spanish prepositions that are commonly used with prepositional pronouns.

Español English
a to, at
alrededor de around
bajo (de) under
con with
contra against
debajo de under, underneath
desde from, since
detrás (de) behind
en in on, at

276
Los pasatiempos 5.3

encima de on top of
entre between, among
frente a before, in front of
hacia until, toward
hasta until, toward
para for, in order to
por for, by
según according to
sin without
sobre about, on, upon, above

Note:
Prepositions are difficult in most languages. You will learn more about some of these
prepositions in other sections.

MODELO:
Mi amiga camina hacia mí.
¿Quién está con ella?
María está con ella. Tienen algo para nosotros.

Mi amigo quiere jugar ajedrez contra ti.


Él habla mucho sobre ti. Según él, tú eres buen jugador.

A mí me gusta bailar con mis amigas.


Me gusta bailar entre ellas porque son muy divertidas.

When mí and ti are used with the preposition con, they form new words.

con + mí ➔ conmigo con + ti ➔ contigo

MODELO:
¿Quieres jugar conmigo?
No, no quiero jugar contigo.

¿Puedo estudiar contigo?


Ella va a estudiar conmigo. ¿Quieres estudiar con nosotras?
Sí, quiero estudiar con vosotras.

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5.3 Spanish I

5.3.b. To learn about the indirect object and the indirect object pronoun

You have been using the indirect object (el complemento indirecto) and the indirect object
pronoun (el pronombre del complemento indirecto) with gustar since the first chapter (See
1.6). In order to identify the indirect object of a sentence, we ask "to whom" or "for whom"
with relation to the verb. Consider the following examples in English:

Dancing is pleasing to me.


To whom is dancing pleasing?
To me.
"To me" is the indirect object of the sentence.

We sent the letters to the students of the class.


To whom did we send the letters?
To the students of the class.
"To the students of the class" is the indirect object of the sentence.
Note:
"We sent them the letters" can be written: "we sent the letters to them". In English, it's
easier to identify the indirect object when the preposition is included.
Pay the bill for her.
For whom will the bill be paid?
For her.
"For her" is the indirect object of the sentence.

Here is an example in Spanish using the verb gustar.

A mí me gusta el libro.
¿A quién le gusta el libro?
A mí.
"A mí" es el complemento indirecto de la frase.
"Me" es el pronombre del complemento indirecto.

As we discussed in 1.6, in Spanish, we must use the indirect object pronoun whenever there
is an indirect object with a verb. The object itself is only mentioned for emphasis (for
example, when making a comparison) or clarification (for example, le can refer to: a él, a
ella, a usted). Here are the indirect objects and indirect object pronouns.

Singular Plural
a mí ➔ me a nosotros / as ➔ nos
a ti ➔ te a vosotros / as ➔ os
a él, a ella, a usted ➔ le a ellos, a ellas, a ustedes ➔ les

Note:
The indirect object pronouns and the direct object pronouns are exactly the same, except
for the third person forms (le and les).

278
Los pasatiempos 5.3

Besides gustar, there are many other verbs that can take an indirect object (verbs whose
action can be done "to someone" or "for someone"). The use of these verbs is similar to
their use in English. Here is a list of Spanish verbs that are often used with indirect objects.

Español English
comprar to buy
contar to tell / to count
entregar to hand in
escribir to write
explicar to explain
hablar to speak
mandar to send
mostrar (ue) to show
pedir to ask for
preguntar to ask (a question)
prestar to lend
recomendar (ie) (to recommend)
regalar to give (as a gift)
servir to serve
traer to bring

The placement of the indirect object pronoun is exactly the same as the direct object
pronoun. It is either: a) before the conjugated verb or b) attached to an infinitive or a
present participle.

MODELO:
¿Ella te trae el libro?
Sí, ella me trae el libro.
¿Me compras unos pantalones nuevos?
Sí, te compro unos pantalones nuevos.
¿Quién te explica la gramática?
La profesora me explica la gramática.
¿Quién te sirve la cena?
Mi mamá me sirve la cena.
¿A quién le entregas la tarea?
Le entrego la tarea al profesor.
¿A quién le mandas tarjetas postales?
Le escribo a mi familia.
Voy prestarte un videojuego nuevo.
Estoy mostrándoles los pronombres del complemento indirecto.

Note:
With the indirect object pronoun, it is good idea to practice the three types of questions
above:
1) ¿Sí o no? ¿Le sirves la cena? Sí, le sirvo la cena.
2) ¿Quién? ¿Quién te manda regalos? Ella me manda regalos.
3) ¿A quién? ¿A quién le entregas la tarea? Le entrego la tarea a él.

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5.3 Spanish I

5.3.c. To learn the present tense conjugations and uses of the verbs dar and decir

Two verbs that are often used with the indirect object pronoun are dar (to give) and decir
(to tell). For example, whenever we use the verb dar, there is always an indirect object,
whether we specifically mention it or not. Dar is irregular in the first person. Here is the
present tense conjugation of dar.

dar: to give

doy damos
das dáis
da dan

Decir is irregular in the first person, but is also a stem changing verb.

decir (i): to tell

digo decimos
dices decís
dice dicen

MODELO:
¿Siempre les dices la verdad a tus padres?
Sí, siempre les digo la verdad.
¿Quién te dice la verdad?
Mi mamá me dice la verdad.
¿A quién le decís mentiras?
No le decimos mentiras a nadie.
¿Tus padres te dan dinero?
Sí, me dan dinero.
¿Quién le da regalos a tu novio?
Yo le doy regalos a mi novio.
¿A quiénes les dan regalos tus tíos?
Mis tíos les dan regalos a mis primos.

Note:
La verdad means "the truth" and mentiras means "lies".

280
Los pasatiempos 5.3

5.3: Para practicar en casa

5.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about the prepositional pronouns and their function
b. To learn about the indirect object and the indirect object pronoun
c. To learn the present tense conjugations and uses of the verbs dar and decir

A. Los pronombres preposicionales


Rewrite the following sentences using the prepositional pronouns.

MODELO:
Quiero jugar al baloncesto con todos mis compañeros de casa.
Quiero jugar al baloncesto con ellos.

1. Les mando una carta a mis compañeros que tomaron la clase el semestre pasado.

2. Voy a caminar hacia los estudiantes que siempre estudian más.

3. Estefaní van a jugar contra las muchachas de su trabajo.

4. Según el profesor de la clase de español, el examen va a ser fácil.

5. Escribe un libro sobre el presidente y su familia.

6. Llegan a la clase sin sus compañeros.

7. Ella es la mamá de la bebé que sale en el video en Youtube.

8. Siempre le presto dinero a mi mejor amigo.

9. Mamá, ¿puedo salir con Mario, Agustín, Nayra, y Cristián?

10. Yo trabajo para mi hermano mayor.

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5.3 Spanish I

B. Los complementos indirectos


Identify the indirect object of the following sentences.

MODELO: El complemento indirecto


Les regalan un libro sobre la guerra a ellos. a ellos
Nos regalan un libro sobre la guerra. a nosotros

1. Te escribo una carta de amor.


2. Ella os explica la información nueva.
3. Les digo la verdad a mis compañeros de casa.
4. Mis padres me dan dinero para mi cumpleaños.
5. Siempre les presto el carro a mis amigos.
6. Los estudiantes le entregan la tarea al profesor.
7. Mis compañeros del trabajo me cuentan historias falsas.
8. Les traigo regalos a todos ustedes.
9. A usted le sirvo el plato especial de la casa.
10. Nos recomiendan el restaurante nuevo en la Plaza Mayor.

C. Los pronombres del complemento indirecto


Complete the sentence by writing the indirect object pronoun.

MODELO:
Mi amiga le presta su libro a Miguel.

1. preguntamos al profesor cuándo va a ser el próximo examen.


2. Nosotros siempre regalamos algo a nuestro sobrino.
3. El profesor muestra a nosotros cómo funcionan los pronombres.
4. A veces doy problemas a mis padres.
5. ¿ prestas tu carro a tus amigos?
6. ¿A quién dices la verdad?
7. Ángela da flores a su novio.
8. A vosotros explico la situación.
9. ¿Quién compra un regalo a mí?
10. digo la verdad (a ti).

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Los pasatiempos 5.3

D. Entrevista
Answer with complete sentences and be sure to use the indirect object pronoun.

1. ¿Le prestas dinero a tus amigos?

2. ¿Le traes una manzana a tu profesora?

3. ¿Cuándo le vas a dar un beso a tu amigo?

4. ¿Quién te presta su libro?

5. ¿Quién te trae flores?

6. ¿Quién les dice la verdad a tus amigos?

7. ¿A quién le dices mentiras?

8. ¿A quién le escribes poemas románticos?

9. ¿A quién le explicas la tarea?

10. ¿Estás mandándole un regalo a tu primo?

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5.3 Spanish I

5.3: Para practicar en clase

5.3 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about the prepositional pronouns and their function
b. To learn about the indirect object and the indirect object pronoun
c. To learn the present tense conjugations and uses of the verbs dar and decir

A. Los pronombres del complemento indirecto


With a classmate, take turns randomly saying the following indirect objects. Your partner
should say what indirect object pronoun could replace them.

MODELO:
a los estudiantes les

a nosotros a Mario y yo a ella y a él a los trabajadores


a Marta a Nora y a ti al profesor a las clientes
a ti a la mamá de él a usted y ella a la presidente
a la familia de ella a la clase a la mamá de Jordi a mí
a mí a mi papá a los compañeros a ella y su hermana
a ti y a mí a los sobrinos de él a él a vosotras
a ustedes a vosotros a nosotras a ustedes
a todos ellos a usted a mis primos a ti, a mí y a él

B. Ideas originales
With a partner, use the structure of the given sentence as a model, but rewrite each
sentence. 1) Add original elements (replace the italicized word/s) and 2) replace the
indirect object as indicated. Then, share your sentences with the class.

MODELO:
Yo siempre les presto dinero a mis amigos.
a ti Yo siempre te presto el carro.
a mis amigos Yo siempre les presto una pluma a mis amgos.
a usted Yo siempre le presto ropa a usted.

1. Yo nunca le mando cartas a mi novia.


a mi mejor amigo
a vosotros
a ti
2. Ustedes le compran un reloj de oro a su tía.
a mí
a ella
a todos los miembros de su familia

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Los pasatiempos 5.3

3. Él les dice mentiras a sus padres.


a sus amigos
a su novia
a nosotros
4. Ella le escribe poemas románticas a su novio.
a mí
a vosotros
a ti
5. El presidente de la compañía me da dinero para mi cumpleaños.
a ti
a nosotros
a ellos

C. Los pronombres preposicionales


With a partner, ask and answer the following questions. In your answers, replace the noun
with the appropriate prepositional pronoun.

MODELO:
¿Vas a jugar con los amigos de la clase?
Sí, voy a jugar con ellos.

1. ¿Vas a estudiar sin tus compañeros de clase?


2. ¿Quién juega videojuegos contigo?
3. ¿Quiénes juegan contra los Lakers de Los Ángeles?
4. ¿Conoces a la persona quien camina hacia la familia de Ramón?
5. ¿Trabajas para la persona que está en frente del edificio?
6. ¿Vas a salir conmigo este fin de semana?
7. ¿Quién es la mamá de los muchachos que están jugando?
8. ¿Ella escribe una historia sobre el presidente de los Estados Unidos?
9. ¿Estos regalos son para los compañeros de la clase?
10. ¿Tu amiga está bailando entre todas las otras personas?

D. Entrevista
With a partner, ask and answer the following questions. In your answers, be sure to pay
close attention to the indirect object and indirect object pronouns.

1. ¿Los estudiantes de la clase le prestan atención al profesor?


2. ¿Les mandas cartas a tus padres?
3. ¿Por qué les pides dinero a tus padres?
4. ¿Quién te explica la nueva gramática?
5. ¿Quién te prepara la comida?

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5.3 Spanish I

6. ¿Quién te escribe poemas románticos?


7. ¿A quién le compras regalos?
8. ¿A quiénes les mandas textos?
9. ¿A quién le das dinero?
10. ¿Quién te presta su carro?

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you understand what a prepositional pronoun is?


2. Do you know the prepositional pronouns?
3. Do you understand the indirect object and the indirect object pronouns?
4. Do you know the present tense conjugations of dar and decir?
5. Can you answer the following questions using the indirect object pronoun?
a. ¿Tus padres te prestan dinero?
b. ¿Quién te manda flores?
c. ¿A quién le vas a explicar la información?

Tarea:
Complete 5.4 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.4 Para Practicar en Casa.

286
Los pasatiempos 5.4

5.4: Para estudiar en casa

5.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To review direct and indirect objects and their pronouns
b. To learn to use double object pronouns (direct and indirect together)
c. To understand placement options of double object pronouns

Introduction:
In this lesson, we review what you have already learned about direct and indirect objects
and their pronouns. This includes their function, the pronouns that replace them, and the
proper placement of the pronouns. Then, we will learn the order of these pronouns when
they are used together and, lastly, how to use them with infinitives and present participles.

5.4.a. To review direct and indirect objects and their pronouns

In 4.3, you learned that the function of the direct object pronoun is to avoid repetition; the
direct object answers the question "what?" in relation to the verb. You learned which
pronoun takes the place of which object, and how to properly place the direct object
pronouns. You also learned about the personal "a". To review, here are the pronouns that
take the place of the direct object (el complemento directo):

Singular Plural
me nos
te os
lo / la los / las

The direct object receives the action of the verb. The direct object and pronoun are almost
never used in the same sentence.

MODELO:
Escucho la canción.
¿Qué escucho?
La canción.
La canción es el complemento directo.
La escucho.

When the direct object of a sentence is a specific person, we use the personal "a". The
personal "a" is absorbed when the direct object is replaced with the direct object pronoun.

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5.4 Spanish I

MODELO:
Veo a la profesora.
¿A quién veo?
A la profesora..
(A) la profesora es el cumplemento indirecto.
La veo.

In 5.3, you learned about the indirect object, the indirect object pronoun, and the
placement of the indirect object pronoun. To review, here are the pronouns that take the
place of the indirect object (el complemento indirecto):

Singular Plural
a mí ➔ me a nosotros / as ➔ nos
a ti ➔ te a vosotros / as ➔ vos
a él, a ella, a usted ➔ le a ellos, a ellas, a ustedes ➔ les

The indirect object tells "to whom" or "for whom" (or "to what" or "for what") in relation to
the verb. The indirect object and pronoun can both be used in the same sentence.

MODELO:
Les digo la verdad a mis padres.
¿A quiénes les digo la verdad?
A mis padres.
A mis padres es el complemento indirecto.
Les digo la verdad.

Whenever there is an indirect object and a verb, the indirect object pronoun is required.
The indirect object itself is not required, unless it is necessary for clarification or
emphasis. In the following examples, the pronoun "les" refers to different indirect objects.

MODELO:
Les leo el periódico a mis amigos.
Les escribo cartas a ustedes.

The placement of the object pronoun is very important. The direct and indirect object
pronouns have the same placement options.

For the following examples:


lo = el periódico
les = a mis amigos

If the phrase has only one verb, your only option is:

Before the Conjugated Verb


Lo leo
Les escribo cartas.

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Los pasatiempos 5.4

If the phrase has an infinitive, your options are:

Before the Conjugated Verb Attached to the Infinitive


Lo quiero leer. Quiero leerlo.
Les voy a escribir. Voy a escribirles.

If the phrase has a present participle, your options are:

Before the Conjugated Verb Attached to the Present Participle


Lo estoy leyendo. Estoy leyéndolo.
Les estoy escribiendo Estoy escribiéndoles.

Note: When adding an object pronoun to the end of a present participle, we must add the
tilde to preserve the correct stress of the word.

5.4.b. To learn to use double object pronouns (direct and indirect together)

You may recall from 5.3 that there are certain verbs that take indirect objects and
pronouns. In most cases, these are the same verbs that will be used with the double object
pronouns. For example, there are always indirect objects (explicit or implicit) with the
verbs dar and decir.

MODELO:
Les doy regalos a mis hijos.
Mi hijo me dice el cuento.

With double object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun always comes first, and if both
pronouns start with the letter "L", the indirect object pronoun changes to se

(le ➔ se or les ➔ se).

MODELO:
Les doy regalos a mis hijos. ➔ Se los doy a mis hijos.
Le dices el cuento a ella. ➔ Se lo dices.

Here are the most common combinations of direct and indirect object pronouns:

me lo me la me los me las
te lo te la te los te las
se lo se la se los se las
nos lo nos la nos los nos las
os lo os la os los os las

There are three types of questions that you should practice in order to master the double
object pronouns:

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5.4 Spanish I

1) ¿Sí o no?
2) ¿Quién?
3) ¿A quién?

MODELO:
¿Ella te trae el libro?
No, no me lo trae.
¿Me compras unos pantalones nuevos?
Sí, te los compro.
¿Quién te explica la gramática?
La profesora me la explica.
¿Quién te sirve la cena?
Mi mamá me la sirve.
¿A quién le entregas la tarea?
Se la entrego al profesor.
¿A quién le mandas tarjetas postales?
Se las mando a mi familia.
¿Vuestros padres os mandan dinero?
Sí, nos lo mandan.

Note:
When the sentence is negative, the word no (meaning "not", which negates the verb)
always goes before the object pronouns; No, no me lo mandan.

5.4.c. To understand placement options of double object pronouns

Whenever we use double object pronouns, they are always together and the indirect
always comes first. You have already learned the placement options for individual direct
and indirect object pronouns. The options are the same with double object pronouns.

If the phrase has only one verb, the pronouns always go before the conjugated verb.

MODELO:
¿Tus amigos siempre te dicen la verdad?
Sí, siempre me la dicen.
¿Les prestas tu carro a tus amigos?
No, no se lo presto.
¿Quién nos pide ayuda?
Los compañeros de clase nos la piden.
¿Quién te escribe poemas románticos?
Mi novia me los escribe.
¿A quién le envías el mensaje?
Se lo envío a mi amigo.
¿A quiénes le sirven la comida los meseros?
Se la sirven a los invitados.

290
Los pasatiempos 5.4

If the phrase has an infinitive, the pronouns go before the conjugated verb or are attached
to the infinitive.

MODELO:
¿Tus amigos te van a decir la verdad?
Sí, me la van a decir.
Sí, van a decírmela.
¿Quién nos puede pedir ayuda?
Los compañeros de clase nos la pueden pedir.
Los compañeros de clase pueden pedírnosla.
¿A quiénes necesitan servirles la comida los meseros?
Se la necesitan servir a los invitados.
A los invitados necesitan servírsela.

Notes:
• Double object pronouns are attached to infinitives without spaces.
• As with placement before the conjugated verb, with infinitives, the indirect object
pronoun always comes before the direct object pronoun.
• In order to preserve the pronunciation of the verb (stressed syllable), we always
add a tilde to the infinitive when attaching double object pronouns.
• The indirect object may precede the pronouns or come after the verb.

If the phrase has a present participle, the pronouns go before the conjugated verb or are
attached to the present participle.

MODELO:
¿Tus amigos te están diciendo la verdad?
Sí, me la están diciendo.
Sí, están diciéndomela.
¿Quién nos está pidiendo ayuda?
Los compañeros de clase nos la están pidiendo.
Los compañeros de clase están pidiéndonosla.
¿A quiénes están sirviéndoles la comida los meseros?
A los invitados se la están sirviendo.
Están sirviéndosela a los invitados.

Notes:
• Double object pronouns are attached to present participles without spaces.
• As with placement before the conjugated verb and infinitives, with present
participles, the indirect object pronoun always comes before the direct object
pronoun.
• In order to preserve the pronunciation of the verb (stressed syllable), we always
add a tilde to the present participle when attaching double object pronouns.
• The indirect object may precede the pronouns or come after the verb.

291
5.4 Spanish I

5.4: Para practicar en casa

5.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To review direct and indirect objects and their pronouns
b. To learn to use double object pronouns (direct and indirect together)
c. To understand placement options of double object pronouns

A. Directo o indirecto
Fill in the blank with the correct direct or indirect object pronoun.

MODELO:
Para la Navidad, le doy una camisa nueva a mi hijo. La
compro en Macy's.

De vacaciones

voy a mandar tarjetas postales a mis padres. Voy a comprar

en el kiosko. Para mandar necesito comprar estampillas (postage stamps).

El señor del kiosko dice que las estampillas son nuevos. A mí

gusta comprar tarjetas postales para mi familia.

Una discución

ANA: ¡Nunca das regalos para mi cumpleaños!

JULIO: Sí, doy regalos cada año. Es que no

gustan, pero este año voy a regalar algo especial.

voy a comprar por Amazon. voy a pedir mañana y va a llegar el

próximo viernes.

B. Traducción
Translate the following sentences into Spanish using double object pronouns.

MODELO:
I lend them to my friend. (the books)
Se los presto a mi amigo.

292
Los pasatiempos 5.4

1. I explain it to the students. (the rules of pronunciation)

2. They turn it in to the professor. (the exam)

3. She reads it to her son. (the newspaper)

4. We buy them for the children. (the red suit)

5. You send them to your friends. (the flowers)

6. My friends buy it for me. (the bread)

7. He sings it to her. (the song)

8. The students give it to the professor. (an apple)

9. The woman is going to show it to her son. (the dress)

10. I am telling you it. (the story).

C. Los dos pronombres


Write the double object pronouns in the space provided as they would appear if you
rewrote these sentences.

MODELO: Los dos pronombres


Les regalan un libro sobre la guerra a ellos. se lo
Me regalan unos zapatos nuevos. me los

1. Te escribo una carta de amor.


2. Ella os explica la información nueva.
3. Les digo la verdad a mis compañeros de casa.
4. Mis padres me dan dinero para mi cumpleaños.
5. Siempre les presto el carro a mis amigos.
6. Los estudiantes le entregan la tarea al profesor.

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5.4 Spanish I

7. Mis compañeros del trabajo me cuentan historias falsas.


8. Les traigo regalos a todos ustedes.
9. A usted le sirvo el plato especial de la casa.
10. Nos recomiendan el restaurante en el centro histórico.

D. Preguntas personales
Answer the questions in complete sentences using double object pronouns. Whenever
there is an infinitive or present participle, answer both ways: placing the pronouns before
the conjugated verb AND attaching them to the infinitive or participle.

1. ¿Tus amigos te están mandando muchos textos?

2. ¿Les vas a mandar muchos textos a tus amigos?

3. ¿Tus amigos te prestan dinero?

4. ¿Quién te da regalos?

5. ¿A quién le das regalos?

6. ¿Quién está sirviéndote la comida?

7. ¿Quién te está cantando canciones?

8. ¿A quién le dices la verdad?

9. ¿A quién le vas a decir la verdad?

10. Escribe dos pregunatas originales (they should include an indirect object pronoun and a
direct object - similar to the questions above).

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Los pasatiempos 5.4

5.4: Para practicar en clase

5.4 Learning Objectives:


a. To review direct and indirect objects and their pronouns
b. To learn to use double object pronouns (direct and indirect together)
c. To understand placement options of double object pronouns

A. Directo o indirecto
Paso 1
With a partner, take turns identifying whether the italicized/bolded word is a:

CD: complemento directo


CI: complemento indirecto
PCD: pronombre del complemento directo
PCI: pronombre del complemento indirecto

MODELO:
Le mando cartas de amor a mi esposa. CI
Le mando cartas de amor a mi esposa. CD
Le mando cartas de amor a mi esposa. PCI

1. Se lo voy a mandar a mis hermanas.


2. Te tengo que enseñar la foto.
3. Me dicen que hay un examen el lunes.
4. ¿A quién le cantas canciones?
5. Siempre le presto dinero a mis hermanos.
6. La entrego al profesor.
7. ¿Me prestas tu libro, por favor?
8. Los camareros la sirven a los clientes.
9. A mis primos se las mando.
10. ¿Quién me invita a la fiesta?

Paso 2
Now discuss all the other elements of the sentences above. Can you identify them?

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5.4 Spanish I

B. Los dos pronombres


With a partner, take turns reading the statements and repeating using double object
pronouns. Then, change the direct object as indicated and repeat.

MODELO:
Yo siempre les presto dinero a mis amigos.
los libros

Estudiante 1: Yo siempre les presto dinero a mis amigos.


Estudiante 2: Yo siempre se lo presto.
Estudiante 2: Yo siempre les presto los libros a mis amigos.
Estudiante 1: Yo siempre se los presto.

1. Yo nunca le mando cartas a mi novia.


tarjetas postales
dinero
regalos
2. Ustedes me compran un reloj de oro.
la ropa
los aretes
las bebidas
3. Él les dice mentiras a sus padres.
la verdad
los cuentos
la historia
4. Ella le escribe poemas románticas a su novio.
cartas largas
textos
correos electrónicos
5. El presidente de la compañía me da dinero para mi cumpleaños.
los regalos
unas vacaciones
un viaje de ida y vuelta

C. Preguntas personales
With a partner, ask and answer the following questions. In your answers, use double object
pronouns and answer with both forms (before conjugated verb and attached to infinitive or
present participle).

MODELO:
¿Me vas a traer los lápices?
Sí, te los voy a traer.
Sí, voy a traértelos.

1. ¿Tus padres te van a pagar la matrícula?


2. ¿Quién tiene que pagarte el salario?

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Los pasatiempos 5.4

3. ¿Les vas a mandar cartas a tus padres?


4. ¿Quién está explicándote la gramática nueva?
5. ¿Quién te puede prestar su coche?
6. ¿Quién está dándoles el agua a los perros?
7. ¿A quién le quieres mandar textos?
8. ¿A quiénes les va a servir la comida los camareros?
9. ¿A quién le estás mostrando la foto?
10. ¿Tu amiga está mandándote textos durante clase?

D. Entrevista
First write 5 original questions that will elicit responses with double object pronouns.
OJO: These questions must include a a verb that can be used with double object pronouns
and the question should explicitly state the direct object. Then, take turns asking your
questions and answering with double object pronouns.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you understand the direct and indirect objects and their pronouns?
2. Do you know the options for placement of the pronouns?
3. Do you why you sometimes have to add a tilde to the infinitive or present participle?
4. Can you write original questions that elicit responses with double object pronouns?
5. Can you answer the following questions using double object pronouns?
a. ¿Tus padres te prestan dinero?
b. ¿Quién te manda flores?
c. ¿A quién le vas a explicar la información?

Tarea:
Complete 5.5 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.5 Para Practicar en Casa.

297
5.5 Spanish I

5.5: Para estudiar en casa

5.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the form and function of AFFIRMATIVE informal commands
b. To learn the form and function of NEGATIVE informal commands
c. To learn to use informal commands with certain pronouns

Introduction:
For this lesson, we will focus on a new verb form, the commands (los mandatos). We will
learn to use commands for tú. We will learn that there are some irregular forms. Also we
will focus on using command forms with pronouns.

5.5.a. To learn the form and function of affirmative informal commands

What are command forms? Well, we use command forms all the time in everyday speech.
When we fill out a form and someone says: "sign here", that is a command form. Notice how
the subject is not specified in the example. The subject of most command forms is: "you".
However, we do not normally use the subject pronoun.

Commands are known as the imperative mood (el imperativo) of speech. Using command
forms does not mean that we are necessarily bossing people around. "Get out", "be good",
"finish your homework" could be considered bossy, but "enjoy", "have fun", "eat at Joes" are
also commands, but do not necessarily sound bossy.

There is a difference verb form (conjugation) for affirmative informal commands and
negative informal commands. In this section, we will work on affirmative commands.

Most verbs, the affirmative command form is the same form as the third person singular
form (él).

Infinitive / Third Person Affirmative tú Command English


Form (él)
Hablar / Él habla. ¡Habla! Speak!
Comer / Él come. ¡Come! Eat!
Escribir / Él escribe. ¡Escribe! Write!

MODELO:
Come verduras.
Abre tu libro.
Lee la historia.
Escribe en tu cuaderno.

298
Los pasatiempos 5.5

Descansa un poco.
Juega con tu hermana.
Pide permiso para salir.

There are a few irregular affirmative tú commands. Many of them are related to verbs with
irregular yo forms.

Infinitive Irregular yo form tú command (affirmative)


ir voy ve
ser soy sé
tener tengo ten
venir vengo ven
salir salgo sal
poner pongo pon
decir digo di
hacer hago haz

MODELO:
Haz tu tarea.
Di la verdad.
Sal a tiempo.
Ten cuidado.
Pon tus libros en tu mochila.
Ve a la escuela.
Ven a casa pronto.

5.5.b. To learn the form and function of negative informal commands

In English, the affirmative commands are the same form as the negative commands. This is
not the case in Spanish; there is an affirmative command form and a negative command
form when the subject is tú.

The negative command forms are a bit more complicated than the affirmative command
forms, but most verbs follow the same pattern. The pattern is as follows:

Steps Hablar Comer Escribir


1. Start with the yo hablo como escribo
form
2. Remove the "o" at habl- com- escrib-
the end
3. Switch the hable coma escriba
endings
(ar➔er/ir)
(er/ir➔ar)
4. Add "s" hables comas escribas
5. Negate the form No hables. No comas. No escribas.

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5.5 Spanish I

It may appear that there are extra steps, that you could just remove the ending from the
infinitive and not start with the yo form. However, it is important to begin with the yo form,
because irregular yo forms (tengo, pongo, hago, etc.) and yo forms for verbs with stem
changes (perder, dormir, empezar, etc.) are the root of many of the command forms (and
other forms too). Here are some examples:

Steps Venir Cerrar Dormir


1. Start with the yo vengo cierro duermo
form
2. Remove the "o" at veng- cierr- duerm-
the end
3. Switch the venga cierre duerma
endings
(ar➔er/ir)
(er/ir➔ar)
4. Add "s" vengas cierres duermas
5. Negate the form No vengas. No cierres. No duermas.

This may seem complicated, but if you always start with the yo form, the steps are the
same for all verbs.
There are two irregular forms for informal commands that you must memorize:

Infinitive Negative tú Command


ir No vayas.
ser No seas.

Lastly, there are some spelling changes that are required for negative commands of verbs
ending in -car, -gar, and -zar. (Watch out! The CarGarZar is a Pokémon, who threatens
those learning to conjugate Spanish verbs!). In 1.2 and 5.2, you learned that the sound of
the letters C and G change depending on the vowel that follows them:
• C sounds like English K in CA, CO, and CU, but sounds like English S in CE and CI
• G sounds like English G in GA, GO, and GU, but sounds like English H in GE and GI.
In order to preserve the original sound of the verbs, we must make some changes to some
command forms. Study the following CarGarZar verbs:

Steps Buscar Pagar Almorzar


1. Start with the yo busco pago almuerzo
form
2. Remove the "o" at busc- pag- almuerz-
the end
3. Switch the busce* page* almuerze*
endings
(ar➔er/ir)
(er/ir➔ar)
*required change busque pague almuerce
4. Add "s" busques pagues almuerces
5. Negate the form No busques. No pagues. No almuerces.
*Incorrect form
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Los pasatiempos 5.5

In short, when we switch the endings to form negative command forms (and other forms),
we must make the following spelling changes:

Car Gar Zar


c ➔ qu g ➔ qu z➔c

MODELO:
No saques tu Nintendo Switch.
No toques tu guitarra.
No llegues tarde.
No pagues la cuenta.
No almuerces con ella.
No comiences a gritar.

5.5.c. To learn to use informal commands with certain pronouns

Now that you have learned the command forms, you need to know how to place certain
pronouns. In general, the pronouns used with commands are direct and indirect object
pronouns and the pronouns that are used with pronominal verbs (i.e. levantarse).

With AFFIRMATIVE commands, pronouns are attached to the verbs. With double object
pronouns, the order remains the same as other uses (indirect always first, followed by
direct).

MODELO:
Duérmete.
Cómpralo.
Hazlo.
Págala.
Mírame.
Escúchame.
Mándamelo.

Notes:
a) Unless the command is a single syllable word (pon, ten, haz, etc.), a tilde will be required
to maintain the original pronunciation (stressed syllable) of the command form (hazlo).
b) With double object pronouns, even with single syllable commands, a tilde will always be
required to maintain the original pronunciation of the command.

With NEGATIVE commands, pronouns always go before the command.

MODELO:
No te duermas.
No lo compres.
No me lo mandes.
No se la pagues.

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5.5 Spanish I

5.5: Para practicar en casa

5.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the form and function of AFFIRMATIVE informal commands
b. To learn the form and function of NEGATIVE informal commands
c. To learn to use informal commands with certain pronouns

A. Los mandatos
In the spaces provided, write the correct affirmative and negative command forms.

INFINITIVO AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

1. viajar NO
2. leer NO
3. subir NO
4. ser NO
5. recordar NO
6. perder NO
7. repetir NO
8. hacer NO
9. salir NO
10. ir NO

B. Los mandatos informales y con UN pronombre


Combine the following elements to form informal commands with pronouns.
MODELO: AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

Comer / la ensalada Cómela. No la comas.

1. escribir / el ensayo
2. poner / la mesa
3. jugar / el juego
4. tocar / la guitarra
5. comenzar / la ceremonia
6. hacer / el trabajo
7. afeitarte
8. decir / la verdad

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Los pasatiempos 5.5

C. Los mandatos informales con DOS pronombres


Combine the following elements to form informal commands with pronouns.

MODELO: AFFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO

prestar / el dinero / a él Préstaselo No se lo prestes.

1. mandar / la carta / a mí
2. recomendar / el plato / a él
3. servir / la comida / a ellos
4. entregar / la tarea / al profe
5. pedir / ayuda / a tus padres
6. cepillarte / el pelo
7. explicar / los mandatos / a los estudiantes
8. decir / la verdad / a tus amigos
9. lavarte / las manos
10. prestar / dinero / a nosotros

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5.5 Spanish I

5.5: Para practicar en clase

5.5 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the form and function of AFFIRMATIVE informal commands
b. To learn the form and function of NEGATIVE informal commands
c. To learn to use informal commands with certain pronouns

A. Charadas (Charades)
Write 5 verbs associated with the daily routine below (usually prenominal verbs). Then,
take turns giving commands and pretending to perform the action.

MODELO:
Lávate las manos. (partner pretends to wash hands)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

B. Una visita
Your classmate's best friend is here from out of town. Write 5 activities you recommend in
Humboldt and 3 that you don't recommend. With a partner, take turns sharing these
recommendations using command forms.

MODELO:
Recommended Not recommended
Ve a la playa. No gastes mucho dinero.

Recommended Not recommended


1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4.
5.

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Los pasatiempos 5.5

C. Más práctica
Take turns forming the command forms for the following verbs. For each turn, say the
affirmative and negative tú commands.

Infinitivo Afirmativo Negativo


practicar
trabajar
divertirse
afeitarse
pagarlo
empezar
ponerse
venir
servirla

D. Más peticiones
Paso 1. Your best friend has a lot of requests. Take turns answering him or her with
informal commands and object pronouns.

MODELO:
¿Puedo leer tu diario? (Sí) Sí, léelo.

1. ¿Puedo usar tu móvil (cell phone)? (Sí)


2. ¿Puedo pagar tus cuentas? (Sí)
3. ¿Puedo jugar tus videojuegos? (Sí)
4. ¿Puedo gastar tu dinero? (No)
5. ¿Puedo comer tu hamburguesa? (No)

E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you understand the forms and uses of the AFFIRMATIVE informal commands?
2. Do you understand the forms and uses of the NEGATIVE informal commands?
3. Do you know the placement of the pronouns when used with the informal commands?
3. Do you know why you sometimes have to add a tilde to imperative forms?
4. Can you answer the following questions using commands and pronouns?
a. ¿Puedo tocar tu guitarra?
b. ¿Puedo usar tu computadora?
c. ¿Puedo ponerme tu ropa?

Tarea:
Complete 5.6 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.6 Para Practicar en Casa.

305
5.6 Spanish I

5.6: Para estudiar en casa

5.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the form and function of formal commands
b. To practice formal commands with certain pronouns

Introduction:
For this lesson, we will continue to work on command forms, only now we will focus on the
formal commands (usted & ustedes). Fortunately, they are similar to what you have
already studied. Also we will practice using formal commands with pronouns.

5.6.a. To learn the form and function of formal commands

The function of the formal commands is the same as the informal commands; the only
difference is that, now, the subject (which is most often not specified with commands) is
usted or ustedes instead of tú. Remember that in most of the Spanish-speaking world, usted
is the plural for both tú and usted, so we are actually covering the formal singular, and
formal AND informal plural commands (ustedes). If you need to review, we covered
different ways to say "you" (tú, vosotros, usted, & ustedes) in section 1.3.

The forms of the formal commands are similar to the negative informal (tú) commnads.
Basically, you follow the same steps, but you don't add the S.

Steps Hablar Comer Escribir


1. Start with the yo hablo como escribo
form
2. Remove the "o" at habl- com- escrib-
the end
3. Switch the hable coma escriba
endings
(ar➔er/ir)
(er/ir➔ar)

If the subject is plural (ustedes), we add an N.

4. Add "N" hablen coman escriban

With formal commands, the affirmative and negative commands are the same.

MODELO:
Hablen, pero no hablen inglés.

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Los pasatiempos 5.6

Always remember to start with the yo form, so that you get the correct irregular or stem
change forms.

Steps Tener Recordar Pedir


1. Start with the yo tengo recuerdo pido
form
2. Remove the "o" at teng- recuerd- pid-
the end
3. Switch the tenga recuerde pida
endings
(ar➔er/ir)
(er/ir➔ar)

If the subject is plural (ustedes), we add an N.

4. Add "N" tengan recuerden pidan

The same two verbs that are irregular in negative tú commands are irregular for formal
commands.

Infinitive Usted Command Ustedes Command


ir vaya vayan
ser sea sean

As with the negative tú commands (See 5.5.b), you need to be aware of the CarGarZar:

Steps Buscar Jugar Empezar


1. Start with the yo busco juego empiezo
form
2. Remove the "o" at busc- jueg- empiez-
the end
3. Switch the busce* juege* empieze*
endings
(ar ➔ er/ir)
(er/ir ➔ ar)
required change busque juegue empiece
*Incorrect form

MODELO:
MAESTRO: Saquen los libros, por favor.
BEATRIZ: Maestro, no mire mi trabajo, por favor.
MAESTRO: Chicos, abran los libros a la página 67.
BEATRIZ: Maestro, hable más despacio, por favor.
MAESTRO: No empiecen los ejercicios todavía, esperen por favor.
BEATRIZ: Maestra, no grite, por favor.
MAESTRO: Vean la pizarra y busquen sus nombres. Trabajen en las
parejas asignadas.

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5.6 Spanish I

5.6.b. To practice formal commands with certain pronouns

Now that you have learned the formal command forms (and informal plural), you will learn
to place certain pronouns. Fortunately, the placement of the pronouns is the same as the
informal commands, attached to the positive command and before the negative command.
Again, with command forms, we will mostly be using direct and indirect object pronouns
and the pronouns that are used with pronominal verbs (i.e. vestirse).

With affirmative commands, pronouns are attached to the verbs.

Usted Ustedes
Búsquela. Ábranlos.

Note:
A tilde will often be required to maintain the original pronunciation (stressed syllable) of
the command form.

With negative commands, pronouns always go before the command.

Usted Ustedes
No la busque. No los abran.

With double object pronouns, the order remains the same as other uses (indirect always
first, followed by direct).

Usted Ustedes
Cántesela. Explíquenselo.
No se la compre. No se lo expliquen.

Note:
With double object pronouns, a tilde will always be required to maintain the original
pronunciation of the command.

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Los pasatiempos 5.6

5.6: Para practicar en casa

5.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the form and function of formal commands
b. To practice formal commands with certain pronouns

A. Los mandatos
In the spaces provided, write the correct affirmative and negative command forms.

Infinitivo Usted Ustedes

trabajar
trabajar no no
creer
creer no no
servir
servir no no
jugar
jugar no no
almorzar
almorzar no no
decir
decir no no
hacer
hacer no no
ser
ser no no
oír
oír no no
ir
ir no no

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5.6 Spanish I

B. Los mandatos formales y los pronombres


Combine the following elements to form formal singular and plural commands with
pronouns.

MODELO:
Afirmativo Negativo
Hacer / la mesa Hágala No la haga.

1. mandar / el libro / a él
2. mirar / al profesor
3. hacer / las bebidas
4. bañarse
5. cepillarse / los dientes
6. buscar / el número
7. cerrar / la puerta
8. abrir / la tienda
9. vender / el carro
10. pedir / los tacos

C. Frases con imperativos


Complete the following sentences with command forms of the verbs indicated.

1. En la primavera, (salir - ustedes) a oler las flores.


2. En el otoño, (llevar - usted) un suéter.
3. En el invierno, (jugar - ustedes) en la nieve.
4. En el verano, (nadar - usted) en la playa.
5. Cuando hace frío, (estar - usted) preparado.
6. Cuando hace calor, (ir - ustedes) al parque con amigos.
7. Cuando practiquen las artes marciales, (tener - ustedes) cuidado.
8. Cuando juegue un deporte, (ser - usted) justos (fair).
9. Para el cumpleaños de su novi@, (darle - usted) muchos regalos.
10. El Día de Acción de Gracias, (comer - ustedes) mucho.

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Los pasatiempos 5.6

5.6: Para practicar en clase

5.6 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn the form and function of formal commands
b. To practice formal commands with certain pronouns

A. Una visita
Your classmate's best friends are here from out of town. Write 5 activities you recommend
that they do in Humboldt and 3 that you don't recommend. With a partner, take turns
sharing these recommendations using command forms.

MODELO:
Recommended Not recommended
Vayan al bosque. No se pierdan.

Recommended Not recommended


1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4.
5.

B. Más práctica
Take turns writing and saying the formal command forms for the following verbs. For
each turn, write and say the affirmative and negative formal commands.

Infinitivo Afirmativo Negativo


leermelo
ducharse
mandarselo
hacerlo
ser
vestirse
ir
explicarmelo
pedirla

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5.6 Spanish I

C. Más peticiones
Paso 1. Your roommate's mother has a lot of requests. Take turns answering her with
formal commands and object pronouns.

MODELO:
¿Puedo tocar tu guitarra? (Sí) Sí, tóquela.

1. ¿Puedo usar tu computadora? (Sí)


2. ¿Puedo lavar tu ropa? (Sí)
3. ¿Puedo ver tus notas? (No)
4. ¿Puedo cocinar la cena? (Sí)
5. ¿Puedo hacer tu cama? (No)
6. ¿Puedo comprarte más vitaminas? (Sí)
7. ¿Puedo preparar tu sandwich? (Sí)
8. ¿Puedo jugar tus videojuegos? (Sí)
9. ¿Puedo ponerme tu chaqueta? (No)
10. ¿Puedo ir a tu clase? (No)

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you understand the forms and uses of the formal commands?


2. Do you understand that ustedes can also be used for informal plural?
3. Do you know the placement of the pronouns with the formal commands?
3. Do you why you sometimes have to add a tilde to imperative forms?
4. Can you provide the affirmative and negative formal commands (singular and plural) for
the following?
a. buscarlo
b. afeitarse
c. explicarmelo

Tarea:
Complete 5.7 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.7 Para Practicar en Casa.

312
Los pasatiempos 5.7

5.7: Para estudiar en casa

5.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about past tenses and to acquire related vocabulary
b. To learn the preterit forms of regular verbs
c. To learn the preterit forms of some important irregular verbs

Introduction:
5.7 will be a preview of one of the main topics of Spanish II, the past tenses. We will begin
by looking at some past tense expressions and seeing how they are different conjugations,
but can often be used interchangably in English. We will focus on one of the tenses, the
preterit (el pretérito). We will learn the regular preterit conjugations and some important
irregular ones.

5.7.a. To learn about past tenses and to acquire related vocabulary

Here are some examples of past tenses in English:


1. I went to the store.
2. When I was going to the store, I saw my friend.
3. I used to go to the store and I would buy Peanut M&Ms.
4. I have gone to the store today.

Each one of these examples represents a different way of viewing past actions. Although all
of these refer to the past, the way that we view them (communicate them and interpret
them) is slightly different.

1. I went to the store.


The first example represents a simple completed action in the past. We might visualize
this with a timeline and our view towards the past arriving at the end of an action. This is
called a preterit action (viewed as complete).

our view


completed action present moment

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5.7 Spanish I

2. When I was going to the store, I saw my friend.


The second example represents an ongoing action at the moment in the past that we are
referencing. We might visualize this with a timeline and our view towards the past arriving
sometime during the action. This is called an imperfect action (viewed as not yet complete).
our view

◼◼◼◼◼◼◼◼◼ ◼
ongoing action present moment

3. I used to go to the store and I would buy peanut M&Ms.


The third example represents a repeated action (or habitual action) in the past. We might
visualize this with a timeline and our view towards the past arriving sometime in a pattern
of repeated actions. This is also an imperfect action (viewed as not yet complete).

our view

◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼
repeated actions present moment

4. I have gone to the store today.


The fourth example represents a recent completed action within a specific time
reference. We might visualize this with a timeline and our view towards the past arriving at
a completed action sometime within the specific time frame (in this case, "today"). This is
called a present perfect action (completed recently in relation to the present).

our view


today starts completed action present moment

In Spanish, just like in English, each one of these examples is expressed with a different
verb conjugation. In English, however, some of the examples are interchangeable (i.e. using
preterit forms (conjugations) to express ongoing or repeated actions).

In the following sections of this lesson, we will be learning conjugations of the preterit (el
pretérito).

Here is some important vocabulary to use with the past tenses.

Spanish English
ayer, anteayer yesterday, the day before yesterday
anoche last night
el lunes (martes, etc.) pasado last Monday (Tuesday, etc.)
la semana pasada last week
el fin de semana pasado last weekend
el año (mes) pasado last year (month)

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Los pasatiempos 5.7

5.7.b. To learn the preterit forms of regular verbs

Now let's focus on the forms of the conjugations. Here are the endings for regular -AR, -ER,
and -IR verbs.

Subject Pronoun -AR -ER & -IR


yo -é -í
tú aste -iste
él, ella, usted ó -ió
nosotros -amos -imos
vosotros -asteis -isteis
ellos, ellas, ustedes -aron -ieron

Notes:
• Preterit conjugations of -ER and -IR verbs are exactly the same.
• All conjugations of first person singular (yo) and third person singular (él, ella,
usted) require tildes, except for monosyllable conjugations, like vi and vio.
• The present tense and preterit tense of regular -AR and -IR verbs are the same, but
the difference is clear from the context of the sentence.
• -AR and -ER stem changing verbs do not have a stem change in the preterit (pensar,
piensan, pensaron), but some -IR stem changing verbs do (you'll study them in
Spanish II).
• First person (yo) preterit conjugations for CarGarZar verbs have the same spelling
changes as the command forms (busqué, pagué, almorcé); the pronunciation is
different as indicated by the tilde.
• An unstressed I between two vowels becomes a Y (leer ➔ leieron ➔ leyeron)

Subject Pronoun HABLAR COMER VIVIR


yo hablé comí viví
tú hablaste comiste viviste
él, ella, usted habló comió vivió
nosotros hablamos comimos vivimos
vosotros hablasteis comisteis vivisteis
ellos, ellas, ustedes hablaron comieron vivieron

MODELO:
Ayer, vi a mi hermana. Almorcé con ella y le conté la historia de mi amiga,
Marta. Marta estudió español conmigo. Se graduó de la universidad en 2004.
Después buscó trabajo como maestra. Vivió en San Diego y después se mudó a
Los Ángeles. Me llamó la semana pasada para decirme que se casó con su
novio. Le mandé un regalo y una carta. En la carta, escribí mis recuerdos de
ella. Aprendí mucho de ella y me ayudó mucho. Una vez, leyó mi trabajo
escrito para una clase y encontró todos mis errores. Mi hermana no conoció a
Marta, pero ahora quiere conocerla.

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5.7 Spanish I

5.7.c. To learn the preterit forms of some important irregular verbs

There are several irregular forms of the preterit conjugations in Spanish. You will study
most of them in Spanish II. There are, however, some common verbs that will be presented
now. We will start with IR, SER and DAR.

Subject Pronoun IR & SER DAR


yo fui di
tú fuiste diste
él, ella, usted fue dio
nosotros fuimos dimos
vosotros fuisteis disteis
ellos, ellas, ustedes fueron dieron
Notes:
• IR and SER have the same preterit conjugations, but the difference between IR and
SER will always be obvious by the context. (fui and fue do not have tildes, because
they are monosyllable words).
• Although DAR is an -AR verb, the preterit conjugations are the same as an -ER or -IR
verbs (di and dio do not have tildes, because they are monosyllable words).

Some verbs in Spanish have a special stem for the preterit tense.

Infinitive Special Preterit Stem


estar estuv-
decir dij-
hacer hic-
poder pud-
poner pus-
querer quis-
tener tuv-
traer traj-
venir vin-

The preterit endings for these verbs are different than the regular preterit endings. They
are all the same, regardless of whether they are -AR, -ER, or -IR verbs.

Subject Pronoun Endings for Verbs with Special Stems in


the Preterit
yo -e
tú -iste
él, ella, usted -o
nosotros -imos
vosotros -isteis
ellos, ellas, ustedes -ieron

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Los pasatiempos 5.7

Notes:
• If the special preterit stem ends in the letter J (i.e. dij-, traj-, etc.), the letter I of the
third person plural is dropped (dijeron, trajeron, etc.)
• The special preterit stem for HACER changes to hiz- for the third person singular (él,
ella, usted) conjugation.
• There are no tildes for these conjugations

Study and practice saying the following preterit conjugations out loud.

ESTAR DECIR HACER TENER VENIR


estuve dije hice tuve vine
estuviste dijiste hiciste tuviste viniste
estuvo dijo hizo* tuvo vino
estuvimos dijimos hicimos tuvimos vinimos
estuvisteis dijisteis hicisteis tuvisteis vinisteis
estuvieron dijeron* hicieron tuvieron vinieron
*Please review the notes above.

MODELO:
Ayer estuve con mis primos. Fuimos de compras al centro comercial. Tuve que
comprar muchos regalos para mi familia. En la tienda Marshalls, le compré una blusa
a mi mamá. En la tienda Zara, le busqué un cinturón a mi padre, pero no encontré
uno adecuado. Almorzamos en Chili's antes de ir al cine. Vimos Terminator 6 y nos
gustó mucho. En la tarde, fui a la casa de mi amigo, Max. Hizo un pastel y lo llevamos
a la casa de Jessica. Comimos pastel y salimos a bailar. Fuimos a la mejor discoteca
de Arcata. Después de un día muy ocupado, regresamos a la casa de Max. De sorpresa,
Max decidió pedirle la mano de Jessica en matrimonio y ella le dijo: "sí".

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5.7 Spanish I

5.7: Para practicar en casa

5.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about past tenses and to acquire related vocabulary
b. To learn the preterit forms of regular verbs
c. To learn the preterit forms of some important irregular verbs

A. Los verbos regulares en el pretérito


Conjugate these regular verbs in the preterit.

1. Andrea (visitar) a su familia el fin de semana pasado.


2. Juan y Sergio (bailar) mucho en la fiesta del sábado pasado.
3. Nosotras (escuchar) música anoche.
4. La semana pasada ellos (volver) temprano de su viaje.
5. En clase ayer, yo (entender) toda la lección.
6. ¿Tú (correr) el maratón?
7. Ayer Angélica (salir) con sus amigas.
8. Mi mejor amigo (escribir) un poema romántico para su novia.
9. Ayer la tienda (abrir) a las nueve de la mañana.
10. Mi padre (trabajar) para un periódico.

B. Los verbos irregulares en el pretérito


Conjugate these irregular verbs in the preterit.

1. Nosotros (ir) a ver el partido de fútbol el domingo pasado.


2. Mis amigos me (decir) que van a viajar durante las vacaciones.
3. Anoche, ¿dónde (estar - tú) antes de llegar a casa?
4. ¿Qué (hacer) tus amigos el fin de semana pasado?
5. Ayer yo (ir) a la playa para jugar al voleibol.
6. El año pasado tú (tener) mucha suerte.
7. ¿Dónde (poner - tú) mis llaves?
8. El profesor (decir) que hay una prueba mañana.
9. Los estudiantes (venir) a clase a tiempo esta mañana.
10. Mis padres me (dar) dinero para esquiar en la Sierra Nevada.

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Los pasatiempos 5.7

C. Los verbos pronominales en el pretérito.


Cambia estos verbos del presente al pretérito.
MODELO:
Ella se levanta a las ocho. Esta mañana, ella se levantó a las ocho.
1. Cristina se despierta a las siete.
Cristina a las siete.
2. Javier se cepilla los dientes dos veces al día.
Javier los dientes dos veces ayer.
3. Roberto se ducha por la mañana.
Roberto por la mañana el domingo pasado.
4. José Luis se viste rápidamente.
José Luis rápidamente antes de clase hoy.
5. Carla y Rosa se ponen ropa muy elegante.
Carla y Rosa ropa muy elegante ayer para la boda.
6. Felipe se afeita todos los días.
Felipe no la semana pasada.
7. Típicamente, nosotros nos acostamos a las once de la noche.
Anoche, nosotros a las once de la noche.
8. Los viernes por la noche, tú te diviertes con tus amigos.
El viernes pasado por la noche, tú con tus amigos.
9. Siempre me lavo las manos antes de comer.
El lunes pasado no las manos antes de comer.
10. Normalmente me siento enfrente de la clase.
Ayer, detrás de la clase.

D. ¿Qué hice ayer?


Escribe 10 cosas que tú hiciste ayer (3-4 en la mañana, 3-4 en la tarde y 3-4 en la noche).

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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5.7 Spanish I

5.7: Para practicar en clase

5.7 Learning Objectives:


a. To learn about past tenses and to acquire related vocabulary
b. To learn the preterit forms of regular verbs
c. To learn the preterit forms of some important irregular verbs

A. Entrevista
Con un compañero, pregunta y contesta las siguientes preguntas.
1. ¿Qué hiciste ayer?
2. ¿Asististe a clase el lunes pasado?
3. ¿Llamaste a tus padres el fin de semana pasado?
4. ¿Viajaste mucho el año pasado?
5. ¿Qué compraste en Amazon el mes pasado?
6. ¿Te cepillaste los dientes esta mañana?
7. ¿Saliste con tus amigos el sábado pasado?
8. Anteayer, ¿qué comiste?
9. ¿Qué recibiste para tu último cumpleaños?
10. ¿Adónde fuiste ayer?

B. Preguntas personales con pronombres


Pregúntense y contesten las siguientes preguntas usando los pronombres apropiados.
MODELO
¿Tocaste la guitarra? Sí, la toqué.
1. Ayer ¿hiciste la tarea?
2. ¿Compraste el libro de texto?
3. ¿Conociste a la presidenta de la universidad?
4. ¿Comiste la cena ayer?
5. El mes pasado, ¿pagaste tus cuentas?
6. ¿Te cepillaste los dientes esta mañana?
7. El domingo pasado, ¿viste el partido de fútbol?
8. ¿Aprendiste las conjugaciones del pretérito?
9. ¿Te cepillaste los dientes esta mañana?
10. Anteayer, ¿le mandaste un texto a tu mejor amigo?

320
Los pasatiempos 5.7

C. ¿Qué hicimos ayer?


Paso 1: yo
Conjuga los siguientes verbos en el pretérito para la primera persona singular (yo). Add
additional information and connectors to narrate your day.
MODELO:
despertarse Me desperté a las seis y media. Después....

1. levantarse
2. lavarse la cara
3. cepillarse los dientes
4. ir a la cocina
5. tomar un poco de café
6. preparar el desayuno
7. desayunar
8. ducharse
9. vestirse
10. salir de la casa
11. llegar al trabajo
12. almorzar
13. terminar de trabajar
14. cenar con los amigos
15. regresar a casa
16. ver un poco de televisión
17. cepillarse los dientes
18. ponerse las pijamas
19. acostarse
20. leer por 10 minutos antes de dormirse

Paso 2: tú
Conjuga los mismos verbos en el pretérito para la segunda persona singular (tú).
MODELO:
despertarse Te despertaste a las seis y media. Depués...

Paso 3: ella
Conjuga los mismos verbos en el pretérito para la tercera persona singular (ella).
MODELO:
6:30 despertarse Se despertó a las seis y media. Depués...

Paso 4: nosotros
Conjuga los mismos verbos en el pretérito para la primera persona plural (nosotros).
MODELO:
6:30 despertarse Nos despertamos a las seis y media. Depués...

Paso 5: ellos
Conjuga los mismos verbos en el pretérito para la tercera persona plural (ellos).
MODELO:
6:30 despertarse Se despertaron a las seis y media. Depués...

321
5.7 Spanish I

D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:

1. Do you understand uses of the preterit?


2. Do you know how to conjugate regular verbs in the preterit?
3. Do you know how to conjugate some irregular verbs in the preterit?
4. Do you know the placement of the pronouns when used with the preterit?
5. Can you answer the following questions using object pronouns when appropriate?
a. ¿Tocaste la guitarra?
b. ¿A qué hora te acostaste anoche?
c. ¿Qué cenaste ayer?

Tarea:
Complete 5.8 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.8 Para Practicar en Casa.

322
Los pasatiempos 5.8

5.8: Para estudiar en casa

4.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To experience Spanish language through a popular song
b. To review what you learned in 5.1 - 5.8

Introduction:
For this section, you will listen to a popular Spanish language song and review topics
covered throughout this chapter.

5.8.a. To experience Spanish language through a popular song

Watch this video: Bailando. Pay close attention to the lyrics. Have you heard this song
before? Do you know any other songs by this artist?

5.8.b. To review what you learned in 5.1 - 5.8

Here is the complete list of chapter 5 learning objectives. Review each one carefully. You
should understand the content of each one. If you are not confident that you understand
and are able to perform each objective, go back and carefully review the explanations.

5.1 Learning Objectives:


a. To acquire vocabulary related to months and holidays
b. To learn vocabulary related to seasons and weather
c. To practice vocabulary related to sports and recreational activity
5.2 Learning objectives:
a. To correctly pronounce the sounds of the letters C and G
b. To understand the sounds of the letter R
c. To practice the sounds of the letter X and review other letters
5.3 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about the prepositional pronouns and their function
b. To learn about the indirect object and the indirect object pronoun
c. To learn the present tense conjugations and uses of the verbs dar and decir
5.4 Learning objectives:
a. To review direct and indirect objects and their pronouns
b. To learn to use double object pronouns (direct and indirect together)
c. To understand placement options of double object pronouns

323
5.8 Spanish I

5.5 Learning objectives:


a. To learn the form and function of AFFIRMATIVE informal commands
b. To learn the form and function of NEGATIVE informal commands
c. To learn to use informal commands with certain pronouns
5.6 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the form and function of formal commands
b. To practice formal commands with certain pronouns
5.7 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about past tenses and to acquire related vocabulary
b. To learn the preterit forms of regular verbs
c. To learn the preterit forms of some important irregular verbs
5.8 Learning objectives:
a. To experience Spanish language through a popular song
b. To review what you learned in 5.1 - 5.8

324
Los pasatiempos 5.8

5.8: Para practicar en casa

5.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To experience Spanish language through a popular song
b. To review what you learned in 5.1 - 5.8

A. Comprensión de la canción

1. Listen to the song again and focus on the vocabulary. Write down any words that you can
identify but may not know and then look them up in a dictionary. Write down words and
phrases that you know.

Vocabulary that I don't know Words/Phrases that I know

2. What do you think the song is about?

325
5.8 Spanish I

5.8: Para practicar en clase

5.8 Learning Objectives:


a. To experience Spanish language through a popular song
b. To review what you learned in 5.1 - 5.8

A. La canción
Listen to the song as your instructor plays it for the class. Try to fill in the missing
words from the lyrics.

Bailando
by Enrique Iglesias

Yo miro y corta la respiración


Cuando tú miras sube el corazón
(Me palpita lento el corazón)
Y en un silencio tu mirada dice mil palabras
La noche en la que suplico que no salga el sol

(Bailando, bailando, bailando, bailando)


Tu cuerpo y el mío llenando el vacío
Subiendo y bajando (subiendo y bajando)
(Bailando, bailando, bailando, bailando)
Ese fuego por dentro va enloqueciendo
va saturando

Con tu física y tu química también tu anatomía


La cerveza y el tequila y tu boca con la mía
Y ya no puedo más (ya no puedo más)
Ya no puedo más (ya no puedo más)
Con esta melodía, tu color, tu fantasía
Con tu filosofía esta vacía
Y ya no puedo más (ya no puedo más)
Ya no puedo más (ya no puedo más)

Yo quiero ,
,
Una noche loca (una noche loca)
Ay besar tu boca (y besar tu boca)
Yo quiero ,
, una noche loca
Con tremenda nota
(Ooooh, ooooh, ooooh, ooooh)

326
Los pasatiempos 5.8

B. New Lyrics
With a classmate, write new lyrics to replace the line that starts with "Yo quiero". Just
replace the verbs with other verbs. Then, compare with your classmates' lyrics.

Yo quiero contigo, contigo,


contigo, contigo.

C. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.

1. ¿Qué deportes practicas?


2. ¿Qué te gusta hacer cuando llueve?
3. ¿Cuál es tu estación favorita? ¿Por qué?
4. ¿Cuál es la fecha de hoy?
5. ¿Les dices mentiras a tus amigos?
6. ¿Quién te presta dinero?
7. ¿A quién le vas a recomendar esta clase?
8. ¿Qué hiciste ayer?
9. ¿A qué hora viniste a la universidad hoy?
10. ¿A dónde fuiste el fin de semana pasado?

D. Repaso
Practice the following with a partner.

1. ¿Qué tiempo hace?


Based on what is being worn, what's the weather?

1. Los niños llevan un abrigo, unos guantes, y una bufanda.


2. Llevas un traje de baño y chanclas.
3. Llevas un impermeable.
4. Llevo unos jeans y un suéter.
5. Lleváis pantalones cortos y una camiseta.
Answer the questions using complete sentences.
6. ¿Qué tiempo hace ahora?
7. ¿Qué tiempo hace en el verano?
8. ¿Qué tiempo hace en el invierno?
9. ¿Cuál es la fecha del Día de San Valentín?
10. ¿Cuál es la fecha del Día de Acción de Gracias?

327
5.8 Spanish I

2. Otro trabalengua
Read this tongue twister out loud with a partner. Be sure to roll the Rs. Which of you can say
it faster without mistakes? Who in the class can read it fastest without mistakes?

Rosa Rizo reza en ruso,


en ruso reza Rosa Rizo.

3. Los pronombres del complemento directo y del complemento indirecto


With a partner, ask and answer the following questions. Be sure to use double object
pronouns in your responses.

1. ¿Le entregas la tarea al profesor?


2. ¿Quién te presta dinero?
3. ¿A quién le mandas flores?
4. ¿Tus padres te compran regalos?
5. ¿Quién te escribe poemas románticos?
6. ¿A quién le prestas tu carro?
7. ¿La profesora les explica la gramática a los estudiantes?
8. ¿Quiénes le piden ayuda al profesor?
9. ¿A quién le recomiendas tu libro favorito?
10. ¿Quién te sirve la cena?

4. Los mandatos
In the spaces provided, write the correct affirmative and negative command forms.

Infinitivo Tú Usted Ustedes

hablar
hablar no no no

comer
comer no no no

venir
venir no no no

ser
ser no no no

buscar
buscar no no no

328
Los pasatiempos 5.8

almorzar
almorzar no no no

pagar
pagar no no no

ir
ir no no no

dormirse
dormirse no no no

casarse
casarse no no no

5. El pretérito
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the preterit according to the context.

El día que (ir - nosotros) a Santiago de Compostela,


(despertarse - yo) muy temprano. (comer) rápidamente
y (salir) para el Centro de Idiomas. Nosotros
(llegar) a las 8 de la mañana. (Esperar) hasta las 8:20, pero Juan
no (llegar). Nosotros lo (llamar) pero
no (contestar). A las 9, Juan (llamar) al
profesor. Le (decir) que su alarma no (funcionar) y
por eso (perder) el autobús.
El autobús (parar) en la villa de Cebreiro. Nosotros
(ver) un paisaje espectacular. (Llegar) a Santiago de Compostela
a la 1. (Pasar) por el centro histórico y el exterior de la catedral con todas las
plazas. (Almorzar) en diferentes restaurantes y cafés.
A las 4 (entrar) a la catedral y (subir)
hasta las cubiertas (roof) para ver toda la ciudad. Desde allí, nosotros
(ver) a Juan. Él (decidir) ir solo hasta Santiago de Compostela.

Tarea:
Continue to review in order to be prepared for the Chapter 5 / Final Assessment.

329
Spanish I: Beginning Spanish Language and Culture
Spanish I: Beginning Spanish language and Culture is an excellent digitally-free
alternative to the high-priced college Spanish textbook and, being an open-
access textbook, it affords instructors flexibility and versatility. It offers a
Spanish I
comprehensive introduction to the study of the Spanish language as it affords
students a solid foundation by guiding them through the learning process in a
non-intimidating way. The explanations of the inner-workings of the language
are clear and to the point, being very evident that the author never loses sight
that the intended audience are learners at a beginning level with no or very little
previous experience with the language. The presentation of grammatical points
Beginning Spanish
and vocabulary are short, well-paced, and followed by individual practice at
home and interpersonal practice in class. These activities are well thought out Language and Culture
and effective as to consolidate knowledge and use, both of which are recycled
throughout the sections and chapters as students advance.

-Dr. Susan Rubio, Professor of Spanish Studies and Chairperson of the


Department of Languages and Cultures at Molloy College.

Dr. Matthew Dean is a professor of Spanish in the


Department of World Languages and Cultures at
Humboldt State University. He has taught all levels of
Spanish language, literature, and culture to thousands
of community college and university students and

Matthew Dean
invites you to start your language adventure today.

Humboldt State University Press


HSU Press

Humboldt State University Library


1 Harpst St. Matthew Dean
Arcata, CA 95521

https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/
hsu_press/ Humboldt State University Press

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