Spanish I - Beginning Spanish Language and Culture
Spanish I - Beginning Spanish Language and Culture
Spanish I - Beginning Spanish Language and Culture
2020
Part of the Language and Literacy Education Commons, Modern Languages Commons, and the
Spanish and Portuguese Language and Literature Commons
Recommended Citation
Dean, Matthew, "Spanish I: Beginning Spanish Language and Culture" (2020). Textbooks Series (imprint).
4.
https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/textbooks/4
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Spanish I: Beginning Spanish Language and Culture
Spanish I
Spanish I: Beginning Spanish language and Culture is an excellent digitally-free
alternative to the high-priced college Spanish textbook and, being an open-
access textbook, it affords instructors flexibility and versatility. It offers a
comprehensive introduction to the study of the Spanish language as it affords
students a solid foundation by guiding them through the learning process in a
non-intimidating way. The explanations of the inner-workings of the language
are clear and to the point, being very evident that the author never loses sight
that the intended audience are learners at a beginning level with no or very little
previous experience with the language. The presentation of grammatical points
Beginning Spanish
and vocabulary are short, well-paced, and followed by individual practice at
home and interpersonal practice in class. These activities are well thought out Language and Culture
and effective as to consolidate knowledge and use, both of which are recycled
throughout the sections and chapters as students advance.
Matthew Dean
invites you to start your language adventure today.
Beginning Spanish
Language and Culture
Matthew Dean
ISBN 978-1-947112-42-1
This textbook follows the ‘flipped classroom’ approach. In this teaching/learning model,
students gain first-exposure to new material outside of class (“Para estudiar en casa” and
“Para practicar en casa” sections in the textbook) and then use class time to practice what
they have learned by “using” the language to communicate with their peers (“Para practicar
en clase” section in the textbook and capstone task at the end of each chapter). This
approach allows for students to take more control over their learning process and the
progress they are making.
a. All five chapter have the same structure, with the same amount of sections,
therefore students become familiar with the organization of the text and learn how
to use it quickly and effectively.
b. At the beginning of every chapter the learning objectives for the whole chapter are
clearly stated; then, every section is preceded by the specific learning objective(s)
tackled in that section. Therefore, students know exactly what they are expected to
achieve, and can gage for themselves if they have.
c. All the sections within the chapters Include pertinent and succinct introductions,
preparing the student to what is going to be presented. At the same time, these
introductions establish a sense of progression, linking what is coming up with what
has already been learnt.
iii
Acknowledgements
This book was written while on sabbatical from HSU during the 2016-2017 academic year.
Thank you to Humboldt State University and the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social
Sciences. This project would never have been completed without your support.
Thank you to all of my colleagues in the Department of World Languages and Cultures,
especially Russell "Carlos" Gaskell and Rosalba Dean, who used the first drafts of the text
and provided very valuable feedback. Thank you to the students who used the first drafts;
they also contributed with suggestions and comments. Your keen eyes and insights
enhanced the quality of the text.
I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Susana Rubio, Professor of Spanish
at Molloy College, for her objective and extremely detailed peer review of the manuscript.
Thank you for doing such a great job.
Thank you to Kyle and Humboldt State University Press. It has been great working with
you.
A special thanks to my wife, Rosalba, and my children, Nikolás and Ellena. I love you.
This book was inspired by students who took Spanish classes with me over many years,
especially those who studied abroad with me in Spain (in 2016, 2018, and 2019-2020). I
miss you guys.
iv
To Instructors and Students
Spanish I: Beginning Spanish Language and Culture was conceived to offset some of the
financial burdens that community college and university students face today. This digitally-
free alternative to the high-priced college Spanish textbooks contains solid explanations
and varied practice of vocabulary, grammar, and culture topics. It can be adopted and used
digitally without cost to the student or the instructor. This text is also available cheaply for
print-on-demand through Amazon.
This textbook contains themed chapters, which are divided into 8 sections. Each section
has its own set of learning objectives, and is further separated into three types of
assignments, Para estudiar en casa (with detailed explanations), Para practicar en casa
(homework exercises), and Para practicar en clase (paired and group classwork
activities). The explanations and primary input are written to be easily comprehensible.
The individual exercises are geared towards acquisition of form and function, and the
communicative classwork exercises promote interpersonal exchanges between students.
The digital copy includes some embedded audio files, and we are developing a website to
house many more resources.
This textbook is published with specific Creative Commons Copyrights that permit the
modification (remix, tweak, and build upon) of any and all parts of this text, provided that
there is attribution to the author. It has already been used successfully for online and face-
to-face classes. It is expected that each instructor will utilize this text to best fit their unique
teaching style. This textbook is designed to be adaptable; it has an internal modular
structure that allows instructors or students to easily link related topics. For example, each
chapter has a section on pronunciation and those sections could be combined to create a
module that would be useful for any level of Spanish. Further, instructors may elect to skip
over certain materials, simply because there is more than can be effectively covered in one
semester.
v
SPANISH I
Beginning Spanish
Language and Culture
1.En la universidad ..........................................1
1
1.1 Spanish I
Introduction:
Welcome to Beginning Spanish Language and Culture (SPAN 105) at HSU! This course is
designed for the true beginner. As such, we will be covering the absolute basics of Spanish a
language and culture. Today we will learn about the structure of this textbook, practice
some set phrases to get you started speaking Spanish right away, and learn some important
vocabulary and phrases to use throughout the semester.
This text has been developed as an Open Educational Resource (OER) by the Spanish
Program at Humboldt State University. We have identified specific goals for this course
and, by following this textbook, you will successfully acquire the skills and knowledge
needed to pass this course. Although individual instructors will personalize the content of
each class session by choosing to substitute, modify, or eliminate certain activities, this
book is designed as a day-to-day outline for the entire semester.
There are five chapters in this textbook and each chapter is separated into eight sections.
The eight sections of each chapter are labeled in the following manner:
Each section is divided into three parts: "For Study at Home," "For Practice at Home," and
"For Practice in Class." Section headers look like this:
2
En la universidad 1.1
Before each class, students are expected to complete the homework in order to be fully
prepared to participate. Homework is comprised of the first two parts (Para estudiar en
casa AND Para practicar en casa). New content is presented in Para estudiar en casa
and initial exercises are contained in Para practicar en casa. Most class time will be
dedicated to the exercises in Para practicar en clase. Class time will be used for practice,
not new content presentation.
Each section has its own set of Learning Objectives, which appear at the beginning of each
part (Para estudiar en casa, Para practicar en casa, and Para Practicar en clase). There
may be two to four Learning Objectives for each section and each one is labeled with a
letter. These Learning Objectives are also listed in the Table of Contents at the beginning of
the book.
In the Para estudiar en casa section, each Learning Objective will be addressed separately
as new content is presented. For example, right now, you are below a heading that looks
like this:
Now that you know about the organization of this book, we will proceed to the next
learning objective for 1.1.
1.1.b. ¡A conocernos!
¡A conocernos! means "let's get to know each other." Read the following model dialog
between a professor and student and try to figure out what they are saying.
MODELO:
PROFESOR: ¿Cómo te llamas?
ESTUDIANTE: Me llamo Mateo.
PROFESOR: ¿Cómo estás?
ESTUDIANTE: Estoy bien.
PROFESOR: ¿De dónde eres?
ESTUDIANTE: Soy de Nueva York.
PROFESOR: ¿Dónde vives?
ESTUDIANTE: Vivo en Arcata.
3
1.1 Spanish I
If you are talking about someone else, you would use different pronouns (he or she, instead
of you and I) and the verb conjugations would also be different. Since the question and
answer refer to the same person, the conjugation is the same in the question and the
answer. Don't worry about the conjugations yet, just try to memorize these sentences as set
phrases. Let's see the same dialog as before, but this time referring to someone else,
another student named Mateo.
MODELO:
PROFESOR: ¿Cómo se llama?
ESTUDIANTE: Se llama Mateo.
PROFESOR: ¿Cómo está?
ESTUDIANTE: Está bien.
PROFESOR: ¿De dónde es?
ESTUDIANTE: Es de Nueva York.
PROFESOR: ¿Dónde vive?
ESTUDIANTE: Vive en Arcata.
Before class, you should practice these sentences in Para practicar in casa, which will be
after the next Learning Objective of 1.1 is presented.
Think about the following words in the context of the Spanish language and culture
classroom. They are words and phrases that the instructor or the students might use on
any given day.
Español Inglés
Repite, por favor. Repeat, please.
No sé. I don't know.
¿Cómo? What?
Sí. Yes.
No. No.
¿Cómo se dice: ________? How do you say: ________?
Se me olividó. I forgot.
Tengo una pregunta. I have a question.
¿Cómo se escribe ______? How do you write/spell ________?
Escuchen, por favor. Listen, please.
4
En la universidad 1.1
You should now proceed to Para practicar en casa to practice all the Learning Objectives
of 1.1.
5
1.1 Spanish I
B. Personal information
Answer the questions in complete sentences. Write the answers in the space provided.
1. ¿Cómo te llamas?
2. ¿Cómo estás?
3. ¿De dónde eres?
4. ¿Dónde vives?
6
En la universidad 1.1
You have now completed the homework for 1.1. The next section will be completed in class.
7
1.1 Spanish I
A. Interviews (entrevistas)
Ask several classmates the following questions. Answer verbally.
1. ¿Cómo te llamas?
2. ¿Cómo se llama tu mejor amigo?
3. ¿Cómo estás?
4. ¿Cómo está tu mejor amigo?
5. ¿De dónde eres?
6. ¿De dónde es tu mejor amigo?
7. ¿Dónde vives?
8. ¿Dónde vive tu mejor amigo?
B. ¡A presentarnos!
Using the information from the previous exercise, present one of your classmates to the
rest of the class. Follow the model below.
MODELO:
Se llama Lynn. Está bien. Es de San Diego. Vive en Eureka.
8
En la universidad 1.1
E. Repaso (Review)
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea (homework):
Complete 1.2 Para estudiar en casa and 1.2 Para practicar en casa.
9
1.2 Spanish I
Introduction:
Pronunciation is the foundation of spoken language. Mastering pronunciation is essential to
building confidence in oral communication. It is very important to practice and master each
of the sounds and master their uses. If you cannot pronounce the words correctly, you will
not be correctly understood. If you can pronounce the words correctly, you will be able to
understand better when you hear them too.
In English, many letters represent several sounds. Sometimes this depends on regional
dialects. Sometimes it depends on the other letters in the word. Vowels, for example, may
have up to five sounds. In general, this is not the case in Spanish.
In Spanish, phonetics (sounds) is much simpler. There are five vowels: a e i o u (like
English, sometimes y). Each vowel has only one sound associated with it. Sometimes
vowels have a written accent above them (á é í ó ú). The written accent does not change the
pronunciation of the vowel; the written accent only tells us which syllable to stress in the
word.
The name of the vowel is pronounced the same and written the same as the vowel itself.
Vowel Name of Vowel
a a
e e
i i
o o
u u
a e i o u
a e i o u
a la casa lápiz a
e le estoy élite e
10
En la universidad 1.2
i di dice ítem i
o lo mono ópera o
u tu una túnel u
a e i o u
a e i o u
Here is a summary of consonants that are challenging or need special attention from
native English speakers. Listen to the challenging consonant sounds in this audio file.
11
1.2 Spanish I
*An example of dialectical differences is the letter z in some parts of Spain and most of the
rest of the Spanish speaking world and the other parts of Spain. In parts of Spain, the letter
z is pronounced as the th in English, but in most of the rest of the Spanish-speaking world it
is pronounced as an English s. Another example is the letter c. In parts of Spain, when the
letter c is in front of an e or i, it is pronounced the same as the z as described above (like th
in English in parts of Spain, but like an s in most of the rest of the Spanish-speaking world).
Now that you know the vowel sounds and the consonants that require special attention,
here is the entire alphabet with the letter names and examples.
12
En la universidad 1.2
A. Las vocales
1. Listen to the audio file in 1.2.a Para Estudiar en Casa.
2. Practice the five vowel sounds until you have mastered them. Be sure to say them out
loud.
B. Las consonantes
1. Listen to the audio file in "Para Estudiar en Casa" of 1.2.
2. Practice the challenging consonant sounds until you have mastered them. Be sure to say
them out loud.
C. El deletreo (Spelling)
1. Read the following examples to figure out what the questions and answers mean.
Profesora Estudiante
¿Cómo se escribe tu nombre? Se escribe M - A - T - E - O.
¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de tu mejor Se escribe R - O - B - E - R - T - O.
amigo (your best friend)?
¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de tu Se escribe M - A - R - Í - A.
madre?
¿Cómo se escribe el nombre del Se escribe T - R - U - M - P.
Presidente?
2. Now answer the following questions (say the answers out loud).
13
1.2 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
Ask a classmate the following questions and write down the answers in complete
sentences.
B. Las vocales
Practice pronouncing the vowels with a classmate. Take turns with a classmate, carefully
pronouncing the following words with special attention to the vowel sounds.
C. Las consonantes
Practice pronouncing the consonants with a classmate. Take turns with a classmate,
carefully pronouncing the following words with special attention to the sounds of the
consonants.
14
En la universidad 1.2
D. Dictado
a. Write down 5 random words.
b. Spell the words as a dictation for a classmate to write down.
c. Now switch roles.
E. Reciclaje (Recycle)
Ask and answer the following questions with a classmate.
F. Repaso (Review)
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea (homework):
Complete 1.3 Para Estudiar en Casa and 1.3 Para Practicar en Casa.
15
1.3 Spanish I
Introduction:
Greetings and leave-takings (saying good-bye) are important every day occurrences.
Therefore it is very important to become familiar with the many ways in which we greet
each other and say good-bye. Many times, we greet each other with questions like: "What's
up?" or "How's it goin'?" Often, we are not expecting an answer to these questions; they
function as a simple "hello." Every time we speak to someone, we choose a level of
formality (we speak differently with different people). This includes the words we choose
and even the way that we pronounce them. Lastly, we will learn the days of the week.
The following are common expressions of greetings and leave takings, along with some
possible responses. Many of them are interchangeable. Study them and think about when
and where you might use them. Practice saying them out loud.
Greetings:
Español Inglés
Hola. Hello.
Buenos días. Good morning.
Buenas tardes. Good afternoon.
Buenas noches. Good evening / night.
¿Qué tal? How are things?
¿Cómo estás? How are you?
¿Y tú? And you?
Leave-takings:
Español Inglés
Adiós. Goodbye.
Hasta mañana. Until tomorrow.
Hasta el lunes/martes/etc. Until Monday/Tuesday/etc.
16
En la universidad 1.3
Español Inglés
Me llamo NOMBRE. My name is NAME.
Soy NOMBRE. I'm NAME.
Mucho gusto. (A) Pleasure.
Encantado (encantada) Charmed (Charmed - when female)
Igualmente. Likewise.
Te presento a NOMBRE. This is NAME. (to someone - informal)
Le presento a NOMBRE. This is NAME. (to someone - formal)
Les presento a NOMBRE. This is NAME. (to several people)
MODELO:
ELIZABETH: Hola.
ROBERTO: Buenos días.
ELIZABETH: ¿Cómo te llamas?
ROBERTO: Me llamo Roberto. ¿Y tú?
ELIZABETH: Me llamo Elizabeth. Mucho gusto.
ROBERTO: Encantado. Te presento a mi amigo Alejandro.
ELIZABETH: Hola. Encantada.
ALEJANDRO: Hola. Igualmente.
ELIZABETH: Hasta luego.
ROBERTO: Nos vemos.
ALEJANDRO: Adiós.
Cultural note: In the Spanish-speaking world, it is very common to give hugs and kisses
with greetings and leave-takings.
In English, the subject pronoun "you" may be used as a singular "How are you?" (referring
to one person) or it may be plural "How are you?" (referring to more than one person). In
Spanish, there are different forms for singular and plural. In addition, there are different
forms that indicate formality. The verb ESTAR means TO BE, so "how are you?" can have
the several forms depending on the subject. Study the following chart and try to
understand the differences.
17
1.3 Spanish I
Cultural Note: In some parts of the Spanish-speaking world, there are other pronouns to
express "you", but this chart contains the most common.
When you meet people for the first time, it is best to use the formal expressions. If the
situation calls for a more informal tone, someone will suggest that you "tutear." In Latin
America it is more important to maintain formality, but in Spain, it is more common to be
informal more quickly.
MODELO:
SEÑOR AMARO: Hola chicos, ¿Cómo estáis?
UNO NIÑO: Muy bien. ¿Cómo está usted?
SEÑOR AMARO: Fenomenal.
Note:
In the example above, Señor Amaro greets several children informally in Spain (using
vosotros) and one of the children responds formally (using usted).
MODELO:
UN NIÑO: Hola chicos, ¿Cómo están?
UNA NIÑA: Muy bien. ¿Cómo estás tú?
UN NIÑO: Bien.
Note:
In the example above, one child greets several children informally in Latin America (using
ustedes) and one of the children responds informally (using tú).
For more models of formal and informal greetings and leave takings, please watch this
video.
18
En la universidad 1.3
The days of the week are very useful and common vocabulary items. Study the days of the
week.
Note:
The days of the week are not capitalized in Spanish. Of course, if it is the first word of a
sentence, it would be capitalized.
As in English, weeks are usually divided into the workdays (los días de entresemana) and
the weekends (los días de los fines de semana).
Español Inglés
Hoy es lunes. Today is Monday.
La clase de español es los lunes, martes, Spanish class is on Mondays, Tuesdays,
miércoles, y jueves. Wednesdays, and Thursdays.
No hay clase el fin de semana. There is no class on the weekend.
Mañana es viernes. Tomorrow is Friday.
Nos vemos el lunes. See you on Monday.
MODELO:
¿Qué día es hoy?
Hoy es miércoles.
¿Qué día es mañana?
Mañana es jueves.
¿Qué días de la semana hay clase de biología?
La clase de biología es los lunes, miércoles y viernes.
¿Hay clase el sábado?
No, no hay clase el sábado.
¿Nos vemos el viernes?
Sí, nos vemos el viernes.
19
1.3 Spanish I
A. Saludos
Write at least two ways to respond to the following phrases.
MODELO:
Hasta mañana. Adiós. Hasta mañana.
B. Dialog (Diálogo)
Write a dialog between you and another student that you have not previously me. Greet
him or her, ask their name, tell them your name, and ask what days they have class. Say
good bye.
YO:
YO:
YO:
YO:
YO:
YO:
YO:
YO:
YO:
20
En la universidad 1.3
C. Presentaciones
Using complete sentences, how would you introduce the following people? Be careful with
"to whom" you are presenting (te, le, les).
MODELO:
Introduce Bob to a friend. Te presento a Bob.
E. A Different "You"
Write the different meanings for the following pronouns and at least one original context in
which you could appropriately use each pronoun.
ustedes
vosotros/as
usted
21
1.3 Spanish I
MODELO:
¿Qué día es el 28 de enero de 2021? Es jueves.
22
En la universidad 1.3
A. Entrevista
Converse with a classmate and be sure to include the following:
MODELO:
ESTUDIANTE A: Buenos días.
ESTUDIANTE B: Hola.
ESTUDIANTE A: ¿Cómo te llamas?
ESTUDIANTE B: Me llamo Beth. ¿Y tú?
ESTUDIANTE A: Me llamo John.
ESTUDIANTE B: ¿Cómo estás?
ESTUDIANTE A: Bien. ¿Y tú?
ESTUDIANTE B: Estoy bien. ¿De dónde eres?
ESTUDIANTE A: Soy de Naperville. ¿De dónde eres?
ESTUDIANTE B: Soy de Riverside. ¿Cómo se escribe Naperville.
ESTUDIANTE A: Se escribe N-A-P-E-R-V-I-L-L-E. ¿Y Riverside?
ESTUDIANTE B: Se escribe R-I-V-E-R-S-I-D-E. ¿Dónde vives?
ESTUDIANTE A: Vivo en Eureka. ¿Y tú?
ESTUDIANTE B: Vivo en Arcata.
ESTUDIANTE A: Hasta pronto.
ESTUDIANTE B: Hasta luego.
Now, introduce that person to another classmate. When you are introduced, repeat the
above instructions with your new partner.
23
1.3 Spanish I
D. Reciclaje
Ask and answer the following questions with a classmate. Try speaking to someone you
have not worked with yet.
1. ¿Qué tal?
2. ¿Cómo te llamas?
3. ¿Cómo se escribe tu nombre?
4. ¿De dónde eres?
5. ¿Dónde vives?
6. ¿Cómo se llama tu mejor amigo?
7. Present this person to another classmate.
8. Say good-bye to them.
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea (homework):
Complete 1.4: Para Estudiar en Casa and 1.4: Para Practicar en Casa.
24
En la universidad 1.4
Introduction:
Today we will learn how to describe people and things. To do this, we will work with
adjectives. In Spanish, the adjective has to agree in gender and number with the noun that
it modifies. We will learn the subject pronouns used to conjugate verbs in Spanish. We will
conjugate the verb SER, which means "to be" in English. We will use the many words that
you already know in Spanish, because Spanish and English have many cognates. Cognates
are words that look and sound similar in two or more languages. For example, the English
word "university" is similar to the Spanish word "universidad"; they sound similar and
refer to the same thing.
In Spanish, adjectives must agree with the noun in gender (masculine and feminine) and
number (singular and plural). Notice how, in the chart below, the English adjective is the
same for all subjects, but it is different in Spanish. The differences reflect the gender and
number of the nouns they modify.
25
1.4 Spanish I
Normally, we use the masculine singular form as the generic or neutral form, so, to refer to
an adjective in general, it ends in an -o (i.e. activo).
Predicting gender of nouns based on the final letters of the word is not always possible.
However, here are some high probability indicators:
Some adjectives do not reflect gender. They do not end in an -o, rather an -e (i.e.
inteligente) or a consonant (peculiar). Since the masculine and feminine forms are the
same, they only have two forms: singular and plural.
To conjugate a verb, we have always have a subject in English. The subject determines the
form (conjugation) of the verb. Below is a chart showing the English subject pronouns and
their Spanish counterparts.
Note:
Notice how the first five pronouns are singular and the rest are plural. Also notice that
there are masculine and feminine versions of "él/ella, nosotros/nosotras,
vosotros/vosotras, and ellos/ellas." In Spanish, it is common to use the masculine form
whenever there is at least one male in the group. A group of males would be nosotros,
vosotros, or ellos; a group of females would be nosotras, vosotras, or ellas; and a mixed
group would be nosotros , vosotros, or ellos.
Cultural Note:
In some places, you may see a gender-neutral version for the mixed group using the @
symbol, as in: nosotr@s or ell@s. This can also be reflected in adjectives, as in: latin@s. In
English, we do the same, but use an X, as in Latinx for Latino or Latina.
To conjugate a verb, we almost always have employ a subject pronoun in English. The
subject determines the form (conjugation) of the verb. Below is the English conjugation of
the verb "to be."
In Spanish, we are not always required to specifically state the subject pronoun, because
the verb conjugation includes that information. For example, "Soy" means "I am." It cannot
27
1.4 Spanish I
refer to any other subject, so it is unnecessary to say "yo". In fact, "yo soy" would be more
like saying "I, I am," emphasizing or over-emphasizing the word "I." Occasionally we want
to emphasize the subject, like when we are making a comparison. For example, "she isn't,
but I am." Here it would be appropriate to say "yo soy." However, most of the time we
would not state that particular subject. The following subject pronouns are usually omitted
unless we want to emphasize them: yo, tú, nosotros/nosotras, and vosotros, vosotras. When
the subject has been established in the conversation and it is obvious to whom we are
referring, ANY subject pronoun can be omitted.
Cognates are words that refer to the same thing, and look and sound similar in two or more
languages. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs can be cognates. This means that you
already know many, many words in Spanish (even if you don't realize it yet). You can find
many websites that list common Spanish/English cognates.
Today we will focus on adjectives and how we can use them with the verb SER. SER refers
to characteristics of people, so if we ask "¿Cómo es la profesora?" we want to know what
kind of a person she is.
Below is a list of Spanish cognate adjectives. You should be able to guess the meaning of all
of them. Look up any words that you cannot understand.
Be sure to make these adjectives agree with the nouns (or subject pronouns) they modify.
28
En la universidad 1.4
MODELO:
You are talking about your mother ella
You are talking to you mother tú or usted (depends on formality)
B. Conjugate Ser
Provide the conjugation for each subject given. Study the conjugation, then, try to complete
this without looking. Then, check your work.
MODELO:
ustedes son
1. vosotras
2. ellas
3. Roberto
4. María y Natalia
5. ellos
6. tú
7. ustedes
8. nosotros
29
1.4 Spanish I
9. él y yo
10. yo
C. Adjective Agreement
Make the given adjective agree with the nouns.
MODELO:
ellas/impulsivo impulsivas
1. vosotros/paciente
2. nosotras/famoso
3. ellos/muscular
4. ella/cruel
5. él y ella/generoso
6. ellas/tímido
7. él y yo/emocional
8. Cristina/romántico
9. Manuel/puntual
10. él/organizado
D. ¿Cómo es usted?
Using the conjugations of the verb SER and the adjective congnates, answer the following
questions in complete sentences. Try to use two adjectives for each answer and be sure to
check the agreement of the adjectives.
MODELO:
¿Cómo es tu mamá? Es paciente y perfecta.
1. ¿Cómo es usted?
2. ¿Cómo es el Presidente?
3. ¿Cómo es tu mejor amigo o amiga (best friend)?
4. ¿Cómo es Brad Pitt?
5. ¿Cómo es Taylor Swift?
6. ¿Cómo son tus padres?
7. ¿Cómo es tu familia?
8. ¿Cómo sois vosotros (you and your family)?
9. ¿Cómo son tus profesores?
10. ¿Cómo eres tú?
30
En la universidad 1.4
A. Entrevista
Converse with a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.
1. ¿Cómo eres?
2. ¿Cómo es tu mejor amigo?
3. ¿Cómo son tus profesores?
4. ¿Cómo es Jennifer Lawrence?
5. ¿Cómo son tus padres?
6. ¿Cómo es tu familia?
7. ¿Cómo son tus amigos y tú?
8. ¿De dónde eres?
B. Adjective Agreement
Take turns with a classmate giving each other nouns and adjectives to make complete
sentences. Mix and match the nouns and adjectives and see how fast you can make the
sentences. Pay special attention to the conjugation of ser and the agreement of the
adjectives. Use other nouns and adjectives that are not on the list.
MODELO:
ella / rico "Ella es rica"
Nouns Adjectives
ellos fantástico
ellas liberal
nosotros serio
vosotros tolerante
nosotras curioso
vosotras eficiente
él activo
ella impulsivo
él y ella elegante
usted reservado
ustedes excelente
31
1.4 Spanish I
MODELO:
¿Quién es atractivo? Jennifer Lawrence es atractiva.
1. ¿Quién es talentoso?
2. ¿Quién es horrible?
3. ¿Quién es modesto?
4. ¿Quién es romántico?
5. ¿Quién es religioso?
6. ¿Quién es muscular?
7. ¿Quién es arrogante?
8. ¿Quién es generoso?
9. ¿Quién es honesto?
10. ¿Quién es flexible?
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea (homework):
Complete 1.5 Para Estudiar en Casa and 1.5 Para Practicar en Casa.
32
En la universidad 1.5
Introduction:
Today we will study numbers and university related vocabulary. In order to practice these
topics, we will also work on the indefinite article and a special verb form: hay. Numbers in
Spanish are relatively easy and the indefinite article works like an adjective (see Section
1.4.c) in that it reflects gender and number. Hay is a special verb form for both singular and
plural that is very useful and common.
33
1.5 Spanish I
As you can see, numbers 16-19 and 21-29 have two forms. It is recommended that you use
one or the other. Note that the combined forms may require written accents and the other
(non-combined) forms are similar to the rest of the numbers (31-39, 41-49, etc.). Both
forms are correct.
1.5. b. To study the indefinite article (a, an, or some) and grammatical gender
When we refer to non-specific nouns in English, we use what is called the "indefinite
article." Non-specific is when we say things like: "a book" or "some pens." This works the
same way in Spanish, although not always word for word. In Spanish, the indefinite article
works like an adjective; therefore, it has to agree in gender and number. In Spanish, all
nouns have gender; this is considered grammatical gender, not biological gender. This can
be confusing, but all nouns are either masculine or feminine. Here is the indefinite article in
Spanish.
In English, we sometimes say "an" instead of "a." This is because of the sound of the next
word, as in "an apple," instead of "a apple." This does not occur with the indefinite article in
Spanish. However, the number 21 (veintiuno) has similar forms when used with nouns:
veintiún cuadernos, veinteuna ventanas.
1.5.c. To acquire vocabulary related to the university and the definite article
In English, the definite article (the) is used to refer to specific nouns ("the book," as
opposed to "a book"). The definite article, like the indefinite article, works like an adjective
and has to agree in gender and number. Here is the definite article in Spanish.
When the noun is masculine singular, use el: el cuaderno (the notebook)
When the noun is feminine singular, use la: la ventana (the window)
When the noun is masculine plural, use los: los cuadernos (the notebooks)
When the noun is feminine plural, use las: las ventanas (the windows)
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En la universidad 1.5
It is very important to pay attention to the gender of nouns. As we saw in 1.4.a, the last
letter or letters of a word can sometimes help you to know the gender. Below is a list of
high probabilities of gender based on word ending (but there are almost always
exceptions!).
Below is a list of "active" vocabulary related to the university and the classroom. "Active"
vocabulary means that it is fair game for any future test or quiz. Try to memorize
vocabulary with the definite article; this will help you to remember the gender of the noun.
Many of these words are cognates and should be relatively easy to guess. Look up any
words that you might not know.
35
1.5 Spanish I
1.5. d. To practice using the special verb form: hay (there is and there are)
Hay means "there is" and "there are." Note that this verb form is both singular and plural.
Place "no" before the verb to negate it. Study the following:
English Spanish
What is there in the classroom? ¿Qué hay en el salón de clase?
There are some students. Hay unos estudiantes.
How many students are there? ¿Cuántos estudiantes hay?
There are twenty five students Hay veinticinco estudiantes.
Are there two professors? ¿Hay dos profesores?
No, there are not (two professors). No, no hay (dos profesores).
Is there a window in the classroom? ¿Hay una ventana en el salón de clase?
Yes, there are two. Sí, hay dos.
36
En la universidad 1.5
A. Count in Spanish
1. Practice saying out loud all the numbers from zero to ninety nine.
2. Write out all the numbers from zero to forty. Then, check your spelling.
3. Say the following equations out loud (use y for plus and menos for minus) and fill in the
missing answers:
MODELO:
3 + 9 = 12 tres y nueve son doce.
20 - 6 = 14 veinte menos seis son catorce.
5+2=7 10 + 8 = 18
21 - 4 = 17 33 - 2 = 31
55 + 1 = 56 46 + 3 = 49
64 - 2 = ? 78 - 3 = ?
84 +4 = ? 93 + 6 = ?
B. Grammatical Gender
Write the grammatical gender of the following?
MODELO:
cuaderno masculino
ventana femenino
1. bolígrafo 2. gimnasio
3. ciencia 4. estacionamiento
5. papel 6. calle
7. mochila 8. residencia
9. bosque 10. francés
37
1.5 Spanish I
C. Indefinite Article
Write the indefinite article for each of the following:
MODELO:
un edificio
1. compañera 2. consejera
3. estudiante 4. administración de empresas
5. español 6. estudios internacionales
7. librería 8. profesora
9. cafetería 10. bibliotecario
D. Definite Article
Write the definite article for each of the following:
MODELO:
los edificios
1. silla 2. escritorio
3. papeles 4. lápiz
5. mesas 6. puertas
7. biología 8. tiendas
9. francés 10. calles
MODELO:
el gimnacio un gimnacio
1. un diccionario 2. la oficina
3. la mochila 4. una residencia
5. una ventana 6. los profesores
7. las computadoras 8. una economía
9. unos bolígrafos 10. unas profesoras
38
En la universidad 1.5
MODELO:
Hay un cuaderno.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
G. Cierto o falso
Read each sentence out loud and write whether the statements are true (cierto) or false
(falso). Correctly rewrite the false statements.
39
1.5 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
Converse with a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.
1. ¿Cómo eres?
2. ¿Cómo es tu mejor amigo?
3. ¿Qué hay en tu cuarto?
4. ¿Cuántos estudiantes hay en el salón de clase?
5. ¿Cuántas ventanas hay en el salón de clase?
6. ¿Hay un consejero en el salón de clase?
7. ¿Hay una librería en el salón de clase?
8. ¿Qué hay en el salón de clase?
9. En HSU, ¿hay un bosque?
10. En HSU, ¿hay una cafetería?
11. ¿Cuántos minutos hay en una hora?
12. ¿Cuántas horas hay en un día?
B. Count to 99
In a small group, count to 99 with each member of the group saying the next number. Start
over if someone makes a mistake or hesitates too long.
C. Grammatical Gender
Take turns with a classmate reading words from the vocabulary list. Your partner should
say the gender of the words. You each should say the grammatical gender of at least 10
words each.
MODELO:
piscina femenino
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En la universidad 1.5
D. Definite Article
Take turns with a classmate reading words from the vocabulary list. Your partner should
say the definite article for each word. You each should say the definite article of at least 10
words each.
MODELO:
ventana la ventana
E. Indefinite Article
Take turns with a classmate reading words from the vocabulary list. Your partner should
say the indefinite article for each word. You each should say the indefinite article of at least
10 words each.
MODELO:
cuaderno un cuaderno
F. Review
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea (homework):
Complete 1.6 Para Estudiar en Casa and 1.6 Para Practicar en Casa.
41
1.6 Spanish I
Introduction:
Today we will learn how to talk about things (nouns) and activities (verbs) that we like and
dislike. We will use the verb gustar. The grammatical structure of gustar works differently
than in English. We will learn some new vocabulary and practice some that we have
already learned.
Español Inglés
Me gusta el libro. I like the book. (singular noun)
Me gusta la mochila. I like the backpack. (singular noun)
Me gustan los libros. I like the books. (plural noun)
Me gustan las mochilas. I like the backpacks. (plural noun)
Me gusta leer. I like to read. (one activity/verb)
The verb gustar means to be pleasing. So structurally, "me gusta la clase" literally means
"the class is pleasing to me". In English, we would say: "I like the class." For now, learn to
express likes and dislikes without worrying about this difference in grammatical structure.
Study the following:
English (note that these Liking singular nouns or Liking plural nouns
subject pronouns are not activities (verbs)
used in Spanish)
I like... me gusta... me gustan...
you (tú) like... te gusta... te gustan...
he likes
she likes le gusta... le gustan...
you (usted) like...
we like... nos gusta... nos gustan...
you (vosotros) like... os gusta... os gustan...
they like les gusta... les gustan...
you (ustedes) like...
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En la universidad 1.6
Note that the only difference in the conjugation of gustar is that there is an "n" at the end
when there is plural nouns.
With gustar, it is very important to use the definite article with nouns, unless it is a proper
noun. Proper nouns refer to individual people, places, or institutions and are usually
capitalized.
MODELO:
Me gusta la universidad. (noun)
Me gusta HSU. (proper noun)
To clarify the meaning of le or les (which could refer to him or her) or to emphasize (for
example when comparing: "she doesn't, but I do"), there is an additional element.
Singular Plural
(a mí) me gusta = I like (a nosotros/as) nos gusta
(a ti) te gusta = you like (a vosotros/as) os gusta
(a él) le gusta = he likes (a ellos) les gusta
(a ella) le gusta = she likes (a ellas) les gusta
(a usted) le gusta = you like (a ustedes) les gusta
To negate this type of sentence, the word "no" goes between the two elements: "A ella no le
gusta." Sometimes the additional element is all that is needed to communicate the idea.
Study the following.
Spanish English
Me gusta la clase. ¿te gusta? I like the class. Do you?
Sí, a mí también. Yes, I do too.
A Roberto no le gusta el libro, pero a ella, sí. Robert doesn't like the book, but she does.
Note:
Whenever the verb gustar is used, we must include the first element (me, te, etc.), which is
called the indirect object pronoun.
1.6.b. To understand the infinitive form of Spanish verbs and how to use it with gustar
The infinitive verb form is when the verb is not conjugated. That means that it is the
simplest form of the verb, unmodified and without a subject. The subject is usually a person
that performs the action of the verb. In English, the infinitive has two parts. The first part is
always the word "to." Here are some examples:
English infinitives:
to be to live
to speak to rain
to eat to care about
43
1.6 Spanish I
In Spanish, the infinitive form is just one word and always ends in the letter "r." There are
three types of Spanish verbs, those that end in -ar, -er, and -ir. Here are the same verbs in
Spanish:
Spanish infinitives:
hablar cuidar
comer ser
vivir escribir
In English, we can say: "I like to read" (infinitive) or "I like reading" (-ing form). We can use
the infinitive or the -ing form for this type of sentence. In Spanish, we always use the
infinitive form for this type of sentence: Me gusta leer. Study the following examples.
English Spanish
I like living in Arcata. Do you? Me gusta vivir en Arcata. ¿Te gusta?
Yes, I do too, but María doesn't. Sí, a mí también, pero a María, no.
... ...
Well, we like to eat at Renata's. Pues, nos gusta comer en Renata's.
My friends like eating there too. A mis amigos les gusta comer allí también.
You have already learned a few verbs in the previous sections of this book (ser, hablar,
comer, vivir, llover, cuidar, and gustar). Now we will learn some more verbs so that we can
practice using the infinitive form with gustar. The following list of verbs will be considered
active vocabulary.
MODELO:
¿Qué te gusta hacer? What do you like to do (doing)?
Me gusta tocar la guitarra. I like to play (playing) the guitar.
44
En la universidad 1.6
A. Gustar
Complete the Spanish translations. Which word is missing?
English Spanish
1. I like coffee. ___________ gusta el café.
2. He likes coffee. ___________ gusta el café.
3. She likes coffee. ___________ gusta el café.
4. We like coffee. ___________ gusta el café.
5. They like coffee. ___________ gusta el café.
6. You like coffee (singular, informal). ___________ gusta el café.
7. You like coffee (singular, formal). ___________ gusta el café.
8. You like coffee (plural, informal). ___________ gusta el café.
9. You like coffee (plural, formal). ___________ gusta el café.
10. The students like coffee. A los estudiantes ___________ gusta el café.
B. Gustar conjugation
Conjugate gustar. Remember that it is singular when liking singular nouns and activities
and plural when liking plural nouns.
1. Les el café.
2. Me los libros.
3. ¿Te los profesores?
4. A mis amigos les el bosque.
5. A los estudiantes les la clase.
6. Nos los estudios internationales.
7. ¿A ustedes les bailar?
8. A ella le estudiar la psicología.
9. Os el gimnasio.
10. No le las matemáticas.
45
1.6 Spanish I
C. Emphasis or Clarification
Write the missing information.
D. Preguntas personales
Answer the following questions using complete sentences.
46
En la universidad 1.6
A. Entrevista
Converse with a classmate; ask and answer the following questions. Fill in the blanks with
your own ideas.
B. Preferencias
Based on the prompts below, make a list of the things that you like and don't like - at least
three. Then form questions to ask your partner if they like or dislike them too.
MODELO:
Me gusta el libro Don Quijote. ¿Te gusta Don Quijote?
No, a mí no me gusta. Me gustan los libros de Harry Potter. ¿Te gustan?
Sí, a mí también me gustan los libros de Harry Potter.
1. restaurantes:
2. libros:
3. películas:
4. cantantes (singers)
5. programas de televisión:
47
1.6 Spanish I
C. Emparejar (matching)
Take turns with a classmate reading the following elements. Your partner should provide
the matching element. Note that there may be several possible answers; ask for all the
possible answers.
MODELO:
a ella le
os a vosotros / a vosotras
1. a mí
2. te
3. a usted
4. a ellas
5. os
6. a la profesora
7. a nosotros
8. a ella
9. a vosotras
10. le
11. a ellos
12. a ti
13. a él
14. nos
15. a vosotros
16. me
17. a ustedes
18. a mi mejor amigo
19. les
20. a nosotras
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
1. Can you talk about things you and others like and dislike?
2. Can you discuss the activities you and others like to do and do not like to do?
3. Do you know the active vocabulary?
4. Can you answer the following questions:
a. ¿Qué te gusta hacer?
b. ¿Qué te gusta comer?
c. ¿Te gustan las clases?
d. ¿A tus amigos les gusta HSU?
Tarea (homework):
Complete 1.7 Para Estudiar en Casa and 1.7 Para Practicar en Casa.
48
En la universidad 1.7
Introduction:
We will continue to practice university-related vocabulary and use it to practice telling
time and discussing schedules.
1.7.a. To be able to ask what time it is and tell what time it is in Spanish
English Spanish
What time is it? ¿Qué hora es?
It's five o'clock. Son las cinco.
It's one ten. Es la una y diez.
in the morning de la mañana
in the afternoon de la tarde
at night de la noche
It's midnight Es medianoche / Son las doce de la noche.
It's at noon Es al mediodía / Es a las doce de la tarde.
on the dot. en punto
Notes:
You must use the definite article with the number of the hour in Spanish.
Cultural Note:
In some Spanish-speaking countries, morning lasts until 3:00, which is also lunchtime.
Es la una Es la una y veinte. Son las tres. Son las once y tres
de la mañana. de la noche.
49
1.7 Spanish I
Son las dos y quince. Son las cuatro y treinta. Son las seis menos quince.
or or or
Son las dos y cuarto. Son las cuatro y media. Son las seis menos cuarto.
or
Son las cinco y cuarenta y cinco.
¿Qué hora es?
Son las diez y cuarenta. Son las doce en punto. Son las nueve menos cinco.
or or or
Son las once menos veinte. Es mediodía. Son las ocho y cinquenta y cinco.
or or
Es medianoche. Cinco para las nueve.
1.7.b. To be able to ask at what time something will occur and tell what time something will
occur
English Spanish
(At) what time is the class? ¿A qué hora es la clase?
It's at three thirty. Es a las tres y media.
Note:
To ask when something will occur in Spanish we must use the preposition a (at), but in
English it is often optional.
50
En la universidad 1.7
1. ¿Qué hora es ahora (now)? Tell the time out loud in Spanish.
2. You already know how to tell time in English, so from now on, every time you need to
know the time, say it to yourself in Spanish.
3. Write what time is indicated in complete sentences. If there is more than one way of
expressing the time, say all options:
MODELO:
2:15 a.m. Son las dos y cuarto de la mañana.
Son las dos y quince de la mañana.
1. 1:15 a.m.
2. 12:45 p.m.
3. 12:00 p.m.
4. 7:20 a.m.
5. 4:50 a.m.
6. 10:10 p.m.
7. 9:00 a.m.
8. 3:18 p.m.
9. 6:30 p.m.
10. 11:15 a.m.
B. ¿A qué hora?
2. You already know how to tell what time something is in English, so from now on, every
time you need to know at what time something is, say it to yourself in Spanish.
51
1.7 Spanish I
3. Tell what time something is according to the prompts; if there is more than one way of
expressing it, say all options.
MODELO:
7:30 p.m. Es a las siete y media de la tarde.
Es a las siete y treinta de la tarde.
1. 4:10 p.m.
2. 2:35 p.m.
3. 1:30 p.m.
4. 1:30 p.m.
5. 10:00 p.m.
6. 8:15 a.m.
7. 11:00 a.m.
8. 4:45 p.m.
9. 6:50 a.m.
10. 1:15 a.m.
MODELO:
¿Qué hora es? (10:22 a.m.)
Son las diez y veinte y dos de la mañana.
52
En la universidad 1.7
A. Entrevista
Converse with a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.
53
1.7 Spanish I
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
1. Can you ask what time it is and tell what time it is in Spanish?
2. Are you able to ask what time something is and tell what time something is in Spanish?
3. Do you know the active vocabulary?
4. Can you answer the following questions:
a. ¿Qué hora es?
b. ¿A qué hora es tu programa favorito?
c. ¿A qué hora es tu clase de español?
Tarea:
Complete 1.8 Para Estudiar en Casa and 1.8 Para Practicar en Casa.
54
En la universidad 1.8
Introduction:
For today's lesson, we will learn about where Spanish is spoken, how many speakers of
Spanish there are, and what are some of the iconic customs of those countries. In addition
we will begin to review what we have learned so far, so that you are ready to move on to
the next section.
Here is a list of the learning objectives so far. Look them over carefully; we have already
made a lot of progress. Go back and review any topics that you think you need to practice
more.
55
1.8 Spanish I
56
En la universidad 1.8
A. El español en el mundo
Watch the video again and answer the following questions. You can enable the closed
captions for the video, but be advised that they are not all accurate.
1. According to the video, how many people are native Spanish speakers?
2. According to the video, in how many countries is Spanish the official or co-official
language?
5. Name 4 countries where there are many Spanish speakers, but Spanish is not an official
or co-official language.
7. What is the name of the famous Spanish literary work mentioned in the video?
8. What is the capital of Argentina and what is the mythic character mentioned?
57
1.8 Spanish I
4. Name 4 more countries where there are a large number of Spanish speakers.
Be prepared to share this information in class, but also be prepared for other students to
have different answers from different sources.
C. Repaso (Review)
Review the learning objectives again and repeat the exercises in any section that you think
you need to practice more.
58
En la universidad 1.8
A. Entrevista
Converse with a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be sure to use an
appropriate greeting.
1. ¿Cómo te llamas?
2. ¿Cómo se escribe tu nombre?
3. ¿De dónde eres?
4. ¿Cómo estás?
5. ¿Dónde vives?
6. ¿Cómo se llama tu mejor amigo?
7. ¿Cómo se escribe su nombre?
8. ¿De dónde es tu mejor amigo?
9. ¿Cómo es tu mejor amigo?
10. ¿Qué hay en tu cuarto?
11. ¿Qué hay en el salón de clase?
12. ¿Cuántas horas hay en un día?
13. ¿Qué te gusta hacer?
14. ¿Qué te gusta comer?
15. ¿Te gusta el chocolate?
16. ¿Qué hora es?
17. ¿A qué hora es tu programa favorito?
18. ¿Cómo se escribe el nombre de tu programa favorito?
B. El español en el mundo
In a small group, compare the information you found about the current numbers of Spanish
speakers. Did you find the same answers? What is different and who is correct? Discuss
your findings with the class.
C. Repaso (Review)
Practice the following with a classmate.
1. Take turns saying the letters of the alphabet in Spanish. Is there any pronunciation that
you have doubts about? If so, discuss with your partner or ask the professor. Practice the
alphabet by dictating words to each other (spell them and have your partner write them
down).
59
1.8 Spanish I
2. Count to 100 with your partner. Take turns and start over if you mess up or hesitate too
long. Dictate some phone numbers (or other numbers) that you know and have your
partner write them down.
3. Discuss with your partner the differences and appropriate uses of the following: tú, usted,
vosotros, ustedes.
4. With your partner practice the conjugation of the verb ser. Randomly switch subjects
below and ask your partner to conjugate the verb.
yo tú
él ella
usted nosotros/as
vosotros/as ellos
ellas ustedes
5. Practice adjective agreement with your partner by selecting subjects above and matching
them with the adjectives below. ("yo / honesto" - honesta or honesto depends on who says
"yo")
6. Practice university related vocabulary and the verb hay with your partner by providing
several answers to the following questions. Don't forget to use the indefinite article.
7. Practice gustar with your partner by answering the questions below. Don't forget to use
the definite article with nouns.
60
En la universidad 1.8
8. Practice telling the time with your partner using the chart below
9. Practice telling what time something is with your partner by using the class schedule
below.
Tarea:
Continue to review in order to be prepared for the Chapter 1 Assessment.
61
2
La familia
2.1 Learning Objectives:
a. To learn more about the masculine and feminine forms of nouns and adjectives
b. To understand more about the singular and plural forms of nouns and adjectives
c. To understand the forms and uses of the possessive adjectives
d. To acquire family related vocabulary
2.2 Learning objectives:
a. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in a vowel, n, or s
b. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in other consonants
c. To learn to stress all words with written accents
2.3 Learning objectives:
a. To fully understand the use of subject pronouns
b. To learn conjugations for regular -ar verbs
c. To be able to construct and respond to "yes or no" questions
d. To acquire vocabulary related to common -ar verbs
2.4 Learning objectives:
a. To learn conjugations for regular -er and -ir verbs
b. To acquire vocabulary related to common regular -er and -ir verbs
c. To be able to ask and answer questions using common interrogative words
2.5 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb estar
b. To modify nouns using estar and adjectives
c. . To be able to use estar for location
2.6 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb tener
b. To learn and be able to use special expressions with the verb tener
c. To be able to use tener and other verbs with infinitives
2.7 Learning objectives:
a. To be able to form EQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives
b. To be able to form UNEQUAL comparisons of nouns and adjectives
c. To be able to form superlatives
2.8 Learning objectives:
a. To understand the culture behind Spanish last names
b. To review what you learned in 2.1-2.8
62
La familia 2.1
Introduction:
In this section, we will examine more fully the concept of grammatical gender and the
masculine and feminine forms of nouns and adjectives. We will learn how to pluralize
nouns and adjectives, learn about the possessive adjectives, and family vocabulary.
2.1.a. To learn more about the masculine and feminine forms of nouns and adjectives
Normally, nouns that refer to males are masculine and nouns that refer to females are
feminine. In other words, the biological gender is indicated by the word itself. In the lists
below, notice how the articles also reflect gender in Spanish.
In English, since gender is not indicated in the articles, gender neutrality is becoming
common more quickly. For example, we rarely say "waiter/waitress" or
"steward/stewardess." These words have been replaced with the more gender-neutral
terms: "server" and "flight attendant."
In Spanish, sometimes there are different words to indicate gender, like el hombre and la
mujer. Other times, the word is modified to reflect the gender of the individual, as in el niño
and la niña. Some masculine nouns (and adjectives) that end in o can be changed to the
feminine by changing o to a. Some examples are:
63
2.1 Spanish I
masculino femenino
el hermano la hermana
el primo la prima
el abuelo la abuela
el hijo la hija
el tío la tía
el perro la perra
Some masculine nouns that end in consonants can be changed to the feminine by adding an
a to the end of the word. Here are some examples:
masculino femenino
el profesor la profesora
el señor la señora
el investigador la investigadora
el doctor la doctora
Note: Nouns that end in ista and most nouns that end in e can be masculine or feminine.
For example:
masculino femenino
el artista la artista
el dentista la dentista
el estudiante la estudiante
el cantante la cantante
A few words that end in e can also be changed to the feminine by changing e to a, but it is
still correct to just change the article. As in:
masculino femenino
el presidente la presidente or la presidenta
Some words, although they refer to people, do not change gender. They are like most
nouns; they do not change their gender. An important example of this is the word
"person." "Person" is a feminine noun and there is no masculine form, so even though we
are speaking about a man, we could refer to him as "la persona," as in "la persona quien
escribe" (the person who is writing).
So far, all this talk about gender has referred to individuals (people or animals) that have
biological gender. For English speakers, this makes perfect sense. However, all nouns in
Spanish have grammatical gender; they are either masculine or feminine regardless of
what they refer to. In other words, the gender is arbitrary and does not change. A table is
feminine and a shoe is masculine, and that is all there is to it. This can be a difficult concept
to grasp, but it is an essential part of the Spanish language and simply must be accepted.
As mentioned in 1.5.c, the ending of nouns can often help to identify the gender. Predicting
gender of nouns based on the final letters of the word is not always possible.
64
La familia 2.1
Note: El día and la mano are common exceptions. Other exceptions include masculine
nouns that are derived from Greek, not Latin, and include words ending -ma, -ta and -pa: (el
problema, el programa, el planeta, el cometa, el drama, and el mapa). See this link for more
detailed information on predicting gender of nouns based on word endings.
2.1.b. To understand more about the singular and plural forms of nouns and adjectives
There are a few rules for pluralizing nouns. Fortunately, these same rules also apply to
adjectives. Remember that articles and adjectives must agree with the noun in gender and
number. Masculine forms are commonly used to refer to groups with at least one male.
Some nouns are singular and refer to a group of individuals, like la familia and la clase
(referring to a group of students).
Singular Plural
el padre los padres
el hijo los hijos
la hermana las hermanas
la esposa las esposas
Singular Plural
el papel los papeles
la universidad las universidades
el profesor los profesores
la actitud las actitudes
Note: If the singular form ends in a stressed syllable with an accent (tilde), the accent is
dropped in the plural form: la nación ➔ las naciones.
Note: To pluralize nouns that end in the letter z, change z to c before adding es: el lápiz ➔
los lápices.
65
2.1 Spanish I
The possessive adjectives modify nouns and tell to whom the noun belongs, for example:
"my class" and "your book." The possessive adjectives correspond to the subject pronouns
(I ➔ my, you ➔ your, etc.). Like all adjectives, the possessive adjectives must agree in
number with the nouns they modify, so most have two forms: singular and plural. In
addition, the nosotros and vosotros forms also agree in gender, therefore, there are four
forms. Study the following chart.
Note:
As with the verb conjugations, personal pronouns of the second person formal (usted and
ustedes) use the third person forms.
Possessive adjectives must agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify,
but most possessive adjectives only have to agree in number. Study the following examples.
Note:
"Su" and "sus" could mean "his," "her," their," or "your" depending on the context of the
sentence. As in English, most of the time, it is clear to whom the noun pertains.
66
La familia 2.1
The following is an example of a family tree, showing some basic family relationships. We
will use this family tree to discuss Carmen's family from her perspective. In the narrative
below, notice the gender and number agreements of the family vocabulary.
Juan y Elena son mis abuelos. Juan es mi abuelo y Elena es mi abuela. Olivia y Miguel son mis
padres. Olivia es mi madre y Miguel es mi padre. Roberto, Alejandro, Natalia y Pedro son mis
tíos. Roberto, Alejandro y Pedro son mis tíos. Natalia es mi tía. Raquel es mi hermana y Sofía
es mi prima.
Soy la nieta de Juan y Elena. Soy la hija de Olivia y Miguel. Soy la sobrina de Roberto,
Alejandro, Natalia y Pedro. Soy la hermana de Raquel y la prima de Sofía.
67
2.1 Spanish I
Study the following vocabulary and think about how you could describe your family
relationships. Look up any additional words that you need to describe your family.
Note:
The masculine plural form is commonly used to refer to both masculine and feminine
counterparts (los tíos = the aunts and uncles, etc.).
68
La familia 2.1
1. vuestro tío
2. tu abuelo
3. su hijo
4. nuestro perro
5. vuestro cuñado
6. su nieto
7. mi primo
8. su sobrino
9. tu suegro
10. nuestro hijastro
MODELO:
su abuela sus abuelos
1. mi hija
2. su media hermana
3. nuestra prima
4. su tía
5. vuestra abuela
6. tu hijastra
7. mi hermana
8. nuestra sobrina
9. su perra
10. tu cuñada
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2.1 Spanish I
MODELO:
mi padre mis padres
1. nuestro tío
2. nuestra tía
3. su hermana
4. su hermana
5. mi primo
6. mi prima
7. tu hija
8. tu hijo
9. vuestra abuela
10. vuestro abuelo
MODELO:
vuestros padres vuestro padre
1. nuestros abuelos
2. nuestras abuelas
3. sus primos
4. sus primas
5. tus madrastras
6. tus padrastros
7. vuestros sobrinos
8. vuestras sobrinas
9. mis hijos
10. mis hijas
E. Los parientes
Complete the sentences logically (sometimes there is more than one possible answer). Be
sure to double check the gender and number for agreement.
1. La madre de mi madre es mi
2. El padre de mi sobrina es mi
3. La hermana de mi prima es
4. La hija de mi madre es mi
5. El esposo de mi abuela es mi
6. Los hermanos de mi padre son mis
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La familia 2.1
F. Preguntas personales
Answer the following questions according to your personal experience.
MODELO:
71
2.1 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
With a classmate, take turns asking and answering the following questions. After
responding, ask the same question and change the gender.
MODELO:
¿Cómo se llama tu abuelo?
Se llama Octavio. ¿Cómo se llama tu abuela?
MODELO:
vuestras abuelas
vuestro abuelo
72
La familia 2.1
C. Mi familia
With a classmate, take turns describing the members of your family (what their name is,
what they are like, and where they live).
MODELO:
Mi hermano se llama Tomás. Es inteligente y trabajador. Vive en Nueva York.
MODELO:
La madre de mi madre es mi ...
E. Review
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
1. Do you understand that some nouns have feminine forms and others do not?
2. Can you change the gender of certain nouns and adjectives?
3. Can you change the number (singular and plural) of certain nouns and adjectives?
4. Do you know how to use the possessive adjectives?
5. Do you know the family related vocabulary?
Tarea (homework):
Complete 2.2 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.2 Para Practicar en Casa.
73
2.2 Spanish I
Introduction:
In this section, we will work on pronunciation. Specifically, we will learn to stress the
correct syllable of every word in Spanish. The stressed syllable is dependant upon the last
letter of the word and / or if it has a written accent. There are other ways to understand
this information and, perhaps, you have studied them. Use whichever way helps you to best
understand how to stress words in Spanish.
2.2.a. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in a vowel, n, or s
Every word in Spanish has one syllable that is stressed more than the other syllables. When
pronouncing the word, it is incorrect to stress the wrong syllable. In fact, stressing the
wrong syllable may even result a completely different word. Words that have only one
syllable must stress the single syllable, so this section will focus on multi-syllable words.
• Words in Spanish that have no written accent and end in a vowel, n, or s always
stress the second-to-last (penultimate) syllable.
That's it. It's simple. Right? Learn that statement and you will know how to correctly stress
most words in Spanish (well, sometimes you will have to know how to divide words into
syllables too - for now, divide them as best you can using what you know from English).
Each of these words ends in a vowel, n, or s and none have written accents, so they all
stress the penultimate syllable. It doesn't matter if there are two or many more syllables;
count from the last syllable and stress the second-to-last. You do not need to know what
the words mean in order to pronounce them correctly. As you say them, overemphasize the
stressed syllable (sometimes it helps to gesture with your hand or nod your head as you
stress the words).
74
La familia 2.2
2.2.b. To learn to stress all words (without written accents) that end in other consonants
Now we will learn to appropriately stress all the other words without written accents.
• Words that don't have a written accent and end in any other consonant (other than
n or s) always stress the last syllable.
Know this rule (and the first one) and you will be able to correctly stress the vast majority
of words in Spanish. Again, since we are focusing on stressing the correct syllable, it's a
good idea to overemphasize the pronunciation (and / or use hand gestures or head nods).
Note:
You have already learned how to pluralize nouns and adjectives. If these words were
pluralized, they would all follow the first rule (ending in s after adding -es), not this rule.
The result is that the same root syllable is stressed (universidad ➔ universidades).
So far, we have covered all Spanish words without written accents. Now we will consider
words with written accents. Written accents (la tilde) only go on vowels (á, é, í, ó, and ú).
The tilde has two functions:
1. To change the normally stressed syllable (basically to break the two rules we just
discussed)
2. To indicate a different connotation of a word that is pronounced exactly the same.
These "twin" words are usually monosyllable words (mi vs mí), but also there are
some with more syllables (como vs cómo).
For now, we only need to concern ourselves with the first function, the one that changes
the normally stressed syllable. The tilde breaks the rules previously discussed and allows
words to be stress on any syllable (last, second-to-last, third-to-last, etc.).
• Words with written accents (tildes) always stress the syllable with the tilde.
Once again, as you pronounce these words, try to overemphasize the pronunciation with
special attention to the syllables. It also helps to use hand gestures or head nods.
75
2.2 Spanish I
Note:
When nouns and adjectives with tildes (and without) are pluralized, they must still stress
the same root syllable. Most of the time, this means that you carryover the tilde to the
plural form. Here are some examples:
However, in some uncommon cases, when you pluralize, you may have to add or remove a
tilde to maintain the stress on the root syllable. Either way, all words follow one of the
three rules presented in this section. Here are some examples:
Here is a summary of the three rules for stressing the correct syllable in all Spanish words.
76
La familia 2.2
MODELO:
vosotras regla 1
universidad regla 2
fácil regla 3
1. mamá
2. números
3. regla
4. símbolo
5. sobrinos
6. juez
7. nacionalidad
8. ciudad
9. hermana
10. débil
B. La sílaba tónica
Practice pronouncing the following words. Divide the words into syllables and underline
the stressed syllable. Don't worry about what the words mean; focus on the syllable stress.
1. dinero
2. camiseta
3. padres
4. exámenes
5. crítico
6. critico
7. criticó
8. acabar
9. almorzar
10. animal
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2.2 Spanish I
C. La pluralización
Write the plural forms for the following words. Pay special attention to the stress of the
root syllable and if the tilde is carried over, lost, or added to the plural form.
1. orden
2. corazón
3. alemán
4. fácil
5. islámico
6. fantástica
7. lámpara
8. natural
9. azul
10. trabajador
D. Las reglas
Without looking at the explanations above, write down the three rules in your own words.
Also write 3 examples of each rule. Afterwards, check that what you wrote is correct.
1.
2.
3.
78
La familia 2.2
A. La trabalengua
With a classmate, practice pronouncing the following tongue twister. Then answer the
questions that follow.
B. Las reglas
Use the summary of the three rules and indicate which pronunciation rule the following
words follow.
MODELO:
vosotras regla 1
universidad regla 2
fácil regla 3
1. trabalenguas
2. accidente
3. refrigerador
4. ángel
5. clase
6. papel
7. educativo
8. artículo
9. estómago
10. límite
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2.2 Spanish I
C. La sílaba tónica
With a classmate, divide the following words into syllables and underline the stressed
syllable according to the rules. Then, practice pronouncing them. Don't worry about what
they mean; focus on the syllable stress.
1. hijastro
2. padres
3. hablar
4. pájaro
5. francés
6. familia
7. actor
8. escribir
1. está
2. esta
3. donde
4. dónde
5. cuándo
6. cuando
7. trabajo
8. trabajó
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 2.3 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.3 Para Practicar en Casa.
80
La familia 2.3
Introduction:
In this section, we will discuss the use of subject pronouns and learn the conjugations for
regular -ar verbs. You will be able to use several regular -ar verbs to ask and answer yes
and no questions.
Please review the introduction to subject pronouns in 1.4.b. Also, review the different uses
in Spanish of the subject pronoun "you" as presented in 1.3.b.
• "I" and "we" refer to the person speaking and are considered the "first" person.
• "You" refers to the person being spoken to and is considered the "second" person.
• "He, she, it," and "they" refer to the person being spoken about and are considered
the third person.
There are singular and plural forms of the first, second, and third person subject pronouns.
Examine the following chart.
Note:
"Usted" and "ustedes" are commonly abbreviated as "Ud." and "Uds.".
As discussed in 1.4.b, subject pronouns are frequently omitted in Spanish. This is because
that information is understood as part of the verb conjugation. Yo, tú, nosotros/as, and
81
2.3 Spanish I
vosotros/as are typically omitted. In addition, the English subject pronoun "it" does not
even exist in Spanish. There is no Spanish equivalent, because it is fully incorporated into
the verb conjugation. Consider the following:
English Spanish
It is important. Es importante.
It is perfect. Es perfecto.
It is horrible. Es horrible.
It is one o'clock. Es la una.
Note:
"It" can be a subject pronoun, performing the action of the verb (i.e. "It is important"), or
"it" can be an object pronoun, receiving the action of the verb ("I see it" or "I threw the ball
at it"). Do not confuse the subject pronoun "it," which do exist in Spanish, with the object
pronouns "it." For now, just remember that the Spanish verb conjugation includes "it."
There three types of regular verbs: verbs ending in -ar, -er, and -ir. In this section, we will
focus on the conjugations of verbs ending in -ar. Remember that the infinitive is the form of
the verb without conjugation. The infinitive and other verb forms have two parts: the stem
and the ending.
As we have seen in previous sections, the verb conjugations have endings associated with
the subject pronouns. Here are the conjugations of the verb: hablar (to speak/to talk).
Notice how the stem is the same, but the ending depends on the subject.
Singular Plural
yo hablo (I speak) nosotros/as hablamos (we speak)
tú hablas (you speak) vosotros/as habláis (you speak)
él (he/it speaks) ellos (they speak)
ella habla (she/it speaks) ellas hablan (they speak)
usted (you speak) ustedes (you speak)
Note:
The conjugations for the second person formal (usted and ustedes) are the same as the third
person conjugations.
It is useful to memorize the verb hablar as an example verb for all regular -ar verbs. In
addition, you can memorize just the endings: -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an.
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La familia 2.3
Spanish present tense conjugations have different English equivalents depending on the
context. Here are the most common:
As noted in the previous section, one of the English equivalents of the Spanish present
tense includes the auxiliary verb "to do." In English, this is how we commonly form "yes or
no" questions, but there is no Spanish equivalent for that auxiliary verb; it is simply part of
the Spanish verb conjugation. To form a question like: "Do you speak Spanish?" you would
say: "¿Hablas español?"
Say the following examples out loud and notice how your voice naturally raises at the end
of each question. This is called raising intonation. Raising intonation is one way that we
indicate that we are asking a question.
Note:
In Spanish, there is a question mark at the beginning and at the end of questions. This way,
you will know that it should be read as a question before you start reading it.
In English, we are not required to use the auxiliary verb "to do." All of the above questions
could be formed without it. "I speak now?" and "you speak Spanish?" are perfectly good
questions in English. In English, the auxiliary verb can soften the question and make it
more obvious that the sentence is a question.
Sometimes, when forming questions, we can alter the normal order (placement) of the
subject and verb. Consider the possible answers to the question: "You guys speak Spanish?"
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2.3 Spanish I
When we reverse the normal order of the subject and verb in order to form questions, we
emphasize the fact that it is a question. The same is true in Spanish, but the placement of
the subject is even more flexible. Notice the placement of the subject pronoun in these
questions:
To answer these questions, we could simply say "sí" or "no." However, it is very important
to practice answering with more complete sentences, especially the verb conjugation.
Note:
The use of the subject pronoun (él) in the response is unnecessary, because the subject is
already established in the question.
Note:
In Spanish, the word "no" can appear twice in the responses. One answers the question, just
like in English. The other negates the verb, just like the word "not" in English.
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La familia 2.3
Here are some common regular -ar verbs. They all conjugate exactly like hablar in the
present tense.
Spanish English
bailar to dance
buscar to look for
cantar to sing
cenar to eat dinner / to have dinner
comprar to buy
desayunar to eat breakfast / to have breakfast
desear to want (desire)
enseñar to teach
escuchar to listen (to)
estudiar to study
mandar to send (something)
mirar to watch
nadar to swim
necesitar to need
pagar to pay (for something)
practicar to practice
regresar to return (to a location)
tocar to touch / to play a musical instrument
tomar to take / to drink
trabajar to work
usar to use / to wear (clothes)
viajar to travel
Note:
Certain verbs include extra words in English.
85
2.3 Spanish I
A. Which person?
Indicate which person (first, second, or third) is being mentioned.
MODELO:
yo first
1. vosotras
2. tú y tus amigos
3. ustedes
4. Hillary
5. Jorge
6. ellos
7. nosotros
8. tú y yo
9. mis amigos y yo
10. Roberto y María
B. Which pronoun?
Indicate which subject pronoun should be used to answer the following questions. The
subject pronoun will often be omitted in the answer, but it is really important to identify
the subject according to which the verb should be conjugated.
MODELO:
¿Tú hablas español? yo
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La familia 2.3
C. A Conjugar
Conjugate the verbs according to the subject provided to form complete questions.
D. Preguntas personales
Now answer the questions above based on your own experience. Here and in class, answer
in complete sentences and play along, meaning if you are asked about your roommate, but
you don't have one, just answer as if you did.
MODELO:
¿Trabajas en la librería?
Sí, trabajo en la librería.
or
No, no trabajo en la librería.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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2.3 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be sure to answer affirmatively
and negatively just to practice.
B. Más preguntas
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions - be careful with the subject in
the answer. Answer affirmatively and negatively just to practice.
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La familia 2.3
C. Las conjugaciones
With a classmate, use the list of verbs below and take turns fully conjugating them. Tell
your partner the verb you want them to conjugate.
MODELO:
hablar
hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habláis, hablan
D. Preguntas originales
Write five original questions with the verbs above. Then take turns asking and answering
them with a classmate.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
1. Do you fully understand the difference between the first, second, and third persons?
2. Can you conjugate regular -ar verbs?
3. Do you know the meaning of the verbs in the list above?
4. Can you form "yes" or "no" questions with the verbs above?
5. Can you answer affirmatively and negatively when asked "yes" or "no" questions?
6. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Viajas mucho?
b. ¿Usas tu teléfono en clase?
c. ¿Tus amigos nadan en la piscina de la universidad?
d. ¿Tus amigos y tu trabajan?
Tarea:
Complete 2.4 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.4 Para Practicar en Casa.
89
2.4 Spanish I
Introduction:
In this section, we will greatly expand our ability to conjugate Spanish verbs by learning the
other two types of regular conjugations, -er and -ir verbs. We will continue to practice the
verbs by asking questions, but now we will ask them with interrogative (question) words.
In section 2.3.b, you learned how to conjugate regular -ar verbs and what their
conjugations mean in English. This knowledge will make it much easier to understand the
conjugations and uses of regular -er and -ir verbs.
Just like -ar verbs, -er and -ir verbs have two parts. We will use the common verbs of comer
(to eat) and vivir (to live) as examples.
The conjugations for regular -er and -ir verbs are very similar to regular -ar verb
conjugations. Notice that the only difference between -ar verbs and -er verbs are the
vowels (a ➔ e).
Singular Plural
yo como vivo nosotros/as comemos vivimos
tú comes vives vosotros/as coméis vivís
él ellos
ella come vive ellas comen viven
usted ustedes
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La familia 2.4
The endings for the -er and -ir verbs are identical, except for the nosotros and vosotros
forms.
Singular Plural
yo -o nosotros/as -emos -imos
tú -es vosotros/as -éis -ís
él ellos
ella -e ellas -en
usted ustedes
2.4.b. To acquire vocabulary related to common regular -er and -ir verbs
Here are some common regular -er verbs. They all conjugate exactly like comer in the
present tense.
Spanish English
aprender to learn
beber to drink
comer to eat
comprender to understand
correr to run
creer (en)* to think, to believe (in)
deber to owe, should, must
leer to read
responder (a)* to respond, to answer, to reply
vender to sell
Here are some common regular -ir verbs. They conjugate exactly like vivir.
Spanish English
abrir to open
asistir (a)* to attend (to go to an event)
compartir to share, to divide up
cumplir to fulfill, to carry out (obligations)
escribir to write
insistir (en)* to insist (on)
recibir to receive
subir (a)* to go up, to climb up
vivir to live
Note:
Depending on what follows, certain verbs (*) can require prepositions and others can be
used with infinites.
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2.4 Spanish I
2.4.c. To be able to ask and answer questions using common interrogative words
In 2.3.c, you learned how to ask and answer "yes or no" questions. In this section, we will
focus on interrogative words (question words) to form questions.
In previous sections, we have already used a few interrogative words. Here is a list of
interrogative words that we will use in this section.
Spanish English
¿cómo? how?
¿cuándo? when?
¿cuánto? how much?
¿cuántos(as)? how many?
¿cuál(es)? what? / which?
¿dónde? where?
¿por qué? why?
¿qué? what?
¿quién(es)? who? / whom?
Note:
All interrogative words have written accent marks. The accent mark does not change which
syllable of the word is stressed. Instead, the accent mark on interrogative words indicates
that the word functions as a question. Notice the difference in the function of the word
"where" in the following examples.
Spanish English
¿Dónde vives? Where do you live?
Sé donde vives. I know where you live.
In the first example, "where" is an interrogative word and functions as a question. In the
second example, it does not. In Spanish, this difference is indicated by the accent mark.
In the following examples, notice that the verb in the question is frequently required in the
answer, although the subject may often be different.
Pregunta Respuesta
¿Cómo estás? Estoy bien.
¿Cuándo es la clase? Es a las 2.
¿Cuánto dinero necesitas? Necesito dos dólares.
¿Cuántos estudiantes hay en la clase? Hay 25 estudiantes.
¿Cuál es tu deporte favorito? Es el futbol americano.
¿Dónde vives? Vivo en Chicago.
¿Por qué estudias español? Estudio español porque mis amigos hablan
español.
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La familia 2.4
If there is a preposition in the question, the same preposition usually occurs in the answer.
Pregunta Respuesta
¿De dónde eres? Soy de Chicago.
¿Para quién es el libro? Es para mi amiga.
¿A qué hora es el concierto? Es a las 10.
Questions with interrogative words function the same way as "yes or no" questions. See
section 2.3.c to review raising intonation, English auxiliary verb "to do," word order in
questions, affirmative responses, and negative responses.
Note:
Both ¿cuál? and ¿qué? can mean "what?" in English. The main difference is with the verb
ser. With the verb ser, ¿qué? asks for a definition, but ¿cuál? asks for a specific answer from
a set of possibilities. Consider the following questions and answers.
Note:
In English, we would rarely ask the above questions that start with ¿qué es? However,
whenever we are asking for a definition, we would say ¿qué es? (i.e. ¿Qué es una
preposición?)
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2.4 Spanish I
B. ¿Cuál verbo?
Choose the most appropriate verb and conjugate it according to the context of each
sentence.
MODELO:
¿Tú (vivir / aprender) español? aprendes
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La familia 2.4
C. Preguntas personales
Write the answers to these questions according to your personal experience.
MODELO:
¿Dónde trabajas?
Trabajo en la librería.
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2.4 Spanish I
D. Preguntas originales
Write ten original questions for your classmates using question words and -er and -ir
verbs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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La familia 2.4
A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be sure to answer affirmatively
and negatively just to practice.
B. Asociaciones
Discuss with a classmate which verbs you can associate with the following ideas. Provide
the infinitive. There can be several answers for each idea.
1. un libro de texto
2. un poema
3. una limonada o una cerveza
4. la librería
5. una tienda (store)
6. la literatura, las matemáticas, etc.
7. una puerta o una ventana
8. un restaurante
9. la tarea
10. en tu casa
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2.4 Spanish I
C. Las conjugaciones
With a classmate, use the list of verbs below and take turns fully conjugating them. Tell
your partner the verb you want them to conjugate.
MODELO:
comer
como, comes, como, comemos, coméis, comen
D. Preguntas originales
Ask a partner the original questions you wrote in the Para practicar en casa section. Write
down their answers.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 2.5 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.5 Para Practicar en Casa.
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La familia 2.5
Introduction:
In this section, we will focus on two uses of a very common and important verb, estar. You
have already used this verb to express how you are. Now we will learn the full present
tense conjugation of estar, new adjectives to use with this verb, and how to tell where
nouns are located.
Ser and estar are two verbs that express "to be" in English. You will study the differences
between ser and estar in Chapter 4. For now, think of ser as describing characteristics (she
is intelligent) and estar as describing conditions (she is tired).
Estar is an -ar verb, but it is also irregular, so it does not exactly conjugate like hablar.
Carefully study and practice saying out loud the full conjugation of estar.
Singular Plural
yo estoy nosotros/as estamos
tú estás vosotros/as estáis
él ellos
ella está ellas están
usted ustedes
Note:
Notice that the ending for the nosotros and vosotros are the same as regular -ar verbs. The
other forms are irregular. The y at the end of the conjugation for yo and the written accents
on the other forms change which syllable is stressed. For those subjects, regular -ar verbs
stress the second-to-last syllable, but these all stress the last syllable. Consider the written
accent to be as important as a letter. If you do not include it, not only is it misspelled, but it
could also mean something completely different.
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2.5 Spanish I
In chapter 1, we introduced the use of ser with adjectives. Ser is used when the adjective is
a characteristic (referring to professions, religions, qualities of the noun). Estar is used to
describe states and conditions. Notice the different types of adjectives in the following
examples.
Pregunta Respuesta
¿Cómo eres? Soy inteligente, generoso y organizado.
¿Cómo estás? Estoy alegre, entusiasmado y contento
As with all adjectives, they must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. As
a review, here are the different forms of the adjectives above:
The most common word used with estar is bien (well). It's actually an adverb and,
therefore, there is only one form.
Pregunta Respuesta
¿Cómo estás? (Estoy) bien.
¿Cómo están tus familiares? (Están) bien.
The following adjectives describe states and conditions and are typically used with estar.
Spanish English
aburrido bored
apurado hurried, in a hurry
bien well (good)
borracho drunk
cansado tired
enfermo sick
entusiasmado enthusiastic
feliz happy
furioso furious, angry, mad
listo ready
loco crazy
nervioso nervous
orgulloso proud
sano healthy
tranquilo calm, quiet
triste sad
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La familia 2.5
MODELO:
¿Cómo está tu hermana?
Está feliz, orgullosa y entusiasmada.
¿Cómo están tus primos?
Están nerviosos, cansados y apurados.
¿Cómo están tus primas?
Están tranquilas, aburridas y tristes.
¿Cómo estás?
Estoy bien.
One of the uses of estar is to express location. We use estar to ask where something is and
to express where something is. Consider the following sentences.
Pregunta Respuesta
¿Dónde estás? Estoy en mi casa.
¿Dónde está el libro de texto? Está en mi mochila.
¿Dónde están los estudiantes? Están en clase.
We often use the word en when using estar for location. In the following examples, notice
how the word en is expressed differently in English.
Spanish English
Estamos en California. We're in California.
Mi teléfono está en la mesa. My phone is on the table.
Los niños están en casa. The boys are at home.
Note:
When expressing location, use "en" to express "at" ("at home"). When expressing time, use
"a" to express "at" ("at two o'clock").
The following words can be used to express location without the word en.
As in English, the use of these words is relative (depending on the perspective of the
speaker).
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2.5 Spanish I
1. Mi familia feliz.
2. Mis primos y yo en la casa de mi abuela.
3. Las sobrinas de mis amigos orgullosas.
4. ¿Dónde tú?
5. Vosotros en la universidad.
6. Mi hermano muy contento.
7. Yo con mi familia en California.
8. Mis hijos en la casa de mi madre.
9. Mis abuelos bien.
10. ¿Cómo tus amigos?
MODELO:
Mis padres están contentos.
1. Mi esposa
2. Mis gatos
3. Mis primos
4. Mi hermana
5. Mis hermanos
6. Mi abuela
7. Mis tías
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La familia 2.5
8. Mis hijos
9. Mi sobrina
10. Mis cuñados
C. ¿Dónde está?
Use the following elements to form complete sentences following the model.
MODELO:
él/su casa Él está en su casa.
1. Roberto/Arcata
2. los estudiantes/clase
3. Mi cuaderno/mi mochila
4. yo/mi apartamento
5. guitarra/la mesa
6. ellos/el restaurante
7. mi perro/el sofá
8. Mi abuela/la cama
9. mis hermanas/el carro
10. vosotras/aquí
D. Preguntas originales
Using the question words (¿por qué?, ¿cuántos?, ¿dónde?, etc.) and the verb estar, write 10
original questions for your classmates.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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2.5 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be creative with your answers.
Use complete sentences and provide other answers for what people are doing.
1. ¿Cómo estás?
2. ¿Dónde estás tú en este momento?
3. ¿Cómo está tu mejor amigo?
4. ¿Dónde está tu mejor amigo?
5. ¿Cómo están tus primos?
6. ¿Dónde están tus primos ?
7. ¿Cómo están tus padres?
8. ¿Cómo está tu hermana?
9. ¿Dónde está tu hermana?
10. ¿Dónde está tu casa?
B. La conjugación de estar
Conjugate estar for the following subjects. Once you are done, compare your answers with
a classmate's and then check your answers. Make sure that you have spelled all
conjugations correctly. Pay special attention to the tildes.
yo nosotros
tú vosotros
usted ustedes
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La familia 2.5
MODELO:
(tus hijos)
¿Cómo están tus hijos?
Están contentos y orgullosos.
¿Dónde están (tus hijos)?
Están en la casa de mi madre.
D. Preguntas originales
Ask your classmate the question you wrote in the Para practicar en casa section. Write
their answers.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 2.6 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.6 Para Practicar en Casa.
105
2.6 Spanish I
Introduction:
In this section, we will practice a very common and useful verb: tener. First, we will learn
its conjugation, which is irregular. Then we will learn to use several useful idioms with the
verb tener. Lastly, we will learn to combine tener and other verbs with infinitives.
Tener means "to have" in English, but only in the sense of possession, as in "I have three
brothers"; it is not the same as the auxiliary verb "to have," as in "I have done that" or "I
have dinner" (as in "to eat").
Tener is an -er verb, but it is also irregular, so it does not exactly conjugate like comer.
However, the endings are the same, it is the stem that is irregular. You will learn more
verbs like tener, so it is important to get a good foundation to help you acquire other
irregular verbs.
Carefully study and practice saying out loud the full conjugation of tener.
Singular Plural
yo tengo nosotros/as tenemos
tú tienes vosotros/as tenéis
él ellos
ella tiene ellas tienen
usted ustedes
Note:
There is a "g" in the yo form.
There is a "stem change" (cambio de raíz) of e ➔ ie in the tú, usted, and ustedes forms.
That stem change does not appear in the yo, nosotros, or vosotros forms.
The endings are the same as all other -er verbs, like comer.
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La familia 2.6
2.6.b. To learn and be able to use special expressions with the verb tener
Besides referring to possession, tener is used to express states of being. In English, we use
other verbs, like "to be," for these ideas, so try not to think of these as direct (word-for-
word) translations, rather, focus on the meaning of what is being expressed.
Note:
*The expression tener calor refers to body heat. Be aware that ser/estar caliente referring
to people means to being attractive/horny. Picante refers to spicy hot.
107
2.6 Spanish I
Tener can be combined with the infinitives of other verbs to express "to feel like doing" and
"to have to do."
Besides tener, many other verbs can also be combined with infinitives of other verbs. Here
are some that you may have already learned.
MODELO:
¿Ustedes necesitan beber más agua?
Sí, necesitamos beber más agua.
¿Les gusta bailar?
Sí, nos gusta bailar.
¿Desean comer ahora?
Sí. Tenemos mucha hambre.
¿Deben responder en frases completas?
Sí, debemos responder en frases completas.
There are many other verbs that can be combined with infinitives.
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La familia 2.6
A. La conjugación de tener
Complete the following sentences by conjugating the verb tener according to the context.
B. Preguntas personales
Answer the following questions in complete sentences using the verb tener.
2. ¿Tienes sed?
3. ¿Tienes hambre?
6. ¿Tienes frío?
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2.6 Spanish I
9. ¿Tienes sueño?
C. La traducción
Translate the following into Spanish using the two verb structures discussed in this section.
D. Sujetos diferentes
Write each expression using the following subject pronouns: tú, él, nosotros, vosotros, ellas.
MODELO:
Tengo sed. Tienes sed, Tiene sed, Tenemos sed, Tenéis sed, Tienen sed.
1. Tengo hambre.
2. Tengo sueño.
3. Tengo miedo.
4. Tengo que estudiar.
5. Tengo ganas de comer.
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La familia 2.6
A. El verbo tener
• With a classmate, take turns practicing the conjugation of tener. Tell them a subject
pronoun (yo, tú, él, ella, usted, nosotros, vosotros, ellos, ellas) and they say the
conjugation.
• Continue taking turns, this time, instead of a subject pronoun, tell them a random
subject (mi hermano Tomás, los compañeros de clase, mi novia y yo).
• Finally, take turns conjugating the entire verb.
B. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions using complete sentences. Be
creative with responses to the open-ended questions.
1. ¿Tienes frío? ¿Quién tiene frío? ¿Tienes calor? ¿Cuándo tienes calor?
2. ¿Tienes hambre? ¿Quién tiene hambre? ¿Tienes sed? ¿Cuándo tienes sed?
3. ¿Tienes que trabajar hoy? ¿Tienes que estudiar hoy?
4. ¿Tienes prisa? ¿Cuándo tienes prisa?
5. ¿Tienes ganas de viajar? ¿Adónde tienes ganas de viajar?
6. ¿Cuántos años tienes? ¿Cuántos hermanos tienes? ¿Cuántas clases tienes este semestre?
7. ¿Tienes sueño? ¿Cuándo tienes sueño?
8. ¿Tienes miedo? ¿De qué tienes miedo?
9. ¿Debemos responder con frases completas?
10. ¿Tenemos que ser creativos?
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2.6 Spanish I
MODELO:
¿Tienes que trabajar hoy?
Sí, pero tengo ganas de bailar. ¿Tienes que estudiar hoy?
Sí, pero tengo ganas de escuchar música.
MODELO:
Bebo mucha agua. "Tengo sed."
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 2.7 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.7 Para Practicar en Casa.
112
La familia 2.7
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about EQUAL and UNEQUAL comparisons of nouns and
adjectives.
Preliminary Note:
Be very careful to use the correct subject pronoun for both sides of the comparison. In
conversational English, it is very common to use object pronouns instead of subject
pronouns for comparisons. Although this is common, it is technically grammatically
incorrect in formal English.
Note:
In formal English, we can repeat the verb or use the auxiliary verb "to do": (You have more
brothers than I have / You have more brothers than I do). However, the verb should not be
repeated in Spanish: (Tú lees tanto como yo).
To form EQUAL comparisons (comparaciones iguales) in English, we usually use "as .... as".
In Spanish, this is replaced with forms of "tanto ... como". The form of "tanto" depends on
what is being compared. Here are the formulas for EQUAL comparisons.
113
2.7 Spanish I
Sustantivos / Nouns
Español Inglés
Él tiene tanto dinero como ella. He has as many money as she does.
Ella tiene tanta ropa como nosotros. She has as much clothes as we have.
Compro tantos libros como tú. I'm buying as many books as you.
Ellos toman tantas clases como yo. They take as many classes as I do.
Note:
When comparing nouns, tanto functions as an adjective; therefore, there are four forms
depending on the gender and number of the noun (tanto, tanta, tantos, tantas).
Adjetivos / Adjectives
Español Inglés
Nosotros estamos tan cansados como él. We are as tired as he is.
Tú eres tan bonita como ella. You are as pretty as she is.
Ellos son tan estudiosos como yo. They are as studious as I am.
Yo estoy tan nervioso como ellas. I am as nervous as she is.
Note:
Don't forget that adjectives must agree with the noun they modify. With comparisons, there
are two nouns and the adjective should agree with the first one (the subject of the verb).
Sustantivos / Nouns
Español Inglés
Él tiene más dinero que ella. He has more money than she does.
Ella toma menos clases que nosotros. She takes fewer classes than we do.
Compro más libros que tú. I'm buying more books than you.
Ellos beben menos café que yo. They drink less coffee than I do.
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La familia 2.7
Note:
In English, we use "fewer" for things that can be counted individually (classes) and
"less" for things that are measured (coffee), abstract ideas (happiness), and nouns
without common plural forms (money).
Adjetivos / Adjectives
Español Inglés
Nosotros somos más activos que él. We are more active than he is.
Tú eres más bonita que ella. You are prettier than she is.
Ellos son menos estudiosos que yo. They are less studious than I am.
Yo estoy más aburrido que ellas. I am more bored than she is.
Note:
Notice how some translations have different structures in English. Don't forget that in
Spanish adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify.
As in English, there are some adjectives that are irregular. For example, we do not say: "she
is more good than someone else". Instead, we say: "she is better". Fortunately, some
irregular adjectives are the same in Spanish and English. Study the following irregular
adjectives.
Español Inglés
más bueno/a/os/as ➔ mejor/mejores more good ➔ better
más malo/a/os/as ➔ peor/peores more bad ➔ worse
more joven/es ➔ menor/menores more young ➔ younger
más viejo/a/os/as ➔ mayor/mayores more old ➔ older
MODELO:
Mi clase de biología es mejor que mi clase de matemáticas.
Este equipo es peor que el otro equipo.
Mi primo es menor que yo.
Mis padres son mayores que tus padres.
The superlatives (los superlativos) are a special type of comparison. Superlatives express
"the best", "the most", "the worst", etc. of a given set. Superlatives can be formed with most
adjectives. Always use the definite article to create superlatives. Here is the formula for
creating superlatives.
115
2.7 Spanish I
MODELO:
Bill Gates es la persona más rica del mundo.
El mandarín es el idioma más difícil de todos.
Las secoyas son los árboles más altos del mundo.
El fútbol es el deporte más popular de todos.
Note:
The adjective must agree with the noun it modifies, not necessarily the subject of the
sentence.
MODELO:
Kevin Durant es el mejor jugador de básquetbol este año.
Los estudiantes de español son los mejores estudiantes de HSU.
Los exámenes de química son los peores exámenes de todos los exámenes.
Meryl Streep es la mejor actriz de todas.
Mi hija es la menor de la familia.
Mi madre es la mayor de la familia.
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La familia 2.7
MODELO:
ser feliz (=) Mónica es tan feliz como Michelle.
1. ser alto (=)
2. ser inteligente (=)
3. ser bonito (=)
4. tener zapatos (=)
5. leer libros (=)
6. estar sano (=)
7. tener hermanos (=)
MODELO:
ser feliz (+) Melissa es más feliz que Mónica.
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2.7 Spanish I
C. Los superlativos
Nancy is Melissa, Mónica, and Michelle's friend, but she is rather extreme. She is the best.
Write superlative statements about her according to the clues.
MODELO:
feliz Nancy es la más feliz de todas.
1. ser alto
2. ser inteligente
3. ser bonito
4. ser bueno
5. ser viejo
D. Preguntas personales
Contesta las preguntas con frases completas.
6. ¿Quién es más alto que tú? ¿Quién es menos alto que tú?
7. ¿Quién toma más clases que tú? ¿Quién toma menos clases que tú?
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La familia 2.7
A. Entrevista
With a partner, take turns asking and answering the Preguntas personales from 2.7 Para
practicar en casa.
B. Conversaciones
With a partner or two, discuss the following:
MODELO:
tomar clases ➔ ¿Cuántas clases tomas? ➔ Tú tomas tantas clases como yo.
1. tener hermanos
2. ser alto
3. tener primas
4. tener años (mayor/menor)
5. ser atlético
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2.7 Spanish I
6. estar cansado
7. tener hambre
D. ¿Estereotipos?
Discuss the following pairs and form original EQUAL and UNEQUAL comparisons for a)
nouns and b) adjectives.
MODELO:
los hombres / las mujeres
a) sustantivo: Los hombres tienen tantos problemas como las mujeres.
b) adjetivo: Las mujeres son más inteligentes que los hombres.
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 2.8 Para Estudiar en Casa and 2.8 Para Practicar en Casa.
120
La familia 2.8
Introduction:
As we come to the end of the second chapter, we will continue our discussion of families with
particular emphasis on the cultural system of using two last names in the Spanish-speaking
world. In addition, before moving on to the next chapter, we will review the language and
culture topics that were covered in chapter 2 and complete a capstone project.
Read out loud the following passage a few times. Try to focus on the pronunciation of the
letters and the correct syllable stress. Use the context of the passage to help you understand
any words that you do not know. If you cannot figure out what a word means by using the
context, look up the meaning. There are questions and exercises based on this passage in the
"2.8: Para Practicar en Casa" section below.
Los apellidos indican las relaciones familiares con nuestros antepasados. Indican
que somos parte de unos grupos específicos (las familias de nuestros padres). En
muchos países donde se habla español es muy común que las personas tengan dos
apellidos. El sistema de dos apellidos es el resultado de muchos procesos
históricos.
En los Estados Unidos es más común sólo mantener el apellido del padre.
Entonces, ¿por qué tener dos apellidos? Pues, la respuesta es simple: tenemos el
apellido del padre y el apellido de la madre. Juntos los dos apellidos documentan
la decendencia familiar de la familia del padre y de la madre también.
Hoy día, hay debate sobre el orden de los apellidos, pero típicamente cuando nace
un bebé en un país hispanohablante, recibe dos apellidos, el primero es del padre y
el segundo es de la madre. Considerar este ejemplo.
Juan es el hijo de Pepe y Rosa. Pepe se llama Pepe Martínez Quiroz y Rosa se llama
Rosa González Montoya. Entonces, el nombre entero de Juan es: Juan Martínez
González.
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2.8 Spanish I
Below you will find the complete list of the chapter 2 learning objectives. You should
understand each of them. Review them carefully and, if you are unsure about any of them, go
back and review the explanations.
122
La familia 2.8
B. ¿Cómo se llama?
Based on what you learned in the passage above, what is the full name of the following
offspring?
MODELO:
123
2.8 Spanish I
C. Repaso (Review)
Review the chapter 2 learning objectives again and repeat the exercises in any section that
you think you need to practice more.
Materials- For this project you will need pictures of your family “members”. IF
you do not have access to pictures, or they are too personal, you MAY use
appropriate imagery that represents them (i.e., if I don’t have a picture of mi
hermano and he likes football, barbecuing, and spending time with friends, I can
use a picture(s) from the internet that depicts this). A minimum of 1 image per
“family member” is required.
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La familia 2.8
¿Cómo se llama?
Éste es (mi padre). Se llama (John).
¿Cómo es?
Es (profesión). Trabaja en (lugar).
Es (adjetivo), (adjetivo) y (adjetivo)
¿Cuántos años tiene?
Tiene (número) años.
¿Dónde vive y con quién(es)?
Vive en (lugar) con (personas).
¿Qué le gusta(n)?
Le gusta(n)…
¿Qué no le gusta(n)?
No le gusta(n)
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2.8 Spanish I
¿Cómo te llamas?
¿Cómo se apellida tu padre?
Sin casarse, ¿cómo se apellida tu madre?
In a small group, discuss the two last name system. How is it beneficial? Are there any
disadvantages? Should this be more common? Why or why not?
B. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.
1. Describe a tu familia. Incluye a tus padres, tus hermanos, tus abuelos, tus tíos y tus primos.
2. ¿Cuántas clases tomas este semestre? ¿Cuál es tu favorita? ¿Quién toma más?
3. ¿Dónde estudias?
4. Cuando tienes mucha sed, ¿qué bebes?
5. ¿Quién es el más alto, tú o tu compañero?
6. ¿Cómo están tus amigos?
7. ¿Quién enseña la clase de español?
8. ¿Tocas un instrumento musical? ¿Cuál?
9. ¿Adónde viajas normalmente?
10. ¿Cuál es tu deporte favorito? ¿Por qué?
11. ¿Por qué estudias en HSU?
12. ¿Cuándo miras la televisión?
13. ¿Con quién cenas? ¿Dónde cenas?
14. ¿Dónde trabajas?
126
La familia 2.8
C. Repaso
Practice the following with a partner
1. El género y el número
Take turns with a classmate to make the following masculine and singular.
MODELO:
las doctoras bajas
el doctor bajo
2. Las comparaciones
With a classmate, form comparisons with the following information. For unequal comparisons
say both possibilities.
MODELO:
ser alto / LeBron James o la profesora de la clase de español
LeBron James es más alto que la profesora
La profesora es menos alta que LeBron James.
127
2.8 Spanish I
3. La sílaba tónica
With a classmate, practice pronouncing the following words. Divide the words into syllables
and underline the stressed syllable. Don't worry about what the words mean; focus on the
syllable stress.
1. caballeros
2. escándalo
3. películas
4. trabajador
5. típico
6. inglés
7. banana
8. trabajar
9. arquitectura
10. maleta
4. Ensalada de verbos
Write the correct form of the verbs in parenthesis according to the context.
128
La familia 2.8
MODELO:
Estoy muy cansado. "Tengo sueño."
1. Son las 7:50. Roberto necesita tomar el autobús a las 8 y todavía está en casa.
2. Después de trabajar 8 horas y estar en clase toda la tarde, por fin, estoy en casa.
3. Estoy mirando una película de horror.
4. Nancy necesita beber agua.
5. Ustedes necesitan comer.
6. A mis hermanos les gusta tocar la guitarra. Tienen tiempo libre ahora.
7. Necesito una chaqueta.
8. 8 x 8 son 64.
Tarea:
Continue to review in order to be prepared for the Chapter 2 Assessment.
129
3
En casa
3.1 Learning Objectives:
a. To acquire vocabulary related to the rooms / parts of a house
b. To learn vocabulary related to furniture, appliances, and other household items
3.2 Learning objectives:
a. To learn what diphthongs are, how they are formed, and why they are important
b. To understand how diphthongs are broken
c. To be able to correctly pronounce words with and without diphthongs
3.3 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the present tense conjugation of the verb ir
b. To be able to use ir to tell to where someone is going and the contraction al
c. To be able to use ir to tell what someone is going to do
3.4 Learning objectives:
a. To be able to conjugate hacer, poner, salir, traer and caer
b. To understand e➔ie stem-changing verbs
c. To learn new e➔ie stem-changing verbs
3.5 Learning objectives:
a. To understand o➔ue stem-changing verbs
b. To learn new o➔ue stem-changing verbs
3.6 Learning objectives:
a. To learn e➔i stem-changing verbs
b. To be able to conjugate and understand the uses of ver and oír
c. To review e➔ie, o➔ue, and e➔i stem changing verbs
3.7 Learning objectives:
a. To understand the concept and structure of pronominal verbs
b. To learn important pronominal verbs
c. To be able to appropriately use common time-related expressions
3.8 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about living conditions for young people in Spain
b. To review what you learned in 3.1-3.8
130
En casa 3.1
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will study house / home related vocabulary. As with other vocabulary
lists, remember to study each new word with the definite article. Also, be sure to look up
any additional words that you might need to describe your own home.
The following vocabulary list features rooms and spaces of houses. Study carefully each
word. Pronounce them out loud and try to visualize your house or your ideal house.
Note:
There are several ways of expressing certain words. This depends on many things, like
regionalisms and dialects. For example, " the bedroom" can be expressed as: el cuarto, la
habitación, el dormitorio, la recámara, and la alcoba. While all of these words are
acceptable, we suggest that you learn one for now. Later, you may want to learn others
depending on where you travel and with whom you are speaking.
131
3.1 Spanish I
3.1.b. To learn vocabulary related to furniture, appliances, and other household items
In this section, we will consider each room separately and study words to describe
the items found in each room presented in the previous section.
En la cocina, hay...
el armario the cabinet
el mostrador the countertop
el cajón the drawer
el fregadero the kitchen sink
el refrigerador the refrigerator
la estufa the stove
el horno the oven
el microondas the microwave
la cafetera the coffee maker
En el baño, hay...
el espejo the mirror
el lavabo the bathroom sink
la bañera the bathtub
el inodoro the toilet
la ducha the shower
la toalla the towel
En el comedor, hay...
la mesa the table
las sillas the chairs
la vitrina the china cabinet
En la sala, hay...
el sofá the sofa / couch
el sillón the armchair
la mesa del centro the coffee table
el televisor / la televisión the television set
el control remoto the remote control
la alfombra the rug
En la habitación, hay...
la cama the bed
el clóset / el armario the closet / the armoire / the wardrobe
la mesita de noche the night table
En el despacho, hay...
el escritorio the desk
la lámpara the lamp
el estante the bookcase
la computadora / el ordenador the computer
132
En casa 3.1
MODELO:
I take a shower in el baño
1. I brush my teeth in
2. I eat breakfast in
3. I do my homework in
4. I park the car in
5. I swim in
6. I cook dinner in
7. I watch television in
8. I sleep in
B. ¿Dónde está?
Use the verb estar to tell in which room(s) you find the following items.
MODELO:
la cama La cama está en la habitación.
1. el lavabo
2. el fregadero
3. la estufa
4. el sillón
5. el escritorio
6. la cafetera
7. el inodoro
8. el estante
C. ¿El coche está en la piscina?
Answer the following questions and provide a logical response.
133
3.1 Spanish I
MODELO:
¿El coche está en la piscina? No, está en el garaje.
E. ¿Cómo se llama?
Use sticky notes or pieces of paper to label the parts of your house and the items in your
home. Every time you go by one of them, repeat the vocabulary words until you know them
all.
134
En casa 3.1
B. Asociaciones
Discuss with a classmate with which parts of a house, furniture, and household items you
associate with the following actions. Use as many vocabulary words as you can for each
action.
1. Estudiar
2. Cocinar
3. Dormir (to sleep)
4. Comer
5. Ducharse (to shower)
6. Estacionar (to park a car)
7. Mirar la televisión
8. Leer un libro
135
3.1 Spanish I
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 3.2 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.2 Para Practicar en Casa.
136
En casa 3.2
Introduction:
The focus of this section is diphthongs. Diphthongs occur when two vowels are pronounced
together as one syllable. This is the last major lesson on pronunciation.
3.2.a. To learn what diphthongs are, how they are formed, and why they are important
In English, we sometimes pronounce two vowels together. Carefully pronounce each of the
following English words.
sound three
fair load
bear weird
How many syllables does each word have, two or one? In these examples, two vowels are
linked to form one syllable, a diphthong. If, when you pronounce these words, you split the
diphthongs, they will not sound correct. Try it.
The same is true in Spanish; some vowels must be linked to form diphthongs and others
cannot form diphthongs. Besides correctly forming the syllables of a word, understanding
diphthongs will allow you to correctly stress all words as discussed in 2.3. A good
understanding of diphthongs will allow you to correctly pronounce all words in Spanish,
which is why diphthongs are so important.
The rules for diphthongs (los diptongos) are relatively easy in Spanish. Without getting into
linguistic terminology, we can say that there are two types of vowels: strong vowels and
weak vowels. Here is a way for you to remember which is which.
Not a very positive affirmation, but it does help to remember which vowels form
diphthongs. Only the weak vowels form diphthongs, only u and i (and sometimes y). Here is
the main rule of diphthongs in Spanish:
Any weak vowel next to any another vowel (weak or strong) will form a diphthong.
137
3.2 Spanish I
The order of the vowels does not matter (strong/weak or weak/strong). Any combination
of two vowels with at least one weak vowel will form diphthongs, but two strong vowels do
not. When a strong vowel is linked with a weak vowel, the main stress will be on the
stronger vowel. When two weak vowels are linked, the main stress will be on the last
vowel. Here are some examples of Spanish words with diphthongs.
aire agua
reina fuego
Luis ciudad
radio cuota
Note:
The letter h is not pronounced. Therefore, the letter h between two vowels does not block
the formation of diphthongs. For example, ahumar, prohibido, and ahijado form diphthongs
around the letter h.
When two strong vowels are next to each other, they do NOT form diphthongs. Here are a
few examples:
Sometimes a strong vowel can be surrounded by weak vowels. This is called a triphthong
(triptongo). Here are some examples.
Sometimes the letter u is silent. This occurs in the following combinations: gue, gui, que,
and qui. Since the u is silent, it does not combine with the other letters to form a triptongo.
The other letters may form a diptongo. Here are some examples.
Diphthongs form automatically any time at least one weak vowel is next to another vowel.
If the weak vowel is stressed, then it will require a written accent mark (tilde) and the
diphthong will be broken. Notice how, in the following examples, the tilde occurs on the
weak vowel. Pronounce each word carefully, separating the syllables and stressing the one
with the tilde.
día Raúl
reír reúno
oído evalúo
138
En casa 3.2
However, if the tilde is on the strong vowel (the one that is stressed anyway), the diphthong
is NOT broken. Notice how, in the following examples, the tilde occurs on the strong vowel.
Pronounce each word carefully, maintaining the diphthongs.
habláis cuándo
también quién
nación acentuó
Note:
When both vowels are weak, the tilde does not break the diphthong. This is not common.
Let's quickly review the pronunciation rules that were covered in 2.2.
As you can see, to apply these rules you must be able to correctly separate words into
syllables and to do that, you must understand when diphthongs are formed and when
diphthongs are broken. All words in Spanish follow these three pronunciation rules.
Here are some words with diphthongs that follow rule number 1 above.
Here are some words with diphthongs that follow rule number 2 above.
Here are some words with diphthongs that follow rule number 3 above.
139
3.2 Spanish I
A. Los diptongos I
Which of the following combinations of vowels would form diphthongs?
1. eo 2. ie
3. ai 4. ou
5. ua 6. ae
7. ao 8. ue
9. ui 10. eo
B. Los diptongos II
Which of the following combinations of vowels with tildes would form diphthongs?
1. uí 2. ié
3. ió 4. éi
5. eó 6. eú
7. úa 8. iú
9. áu 10. oá
1. eutanasia 2. juicio
3. pausa 4. coincidencia
5. ahilar 6. acentúan
7. androide 8. aeropuerto
9. guantes 10. acuático
140
En casa 3.2
D. Una trabalengua
Read the following tongue twister out loud several times. Use all you know about Spanish
pronunciation and be careful to correctly pronounce the diphthongs. Focus on the
pronunciation and not so much on the meaning. Querer means "to love" and "to want".
141
3.2 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.
B. Los diptongos
Underline the diphthongs and / or triphthongs in the following words. Divide the words
into syllables. Circle the stressed syllable. Practice pronouncing the words out loud.
1. función 2. opioide
3. estudiáis 4. europea
5. introducciones 6. miau
7. actuéis 8. áureo
9. veintisiete 10. guau
142
En casa 3.2
C. Las sílabas
With a classmate, identify any diphthongs and divide the words into syllables. Using the
pronunciation rules, underline the stressed syllable. Practice pronouncing the words out
loud.
1. trabalenguas 2. euforia
3. comedia 4. europea
5. introducciones 6. tauromaquia
7. laureado 8. ahí
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
1. Do you understand how diphthongs are formed and why they are important?
2. Do you know what happens to a diphthong when a tilde is on the weak vowel?
3. Do you know what happens to a diphthong when a tilde is on the strong vowel?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿"Monstruo" tiene diptongo?
b. ¿Tu nombre o apellido tiene diptongo?
c. ¿"Juego" tiene diptongo?
Tarea:
Complete 3.3 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.3 Para Practicar en Casa.
143
3.3 Spanish I
Introduction:
In this section, we will focus on two uses of a verb common and important verb: ir. We will
learn the full present tense conjugation of ir and be able to use it with locations to tell
where someone is going and with verbs to tell what someone is going to do.
Ir is an -ir verb, but it is also irregular. The endings are actually similiar to an -ar verb (like
hablar), but the stem changes by adding the letter v.
Singular Plural
yo voy nosotros/as vamos
tú vas vosotros/as vais
él ellos
ella va ellas van
usted ustedes
Note:
Notice that the endings are almost exactly like the verb estar, except that there are no tildes.
However, with estar, the tildes are required to force the stress to be on the syllables that
are stressed naturally in ir (therefore, the same syllable is stressed, but the tildes are not
required).
Carefully study and practice saying out loud the full conjugation of ir.
Note:
The nosotros conjugation, vamos, is often used as an equivalent of "Let's go".
144
En casa 3.3
3.3.b. To be able to use ir to tell to where someone is going and the contraction al
One of the uses of ir is to express to where someone is going. We use ir with the preposition
a (to) in order to ask and state: to where someone is going. As with other present tense
conjugations, the present tense of ir can refer to habitual, in progress, or near future
actions. Consider the following sentences.
Pregunta Respuesta
¿Adónde vas? Voy a mi casa.
¿Adónde va tu mejor amigo? Va a la biblioteca.
¿Adónde van los estudiantes? Van a la playa.
Whenever we state a destination, we must use the preposition a. As in the above questions,
the a can be attached to dónde to ask "to where". In the following examples, notice how the
word "to" can be omitted in English, but a cannot be omitted in Spanish.
Spanish English
Vamos a casa. We're going home.
Los niños van adentro. The boys are going inside.
In both English and Spanish, we often use the definite article when stating a destination.
Consider the following examples.
Spanish English
Van a la biblioteca. They're going to the library.
Va a la playa. She's going to the beach.
Vas a las montañas. You're going to the mountains.
Note:
Whenever the preposition a comes directly before the masculine singular definite article
(el), a contraction occurs.
a + el = al
This is similar to the other Spanish contraction: de + el = del. Both of these contractions
only occur with the masculine singular definite article. Consider the following examples.
Spanish English
Voy al parque. I'm going to the park.
Vas a la tienda. You're going to the store.
Va a las Islas Canarias. He's going to the Canary Islands.
Van a los lugares más interesantes del They're going to the most interesting
mundo. places in the world.
145
3.3 Spanish I
Ir can be used with infinitives of other verbs to tell what someone is going to do in the near
future. The structure is similar to English. In both languages, we use the verb "to go" (ir)
and the infinitive of another verb (el infinitivo). Some verbs always require a preposition in
order to be used with other verbs. This is the case with ir, we must always use the
preposition a. Here are a few examples:
Español Inglés
Voy a hablar. I am going to speak.
Vas a comer. You are going to eat.
Ellas van a escribir. They are going to write.
¿Vais a bailar? Are you going to dance?
Note:
We have already used the infinitive of the verb hacer (to do). This is a useful verb for asking
what someone is going to do. Notice that you can answer by replacing the verb hacer with
any other infinitive.
Pregunta Respuesta
¿Qué vas a hacer hoy? Voy a asistir a clase.
¿Qué vas a hacer este fin de semana? Voy a trabajar este fin de semana.
¿Qué van a hacer tus amigos mañana? Van a estudiar.
If your answer contains hacer, then you are limited to how you can finish the sentence.
Pregunta Respuesta
¿Qué vas a hacer hoy? Voy a hacer la tarea.
¿Qué vas a hacer este fin de semana? Voy a hacer la cama.
¿Qué van a hacer tus amigos mañana? Van a hacer mucho.
Here are some useful words and expressions to use with the future.
Español Inglés
mañana tomorrow (also morning)
esta tarde this afternoon
esta noche this evening/tonight
en dos días/semanas/meses in two days/weeks/months
más tarde later
146
En casa 3.3
1. Mi familia a Tejas.
2. Mis primos y yo a la casa de mi abuela.
3. Los sobrinos de mis amigos también.
4. ¿Adónde tú?
5. Vosotros a la universidad.
6. Mi hermano a Nueva York.
7. Yo a vivir en California.
8. Mis hijos a cocinar.
9. Mis abuelos a viajar.
10. ¿Qué a hacer ustedes?
B. ¿Adónde van?
Use the following elements to form complete sentences following the model. Use the verb ir
to tell to where each person is going. Don't forget the preposition a and be careful with the
contractions.
MODELO:
él/su casa Él va a su casa.
1. Roberto/Arcata
2. los estudiantes/clase
3. la profesora/su despacho
4. yo/mi apartamento
5. el presidente/México
6. ellos/el restaurante
147
3.3 Spanish I
7. mi perro/el garaje
8. Jorge/el baño
9. mis amigos/el patio
10. vosotras/jardín
1. Mi madre
2. Mis primos
3. Mi hermana
4. Mis tíos
5. Mi perro
6. Mi mejor amigo
7. Mi profesor de español
8. Mi padre
9. Mi abuelo
10. Y tú, ¿qué vas a hacer?
148
En casa 3.3
A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be creative with your answers.
Use complete sentences and provide other answers for what people are doing.
B. La conjugación de ir
Conjugate ir for the following subjects. Once you are done, compare your answers with a
classmate's and then check your answers. Make sure that you have spelled all conjugations
correctly.
yo nosotros
tú vosotros
usted ustedes
149
3.3 Spanish I
C. ¿Adónde vas?
With a classmate, use the verb ir to ask where they usually go at the following times.
MODELO:
(6:00 p.m.) ¿Adónde vas a las seis de la tarde?
Voy a mi casa.
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 3.4 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.4 Para Practicar en Casa.
150
En casa 3.4
Introduction:
In this section, we will focus on new verbs. Some are irregular in the yo form, others are
stem-changing. Once we understand how stem changing verbs work, we will learn a list of
new verbs and practice conjugating them in the present tense.
Tener is irregular in the first person (yo), because it has the letter g as part of the
conjugation. The following verbs share this special irregularity.
Spanish yo English
hacer hago to do, to make
poner pongo to put
salir salgo to go out
traer traigo to bring
caer caigo to fall
Note:
Traer and caer have an additional irregularity in the yo form, because of the letter i, which
forms part of a diphthong.
The conjugations for the rest of subject pronouns the same as regular -er or -ir verbs, like
comer or vivir. Here are the complete conjugations of these verbs.
151
3.4 Spanish I
MODELO:
¿Haces la tarea todos los días?
Sí, hago la tarea todos los días.
¿Sales con tus amigos con frecuencia?
Sí, salgo con mis amigos frecuentemente.
¿Dónde pones tus libros?
Pongo mis libros en mi mochila.
¿Siempre traes los libros a clase?
Sí, siempre traigo los libros a clase.
Verbs ending in -ar, -er, and -ir can be stem-changing. The endings follow regular -ar, -er,
and -ir verbs. There are three types of stem-changes (e➔ie, e➔i, and o➔ue). In this section,
we will focus on e➔ie.
Notice how the e of the infinitive becomes ie in all of the conjugations except nosotros and
vosotros. This pattern has led some to call these "boot" verbs.
pienso pensamos
piensas pensáis
piensa piensan
Tener is an e➔ie stem-changing verb, although tener is also irregular in the yo form.
Similarly, venir (to come) is an e➔ie stem-changing verb that is irregular in the yo form, just
like tener.
vengo venimos
vienes venís
viene vienen
MODELO:
¿Vienes a clase todos los días?
Sí, vengo a clase todos los días.
¿Piensas en español?
Sí, a veces pienso en español.
152
En casa 3.4
The following are important e➔ie stem-changing verbs. Usually, when these verbs are
presented they are followed by (ie) to indicate the stem change.
Español Inglés
cerrar (ie) to close
comenzar (ie) to begin / to start
empezar (ie) to begin / to start
entender(ie) to understand
pensar (ie) to think
perder (ie) to lose
preferir (ie) to prefer
querer (ie) to want, to love
sentir to feel
tener (ie) to have
venir (ie) to come
Note:
Comenzar and empezar both mean "to begin / to start". These verbs can be used with
infinitive of other verbs, but require the preposition a (empiezo a leer, comienzas a
caminar).
Note:
Pensar is often used with que, as in: Pienso que es importante (I think that it's important).
Pensar is also used with en, as in: Pienso en mi familia (I'm thinking about my family).
Pensar is also used with infinitives of other verbs. Pienso leer hoy (I plan to read today).
MODELO:
¿La profesora cierra la puerta del salón de clase?
Sí, siempre cierra la puerta.
¿A qué hora comienza la clase?
La clase empieza a las 2.
¿Entiendes los verbos nuevos?
Sí, entiendo los verbos nuevos.
¿Piensas que es importante practicar español todos los días.
Sí, pienso que sí.
¿Pierdes tus llaves con frecuencia?
No, no pierdo mis llaves con frecuencia.
¿Los estudiantes prefieren tener mucha tarea?
No, prefieren poca tarea.
¿Quieres salir con tus amigos esta noche?
Sí, quiero salir con ellos.
¿A qué hora vienes a mi casa.
Lo siento, no voy a tu casa hoy, porque tengo que trabajar.
153
3.4 Spanish I
154
En casa 3.4
C. Frases originales
Combine the following elements to create original sentences. Mix and match the elements.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
D. Preguntas personales
Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
155
3.4 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be creative with your answers.
Use complete sentences.
156
En casa 3.4
C. ¿Cuál verbo?
Based on the meanings, choose the most logical verb to complete each sentence. Then
conjugate the verb according to the context. Check your answers with a classmate.
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 3.5 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.5 Para Practicar en Casa.
157
3.5 Spanish I
Introduction:
In this section, we will learn new verbs with another type of stem-change, o➔ue stem-
changing verbs. We will acquire new verbs and use the days of the week to practice the
new verbs.
You have already learned how stem-changing verbs work. Remember "the boot?" There are
stem changes for all subjects, except nosotros and vosotros. Just like we saw in 3.4 with
pensar and other e➔ie stem-changing verbs, -ar, -er, and -ir verbs can feature this new
stem-change (o-ue) for all conjugations, except nosotros and vosotros.
vuelvo volvemos
vuelves volvéis
vuelve vuelven
There is one verb that is considered part of this group. However, there is no letter o in the
infinitive. The verb jugar changes from u➔ue. It is the only commonly used Spanish verb
with this specific stem-change.
juego jugamos
juegas jugáis
juega juegan
Español Inglés
Juega al baloncesto. He's playing basketball.
Jugamos al ajedrez. We're playing chess.
158
En casa 3.5
The following are important o➔ue stem-changing verbs. Usually, when these verbs are
presented they are followed by (ou) to indicate the stem change.
Español Inglés
almorzar (ue) to have lunch
contar (ue) to count / to tell
costar (ue) to cost
dormir (ue) to sleep
devolver (ue) to return something
encontrar (ue) to find
jugar (ue) to play
mostrar (ue) to show
poder (ue) to be able to
probar (ue) to taste / to try
recordar (ue) to remember
soñar (ue) to dream
volver (ue) to return someplace
Note:
As mentioned above, jugar is an exception, because the u of the stem changes ue, not the o.
Soñar is often used with the preposition con to mean: to dream "about." Sueña con viajar =
He dreams about traveling.
Poder is frequently used with infinitives of other verbs: Puedo nadar bien = I can swim well.
MODELO:
¿A qué hora almuerzas normalmente?
Normalmente, almuerzo a la 1.
¿Quién cuenta buenas historias?
Mi papá cuenta buenas historias.
¿Cuánto cuesta una hamburguesa en Stars?
Cuesta cinco dólares.
¿Cuántas horas duerme la profesora cada noche?
Duermo 8 horas cada noche.
¿Siempre devuelven los libros a la biblioteca?
Sí, siempre devolvemos los libros.
¿Los estudiantes encuentran la información que necesitan?
Sí, encuentran la información.
¿Juegas al fútbol?
Sí, juego al fútbol.
¿El profesor muestra la información en la pizarra?
Sí, él puede dibujar también.
¿Recuerdas que hay una prueba (quiz) hoy?
Sí, y sueño con sacar una A.
159
3.5 Spanish I
160
En casa 3.5
C. ¿Cuál verbo?
Choose the correct verb for the context and conjugate it appropriately.
1. Mi perro (dormir / recordar) en mi cama.
2. ¿Cuánto (poder / costar) el estante?
3. Mi novia (almorzar / probar) conmigo los lunes.
4. Mi compañero de casa (soñar / jugar) con ser rico algún día.
5. El profesor (mostrar / almorzar) la gramática nueva.
D. Preguntas personales
Contesta las preguntas con frases completas.
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3.5 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
With a classmate, write 6-8 original questions using the following verbs. Then, find another
partner to interview. Write their answers, then, report back to your original partner.
Preguntas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Respuestas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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En casa 3.5
B. Ideas originales
With a partner, use the structure of the given sentence as a model, but add original
elements (replace the italicized word) for each new subject. Then, share your sentences
with the class.
163
3.5 Spanish I
C. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 3.6 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.6 Para Practicar en Casa.
164
En casa 3.6
Introduction:
In this section, we cover the last type of stem-change: e➔i. We will consider the subtle
differences between ver/mirar and oír/escuchar. Since you have learned all three types of
stem-changing verbs, we will practice all of them together.
e➔i stem-changing verbs work just like the other stem-changing verbs that you have
already learned. Remember that the endings are regular and there is no stem-change for
the nosotros and vosotros forms. This is the only stem-change that also affects the present
participle (pidiendo, repitiendo, consigiendo etc.)
pido pedimos
pides pedís
pide piden
río reímos
ríes reís
ríe ríen
The following are important e➔i stem-changing verbs. Usually, when these verbs are
presented they are followed by (i) to indicate the stem change.
Español Inglés
competir (i) to compete
conseguir (i) to get / to obtain
corregir (i) to correct
medir (i) to measure
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3.6 Spanish I
Note:
You may notice some patterns within this list of verbs. For example, if you know how to
conjugate seguir, then you will know how to conjugate conseguir. The same is true with reír
and sonreír. Another repeating pattern within these verbs is: -edir in medir/pedir and
-etir in competir/repetir.
The verb corregir is irregular in the yo form, because the sound of the letter g changes
depending on the vowel that follows. Pronounce the following: corregir, corrijo and
corrigo*. The g changes to j for the yo form in order to preserve the sound of the infinitive.
MODELO:
En este restaurante, siempre pido la pizza, pero mi hermana pide la ensalada.
Sí, la pizza que sirven es excelente.
Yo corrijo mi tarea y el profesor corrige los exámenes.
Repito que es importante repetir las prácticas.
El cómico sonríe y el público ríe mucho.
El carpintero mide dos veces antes de cortar.
Los estudiantes siguen las instrucciones.
3.6.b. To be able to conjugate and understand the uses of ver and oír
Ver and oír are slightly irregular. Their counterparts, mirar and escuchar, are regular
conjugations.
Note:
As you can see, ver is only irregular in the yo form, because the letter e is not dropped.
Oír is also irregular in the yo form, like tengo, pongo, and traigo. In addition, the i is not
dropped, except in the vosotros form, and it becomes a y (the Greek i = i griega). This also
occurs in the present participle: oyendo.
As always, it is best to practice pronouncing the conjugations of new verbs several times.
166
En casa 3.6
In English, seeing and hearing are more passive, while watching and listening are more
active. Occasionally, these verbs are interchangeable in English, but most of the time, they
are not. Consider the following examples:
Passive Active
I see the television. I watch the television.
You hear a noise. You listen to a noise.
It is more common in Spanish that ver and mirar can be used interchangeably, the same for
oír and escuchar. Be aware that this is the case, so that you can appropriately understand
the difference from the context, but it is recommended that you use them as you would in
English. Consider the following examples; think about what they mean and how you might
translate them to English.
MODELO:
Miro la televisión por la noche.
Veo un barco en el mar.
Miran la Serie Mundial cada año.
Ven a su amiga caminando en la calle.
Escucho las noticias en la radio.
Oigo el ruido de los vecinos.
Escuchamos las instrucciones.
Oímos la música toda la noche.
There are three types of stem-changing verbs and the stem-change is usually indicated in
parenthesis following the infinitive of the verb.
e➔ie o➔ue e➔ i
querer (ie) poder (ue) servir (i)
Stem-changes in the present tense do not affect the nosotros or vosotros forms. These are
sometimes called "boot" verbs. The endings are the same as regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs.
cierro cerramos
cierras cerráis
cierra cierran
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3.6 Spanish I
tengo tenemos
tienes tenéis
tiene tienen
sonrío sonreímos
sonríes soneís
sonríe sonríen
It is important to pronounce the conjugations of these verbs in order to learn the stem-
changes.
Here is a complete list of all of the important stem-changing verbs presented thus far.
e➔ie o➔ue e➔ i
cerrar (ie) almorzar (ue) competir (i)
comenzar (ie) contar (ue) conseguir (i)
empezar (ie) costar (ue) corregir (i)
entender(ie) dormir (ue) medir (i)
pensar (ie) devolver (ue) pedir (i)
perder (ie) encontrar (ue) reír (i)
preferir (ie) jugar (ue) repetir (i)
querer (ie) mostrar (ue) seguir (i)
sentir poder (ue) servir (i)
tener (ie) probar (ue) sonreír (i)
venir (ie) recordar (ue) ---
--- soñar (ue) ---
--- volver (ue) ---
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En casa 3.6
B. Ver/mirar y oír/escuchar
Use the context of each sentence to choose the correct verb from the options. Then,
conjugate in the present tense. Remember to use the meaning in English, but be aware that
even in these cases, these verbs are often interchangeable in Spanish.
¿Ver o mirar?
1. ¿ tú a la persona allí? Creo que es mi ex.
2. Cada noche mi hermana y yo nuestro programa favorito.
3. Está oscuro. No (yo) muy bien.
4. En la próxima esquina (corner) que (tú), dobla a la
derecha (turn right).
5. En el parque por la tarde, él a la gente paseando.
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3.6 Spanish I
¿Oír o escuchar?
6. Los estudiantes atentamente a la explicación de la profesora.
7. El volumen está muy bajo. Nosotros no muy bien.
8. En la distancia, nosotros las campanas de la iglesia (church bells).
9. Hijo mío, ¿cuántas veces tengo que repetir? Tú me , pero
no me .
170
En casa 3.6
D. Preguntas personales
Contesta las preguntas con frases completas.
171
3.6 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
Ask and answer the following questions with a classmate.
MODELO:
Estudiante A: Dormir.
Estudiante B: Dormir, o➔ue, duermes.
172
En casa 3.6
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 3.7 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.7 Para Practicar en Casa.
173
3.7 Spanish I
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will learn about a new type of verb, the pronominal verb. The structure is
straightforward, but the concept is often confusing to English speakers. You will learn
many important pronominal verbs, many having to do with your daily routine. Lastly, we
will practice some prepositions of time, so that you can tell the order of the things that you
do during your daily routine.
You have already learned some conjugations of at least one pronominal verb. Do you
remember how to say, "What's your name"?
¿Cómo te llamas?
Llamarse is a pronominal verb. That means that when you conjugate it, it has an extra
pronoun. These are sometimes called "se" verbs, because when they are presented in the
infinitive form, the pronoun "se" is added to the end, as in "llamarse".
Pronominal verbs can be -ar, -er, or -ir verbs. When we conjugate these verbs, there are
always three elements, 1) the subject, 2) the pronoun, and 3) the conjugation. In order to be
grammatically correct, all three elements must agree. Although all three elements must
refer to the same subject, the subject is not always explicitly stated.
In Spanish, we specify the subject, as needed, according to the context, as was discussed in
1.4. The subject of "me llamo" must be "yo", therefore it is normally omitted.
174
En casa 3.7
Español Inglés
dormir (ue) to sleep
dormirse (ue) to fall alseep
llamar to call
llamarse to be named
poner to put, to place
ponerse to put on (oneself)
Pronominal or Reflexive?
Pronominal verbs are sometimes called "reflexive" verbs by teachers and textbooks.
Reflexive is when the action is received by the doer of the action. The equivalent pronouns
in English are: "myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and
themselves", and so they are also referred to as "self" verbs. In English, we do not always
use this pronoun, because is understood by the context. For example, if you say: "I shaved",
it is understood that you shaved yourself. If you shaved someone else, you would add a
pronoun to indicate that, like "I shaved him".
It is true that some pronominal verbs are reflexive, but not all. There are many examples of
this: Does a book call itself anything? Llamarse is not reflexive, it just has an extra
pronoun. In fact is the other way around. All reflexive verbs are pronominal, but not all
pronominal verbs are reflexive. To call all pronominal verbs reflexive is like saying all dogs
are chihuahuas, instead of saying all chihuahuas are dogs. Therefore, it is better not to think
of these verbs as reflexives, rather as pronominal or se verbs, verbs that have an extra
pronoun.
These pronouns usually go before the conjugated verb. Consider the following examples.
MODELO:
Me llamo María y mi hermano se llama Tomás.
Me acuesto y pronto me duermo.
Cuando tengo frío, me pongo una chaqueta.
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3.7 Spanish I
When the structure of a sentence contains two verbs, there are often two possibilities:
1) before the conjugated verb and 2) attached to the infinitive.
The following list of common pronominal verbs contains many verbs that are related to
your daily routine, specifically, things we do everyday.
Español Inglés
acostarse (ue) to lay down / to go to bed
afeitarse to shave (oneself)
bañarse to bathe/to take a bath
cepillarse los dientes/el pelo to brush one's teeth/hair
despedirse (i) to say good-bye
despertarse (ie) to wake up
divertirse (ie) to have fun
ducharse to shower
graduarse to graduate
lavarse las manos/el pelo to wash one's hands/hair
levantarse to get up
llamarse to be named
maquillarse to put makeup on (oneself)
peinarse to comb one's hair
ponerse to put on (oneself)
quedarse to stay
quitarse to take off
secarse to dry (oneself)
sentarse (ie) to sit down
sentirse (ie) to feel
vestirse (i) to get dressed
MODELO:
En la mañana, me despierto a las 7:30. Me quedo acostada unos 10 minutos.
Después, me levanto. Voy al baño y me cepillo los dientes. Me quito la pijama.
Me ducho y me afeito. Antes de vestirme, me seco y me maquillo. Desayuno
en la cocina. Me cepillo el pelo, me pongo la chaqueta y salgo para la
universidad. Depués de mis clases, almuerzo con mis amigos.
En la tarde, me siento cansada. Vuelvo a casa y me acuesto un rato. Más tarde,
salgo con mis amigas y nos divertimos mucho.
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En casa 3.7
Note:
Since the pronoun associated with the verbs often indicates who receives the action of the
verb, we use definite articles in Spanish instead of the possessive adjectives:
Español Inglés
me cepillo los dientes I brush my teeth
me lavo la cara I wash my face
In this chapter, you have studied many new verbs. Additionally, you will be discussing your
daily routine. In order to do so effectively, you need to know how to describe a series of
activities. The following list of adverbs and time-related expressions will help you to
describe, in order, the sequence of actions that make up your daily routine.
Español Inglés
antes (de) before
primero first
segundo second
tercero third
después (de) afterwards/after
por último lastly
finalmente finally
en seguida immediately
muy pronto very soon/quickly/right away
temprano early
luego later
más tarde later
hasta until
durante 2 horas/minutos/días for 2 minutos/hours/days
MODELO:
Me despierto muy temprano. Primero me levanto. Segundo me quito el
pijama y tercero me visto. En seguida voy a la cocina. Tomo un poco de café y
leo el periódico, pero antes preparo mi almuerzo. Después, voy al baño y me
cepillo los dientes durante 2 minutos. Por último me peino y finalmente
estoy listo para ir a clase.
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3.7 Spanish I
Some expressions can be used with other time references that you have already studied.
MODELO:
Después de las 7:30 tengo tiempo para estudiar. Antes de las 8:30 estoy lista
para salir, pero no voy a la universidad hasta las 9.
Some expressions can be used with the infinitive verb form. The only verb form that should
follow a preposition (de, a, para, etc.) is the infinitive.
MODELO:
Estudio hasta terminar el capítulo. Antes de acostarme, me cepillo los
dientes. Después de ponerme la pijama, me acuesto y me duermo.
Note:
In English, we would use the gerund (present participle) after a preposition (antes de
acostarme = before laying down).
178
En casa 3.7
B. ¿Cuál verbo?
Choose the most appropriate verb and write the correct verb form according to the context.
179
3.7 Spanish I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Now, conjugate them in the present tense to describe your habitual actions
(i.e. Me cepillo los dientes en el baño.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Now use ir + infinitivo to describe what you are going to do tomorrow. Remember that you
have two options for pronoun placement. Try to use both.
(i.e. Voy a cepillarme los dientes en el baño. Me voy a cepillar los dientes en el baño.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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En casa 3.7
D. Mi rutina diaria
Write your daily routine. Use as many actions as possible. Indicate the order that you do
the actions using the time-related expressions. Indicate in what part of the house you do
the actions. Try to be as detailed as possible.
En la mañana,
Por la tarde,
En la noche,
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3.7 Spanish I
A. Las asociaciones
With a partner, write which part of the house, which furniture and/or appliances you
associate with the following actions. Can you associate any other verbs or words with
these? See which group can find the most associations.
1. despertarse
2. cepillarse los dientes
3. maquillarse
4. afeitarse
5. vestirse
6. ducharse
7. peinarse
8. sentarse
9. divertirse
10. acostarse
B. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be creative with your answers.
Use complete sentences.
182
En casa 3.7
6. ¿Cuándo te gradúas?
7. ¿Te diviertes con tus amigos los viernes?
8. Tus amigos y tú, ¿se despiden con besos y abrazos?
9. ¿Te maquillas?
10. ¿Qué haces después de ducharte?
C. La secuencia de actividades
Thinking of your daily routine, fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of pronominal
verbs that would normally have the sequence indicated.
1. Primero y segundo
2. Antes de , yo siempre
3. y en seguida
4. Siempre las 8 de la mañana, luego
5. Normalmente , luego
6. , más tarde
7. y , por fin
8. muy temprano, por eso mucho.
9. Después de , normalmente yo
10. hasta muy tarde, por eso mucho.
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 3.8 Para Estudiar en Casa and 3.8 Para Practicar en Casa.
183
3.8 Spanish I
Introduction:
In this chapter, we discussed our homes and daily routines. We will use an LTE (Letter To
the Editor) sent to a Spanish newspaper to discuss current economic living conditions in
Spain. Also, before moving on to chapter 4, we will review the language and culture topics
from chapter 3 and complete a capstone project.
El País is a Spanish Newspaper. In August of 2005, Carolina Alguacil, a 27 year old woman,
wrote an opinion piece titled: Yo soy "mileurista".
Yo soy "mileurista"
Follow the link to read the original letter in which she coined the term "mileurista". The
letter describes the economic situation of her generation, highly educated individuals who
could only find employment that would pay around 1000 euros per month (mil - eur -ista).
Unfortunately, high unemployment, low wages, and a cost of living equal to other countries
in Europe where salaries are higher, have continued to deteriorate the situation. Carolina
Alguacil was complaining about her generation's salaries, but since then, other terms, like
"nimileurista" (not even mileurista) and seiscientos eurista have been coined.
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En casa 3.8
Below you will find the complete list of the chapter 3 learning objectives. You should
understand each of them. Review them carefully and, if you are unsure about any of them,
go back and review the explanations.
185
3.8 Spanish I
A. Comprensión de lectura
Answer the following questions based on the LTE: Yo soy "mileurista".
1. Según la lectura, ¿cuántos años tiene un mileurista?
5. ¿Quién se ríe cuando dice que gana "nine hundred and ninety seven euros"?
B. ¿Eres mileurista?
Think about and answer the following questions based on your own experience. If needed,
look up information.
1. Immediately after graduation from college, how much do you expect to earn per month?
2. What is the monthly minimum wage in California? What percentage of that would go to
the typical rent?
3. Why are they laughing at the mileurista at the end of the letter?
4. How do you think this generation of mileuristas feels about their future?
186
En casa 3.8
C. Repaso (Review)
Review the chapter 3 learning objectives again and repeat the exercises in any section that
you think you need to practice more.
Materials- For this project you will need pictures of the rooms in your house.
IF you prefer, you MAY use appropriate imagery that represents them (i.e., if
I don’t have a picture of a living room, I can use a picture(s) from the internet
that portrays it. A minimum of 1 image per “residential space” is required.
187
3.8 Spanish I
A. ¿Somos mileuristas?
In a group of 3 or 4 classmates, discuss the reading: Yo soy "mileurista". Be sure to address
the following topics:
B. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following.
188
En casa 3.8
C. Repaso
Practice the following with a partner.
1. El Vocabulario
With a partner, discuss how each of these sentences could be changed to make sense. Try to
find multiple options for each by using this chapter's vocabulary.
MODELO:
¿El lavabo está en la habitación? No, el lavabo está en la cocina.
No, el inodoro está en el baño.
No, la bañera está en el baño, etc.
2. Las sílabas
With a classmate, divide the following words into syllables. Using the pronunciation rules,
underline the stressed syllable. Practice pronouncing the words out loud.
1. cuarto 2. maestro
3. país 4. australiano
5. miércoles 6. impermeable
7. monstruo 8. siempre
189
3.8 Spanish I
5. Mi rutina diaria
With a partner, take turns describing your daily routine. Be sure to include the days of the
week, the places in your home where certain actions are performed, and your class and
work schedule.
190
En casa 3.8
7. Mi casa
With a partner, discuss your current apartment or home, or the apartment or house where
you grew up. Specifically, try to use as much of the vocabulary from this chapter to tell ¿qué
hay? in each room.
8. Mi casa ideal
With a partner, take turns describing your ideal house. Discuss where it would be, how
many rooms, and all the things inside it.
Tarea:
Continue to review in order to be prepared for the Chapter 3 Assessment.
191
4
De compras
4.1 Learning Objectives:
a. To acquire vocabulary related to clothes and accessories
b. To learn vocabulary related to colors, patterns, and materials
c. To practice shopping-related vocabulary
4.2 Learning objectives:
a. To review the main use of the tilde
b. To learn the other use of the tilde
c. To recognize and understand common examples of some "twin" words
4.3 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about direct object pronouns and their function
b. To learn about the "personal a"
c. To be able to use direct object pronouns with infinitives
4.4 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the conjugations and uses of saber and conocer
b. To learn the conjugations and uses of ser and estar
c. To learn about adjectives that change meaning with ser and estar
4.5 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about indefinite and negative adverbs and their uses
b. To learn about indefinite and negative nouns and their uses
c. To learn about indefinite and negative adjectives and their uses
4.6 Learning objectives:
a. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative adjectives
b. To be able to understand and use the demonstrative pronouns
c. To be able to understand and use the neuter demonstrative pronouns
4.7 Learning objectives:
a. To be able to form the present participle and the present progressive
b. To understand the uses of the present participle and present progressive
c. To be able to use the present progressive with certain pronouns
4.8 Learning objectives:
a. To practice interpersonal exchanges between a salesclerk and a customer
b. To review what you learned in 4.1 - 4.8
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De compras 4.1
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will study colors and patterns, clothes and accessories, and shopping-
related vocabulary. As with other vocabulary lists, remember to study each new noun with
the definite article. Also, be sure to look up any additional words that you might need to
describe your own clothes.
The following vocabulary list features common clothes and accessories. Study carefully
each word. Pronounce them out loud and try to visualize them on yourself or a friend.
193
4.1 Spanish I
Note:
Ropa is a singular noun that refers to something plural: clothes. You do not have to
pluralize it.
There are several ways of expressing certain words. This depends on many things, like
regionalisms and dialects. For example, "jeans" can be expressed as: los bluejeans, los
vaqueros, even pantalones, etc. While all of these words are acceptable, we suggest that you
learn one for now. Later, you may want to learn others depending on where you travel and
with whom you are speaking.
MODELO:
¿Qué llevas hoy?
Hoy, llevo unas sandalias, unos pantalones cortos y una camiseta.
¿Qué llevas tú?
Llevo unos zapatos, unos calcetines, una falda y una blusa. También llevo dos
anillos, unos aretes, un brazalete y un collar.
¿Qué llevas para dormir?
Llevo unas pijamas.
¿Qué llevas para nadar?
Llevo un traje de baño.
¿Qué llevas para un evento elegante?
Llevo un vestido y unos zapatos de tacón.
¿Qué lleva el presidente?
Lleva unos zapatos y un traje con una corbata.
Note:
Normally, in both English and Spanish, we use the indefinite article for articles of clothes.
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De compras 4.1
In this section, we will learn vocabulary related to colors and patterns. Colors are often
used as adjectives, so there are four forms for most of them. The gender and number of
colors follow the same rules discussed in 2.1. Study and pronounce each word carefully.
Note:
Azul, gris, púrpura, rosa, verde, and violeta have only one singular form. Púrpura and violeta
are also exceptions in the plural, because the vowel does not change (unos pantalones
púrpuras).
MODELO:
¿Qué llevas hoy?
Llevo una falda de lunares, una corbata de seda y unos zapatos de cuero.
¿Qué joyas llevas hoy?
Llevo unos aretes de plata y un collar de plata.
¿De qué es esta camiseta?
Es de algodón.
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4.1 Spanish I
In this section, we will learn vocabulary related to shopping. In the vocabulary list below,
you will find nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Study each word carefully and try to relate it to
something personal in your life. Be sure to pronounce each word carefully out loud.
Spanish English
el almacén the department store
el centro comercial the mall
el mercado the market
la plaza the plaza
la tienda the store
la ganga the bargain
el precio (fijo) the price (the fixed price)
las rebajas the sales
barato cheap
caro expensive
cómodo comfortable
de moda in fashion / trendy
comprar to buy
llevar to wear/to take/to carry
regatear to haggle
usar to wear/to use
vender to sell
MODELO:
¿Adónde vas hoy?
Voy al centro comercial para comprar ropa nueva.
¿Qué buscas?
Necesito comprar unos pantalones nuevos, pero baratos. Por eso, espero
encontrar una ganga o, si no tiene precio fijo, pienso regatear.
Debes ir a la nueva tienda en la plaza. Allí venden de todo. No tienen muchas cosas
caras y hoy tienen rebajas. Siempre encuentro gangas y puedes regatear.
Perfecto. ¿Quieres ir conmigo?
Sí, pero no puedo ir hasta la tarde porque la ropa que quiero usar está en la lavadora.
¿Qué ropa?
Mi falda de rayas y mi blusa blanca. ¿Puedes esperar?
No. Tengo una cita con mi novio a las 3 de la tarde.
Bueno, buena suerte con las compras.
Gracias por la información. Hasta luego.
Hasta pronto, chica.
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A. Mi ropa
Use the new vocabulary and write down all the items that you have of the following colors,
patterns, and materials. Don't forget your accessories.
MODELO:
verde: camiseta, corbata, camisa, pantalones, calcetines, anillo
1. blanco
2. rojo
3. azul
4. gris
5. negro
6. de rayas
7. de oro
8. de cuero
9. de algodón
10. de seda
MODELO:
Tengo un cinturón marrón. Es de rayas y de cuero.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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4.1 Spanish I
7.
8.
9.
10.
C. ¿De qué color es?
Complete the following sentences with colors. Be sure to match agreement with gender and
number where appropriate. You may provide additional information.
1. Mi camisa favorita es
2. Quiero un coche
3. Mi habitación es
4. Mis pantalones favoritos son
5. Mi cartera es
6. Mis botas favoritas son
7. Mi traje favorito es
8. Mi traje de baño favorito es
9. Mi cinturón favorito es
10. Mis zapatos favoritos son
D. ¿Qué llevas?
Use complete sentences to answer the following questions based on your own preference.
Include as much information as possible, like colors, patterns, and materials.
MODELO:
¿Qué llevas para dormir? Llevo unos pantalones cortos y una camiseta.
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De compras 4.1
1. el dinero
2. la bandera (flag) americana
3. el cielo (sky)
4. la sangre (blood)
5. la nieve (snow)
6. una manzana (apple)
7. las flores
8. un arco iris (rainbow)
9. el bosque
10. el amor
B. En la tienda
Discuss with a classmate where you might go to purchase the following items. Tell them the
name of the store, if the items are expensive or not, how much they cost, etc.
MODELO:
un reloj de oro
¿Adónde vas para comprar un reloj de oro?
Voy a Sears en el centro comercial. Venden todo barato, tienen
mucha selección y muchas rebajas. Un reloj cuesta menos de $100.
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4.1 Spanish I
C. ¿Entrevista?
With a partner, ask and answer the following questions in complete sentences. Include as
much detail as possible, such as colors, patterns, and materials.
D. Diseño de moda
With a classmate, design a new male or female outfit or "look" for this winter. What are the
accessories that will accompany your design? Color your drawing and/or use labels to
indicate the color, pattern, and material of each item. When you are done, share your
design by showing the drawing and describing all of the items.
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
1. Do you know the Spanish words for different articles of clothing and accessories?
2. Can you name all the colors, patterns, and materials in Spanish?
3. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Qué llevas hoy?
b. ¿Qué lleva el profesor?
c. ¿Adónde vas para comprar unos jeans nuevos?
d. ¿Qué hay en tu clóset?
Tarea:
Complete 4.2 Para Estudiar en Casa and 4.2 Para Practicar en Casa.
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De compras 4.2
Introduction:
The focus of this section is the tilde that you sometimes see over a vowel in Spanish. The
tilde has two functions. The main function of the tilde, as you have already learned in 2.2, is
to change the stressed syllable of the word. The other use of the tilde is to indicate a
difference between two words (twins) that are pronounced (and stressed) exactly the
same.
As you recall, every word in Spanish has one syllable that is stressed more than the rest. If
there is no tilde, the only options are the last syllable or the second to last syllable, always
based on the last letter of the word. The tilde breaks those rules and allows any syllable to
be stressed. Here are the rules as summarized in 2.2.
With these rules and the understanding of diphthongs presented in 3.2, you should be able
to correctly stress any word in Spanish. Below are examples of words that follow each rule;
the stressed syllable is underlined.
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4.2 Spanish I
The other use of the tilde, besides changing the normally stressed syllable of a word, is to
indicate a different connotation of a word that is pronounced the same way. One of the
twins does not have a tilde and the other twin does. They are pronounced exactly the same,
but have different meanings. These words are called homonyms. You have already seen a
number of these words.
Español Inglés
tu yours
tú you
el the
él he
que that
qué what
como I eat
cómo how
MODELO:
¿Tú tienes tu libro?
Sí.
Y tu hermano, ¿él tiene el otro?
Sí. ¿Qué quieres? ¿Quieres el libro que él tiene?
Note:
Although these words are pronounced exactly the same, they have different meanings. This
difference in meaning is often understood by the context and, when written, indicated by
the tilde.
Remember that interrogative words always have tildes when functioning as a question.
Interrogative words can be used as direct or indirect questions (or exclamations), in which
case, they have tildes. Carefully consider the following.
However, interrogative words can be used as relative pronouns, in which case, they are not
questions and do not have tildes. Although the translation may be the same, the function is
different. In this case, the functional difference is indicated by the tilde.
The following list of common examples of "twin" words will be very helpful as you develop
your abilities in Spanish. Carefully study each word. Pronounce each one out loud and think
about how you might use it in a sentence.
Español Inglés
si / sí if / yes
tu / tú your / you
mi / mí my / (to) me
el / él the / he
te /té to you / tea
se / sé -self (pronoun) / I know (verb conj.)
mas / más but / more
de / dé of, from / give (verb form of dar)
solo / sólo alone / only
que / qué that or what / what?
como / cómo I eat, how (pronoun) / how?
por que / por qué why (pronoun) / why?
quien / quién who, whom (pronoun) / who?, whom?
donde / dónde where (pronoun) / where?
adonde / adónde to where (pronoun) / to where?
cual, cuales / cuál, cuáles which (pronoun) / which?
cuando / cuándo when (pronoun) / when?
cuanto / cuánto how much (pronoun) / how much?
Notes:
a) Some of these verb forms (dé and sé) you have not learned yet. b) The rule requiring a
tilde over sólo is no longer obligatory, it is only when there is ambiguity about if it means
alone or lonely. c) Later in this chapter you will learn other twin words related to
demonstrative adjectives that don't have tildes (esta casa = this house) and demonstrative
pronouns that sometimes do (ésta = this one).
MODELO:
¿A ti te gusta el té o el café?
Ambos, pero a mí me gusta tomar té en mi cama antes de empezar el día. Sólo
tomo café si estoy con otras personas. Si estoy solo, tomo té.
¿Quién es?
Es la persona con quien trabajo.
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4.2 Spanish I
A. Las tildes I
Which of the following requires a tilde? Add any necessary tildes.
B. Las tildes II
Listen to the recording and, based on the pronunciation and your knowledge of the
pronunciation rules, add a tilde to any word that requires one. (Hint: figure out which
syllable is stressed automatically, then listen to the audio and add a tilde when it doesn't
match).
1. esta 2. esta
3. hablara 4. hablara
5. critico 6. critico
7. critico 8. practico
9. practico 10. practico
1. Mario tiene solo un amigo. Por eso siempre esta tan solo.
2. Mi tio compra regalos para mi.
3. ¿Cantas tu en el concierto mañana? Tu voz me gusta mucho.
4. El ultimo dia de la semana es el sabado.
5. ¿Quien es la persona con quien con tu mama?
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De compras 4.2
D. Un trabalengua
Read the following tongue twister out loud several times. Use all you know about Spanish
pronunciation and be careful to stress the correct syllable and correctly pronounce the
diphthongs. Focus on the pronunciation and not so much on the meaning. Contar means "to
count" and "to tell". Un cuento is "a story".
205
4.2 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.
1. mas 2. ti
3. si 4. fe
5. cuales 6. pero
7. tu 8. quien
9. se 10. la
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C. Las sílabas
With a classmate, identify any diphthongs and divide the words into syllables. Using the
pronunciation rules, underline the syllable that would be stressed without a tilde (as they
are written now). Pronounce them, emphasizing the way they are written - without tildes.
When you are ready, your instructor will pronounce the words correctly. Add any tilde that
is required to stress the correct syllable. Practice pronouncing the words out loud.
1. despues 2. tambien
3. telefono 4. veintidos
5. examenes 6. azul
7. aqui 8. interes
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 4.3 Para Estudiar en Casa and 4.3 Para Practicar en Casa.
207
4.3 Spanish I
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will cover the direct object pronouns. You will learn to recognize them
and use them in different situations. You will also learn about the "personal a".
Pronouns take the place of nouns and the direct object (el complemento directo) of a
sentence answers the question "what?" (or "who?") in relation to the verb. Consider the
following example in English:
MODELO:
I see the ball.
What do I see?
The ball.
The ball is the direct object of the sentence.
I see it.
"It" is the pronoun that takes the place of the direct object (the ball).
The main function of the direct object pronoun is to avoid repetition. It is easier to say "it"
than "the ball". However, the direct object is not always so simple. Think about this next
example.
MODELO:
I see the big red ball that was kicked by the player into the stands, fell on the ground,
and rolled back onto the field.
Can you identify the direct object of the sentence above? Using the direct object pronoun,
we can reduce this example to the same sentence as the first example: "I see it", because "it"
can also replace "the big red ball that was kicked by the player into the stands, fell on the
ground, and rolled back onto the field".
The direct object can include many, many words and be replaced with just one pronoun.
The direct object pronoun is used to avoid the repetition of the direct object, whether it
be as short as "the ball" or as long as a paragraph.
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De compras 4.3
The following chart shows all of the direct object pronouns in Spanish and English.
Español English
me nos me us
te os you you
lo los it/him/you them
la las it/her/you them
Note:
Remember that "you" can refer to the following subject pronouns: informal singular (tú),
informal plural (vosotros), formal singular (usted), and formal plural (ustedes). Here,
however, "you" is the direct object pronoun, not the subject pronoun.
Do not confuse the subject and object. Remember, there is no "it" as a subject pronoun in
Spanish.
In Spanish, the direct object pronoun usually goes right before the conjugated verb. In
English, it usually goes after the conjugated verb.
In the following examples, "lo" or "it" refers to "el libro" or "the book".
Español English
Lo tengo. I have it.
¿Lo buscas? Are you looking for it?
¿Dónde lo pones? Where do you put it?
Lo pongo en el estante. I put it in the bookshelf.
MODELO:
¿Haces la tarea?
Si, la hago.
¿Haces los ejercicios en el libro de texto?
Sí, los hago.
¿Traes tu libro de texto a clase?
Sí, lo traigo.
¿Me buscas?
Sí, te busco.
¿Llevas tus pantalones favoritos?
Sí, los llevo.
When you begin working with direct object pronouns, at first you will want to ask yourself
the following 2 questions:
Eventually, however, with enough practice, it will become automatic, just like in English.
You don't ask yourself those questions in order to use direct object pronouns in English. Do
you?
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4.3 Spanish I
In Spanish, whenever the direct object of the sentence is a specific person (or something
personified - like a pet), we have to use the "personal a" (la a personal). There is no
equivalent in English. Notice the use of the "personal a" in the sentences on the right.
Note:
*The "personal a" forms a contraction with "el", just like the "prepositional a".
The only exception is with the verb tener. With tener, we do not use the "personal a".
MODELO:
Tengo dos hermanas y quiero mucho a mis hermanas.
Tengo un amigo. Veo a mi amigo frecuentemente.
If the direct object does not refer to a specific person or persons, we do not use the
"personal a".
MODELO:
Busco un asistente con experiencia.
Quiero encontrar una persona amable.
The "personal a" is used before "quién" and "quiénes" when these interrogative words
refer to the direct object in a question.
MODELO:
¿A quién buscas?
¿A quiénes visitan?
When replacing the direct object with the direct object pronoun, the "personal a" is
absorbed into pronoun.
MODELO:
Busco a mi amigo. Lo busco porque tengo su teléfono.
Visito al médico. Lo visito porque necesito hablar con él.
¿Quieres a tu esposo?
Sí, lo quiero.
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De compras 4.3
In 3.7 we learned about the placement of pronouns for pronominal verbs. The placement of
the direct object pronoun is the same. As we have seen in the previous examples, the direct
object pronoun usually comes directly before the conjugated verb. Consider the following
examples.
MODELO:
Busco a mi hermana. La busco.
Visito a mi familia. La visito.
Encuentras a tus amigos. Los encuentras.
However, if there is a construction with an infinitive, then you have two options: 1) before
the conjugated verb or 2) attached to the infinitive.
In the rare case that you combine a direct object pronoun with a pronominal verb, the
"reflexive" pronoun comes first and they cannot be separated. Placement options are the
same as above. Consider the following examples for Me pongo los pantalones verdes.
Note:
When attaching two pronouns to an infinitive, a tilde is required to maintain the original
pronunciation (stressed syllable) of the word.
211
4.3 Spanish I
MODELO:
Busco a mi amigo. lo
MODELO:
Ella necesita el libro de texto. Ella lo necesita.
212
De compras 4.3
C. La a personal
Write in the personal a whenever the direct object is a person. Don't forget the a + el = al.
D. Entrevista
Answer the following questions in complete sentences. Be sure to use the direct object
pronoun in your answers.
213
4.3 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Be sure to answer with direct
object pronouns.
MODELO:
los ejercicios los
214
De compras 4.3
MODELO:
Voy a comprar una camisa blanca para la boda de mi hermano.
La voy a comprar. / Voy a comprarla.
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
215
4.4 Spanish I
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will study two pairs of verbs: saber/conocer and ser/estar. They are
especially tricky for native English speakers, because, in English, we use one verb for each
pair. However, even though we use one verb, there are subtle differences. Learning to
appropriately choose the correct verb from these pairs will build your confidence and help
you be better understood by native Spanish speakers.
Saber and conocer both mean "to know" in English, but, as we shall see, they really are
different ways of knowing. First, let's begin with the conjugations, then, we will take a
closer look at the uses of these two verbs.
Saber Conocer
sé conozco
sabes conoces
sabe conoce
sabemos conocemos
sabéis conocéis
saben conocen
Note:
The first person singular is irregular for both of these conjugations. Be sure to take the time
to study these forms.
Essentially, saber is "to know" something, like a fact, and conocer is "to be familiar" with
something, like a person or place. In English, we understand that we do not know a person
or a city the same way that we know the answer to a simple math question.
Saber is also used with infinitive to say that one "knows how" to do something.
Think about what is being "known" in the following examples, because that is really what
determines the use of saber or conocer.
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De compras 4.4
MODELO:
Hola, Mario. ¿Tú conoces a Luis, el hermano de Verónica?
No, pero conozco a Verónica y sé que son de Los Ángeles.
Pues, yo voy a visitarlos este fin de semana, pero no conozco la ciudad. ¿La conoces
tú?
Sí. ¿Por qué?
Porque quiero saber si quieres ir conmigo.
Sí, y también sé llegar a la casa de Verónica.
Perfecto. Prefiero salir temprano. ¿Sabes a qué hora vas a estar listo?
A las 10 de la mañana. ¿Vale?
Muy bien. Hasta pronto.
Hasta luego.
In regards to ideas, concepts, and areas of study, the use of saber or conocer can be a little
more complicated. Saber refers to learned skills or something you may have memorized.
Conocer is used when you are acquainted or familiar with a topic, like a book, a movie, or an
area of study. Think about the following examples.
MODELO:
¿Sabes dónde está el Museo del Prado en Madrid?
No. No conozco el museo, pero conozco un poco la ciudad de Madrid.
Bueno, tienes que conocerlo. En el museo hay muchas pinturas y esculturas famosas.
Conozco la historia de España, pero no sé cuáles obras están en el museo.
¿Conoces las pinturas de Velázquez?
No, no las conozco, pero sé que es de la misma época que Cervantes. ¿Conoces
las obras de Cervantes?
Sí, conozco el Quijote y las Novelas Ejemplares.
Yo no conozco sus obras, pero sé que es un autor muy famoso. ¿Sabes por qué?
Sí, porque muchas personas en el mundo conocen sus obras.
Bueno, de literatura no sé nada. De las matématecas, sé mucho.
4.4.b. To learn more about the differences between the uses of ser and estar
You have already learned the conjugations of two irregular Spanish verbs that mean "to
be": ser and estar. For review, here are the conjugations.
Ser Estar
soy estoy
eres estás
es está
somos estamos
sois estáis
son están
217
4.4 Spanish I
Please review the active vocabulary for adjectives with ser in 1.4.d and adjectives with estar
in 2.5.b. The best way to describe the main differences between ser and estar is to say that
ser refers to characteristics and estar refers to conditions. Below is a detailed summary of
the uses of ser and estar.
218
De compras 4.4
4.4.c. To learn about adjectives that change meaning with ser and estar
Some adjectives can be used to refer to characteristics, when used with ser, or conditions,
when used with estar. Consider the following:
Other adjectives actually change their meaning depending on if they are used with ser or
estar. Remember, we are still talking about characteristics and conditions. Consider the
following:
MODELO:
Esta película no me gusta porque es aburrida y por eso estoy aburrida.
Mi hijo es muy listo. Además, siempre está listo para aprender nueva información.
Los dueños de este restaurante son ricos porque la comida que sirven es/está rica.
Nancy está segura que viajar por avión es seguro.
Normalmente, no son muy alegres, pero hoy es la boda de su hijo, y ellos están
alegres.
Note:
At certain times, estar can be used instead of ser for inherent characteristics to show an
emotional one-time reaction. For example, when seeing New York City for the first time,
one could say: "está grande". Thereafter, however, one knows that "es grande".
219
4.4 Spanish I
MODELO:
Saben la respuesta. Sí, la saben.
B. ¿Saber o conocer?
Use the context of each sentence to choose the correct verb, saber or conocer. Then,
conjugate in the present tense.
220
De compras 4.4
C. Ser o estar I
Use the context of each sentence to choose the correct verb, ser or estar. Then, conjugate in
the present tense.
D. Ser o estar II
Use the context and adjectives in each sentence to choose the correct verb, saber or
conocer. Then, conjugate in the present tense.
E. Preguntas personales
Contesta las preguntas con frases completas.
221
4.4 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
Ask and answer the following questions with a classmate.
B. Saber o conocer I
With a partner, discuss which verb, saber or conocer, you would use in the following
situations.
222
De compras 4.4
C. Saber o conocer II
With a partner, discuss the context and the verbs provided. Choose the most logical verb.
Then, write the correct form of the verb according to the context.
D. Ser o estar
With a partner, discuss which verb, ser or estar, you would use in the following situations.
E. ¿Quién es?
For this activity, you and your partner will take turns describing and guessing someone
famous. First, choose someone that you think your partner will recognize. Then, visualize
the famous person doing what they usually do (imagine you are looking at a photo). Then,
using the guide below, describe the scene and the person. Add any additional details that
you think will help your partner guess correctly, but don't give the answer away too easily.
Try to guess as many as you can in the time you have for this activity.
223
4.4 Spanish I
F. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 4.5 Para Estudiar en Casa and 4.5 Para Practicar en Casa.
224
De compras 4.5
Introduction:
In this section, we will learn about indefinite and negative words. Although there are many
ways to express these words, essentially, we are talking about 'some" and "none", as in
sometimes, something, never, and nothing. Used in different ways, indefinite and negative
words can function as adverbs, nouns, and adjectives.
4.5.a. To learn about indefinite and negative adverbs and their uses
Adverbs modify verbs. You have been using some of these words since the first lessons of
this book. Most of the adverbs presented here will refer to the frequency with which we
perform the action of a verb. Study the following indefinite adverbs.
The following are negative adverbs. Notice that they are opposites of the indefinite
adverbs.
Note:
Placement of adverbs in Spanish is flexible. As with other adverbs, indefinite and negative
adverbs can go before or after the verb. With negatives, the adverb can take the place of the
negation of the verb or be added to the end.
225
4.5 Spanish I
MODELO:
Nunca trabajo los viernes. / No trabajo nunca los viernes.
Tampoco. / Tampoco trabajo los viernes. / No trabajo los viernes
tampoco.
A veces trabajo los lunes.
También. / También trabajo los lunes. / Trabajo los lunes también.
Llevo sandalias de vez en cuando. / De vez en cuando llevo sandalias. ¿Y tú?
No. Jamás llevo sandalias. / No. No llevo sandalias jamás.
Siempre llevo sandalias. / Llevo sandalias siempre.
4.5.b. To learn about indefinite and negative nouns and their uses
Nouns are persons, places, things, ideas. You have probably seen some of these before. We
use indefinite nouns when we can not or do not want to specify someone or something.
Study the following indefinite nouns.
Note:
Remember that the letter d often sounds like the th. That is the way that nadie and nada
should be pronounced.
MODELO:
¿Alguien sabe la diferencia?
No, nadie sabe. / No, no sabe nadie.
¿Algo está en la mesa?
No, nada está en la mesa. / No, no está nada en la mesa.
Note:
The "personal a" is used with alguien and nadie even when the direct object is not a
specific person. This is an exception.
226
De compras 4.5
4.5.c. To learn about indefinite and negative adjectives and their uses
Adjectives describe nouns. Indefinite adjectives are similar to indefinite articles in more
than one way. Although adjectives usually come after the noun, like articles, indefinite and
negative adjectives come before. Also, directly before a masculine singular noun, alguno
becomes algún and ninguno becomes ningún (the tilde maintains the original stressed
syllable).
Note:
In the case of negative adjectives, they are rarely used, because if there are "not any", there
can be no plural. Rare exceptions occur when the noun must be plural*.
MODELO:
¿Algunos estudiantes quieren estudiar conmigo?
No, ningún estudiante quiere estudiar contigo.
¿Tenéis algunos pantalones de raya?
No, no tenemos ningunos pantalones de raya*.
Note:
The indefinite and negative adjectives can also be used as pronouns. When used as a
pronoun, the noun is not mentioned, for example: Tengo alguno. / Ponemos alguna. /
Buscamos algunos. / Ves algunas. / No tenemos ninguno. / No ponemos ninguna.
227
4.5 Spanish I
A. Los opuestos I
Write the opposite of the following indefinite and negative adverbs, nouns, and adjectives.
1. nunca 2. alguien
3. algunos 4. tampoco
5. algo 6. ninguno
7. de vez en cuando 8. ningunas
9. ningún 10. alguno
11. algunas 12. jamás
13. ninguna 14. algún
15. siempre 16. nada
17. nadie 18. ningunos
19. a veces 20. también
B. Los opuestos II
Rewrite the following sentences using the opposite of the indefinite or negative words.
228
De compras 4.5
C. Preguntas personales
Contesta las preguntas con frases completas. Practice using as many indefinite and negative
words as you can.
229
4.5 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
Write your answers the following statements. Then, with a classmate, discuss your
answers. Use también or tampoco in your discussion whenever possible.
MODELO:
Me cepillo los dientes tres veces al día.
Yo también.
Nunca llevo una falda.
Yo tampoco.
230
De compras 4.5
MODELO:
Ángela siempre lleva un collar de plata.
Andrea nunca lleva un collar de plata.
Andrea siempre lleva un collar de oro.
Ángela lleva algunos zapatos viejos.
Andrea lleva algunos zapatos nuevos.
C. Ideas originales
With a partner, use the structure of the given sentence as a model, but add original
elements (replace the italicized word/s) for each new subject. Then, share your sentences
with the class.
MODELO:
Mis padres siempre viajan mucho.
yo Yo siempre juego mucho.
tú Tú siempre estudias mucho.
mis amigos Mis amigos siempre bailan mucho.
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4.5 Spanish I
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
1. Do you understand the uses of the indefinite adverbs, nouns, and adjectives?
2. Do you understand the uses of the negative adverbs, nouns, and adjectives?
3. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Conoces a alguien en la clase?
b. ¿Tienes algún reloj de plata?
c. ¿Siempre llevas ropa elegante?
d. ¿Qué no haces nunca?
Tarea:
Complete 4.6 Para Estudiar en Casa and 4.6 Para Practicar en Casa.
232
De compras 4.6
Introduction:
In this section, we will focus on demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. They are relatively
easy to understand because there are exact English equivalents.
Demonstratives adjectives reflect gender and number, and are always accompanied by a
noun. In English, there are two demonstrative pronouns: "this" and "that". In Spanish, there
is an additional one, which is farther away, indicated by adding "over there".
The difference between "this", "that", and "that over there" refers to the distance from the
speaker. It is relative to the specific situation, just like in English, meaning that when the
perspective changes, so will the use of the adjective (i.e. "that book" can later be "this
book").
The distance can be in space or time, for example: "these days" or "those days long ago".
Note:
The masculine singular demonstrative adjective is formed when aquello becomes aquel.
which is similar to the masculine singular indefinite article (un), indefinite adjective
(algún), and negative adjective (ningún),
233
4.6 Spanish I
MODELO:
¿Te gusta esta tienda?
Sí, me gusta esta tienda. Es mejor que esa tienda y aquella tienda
también.
Aquí venden muchas cosas bonitas, ¿verdad?
Sí, como estos zapatos, estas sandalias, esas camisetas, y esa bata.
¿Quieres comprar algo?
Sí, quiero comprar aquel traje de baño y aquella gorra.
Bueno, prefiero este traje de baño aquí. ¿Lo compro?
Claro. Vamos a pagar en esta caja.
Bien, voy a pagar con esta tarjeta de crédito.
The demonstrative pronouns look exactly like the demonstrative adjectives. They also
work much the same way as the adjectives, except that they take the place of the noun.
In English, when we use the singular demonstrative pronouns, we usually say: "that one",
but for the plural we usually just say: "these", not "these ones"
Note:
In the recent past, a tilde was used on the stressed syllable to distinguish the demonstrative
adjective from the demonstrative pronoun. In other words, the pronouns looked like this:
éste, éstas, ésa, ésos, aquél, aquéllas, etc.). The rules have changed and this is no longer
necessary unless there is the possibility of confusion. However, this is still very common
and is not considered incorrect to put the tildes on demonstrative pronouns.
MODELO:
¿Cuál te gusta más, esta o aquella?
Prefiero aquella.
Necesito un vestido nuevo. Quiero comprar ese.
¿Quieres ir a este restaurante, ese o aquel?
¿Cuáles son tus pantalones favoritos, estos, esos o aquellos.
234
De compras 4.6
¿Qué es esto?
Por eso tenemos que estudiar.
When we do not know what something is, or when we are talking about a situation or an
abstract idea, we use the neuter form of the demonstrative pronouns. Neuter forms do not
reflect gender or number because they refer to something unknown.
Note:
Since the neuter demonstrative pronoun represents something that is unknown, it does not
have gender or number. However, if you were to use a plural form for something unknown,
you would use the masculine (estos, esos, aquellos).
MODELO:
¿Qué es esto?
¿Qué es eso?
¿Qué es aquello?
Estas son mochilas.
¿Por eso estamos aquí?
Sí, estamos aquí para aprender.
¿Esto es un problema?
Sí, esto es un problema.
Aquello es horrible.
Sí, lo es.
¿Esto buscas?
Eso es todo.
The following words are often used with all forms of demonstratives, because they
represent similar distance perspectives.
Adverbios Adverbs
aquí (right) here
allí (over) there
allá (way) over there
MODELO:
¿Quieres estos pantalones aquí?
No. Prefiero esos allí o aquellos allá.
235
4.6 Spanish I
A. Los demonstrativos I
Write the three demonstrative adjectives that could be associated with each item.
MODELO:
zapatos estos esos aquellos
1. sandalias
2. falda
3. suéter
4. ropa
5. traje
6. aretes
7. cinturón
8. chaqueta
9. guantes
10. corbatas
B. Los demonstrativos II
Fill in the space with the appropriate demonstrative adjective.
236
De compras 4.6
C. Cambio de perspectiva
Change the perspective. Write the other two possibilities. Follow the model.
MODELO:
Este abrigo es muy largo. Ese abrigo es muy largo. Aquel abrigo es muy largo.
MODELO:
Me gusta este vestido aquí. Me gustan estos vestidos aquí.
237
4.6 Spanish I
A. Aquí y allí
With a classmate, take turns changing the forms of este to ese. Add allí and también.
MODELO:
Este vestido es caro. Ese vestido allí es caro también.
B. Aquí y Allá
Use the same sentences above, but now take turns changing the forms of este to aquel. Add
allá and también.
MODELO:
Este vestido es caro. Aquel vestido allá es caro también.
238
De compras 4.6
MODELO:
You say: Your partner says:
libro Me gusta este libro. Me gusta ese allí y aquel allá también.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
1. Do you know the difference between the forms of este, ese, and aquel?
2. Can you use demonstrative adjectives and pronouns appropriately?
3. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Este reloj es caro?
b. ¿Dónde está aquella tienda que te gusta?
c. ¿Quieres comprar ese traje?
d. ¿Qué quieres hacer este fin de semana?
Tarea:
Complete 4.7 Para Estudiar en Casa and 4.7 Para Practicar en Casa.
239
4.7 Spanish I
Introduction:
In this section, we will focus on the present progressive tense. The present progressive is
formed with the verb estar and the present participle. We will learn how to form the
present participle and the present progressive tense. We will learn how the uses of the
present progressive are different in Spanish compared to English. Lastly, we will learn how
to use certain pronouns with the present progressive tense.
4.7.a. To be able to form the present participle and the present progressive
Estar is used to form one part of the present progressive in Spanish. The structure is
similar to English. In both languages, we use the verb "to be" (estar) and the present
participle (el participio presente). Here are a few examples:
Spanish English
Estoy hablando. I am speaking.
Estás comiendo. You are eating.
Ella está escribiendo. She is writing.
In both English and Spanish, there are two parts to the present progressive:
To form the second part, the present participle, we use -ando for -ar verbs and iendo for -er
and -ir verbs.
240
De compras 4.7
Occasionally, the formation of the present participle will result in three vowels together. In
these cases, the i is changed to a y.
MODELO:
¿Qué estás haciendo?
Estoy estudiando el presente progresivo.
¿Qué está haciendo tu mejor amigo?
Está comprando unos guantes nuevos.
¿Qué está haciendo tu jefe?
Está leyendo un libro.
You can now form the present participle and present progressive for all the verbs you have
learned so far. In fact, you can now form the present participle and present progressive for
many more verbs that you have not even learned yet.
4.7.b. To understand the uses of the present participle and present progressive
In English, we often use the present participle as a noun, although we can also use the
infinitive. In Spanish, we always use the infinitive; the present participle is NEVER used as a
noun in Spanish. Consider the following examples.
Spanish English
Me gusta esquiar. I like skiing. / I like to ski.
Estudiar es importante. / Es importante Studying is important / It's important to
estudiar. study.
In Spanish, we use the present progressive ONLY to refer to actions that are currently in
progress. In English, we sometimes use the present progressive for habitual actions and
near-future actions.
241
4.7 Spanish I
As you learned in 3.7 and 4.3, pronouns may be placed before the conjugated verb or
attached to an infinitive. The following are direct object pronouns and pronouns from
pronominal verbs.
MODELO:
¿Venden zapatos de tacón?
Sí, los vendemos. ¿Quieres comprar zapatos de tacón?
Sí, quiero comprarlos ahora.
If the phrase has a present participle, your options are the same as with the infinitive:
Note:
When attaching a pronoun to the present participle, a tilde is required to maintain the
original pronunciation (stressed syllable) of the word.
In the rare case that you combine a direct object pronoun with a pronominal verb, the
"reflexive" pronoun comes first and they cannot be separated. Placement options are the
same as above. Consider the following examples for Me pongo los pantalones verdes.
To summarize:
If you have one verb, you have one option: the pronoun goes before the conjugated verb.
If you have two verbs, you have two options: the pronoun can go before the conjugated
verb, or be attached to the infinitive or present participle.
MODELO:
¿Estás haciendo la tarea?
Sí, la estoy haciendo. / Sí, estoy haciéndola.
¿Estás cepillandote los dientes? / ¿Te estás cepillando los dientes?
Sí, me los estoy cepillando. / Sí, estoy cepillándomelos.
242
De compras 4.7
A. El presente progresivo
Conjugate the verbs in the present progressive according to the context.
MODELO:
Yo (correr). Yo estoy corriendo.
243
4.7 Spanish I
C. El presente progresivo
Answer the following questions with appropriate pronouns. Write both options for
pronoun placement. Don't forget the tilde when attaching the pronouns to the participle.
MODELO:
¿Estás comiendo ensalada? Sí, la estoy comiendo. / Sí, estoy comiéndola.
1. Mi madre
2. Mis primos
3. Mi hermana
4. Mis tíos
5. Mi perro
6. Mi mejor amigo
7. Mi profesor de español
8. Mi padre
9. Mi abuelo
10. Mis compañeros de clase
244
De compras 4.7
A. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions. Use complete sentences and
answer with the appropriate pronouns.
B. Mi actividad favorita
Close your eyes and picture yourself doing your favorite activity. How would you say that
in the present progressive? Now get up and go around the classroom and ask people what
they are doing and tell them what you imagine yourself doing.
245
4.7 Spanish I
MODELO:
(6:00 p.m.) ¿Dónde estás a las seis de la tarde?
Estoy en mi casa.
¿Qué estás haciendo a las seis de la tarde?
Estoy cenando.
1. (8:30 a.m.)
2. (10:00 a.m.)
3. (12:30 p.m.)
4. (2:45 p.m.)
5. (4:15 p.m)
6. (5:55 p.m.)
7. (8:05 p.m.)
8. (10:30 p.m.)
9. (12:30 a.m.)
10. (5:10 a.m.)
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
1. Can you form the present progressive for regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs?
2. Do you understand how the use of the present progressive is different in Spanish?
3. Can you use pronouns with the present progressive?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Qué estás haciendo ahora?
b. ¿Qué están haciendo tus amigos?
c. ¿Qué estás haciendo a las seis de la tarde usualmente?
Tarea:
Complete 4.8 Para Estudiar en Casa and 4.8 Para Practicar en Casa.
246
De compras 4.8
Introduction:
In chapter 4, we focused on clothes, colors, certain verbs, demonstratives, and the present
progressive. Before moving on to chapter 5, we will focus on conversational speech between
a salesclerk and customer shopping for clothes, review chapter 4 language and culture
topics, and complete the chapter 4 capstone project.
247
4.8 Spanish I
The following is a dialog between a salesclerk and a customer. Read it out loud carefully.
Practice pronouncing one side of the conversation and then the other.
248
De compras 4.8
Here is the complete list of chapter 4 learning objectives. Review each one carefully. You
should understand the content of each one. If you are not confident that you understand
and are able to perform each objective, go back and carefully review the explanations.
249
4.8 Spanish I
A. Comprensión de la lectura
According to the dialog between the salesclerk and the customer, answer the following
questions using complete sentences.
7. ¿De qué material es la bufanda que compra? ¿De qué color es la bufanda que compra?
8. ¿Cuánto cuesta todo? Si la bufanda cuesta veinte dólares, ¿cuánto cuestan los zapatos?
9. ¿Cómo paga?
10. En muchos países, es posible regatear los precios. ¿Es posible regatear en los Estados
Unidos? ¿En qué situaciones es posible? ¿Te gusta regatear o prefieres los precios fijos?
250
De compras 4.8
B. Un diálogo original
First, watch this video. Then, using the video and the dialog between the salesclerk and the
customer (see 4.8.a) as models, write an original dialog between a salesclerk and a customer
shopping for clothes. Be sure to include colors, materials, patterns, and prices. Also include
some demonstratives, comparisons, and indefinite and negative words.
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
DEPENDIENTE:
CLIENTE:
C. Repaso
Review the chapter 4 learning objectives again and repeat the exercises in any section that
you think you need to practice more.
251
4.8 Spanish I
Materials- For this project you should use actual clothes as props. These
items should be appropriate (not provocative) and can be yours or borrowed.
You can also mention other clothes that are not physically present as props.
252
De compras 4.8
B. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following.
1. ¿Qué llevas hoy?
2. ¿Qué ropa blanca tienes?
3. ¿Qué ropa de algodón tienes?
4. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre si y sí?
5. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre el y él?
6. ¿Dónde compras tu ropa? (contesta con el pronombre del complemento directo)
7. ¿Haces la tarea cada día? (contesta con el pronombre del complemento directo)
8. ¿Qué sabes hacer muy bien?
9. ¿Conoces a los padres de tu novi@?
10. ¿Conoces un restaurante bueno en Humboldt?
11. ¿Cómo eres? ¿Cómo estás?
12. ¿Tocas algún instrumento musical? ¿Cuál?
13. ¿Conoces a alguien en el gobierno estudiantil?
14. ¿Tienes algo en el coche?
15. ¿Quieres contestar estas preguntas?
16. ¿Qué es esto? ¿Qué es eso? ¿Qué es aquello? (point at things in the classroom)
17. ¿Qué estás haciendo ahora?
18. ¿Estás cepillándote los dientes ahora?
19. ¿Dónde tienen rebajas esta semana?
20. ¿Trabajas en una tienda que vende ropa?
C. Repaso
Practice the following with a partner.
253
4.8 Spanish I
• el mar (sea)
• una rosa
• tus pantalones favoritos
• los colores de los Lakers
• un elefante
2. Las tildes
Use all you know about pronunciation and tildes to add any required tildes to the following
sentences.
MODELO:
Voy a comprar una camisa blanca.
La voy a comprar. / Voy a comprarla.
254
De compras 4.8
4. Ser o estar
With a partner, discuss which verb, ser or estar, you would use in the following situations.
MODELO:
You say: Your partner says:
libro Veo este libro. Veo ese allí y aquel allá también.
•
•
•
•
•
255
4.8 Spanish I
MODELO:
(6:00 p.m.) ¿Dónde estás a las seis de la tarde?
Estoy en mi trabajo.
¿Qué estás haciendo a las seis de la tarde?
Estoy trabajando.
1. (10:30 a.m.)
2. (12:00 a.m.)
3. (4:30 p.m.)
4. (7:45 p.m.)
5. (11:15 p.m)
8. De compras
• Practice acting out the dialog in 4.8.a. Take turns with your partner acting as the
salesclerk and the customer. Try adding some additional dialog.
• Practice acting out the dialogs that you and your partner wrote in 4.8 Para Practicar
en Casa.
• Practice interpreting the skit that you and your partner wrote for the chapter 4
capstone project.
Tarea:
Continue to review in order to be prepared for the Chapter 4 Assessment.
256
5
Los pasatiempos
5.1 Learning Objectives:
a. To acquire vocabulary related to months and holidays
b. To learn vocabulary related to seasons and weather
c. To practice vocabulary related to sports and recreational activity
5.2 Learning objectives:
a. To correctly pronounce the sounds of the letters C and G
b. To understand the sounds of the letter R
c. To practice the sounds of the letter X and review other letters
5.3 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about the prepositional pronouns and their function
b. To learn about the indirect object and the indirect object pronoun
c. To learn the present tense conjugations and uses of the verbs dar and decir
5.4 Learning objectives:
a. To review direct and indirect objects and their pronouns
b. To learn to use double object pronouns (direct and indirect together)
c. To understand placement options of double object pronouns
5.5 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the form and function of AFFIRMATIVE informal commands
b. To learn the form and function of NEGATIVE informal commands
c. To learn to use informal commands with certain pronouns
5.6 Learning objectives:
a. To learn the form and function of formal commands
b. To practice formal commands with certain pronouns
5.7 Learning objectives:
a. To learn about past tenses and to acquire related vocabulary
b. To learn the preterit forms of regular verbs
c. To learn the preterit forms of some important irregular verbs
5.8 Learning objectives:
a. To experience Spanish language through a popular song
b. To review what you learned in 5.1 - 5.8
257
5.1 Spanish I
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will study months, seasons, weather, and activities. As with other
vocabulary lists, remember to study each new noun with the definite article. Also, be sure
to look up any additional words that you might need to describe weather and your own
activities.
The following vocabulary list includes all the months of the year. Study each one carefully.
Pronounce them out loud and try to think of personally relevant dates within each month.
Notice the similarities between the words in both languages. The similarities can lead to
mispronunciations (in which they sound more like English), so be especially careful to use
the Spanish sounds as you pronounce each one.
Note:
Just like the days of the week, months are not automatically capitalized in Spanish. Months
and days of the week are capitalized according to other rules, like: being the first word of a
sentence.
258
Los pasatiempos 5.1
The following list features some holidays and celebrations in the US and the Spanish-
speaking world.
Note:
Holidays are typically national and religious. Please look up any holidays that might be
relevant to you (Janucá, Ramadán, etc.)
MODELO:
¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
Mi cumpleaños es el 21 de enero.
¿Cuál es la fecha de hoy?
Hoy es el 15 de noviembre.
¿Cuándo es el Día de Independencia mexicano?
Es el 16 de septiembre.
¿Cuándo es el Día de Independencia americano?
Es el 4 de julio.
¿Cuándo es el Día de Acción de Gracias?
Es el cuarto jueves de noviembre.
¿Cuándo se celebra el Día de los Reyes Magos?
Se celebra el 6 de enero.
¿Qué se celebra el Cinco de Mayo?
Se celebra la Batalla de Puebla, México, contra los franceses.
¿Cuándo es el Día de los Inocentes?
Es el primero de abril.
Note:
"Cuándo se celebra X" means "when is X celebrated".
259
5.1 Spanish I
In this section, we will learn vocabulary related to seasons and weather. Weather depends
greatly on region, but, for simplicity, we will often discuss stereotypical weather (i.e. snow
in winter). As you say the seasons, think about where you are and what you do during that
time of year.
Note:
In English, "season" has a few additional meanings. "Season" can be a verb (to season food
= sazonar) and for sports (season = temporada).
Weather expressions in Spanish are generally formed with the verb: hacer. You might think
of it as "what's the weather doing". A few other Spanish verbs are also used to form
weather expressions. Read the following out loud and, as you pronounce each one, try to
visualize yourself or remember yourself experiencing that particular weather.
Note:
Be careful with the intensifiers: mucho and muy. Mucho is an adjective that modifies a noun,
like calor or frío. Muy is an adjective that modifies another adjective, like bueno o malo.
MODELO:
¿Qué tiempo hace en el invierno?
Hace frío y nieva.
¿Qué tiempo hace en el verano?
Hace calor y (hace) mucho sol.
Estamos en la primavera y por eso llueve mucho.
260
Los pasatiempos 5.1
You have already learned many verbs that represent recreational activities, like nadar, leer,
bailar, jugar al fútbol, etc. Different verbs are typically associated with certain activities.
Jugar and practicar are used with many sports (jugar al béisbol, practicar el béisbol). Pay
attention to the verbs associated with each activity.
The following list of verbs represents additional recreational activities that you might
participate in. Please look up any activities, not mentioned so far, which are personally
relevant to you and add them to the list. As you pronounce each verb, visualize yourself or
someone else performing that activity.
Note:
The vast majority of sports are masculine, because each one is un deporte.
261
5.1 Spanish I
MODELO:
¿Qué deportes practicas?
Practico el fútbol y el jockey. Me gusta patinar y me gusta montar en
bicicleta.
¿Juegas al balonmano?
No. Juego al bádminton y al tenis de mesa.
¿Te gusta el fútbol americano?
Sí, pero no para jugar, solo mirar, igual con la lucha libre y el boxeo.
¿Pescas frecuentemente?
A veces, en la primavera vamos al río para pescar.
¿Sabes algún sitio bueno para caminar con mochila?
Sí. Hay muchos sitios buenos en la Lost Coast. Me gusta acampar allí
también.
¿Cuándo empieza la temporada de béisbol?
Empieza en la primavera.
¿Cuándo empieza la temporada de baloncesto?
Es en el otoño.
262
Los pasatiempos 5.1
MODELO:
La Navidad Es el 25 de diciembre. Es en el invierno.
1. Llevo un impermeable.
2. Llevas un abrigo, unos guantes y una bufanda.
3. Llevan unos pantalones cortos y una camiseta.
4. Llevamos un traje de baño y unas chanclas.
5. Lleváis una chaqueta y pantalones.
6. Lleva un sombrero.
7. Llevo unos jeans y un suéter.
8. Llevas una falda y una blusa.
263
5.1 Spanish I
C. Los deportes
Match the player or competitor with their sport.
D. El cuestionario
Use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
264
Los pasatiempos 5.1
MODELO:
Arcata, California En la primavera, llueve y hace fresco. También
hace viento. En el verano, hace sol y hace calor.
B. Entrevista
With a classmate, take turns asking and answering the following questions.
265
5.1 Spanish I
MODELO:
El Día de San Patricio El Día de San Patricio se celebra el 17 de marzo,
en la primavera. Es un día festivo de tradición
irlandés. Se celebra mucho el color verde. Hay
muchos desfiles (parades) y, en Chicago, tiñen
el agua del río verde. Se celebra con muchas
fiestas y cerveza.
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
1. Do you know the Spanish words for months, seasons, and holidays?
2. Can you describe the weather in most situations?
3. Do you know the Spanish names of major sports?
4. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Qué tiempo hace?
b. ¿En qué estación estamos?
c. ¿Qué deportes practicas?
d. ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
Tarea:
Complete 5.2 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.2 Para Practicar en Casa.
266
Los pasatiempos 5.2
Introduction:
The focus of this section is pronunciation. In 1.2, we covered the sounds of all the letters
and paid special attention letters that are particularly challenging to native English
speakers. This will be a review of that information with a little more detail. Since this is
pronunciation, be sure to practice speaking out loud throughout this section.
The letters C and G have something in common; each one has two sounds depending on the
vowel that follows. The C sounds like the letter K and the G sounds like a G when in front of
A, O, or U. Listen to the model and practice pronouncing these out loud.
C G
A ca ga
O co go
U cu gu
Here are some examples. Listen to the model and carefully pronounce each one. Focus on
the sounds of the letters C and G.
C G
A casa, mercado gato, ganga
O color, blanco gorra, agosto
U cuadros, pascua guantes, agua
The letters C and G have different sounds when followed by the letters E and I. The C
sounds like an S before E or I and the G sounds like an English H before E or I. Listen and
practice these sounds.
C G
E ce ge
I ci gi
267
5.2 Spanish I
Here are some examples. Listen to the model and carefully pronounce each one while
focusing on the sounds of the C and G.
C G
E cero, calcetines gente, agenda
I cinturón, cocina ginete, página
Note:
The pronunciation of the letter C refers to the most common pronunciation. There are
others. In most places in Spain, for example, the C would sound like an English TH when
coming before E or I, instead of an S. This is also the case for the letter Z. Listen to this
dialect here. In short and in general, CE, CI, and Z sound like TH in Spain and S in Latin
America. See the note on page 12.
In order to preserve the original sound of the letters C and G before the vowels E and I, we
must change the spelling. Here are the spelling changes. Listen to the model and practice
the sounds.
C ➔QU G ➔ GU
E que gue
I qui gui
Here are some examples. Listen and carefully pronounce each one.
C ➔QU G ➔ GU
E qué, aunque guerra, averigue
I quien, aquí guitarra, alguien
In the above examples, the letter U is silent. Sometimes, with GUI and GUE, the letter U is
not silent. This is called dieresis and is represented by two dots over the U. The two dots
mean that the letter U is pronounced. Listen and practice the following examples while
paying close attention to the dieresis.
268
Los pasatiempos 5.2
Among the most challenging for native English speakers are the sounds of the letter R. First
of all, the Spanish R does not sound like the English R. It sounds more like the sound of the
two Ds of the English words "added" or "ladder". It also sounds like the two Ts of the
English words "little" or "butter". Of course, your dialect will affect how you pronounce
those words, but the placement of the tongue, when pronouncing those English words, is
closer to the Spanish R than the English R is.
Listen and practice the following words while paying close attention to the sound of the
letter R.
RA RE RI RO RU AR ER IR
cobrar aire abril coro bruja hablar comer vivir
barato libre cripta euro cruz diario eterno mirar
fibra oreja frito faro fruto amar hacer sátira
hora precio mérito ironía grupo araña perla unir
otra hombre varios oro virus jardín tejer virgo
Sometimes the R is rolled. The muscles of the tongue do not produce the roll. The roll is
produced by air flowing over the tongue, which causes the tongue to vibrate. It's like a
raspberry, but on the inside of the mouth. Some native English speakers find this extremely
hard to pronounce and they usually come up with strategies to mimic the sound. If you are
one of those individuals, keep trying!
Here are examples of the two circumstances mentioned above. Listen and practice with
special care to pronounce the R properly.
Word Initial RR
raro carro
reír error
reina gorra
rojo torre
rubí zorro
Note:
The R is also rolled after certain consonants (L, N, and S). These are less common.
If a compound word is formed and the second word begins with R, it is written with two
RRs (guardarropa, pelirrojo, saltarrocas, virrey)
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5.2 Spanish I
Sometimes the R is the only difference between words that mean completely different
things. The following list contains a select few of these words. Listen to the way they are
pronounced and focus on the pronunciation of the R.
Español Inglés
cero / cerro zero / hill, mountain
coral / corral coral / farmyard, corral
coro / corro choir / I run
hiero / hierro I wound, I hurt / iron
para / parra for / vine
pera / perra pear / female dog
pero / perro but / male dog
caro / carro expensive / car
moro / morro Moor, Muslim / snout, nose, mound
ahora / ahorra now / he saves
5.2.c. To practice the sounds of the letter X and review other letters
The most common sound is the same as the X in English. It sounds like the combination of
KS (exageración) or GS (examen) in English.
The other sound is like the H in English, which is similar to the sound of the medieval
Spanish X. This spelling is usually a proper name. In some places the spelling has been
modernized and in others it has been preserved.
Note:
There are only a few words that start with X in Spanish. For those that do (like xilofón or
xenofobia), the X is pronounced like an S (just like in English: xylophone, xenophobia).
In some words derived from Indigenous American languages, like Nahuatl, the letter X is
pronounced like the combination SH in English (Xela, Xocoyote).
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Los pasatiempos 5.2
There are a few other letters that you should review. As presented in 1.2:
• B and V have the same sound, like the English B
• H is never pronounced
• J is pronounced like the English H
• L sounds like the English L, except when there are two; LL sounds like Y in "yes".
• Ñ sounds like NY in "canyon" or NI in "onion"
• Z is usually pronounced as an English S, although it is pronounced as TH in certain
dialects. See note on page 12.
Here are some examples. Listen to the model and practice the pronunciation of each
consonant.
B H J L Ñ V Z
bajo hola abajo llave baño vaso abrazo
bien hay concejero lluvia cariño activo lápiz
biblioteca hijo ejemplo ella empeño vivir zumo
nube prohíbe jaguar callado ñoqui veces zapato
obra búho naranja allí niño televisión azul
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5.2 Spanish I
A. La letra C
Practice the pronunciation of each of the following words. Notice how sometimes the C
sounds like a K and other times it sounds like an S. Underline the words in which the C
sounds like an S.
1. caballo 6. Cuba
2. fácil 7. control
3. académico 8. necesitar
4. nación 9. caja
5. hacer 10. sincero
B. La letra G
Practice the pronunciation of each of the following words. Notice how sometimes the G
sounds like a G and other times it sounds like an H. Underline the words in which the G
sounds like an H.
1. droga 6. vegetario
2. peregrino 7. ilegítimo
3. surge 8. ganar
4. vigilar 9. golpe
5. pongo 10. guay
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Los pasatiempos 5.2
C. La letra R
Practice the pronunciation of each of the following words. Notice how sometimes the R is
rolled and other times it is not. Underline the words in which the R is rolled.
1. abierto 6. rojo
2. febrero 7. aburrido
3. raza 8. burrito
4. primavera 9. perro
5. reloj 10. rayas
D. La letra X
Practice the pronunciation of each of the following words. Notice how sometimes the X
sounds like a KS (or GS) and other times it sounds like an H. Underline the words in which
the X sounds like an H.
1. anexo 6. excluir
2. exacto 7. oaxaqueño
3. explicación 8. flexivo
4. mexicano 9. oxígeno
5. excusa 10. texano
E. Un trabalengua
Read the following tongue twister out loud several times. Use all you know about Spanish
pronunciation and be careful to stress the correct syllable. Focus on the pronunciation of
the letter R and not so much on the meaning.
273
5.2 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
With a classmate, discuss the following questions.
274
Los pasatiempos 5.2
D. Otro trabalengua
With a partner, read the following tongue twister out loud several times. Use all you know
about Spanish pronunciation and be careful to stress the correct syllable. Focus on the
pronunciation of the letter R and not so much on the meaning.
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
1. Do you know when the C sounds like a K and when it sounds like an S?
2. Do you know when the G sounds like a G and when it sounds like an H?
3. Do you understand when you are supposed to roll your Rs?
4. Do you understand the different sounds of the letter X?
5. Can you answer the following questions in complete sentences?
a. ¿Cuáles letras tiene el sonido de la B?
b. ¿Cuál letra no se pronuncia?
c. ¿Cómo se pronuncia "cocina"?
d. ¿Cómo se pronucia "gigote"?
Tarea:
Complete 5.3 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.3 Para Practicar en Casa.
275
5.3 Spanish I
Introduction:
In this lesson, we will cover the prepositional pronouns, the indirect object, and the
indirect object pronouns. You will learn to recognize them and use them in different
situations. You will learn the present tense conjugations of the verbs dar and decir.
You have already seen propositional pronouns, like (a mí and a ellos). A and all other
Spanish prepositions are used with specific pronouns, called prepositional pronouns (the
pronouns we use with prepositions). With all prepositions, including a, we can use proper
nouns (Robert) or the equivalent subject pronouns (usted, él, nosotros, etc.). The only
exceptions are yo and tú, which are replaced with mí and ti. Here is a list of all of the
Spanish prepositional pronouns.
Singular Plural
mí nosotros / as
ti vosotros / as
él él
ella ella
usted ustedes
You have already used these pronouns with the preposition de. Here is a list of other
Spanish prepositions that are commonly used with prepositional pronouns.
Español English
a to, at
alrededor de around
bajo (de) under
con with
contra against
debajo de under, underneath
desde from, since
detrás (de) behind
en in on, at
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Los pasatiempos 5.3
encima de on top of
entre between, among
frente a before, in front of
hacia until, toward
hasta until, toward
para for, in order to
por for, by
según according to
sin without
sobre about, on, upon, above
Note:
Prepositions are difficult in most languages. You will learn more about some of these
prepositions in other sections.
MODELO:
Mi amiga camina hacia mí.
¿Quién está con ella?
María está con ella. Tienen algo para nosotros.
When mí and ti are used with the preposition con, they form new words.
MODELO:
¿Quieres jugar conmigo?
No, no quiero jugar contigo.
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5.3 Spanish I
5.3.b. To learn about the indirect object and the indirect object pronoun
You have been using the indirect object (el complemento indirecto) and the indirect object
pronoun (el pronombre del complemento indirecto) with gustar since the first chapter (See
1.6). In order to identify the indirect object of a sentence, we ask "to whom" or "for whom"
with relation to the verb. Consider the following examples in English:
A mí me gusta el libro.
¿A quién le gusta el libro?
A mí.
"A mí" es el complemento indirecto de la frase.
"Me" es el pronombre del complemento indirecto.
As we discussed in 1.6, in Spanish, we must use the indirect object pronoun whenever there
is an indirect object with a verb. The object itself is only mentioned for emphasis (for
example, when making a comparison) or clarification (for example, le can refer to: a él, a
ella, a usted). Here are the indirect objects and indirect object pronouns.
Singular Plural
a mí ➔ me a nosotros / as ➔ nos
a ti ➔ te a vosotros / as ➔ os
a él, a ella, a usted ➔ le a ellos, a ellas, a ustedes ➔ les
Note:
The indirect object pronouns and the direct object pronouns are exactly the same, except
for the third person forms (le and les).
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Los pasatiempos 5.3
Besides gustar, there are many other verbs that can take an indirect object (verbs whose
action can be done "to someone" or "for someone"). The use of these verbs is similar to
their use in English. Here is a list of Spanish verbs that are often used with indirect objects.
Español English
comprar to buy
contar to tell / to count
entregar to hand in
escribir to write
explicar to explain
hablar to speak
mandar to send
mostrar (ue) to show
pedir to ask for
preguntar to ask (a question)
prestar to lend
recomendar (ie) (to recommend)
regalar to give (as a gift)
servir to serve
traer to bring
The placement of the indirect object pronoun is exactly the same as the direct object
pronoun. It is either: a) before the conjugated verb or b) attached to an infinitive or a
present participle.
MODELO:
¿Ella te trae el libro?
Sí, ella me trae el libro.
¿Me compras unos pantalones nuevos?
Sí, te compro unos pantalones nuevos.
¿Quién te explica la gramática?
La profesora me explica la gramática.
¿Quién te sirve la cena?
Mi mamá me sirve la cena.
¿A quién le entregas la tarea?
Le entrego la tarea al profesor.
¿A quién le mandas tarjetas postales?
Le escribo a mi familia.
Voy prestarte un videojuego nuevo.
Estoy mostrándoles los pronombres del complemento indirecto.
Note:
With the indirect object pronoun, it is good idea to practice the three types of questions
above:
1) ¿Sí o no? ¿Le sirves la cena? Sí, le sirvo la cena.
2) ¿Quién? ¿Quién te manda regalos? Ella me manda regalos.
3) ¿A quién? ¿A quién le entregas la tarea? Le entrego la tarea a él.
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5.3 Spanish I
5.3.c. To learn the present tense conjugations and uses of the verbs dar and decir
Two verbs that are often used with the indirect object pronoun are dar (to give) and decir
(to tell). For example, whenever we use the verb dar, there is always an indirect object,
whether we specifically mention it or not. Dar is irregular in the first person. Here is the
present tense conjugation of dar.
dar: to give
doy damos
das dáis
da dan
Decir is irregular in the first person, but is also a stem changing verb.
digo decimos
dices decís
dice dicen
MODELO:
¿Siempre les dices la verdad a tus padres?
Sí, siempre les digo la verdad.
¿Quién te dice la verdad?
Mi mamá me dice la verdad.
¿A quién le decís mentiras?
No le decimos mentiras a nadie.
¿Tus padres te dan dinero?
Sí, me dan dinero.
¿Quién le da regalos a tu novio?
Yo le doy regalos a mi novio.
¿A quiénes les dan regalos tus tíos?
Mis tíos les dan regalos a mis primos.
Note:
La verdad means "the truth" and mentiras means "lies".
280
Los pasatiempos 5.3
MODELO:
Quiero jugar al baloncesto con todos mis compañeros de casa.
Quiero jugar al baloncesto con ellos.
1. Les mando una carta a mis compañeros que tomaron la clase el semestre pasado.
281
5.3 Spanish I
MODELO:
Mi amiga le presta su libro a Miguel.
282
Los pasatiempos 5.3
D. Entrevista
Answer with complete sentences and be sure to use the indirect object pronoun.
283
5.3 Spanish I
MODELO:
a los estudiantes les
B. Ideas originales
With a partner, use the structure of the given sentence as a model, but rewrite each
sentence. 1) Add original elements (replace the italicized word/s) and 2) replace the
indirect object as indicated. Then, share your sentences with the class.
MODELO:
Yo siempre les presto dinero a mis amigos.
a ti Yo siempre te presto el carro.
a mis amigos Yo siempre les presto una pluma a mis amgos.
a usted Yo siempre le presto ropa a usted.
284
Los pasatiempos 5.3
MODELO:
¿Vas a jugar con los amigos de la clase?
Sí, voy a jugar con ellos.
D. Entrevista
With a partner, ask and answer the following questions. In your answers, be sure to pay
close attention to the indirect object and indirect object pronouns.
285
5.3 Spanish I
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 5.4 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.4 Para Practicar en Casa.
286
Los pasatiempos 5.4
Introduction:
In this lesson, we review what you have already learned about direct and indirect objects
and their pronouns. This includes their function, the pronouns that replace them, and the
proper placement of the pronouns. Then, we will learn the order of these pronouns when
they are used together and, lastly, how to use them with infinitives and present participles.
In 4.3, you learned that the function of the direct object pronoun is to avoid repetition; the
direct object answers the question "what?" in relation to the verb. You learned which
pronoun takes the place of which object, and how to properly place the direct object
pronouns. You also learned about the personal "a". To review, here are the pronouns that
take the place of the direct object (el complemento directo):
Singular Plural
me nos
te os
lo / la los / las
The direct object receives the action of the verb. The direct object and pronoun are almost
never used in the same sentence.
MODELO:
Escucho la canción.
¿Qué escucho?
La canción.
La canción es el complemento directo.
La escucho.
When the direct object of a sentence is a specific person, we use the personal "a". The
personal "a" is absorbed when the direct object is replaced with the direct object pronoun.
287
5.4 Spanish I
MODELO:
Veo a la profesora.
¿A quién veo?
A la profesora..
(A) la profesora es el cumplemento indirecto.
La veo.
In 5.3, you learned about the indirect object, the indirect object pronoun, and the
placement of the indirect object pronoun. To review, here are the pronouns that take the
place of the indirect object (el complemento indirecto):
Singular Plural
a mí ➔ me a nosotros / as ➔ nos
a ti ➔ te a vosotros / as ➔ vos
a él, a ella, a usted ➔ le a ellos, a ellas, a ustedes ➔ les
The indirect object tells "to whom" or "for whom" (or "to what" or "for what") in relation to
the verb. The indirect object and pronoun can both be used in the same sentence.
MODELO:
Les digo la verdad a mis padres.
¿A quiénes les digo la verdad?
A mis padres.
A mis padres es el complemento indirecto.
Les digo la verdad.
Whenever there is an indirect object and a verb, the indirect object pronoun is required.
The indirect object itself is not required, unless it is necessary for clarification or
emphasis. In the following examples, the pronoun "les" refers to different indirect objects.
MODELO:
Les leo el periódico a mis amigos.
Les escribo cartas a ustedes.
The placement of the object pronoun is very important. The direct and indirect object
pronouns have the same placement options.
If the phrase has only one verb, your only option is:
288
Los pasatiempos 5.4
Note: When adding an object pronoun to the end of a present participle, we must add the
tilde to preserve the correct stress of the word.
5.4.b. To learn to use double object pronouns (direct and indirect together)
You may recall from 5.3 that there are certain verbs that take indirect objects and
pronouns. In most cases, these are the same verbs that will be used with the double object
pronouns. For example, there are always indirect objects (explicit or implicit) with the
verbs dar and decir.
MODELO:
Les doy regalos a mis hijos.
Mi hijo me dice el cuento.
With double object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun always comes first, and if both
pronouns start with the letter "L", the indirect object pronoun changes to se
MODELO:
Les doy regalos a mis hijos. ➔ Se los doy a mis hijos.
Le dices el cuento a ella. ➔ Se lo dices.
Here are the most common combinations of direct and indirect object pronouns:
me lo me la me los me las
te lo te la te los te las
se lo se la se los se las
nos lo nos la nos los nos las
os lo os la os los os las
There are three types of questions that you should practice in order to master the double
object pronouns:
289
5.4 Spanish I
1) ¿Sí o no?
2) ¿Quién?
3) ¿A quién?
MODELO:
¿Ella te trae el libro?
No, no me lo trae.
¿Me compras unos pantalones nuevos?
Sí, te los compro.
¿Quién te explica la gramática?
La profesora me la explica.
¿Quién te sirve la cena?
Mi mamá me la sirve.
¿A quién le entregas la tarea?
Se la entrego al profesor.
¿A quién le mandas tarjetas postales?
Se las mando a mi familia.
¿Vuestros padres os mandan dinero?
Sí, nos lo mandan.
Note:
When the sentence is negative, the word no (meaning "not", which negates the verb)
always goes before the object pronouns; No, no me lo mandan.
Whenever we use double object pronouns, they are always together and the indirect
always comes first. You have already learned the placement options for individual direct
and indirect object pronouns. The options are the same with double object pronouns.
If the phrase has only one verb, the pronouns always go before the conjugated verb.
MODELO:
¿Tus amigos siempre te dicen la verdad?
Sí, siempre me la dicen.
¿Les prestas tu carro a tus amigos?
No, no se lo presto.
¿Quién nos pide ayuda?
Los compañeros de clase nos la piden.
¿Quién te escribe poemas románticos?
Mi novia me los escribe.
¿A quién le envías el mensaje?
Se lo envío a mi amigo.
¿A quiénes le sirven la comida los meseros?
Se la sirven a los invitados.
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Los pasatiempos 5.4
If the phrase has an infinitive, the pronouns go before the conjugated verb or are attached
to the infinitive.
MODELO:
¿Tus amigos te van a decir la verdad?
Sí, me la van a decir.
Sí, van a decírmela.
¿Quién nos puede pedir ayuda?
Los compañeros de clase nos la pueden pedir.
Los compañeros de clase pueden pedírnosla.
¿A quiénes necesitan servirles la comida los meseros?
Se la necesitan servir a los invitados.
A los invitados necesitan servírsela.
Notes:
• Double object pronouns are attached to infinitives without spaces.
• As with placement before the conjugated verb, with infinitives, the indirect object
pronoun always comes before the direct object pronoun.
• In order to preserve the pronunciation of the verb (stressed syllable), we always
add a tilde to the infinitive when attaching double object pronouns.
• The indirect object may precede the pronouns or come after the verb.
If the phrase has a present participle, the pronouns go before the conjugated verb or are
attached to the present participle.
MODELO:
¿Tus amigos te están diciendo la verdad?
Sí, me la están diciendo.
Sí, están diciéndomela.
¿Quién nos está pidiendo ayuda?
Los compañeros de clase nos la están pidiendo.
Los compañeros de clase están pidiéndonosla.
¿A quiénes están sirviéndoles la comida los meseros?
A los invitados se la están sirviendo.
Están sirviéndosela a los invitados.
Notes:
• Double object pronouns are attached to present participles without spaces.
• As with placement before the conjugated verb and infinitives, with present
participles, the indirect object pronoun always comes before the direct object
pronoun.
• In order to preserve the pronunciation of the verb (stressed syllable), we always
add a tilde to the present participle when attaching double object pronouns.
• The indirect object may precede the pronouns or come after the verb.
291
5.4 Spanish I
A. Directo o indirecto
Fill in the blank with the correct direct or indirect object pronoun.
MODELO:
Para la Navidad, le doy una camisa nueva a mi hijo. La
compro en Macy's.
De vacaciones
Una discución
próximo viernes.
B. Traducción
Translate the following sentences into Spanish using double object pronouns.
MODELO:
I lend them to my friend. (the books)
Se los presto a mi amigo.
292
Los pasatiempos 5.4
293
5.4 Spanish I
D. Preguntas personales
Answer the questions in complete sentences using double object pronouns. Whenever
there is an infinitive or present participle, answer both ways: placing the pronouns before
the conjugated verb AND attaching them to the infinitive or participle.
4. ¿Quién te da regalos?
10. Escribe dos pregunatas originales (they should include an indirect object pronoun and a
direct object - similar to the questions above).
294
Los pasatiempos 5.4
A. Directo o indirecto
Paso 1
With a partner, take turns identifying whether the italicized/bolded word is a:
MODELO:
Le mando cartas de amor a mi esposa. CI
Le mando cartas de amor a mi esposa. CD
Le mando cartas de amor a mi esposa. PCI
Paso 2
Now discuss all the other elements of the sentences above. Can you identify them?
295
5.4 Spanish I
MODELO:
Yo siempre les presto dinero a mis amigos.
los libros
C. Preguntas personales
With a partner, ask and answer the following questions. In your answers, use double object
pronouns and answer with both forms (before conjugated verb and attached to infinitive or
present participle).
MODELO:
¿Me vas a traer los lápices?
Sí, te los voy a traer.
Sí, voy a traértelos.
296
Los pasatiempos 5.4
D. Entrevista
First write 5 original questions that will elicit responses with double object pronouns.
OJO: These questions must include a a verb that can be used with double object pronouns
and the question should explicitly state the direct object. Then, take turns asking your
questions and answering with double object pronouns.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
1. Do you understand the direct and indirect objects and their pronouns?
2. Do you know the options for placement of the pronouns?
3. Do you why you sometimes have to add a tilde to the infinitive or present participle?
4. Can you write original questions that elicit responses with double object pronouns?
5. Can you answer the following questions using double object pronouns?
a. ¿Tus padres te prestan dinero?
b. ¿Quién te manda flores?
c. ¿A quién le vas a explicar la información?
Tarea:
Complete 5.5 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.5 Para Practicar en Casa.
297
5.5 Spanish I
Introduction:
For this lesson, we will focus on a new verb form, the commands (los mandatos). We will
learn to use commands for tú. We will learn that there are some irregular forms. Also we
will focus on using command forms with pronouns.
What are command forms? Well, we use command forms all the time in everyday speech.
When we fill out a form and someone says: "sign here", that is a command form. Notice how
the subject is not specified in the example. The subject of most command forms is: "you".
However, we do not normally use the subject pronoun.
Commands are known as the imperative mood (el imperativo) of speech. Using command
forms does not mean that we are necessarily bossing people around. "Get out", "be good",
"finish your homework" could be considered bossy, but "enjoy", "have fun", "eat at Joes" are
also commands, but do not necessarily sound bossy.
There is a difference verb form (conjugation) for affirmative informal commands and
negative informal commands. In this section, we will work on affirmative commands.
Most verbs, the affirmative command form is the same form as the third person singular
form (él).
MODELO:
Come verduras.
Abre tu libro.
Lee la historia.
Escribe en tu cuaderno.
298
Los pasatiempos 5.5
Descansa un poco.
Juega con tu hermana.
Pide permiso para salir.
There are a few irregular affirmative tú commands. Many of them are related to verbs with
irregular yo forms.
MODELO:
Haz tu tarea.
Di la verdad.
Sal a tiempo.
Ten cuidado.
Pon tus libros en tu mochila.
Ve a la escuela.
Ven a casa pronto.
In English, the affirmative commands are the same form as the negative commands. This is
not the case in Spanish; there is an affirmative command form and a negative command
form when the subject is tú.
The negative command forms are a bit more complicated than the affirmative command
forms, but most verbs follow the same pattern. The pattern is as follows:
299
5.5 Spanish I
It may appear that there are extra steps, that you could just remove the ending from the
infinitive and not start with the yo form. However, it is important to begin with the yo form,
because irregular yo forms (tengo, pongo, hago, etc.) and yo forms for verbs with stem
changes (perder, dormir, empezar, etc.) are the root of many of the command forms (and
other forms too). Here are some examples:
This may seem complicated, but if you always start with the yo form, the steps are the
same for all verbs.
There are two irregular forms for informal commands that you must memorize:
Lastly, there are some spelling changes that are required for negative commands of verbs
ending in -car, -gar, and -zar. (Watch out! The CarGarZar is a Pokémon, who threatens
those learning to conjugate Spanish verbs!). In 1.2 and 5.2, you learned that the sound of
the letters C and G change depending on the vowel that follows them:
• C sounds like English K in CA, CO, and CU, but sounds like English S in CE and CI
• G sounds like English G in GA, GO, and GU, but sounds like English H in GE and GI.
In order to preserve the original sound of the verbs, we must make some changes to some
command forms. Study the following CarGarZar verbs:
In short, when we switch the endings to form negative command forms (and other forms),
we must make the following spelling changes:
MODELO:
No saques tu Nintendo Switch.
No toques tu guitarra.
No llegues tarde.
No pagues la cuenta.
No almuerces con ella.
No comiences a gritar.
Now that you have learned the command forms, you need to know how to place certain
pronouns. In general, the pronouns used with commands are direct and indirect object
pronouns and the pronouns that are used with pronominal verbs (i.e. levantarse).
With AFFIRMATIVE commands, pronouns are attached to the verbs. With double object
pronouns, the order remains the same as other uses (indirect always first, followed by
direct).
MODELO:
Duérmete.
Cómpralo.
Hazlo.
Págala.
Mírame.
Escúchame.
Mándamelo.
Notes:
a) Unless the command is a single syllable word (pon, ten, haz, etc.), a tilde will be required
to maintain the original pronunciation (stressed syllable) of the command form (hazlo).
b) With double object pronouns, even with single syllable commands, a tilde will always be
required to maintain the original pronunciation of the command.
MODELO:
No te duermas.
No lo compres.
No me lo mandes.
No se la pagues.
301
5.5 Spanish I
A. Los mandatos
In the spaces provided, write the correct affirmative and negative command forms.
1. viajar NO
2. leer NO
3. subir NO
4. ser NO
5. recordar NO
6. perder NO
7. repetir NO
8. hacer NO
9. salir NO
10. ir NO
1. escribir / el ensayo
2. poner / la mesa
3. jugar / el juego
4. tocar / la guitarra
5. comenzar / la ceremonia
6. hacer / el trabajo
7. afeitarte
8. decir / la verdad
302
Los pasatiempos 5.5
1. mandar / la carta / a mí
2. recomendar / el plato / a él
3. servir / la comida / a ellos
4. entregar / la tarea / al profe
5. pedir / ayuda / a tus padres
6. cepillarte / el pelo
7. explicar / los mandatos / a los estudiantes
8. decir / la verdad / a tus amigos
9. lavarte / las manos
10. prestar / dinero / a nosotros
303
5.5 Spanish I
A. Charadas (Charades)
Write 5 verbs associated with the daily routine below (usually prenominal verbs). Then,
take turns giving commands and pretending to perform the action.
MODELO:
Lávate las manos. (partner pretends to wash hands)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Una visita
Your classmate's best friend is here from out of town. Write 5 activities you recommend in
Humboldt and 3 that you don't recommend. With a partner, take turns sharing these
recommendations using command forms.
MODELO:
Recommended Not recommended
Ve a la playa. No gastes mucho dinero.
304
Los pasatiempos 5.5
C. Más práctica
Take turns forming the command forms for the following verbs. For each turn, say the
affirmative and negative tú commands.
D. Más peticiones
Paso 1. Your best friend has a lot of requests. Take turns answering him or her with
informal commands and object pronouns.
MODELO:
¿Puedo leer tu diario? (Sí) Sí, léelo.
E. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
1. Do you understand the forms and uses of the AFFIRMATIVE informal commands?
2. Do you understand the forms and uses of the NEGATIVE informal commands?
3. Do you know the placement of the pronouns when used with the informal commands?
3. Do you know why you sometimes have to add a tilde to imperative forms?
4. Can you answer the following questions using commands and pronouns?
a. ¿Puedo tocar tu guitarra?
b. ¿Puedo usar tu computadora?
c. ¿Puedo ponerme tu ropa?
Tarea:
Complete 5.6 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.6 Para Practicar en Casa.
305
5.6 Spanish I
Introduction:
For this lesson, we will continue to work on command forms, only now we will focus on the
formal commands (usted & ustedes). Fortunately, they are similar to what you have
already studied. Also we will practice using formal commands with pronouns.
The function of the formal commands is the same as the informal commands; the only
difference is that, now, the subject (which is most often not specified with commands) is
usted or ustedes instead of tú. Remember that in most of the Spanish-speaking world, usted
is the plural for both tú and usted, so we are actually covering the formal singular, and
formal AND informal plural commands (ustedes). If you need to review, we covered
different ways to say "you" (tú, vosotros, usted, & ustedes) in section 1.3.
The forms of the formal commands are similar to the negative informal (tú) commnads.
Basically, you follow the same steps, but you don't add the S.
With formal commands, the affirmative and negative commands are the same.
MODELO:
Hablen, pero no hablen inglés.
306
Los pasatiempos 5.6
Always remember to start with the yo form, so that you get the correct irregular or stem
change forms.
The same two verbs that are irregular in negative tú commands are irregular for formal
commands.
As with the negative tú commands (See 5.5.b), you need to be aware of the CarGarZar:
MODELO:
MAESTRO: Saquen los libros, por favor.
BEATRIZ: Maestro, no mire mi trabajo, por favor.
MAESTRO: Chicos, abran los libros a la página 67.
BEATRIZ: Maestro, hable más despacio, por favor.
MAESTRO: No empiecen los ejercicios todavía, esperen por favor.
BEATRIZ: Maestra, no grite, por favor.
MAESTRO: Vean la pizarra y busquen sus nombres. Trabajen en las
parejas asignadas.
307
5.6 Spanish I
Now that you have learned the formal command forms (and informal plural), you will learn
to place certain pronouns. Fortunately, the placement of the pronouns is the same as the
informal commands, attached to the positive command and before the negative command.
Again, with command forms, we will mostly be using direct and indirect object pronouns
and the pronouns that are used with pronominal verbs (i.e. vestirse).
Usted Ustedes
Búsquela. Ábranlos.
Note:
A tilde will often be required to maintain the original pronunciation (stressed syllable) of
the command form.
Usted Ustedes
No la busque. No los abran.
With double object pronouns, the order remains the same as other uses (indirect always
first, followed by direct).
Usted Ustedes
Cántesela. Explíquenselo.
No se la compre. No se lo expliquen.
Note:
With double object pronouns, a tilde will always be required to maintain the original
pronunciation of the command.
308
Los pasatiempos 5.6
A. Los mandatos
In the spaces provided, write the correct affirmative and negative command forms.
trabajar
trabajar no no
creer
creer no no
servir
servir no no
jugar
jugar no no
almorzar
almorzar no no
decir
decir no no
hacer
hacer no no
ser
ser no no
oír
oír no no
ir
ir no no
309
5.6 Spanish I
MODELO:
Afirmativo Negativo
Hacer / la mesa Hágala No la haga.
1. mandar / el libro / a él
2. mirar / al profesor
3. hacer / las bebidas
4. bañarse
5. cepillarse / los dientes
6. buscar / el número
7. cerrar / la puerta
8. abrir / la tienda
9. vender / el carro
10. pedir / los tacos
310
Los pasatiempos 5.6
A. Una visita
Your classmate's best friends are here from out of town. Write 5 activities you recommend
that they do in Humboldt and 3 that you don't recommend. With a partner, take turns
sharing these recommendations using command forms.
MODELO:
Recommended Not recommended
Vayan al bosque. No se pierdan.
B. Más práctica
Take turns writing and saying the formal command forms for the following verbs. For
each turn, write and say the affirmative and negative formal commands.
311
5.6 Spanish I
C. Más peticiones
Paso 1. Your roommate's mother has a lot of requests. Take turns answering her with
formal commands and object pronouns.
MODELO:
¿Puedo tocar tu guitarra? (Sí) Sí, tóquela.
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 5.7 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.7 Para Practicar en Casa.
312
Los pasatiempos 5.7
Introduction:
5.7 will be a preview of one of the main topics of Spanish II, the past tenses. We will begin
by looking at some past tense expressions and seeing how they are different conjugations,
but can often be used interchangably in English. We will focus on one of the tenses, the
preterit (el pretérito). We will learn the regular preterit conjugations and some important
irregular ones.
Each one of these examples represents a different way of viewing past actions. Although all
of these refer to the past, the way that we view them (communicate them and interpret
them) is slightly different.
our view
◼
completed action present moment
313
5.7 Spanish I
◼◼◼◼◼◼◼◼◼ ◼
ongoing action present moment
our view
◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼
repeated actions present moment
our view
◼
today starts completed action present moment
In Spanish, just like in English, each one of these examples is expressed with a different
verb conjugation. In English, however, some of the examples are interchangeable (i.e. using
preterit forms (conjugations) to express ongoing or repeated actions).
In the following sections of this lesson, we will be learning conjugations of the preterit (el
pretérito).
Spanish English
ayer, anteayer yesterday, the day before yesterday
anoche last night
el lunes (martes, etc.) pasado last Monday (Tuesday, etc.)
la semana pasada last week
el fin de semana pasado last weekend
el año (mes) pasado last year (month)
314
Los pasatiempos 5.7
Now let's focus on the forms of the conjugations. Here are the endings for regular -AR, -ER,
and -IR verbs.
Notes:
• Preterit conjugations of -ER and -IR verbs are exactly the same.
• All conjugations of first person singular (yo) and third person singular (él, ella,
usted) require tildes, except for monosyllable conjugations, like vi and vio.
• The present tense and preterit tense of regular -AR and -IR verbs are the same, but
the difference is clear from the context of the sentence.
• -AR and -ER stem changing verbs do not have a stem change in the preterit (pensar,
piensan, pensaron), but some -IR stem changing verbs do (you'll study them in
Spanish II).
• First person (yo) preterit conjugations for CarGarZar verbs have the same spelling
changes as the command forms (busqué, pagué, almorcé); the pronunciation is
different as indicated by the tilde.
• An unstressed I between two vowels becomes a Y (leer ➔ leieron ➔ leyeron)
MODELO:
Ayer, vi a mi hermana. Almorcé con ella y le conté la historia de mi amiga,
Marta. Marta estudió español conmigo. Se graduó de la universidad en 2004.
Después buscó trabajo como maestra. Vivió en San Diego y después se mudó a
Los Ángeles. Me llamó la semana pasada para decirme que se casó con su
novio. Le mandé un regalo y una carta. En la carta, escribí mis recuerdos de
ella. Aprendí mucho de ella y me ayudó mucho. Una vez, leyó mi trabajo
escrito para una clase y encontró todos mis errores. Mi hermana no conoció a
Marta, pero ahora quiere conocerla.
315
5.7 Spanish I
There are several irregular forms of the preterit conjugations in Spanish. You will study
most of them in Spanish II. There are, however, some common verbs that will be presented
now. We will start with IR, SER and DAR.
Some verbs in Spanish have a special stem for the preterit tense.
The preterit endings for these verbs are different than the regular preterit endings. They
are all the same, regardless of whether they are -AR, -ER, or -IR verbs.
316
Los pasatiempos 5.7
Notes:
• If the special preterit stem ends in the letter J (i.e. dij-, traj-, etc.), the letter I of the
third person plural is dropped (dijeron, trajeron, etc.)
• The special preterit stem for HACER changes to hiz- for the third person singular (él,
ella, usted) conjugation.
• There are no tildes for these conjugations
Study and practice saying the following preterit conjugations out loud.
MODELO:
Ayer estuve con mis primos. Fuimos de compras al centro comercial. Tuve que
comprar muchos regalos para mi familia. En la tienda Marshalls, le compré una blusa
a mi mamá. En la tienda Zara, le busqué un cinturón a mi padre, pero no encontré
uno adecuado. Almorzamos en Chili's antes de ir al cine. Vimos Terminator 6 y nos
gustó mucho. En la tarde, fui a la casa de mi amigo, Max. Hizo un pastel y lo llevamos
a la casa de Jessica. Comimos pastel y salimos a bailar. Fuimos a la mejor discoteca
de Arcata. Después de un día muy ocupado, regresamos a la casa de Max. De sorpresa,
Max decidió pedirle la mano de Jessica en matrimonio y ella le dijo: "sí".
317
5.7 Spanish I
318
Los pasatiempos 5.7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
319
5.7 Spanish I
A. Entrevista
Con un compañero, pregunta y contesta las siguientes preguntas.
1. ¿Qué hiciste ayer?
2. ¿Asististe a clase el lunes pasado?
3. ¿Llamaste a tus padres el fin de semana pasado?
4. ¿Viajaste mucho el año pasado?
5. ¿Qué compraste en Amazon el mes pasado?
6. ¿Te cepillaste los dientes esta mañana?
7. ¿Saliste con tus amigos el sábado pasado?
8. Anteayer, ¿qué comiste?
9. ¿Qué recibiste para tu último cumpleaños?
10. ¿Adónde fuiste ayer?
320
Los pasatiempos 5.7
1. levantarse
2. lavarse la cara
3. cepillarse los dientes
4. ir a la cocina
5. tomar un poco de café
6. preparar el desayuno
7. desayunar
8. ducharse
9. vestirse
10. salir de la casa
11. llegar al trabajo
12. almorzar
13. terminar de trabajar
14. cenar con los amigos
15. regresar a casa
16. ver un poco de televisión
17. cepillarse los dientes
18. ponerse las pijamas
19. acostarse
20. leer por 10 minutos antes de dormirse
Paso 2: tú
Conjuga los mismos verbos en el pretérito para la segunda persona singular (tú).
MODELO:
despertarse Te despertaste a las seis y media. Depués...
Paso 3: ella
Conjuga los mismos verbos en el pretérito para la tercera persona singular (ella).
MODELO:
6:30 despertarse Se despertó a las seis y media. Depués...
Paso 4: nosotros
Conjuga los mismos verbos en el pretérito para la primera persona plural (nosotros).
MODELO:
6:30 despertarse Nos despertamos a las seis y media. Depués...
Paso 5: ellos
Conjuga los mismos verbos en el pretérito para la tercera persona plural (ellos).
MODELO:
6:30 despertarse Se despertaron a las seis y media. Depués...
321
5.7 Spanish I
D. Repaso
Make sure that you understand and can do the following:
Tarea:
Complete 5.8 Para Estudiar en Casa and 5.8 Para Practicar en Casa.
322
Los pasatiempos 5.8
Introduction:
For this section, you will listen to a popular Spanish language song and review topics
covered throughout this chapter.
Watch this video: Bailando. Pay close attention to the lyrics. Have you heard this song
before? Do you know any other songs by this artist?
Here is the complete list of chapter 5 learning objectives. Review each one carefully. You
should understand the content of each one. If you are not confident that you understand
and are able to perform each objective, go back and carefully review the explanations.
323
5.8 Spanish I
324
Los pasatiempos 5.8
A. Comprensión de la canción
1. Listen to the song again and focus on the vocabulary. Write down any words that you can
identify but may not know and then look them up in a dictionary. Write down words and
phrases that you know.
325
5.8 Spanish I
A. La canción
Listen to the song as your instructor plays it for the class. Try to fill in the missing
words from the lyrics.
Bailando
by Enrique Iglesias
Yo quiero ,
,
Una noche loca (una noche loca)
Ay besar tu boca (y besar tu boca)
Yo quiero ,
, una noche loca
Con tremenda nota
(Ooooh, ooooh, ooooh, ooooh)
326
Los pasatiempos 5.8
B. New Lyrics
With a classmate, write new lyrics to replace the line that starts with "Yo quiero". Just
replace the verbs with other verbs. Then, compare with your classmates' lyrics.
C. Entrevista
With a classmate, ask and answer the following questions.
D. Repaso
Practice the following with a partner.
327
5.8 Spanish I
2. Otro trabalengua
Read this tongue twister out loud with a partner. Be sure to roll the Rs. Which of you can say
it faster without mistakes? Who in the class can read it fastest without mistakes?
4. Los mandatos
In the spaces provided, write the correct affirmative and negative command forms.
hablar
hablar no no no
comer
comer no no no
venir
venir no no no
ser
ser no no no
buscar
buscar no no no
328
Los pasatiempos 5.8
almorzar
almorzar no no no
pagar
pagar no no no
ir
ir no no no
dormirse
dormirse no no no
casarse
casarse no no no
5. El pretérito
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the preterit according to the context.
Tarea:
Continue to review in order to be prepared for the Chapter 5 / Final Assessment.
329
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