STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

(Module 1)

DIMAANO, ANGELA C.
Grade 11 ABM B
WHAT I KNOW

A. Read the statements carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. A
B. Classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous.
1. Continuous
2. Discrete
3. Continuous
4. Continuous
5. Discrete
C. Determine the values of the random variables in each of the following distributions.
1. Sample Spaces = {HH, HT, TH, TT}

NUMBER OF TAILS
OUTCOME
(Value of T)
HH 0

HT 1

TH 1

TT 2

Therefore, the values of the random variable T (number of tails) are 0, 1, and 2.
2. Sample Spaces = {KKK, KKF, KFK, FKK, FFK, FKF, KFF}

NUMBER OF FILIPINOS
OUTCOME
(Value of F)
KKK 0

KKF 1

KFK 1

FKK 1

FFK 2

FKF 2

KFF 2

Therefore, the values of the random variable F (number of Filipinos) are 0,1, and 2.

WHAT’S IN

A. Identify the term being described in each of the following.

1. Experimental or Trial
 2. Sample Space
3. Event
4. Outcome
5. Probability
B. Answer the following questions.
1. 4 ways
2. 8 ways
3. 6 ways
4. 36 ways
5. 12 ways

WHAT’S NEW

Mary Ann, Hazel, and Analyn want to know what numbers can be assigned for the frequency of heads that will
occur in tossing three coins. Can you help them? Thanks!

Given: Tossing three coins

Frequency: The numbers that can be assigned for the frequency or heads that will occur in tossing three coins.

Solution: Sample Space = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT}

NUMBER OF HEADS
OUTCOME
(Value of H)
HHH 3

HHT 2

HTH 2

THH 2

TTH 1

THT 1

HTT 1

TTT 0

The value of the random variable H (number of heads) in this experiment are 0, 1, 2, and 3. Thus, the numbers that
can be assigned for the frequency of heads that will occur in tossing three coins are 0, 1, 2, and 3.

WHAT’S MORE
Direction: Complete the table below by constructing and illustrating the probability distribution of Example 3.

STEPS SOLUTION

S = {RRR, RRW, RWR, RWW, WRR, WRW, WWR,

1. List the Sample Space
WWW}
 NUMBER OF RED BALLS
OUTCOME
(value of R)
RRR 3

RRW 2

RWR 2
2. Count the number of Red Balls in each
outcome and assign this number to this RWW 1
outcome.
WRR 2

WRW 1

WWR 1

WWW 0

NUMBER OF RED NUMBER OF

BALLS OCCURRENCE
(value of R) (frequency)
3 1
3. Construct the frequency distribution of 2 3
the values of the given random variable.
1 3
0 1
TOTAL 8

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
PROBABILITY
RED BALLS OCCURRENCE
P(V)
(value of R) (frequency)
3 1 1/8
2 3 3/8

4. Construct the probability distribution of 1 3 3/8

the given random variable by getting the 0 1 1/8
probability of occurrence of each value of
TOTAL 8 1
the random variable.

The probability distribution of the random

variable V can be written as follows:
V 3 2 1 0
P(V) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

3/8
2/8

P(V) 1/8
5. Construct the probability histogram.

0 1 2 3
V
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

1. How do you describe a discrete random variable?

Discrete random variables are numbers of a possible value that are countable. These are finite values and
it can only be considered as a discrete random variable if it is a countable number of distinct values. It is
obtained by counting.

2. How do you describe a continuous random variable?

Continuous random variables are infinite number of possible values. These are random variables that can
take any value in an interval. It is obtained by measuring.

3. Give three examples of discrete random variable.

- Number of functioning pens

- Number of registered voters
- Number of swab test kits

4. Give three examples of continuous random variable.

- Average height of pine trees
- Distance coastal area from residential area
- Weight of high school students

5. What do you notice about the probability values of random variable in each probability distribution?

I have noticed that probability values are between 0 and 1. I have also noticed that the sum of all the
probability values are equal to 1.

6. What is the sum of the probabilities of a random variable?

The sum of the probabilities of a random variable should always be equal to 1.

7. Why should the sum of the probabilities in a probability distribution is always equal to 1?

The probability sums up to 1 due to the fact that every probability of a set is a fraction of the whole.
Probability is the number of possible outcomes and divided by the total number of outcomes so, if you add
them all together it will sum up to 1.

8. What is the shape of most probability distributions? Why do you think so?

The most used shape in probability distribution is the Bell shape. It is bell shaped because the graph of the
probability density looks like a bell. Probability distributions are symmetrical so, the right side is the mirror
image of the left side.

WHAT I CAN DO
Number of Defective COVID-19 Rapid Antibody Test Kit
Suppose three test kits are tested at random. Let D represent the defective test kit and let N represent the non-
defective test kit. If we let X be the random variable for the number of defective test kits, construct the probability
distribution of the random variable X.

S = {DDD, DDN, DND, NDD, NND, NDN, DNN, NNN}

 NUMBER OF DEFECTIVE
OUTCOME TEST KITS
(Value of X)
DDD 3

DDN 2

DND 2

NDD 2

NND 1

NDN 1

DNN 1

NNN 0

Therefore, the values of the random variable X (number of defective test kits) in this experiment are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
NUMBER OF DEFECTIVE NUMBER OF
TEST KITS OCCURRENCE
(value of X) (frequency)
0 1

1 3

2 3

3 1

TOTAL 8

NUMBER OF DEFECTIVE NUMBER OF

PROBABILITY
TEST KITS OCCURRENCE
P(X)
(value of X) (frequency)
0 1 1/8

1 3 3/8

2 3 3/8

3 1 1/8

TOTAL 8 1

The probability distribution of the variable X can be written below:

X 0 1 2 3

P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

ASSESSMENT

A. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. D
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. A
B. Classify the random variables as discrete or continuous.
1. Continuous
2. Discrete
3. Continuous
4. Discrete
5. Discrete
C. Determine the values of the random variables in each of the following distributions.
1. Two coins are tossed. Let H be the number of tails that occur. Determine the values of the random
variable H.
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}

NUMBER OF TAILS
OUTCOME
(value of T)
HH 0
HT 1
TH 1
TT 2
TOTAL 4

The value of the random variable H (number of tails) in this experiment are 0,1, and 2.

2. A meeting of envoys was attended by 4 Koreans and 2 Filipinos. If three envoys were selected at
random one after the other, determine the values of the random variable K representing the number
of Koreans.
S = {KKK, KKF, KFK, FKK, FFK, FKF, KFF}

NUMBER OF KOREANS
OUTCOME
(value of K)
KKK 3
KKF 2
KFK 2
FKK 2
FFK 1
FKF 1
KFF 1
TOTAL 12

The values of random variable K (number of Koreans) in this experiment are 0, 1, 2 and 3.
D. Construct the probability distribution of the situation below.
Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn containing 5 white balls and 6 black
balls. Let B be the random variable representing the number of black balls. Construct the probability
distribution of the random variable B.

S = {WW, WB, BW, BB}

NUMBER OF BLACK
OUTCOME BALLS
(value of B)
WW 0
WB 1
BW 1
BB 2
TOTAL 4

The value of the random variable B (number of black balls) in this experiment are 0, 1, and 2.

NUMBER OF BLACK NUMBER OF

BALLS OCCURRENCE
(value of B) (frequency)
0 1

1 2

2 1

TOTAL 4

NUMBER OF BLACK NUMBER OF

PROBABILITY
BALLS OCCURRENCE
P(X)
(value of B) (frequency)
0 1 ¼

1 2 2/4 or ½

2 1 ¼

TOTAL 4 1

The probability distribution of the random variable B can be written below:

B 0 1 2

P(B) ¼ ½ ¼
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

Grace Ann wants to determine if the formula below describes a probability distribution. Solve the following:

X P(X)
0 1/6
1 1/3
2 ½
TOTAL 1