Computer Applications – XII

Chapter 1
Review of C++ Programming
Basics of C++

Character set Fundamental unit of C++ language. Classified into letters, digits, special
characters and white spaces.
Tokens Building blocks of C++ programs. Classified into keywords, identifiers, literals,
punctuators and operators.
Keywords Reserved words that convey specific meaning to the language compiler.
Identifiers User-defined words to identify memory locations, statements, etc. Identifiers
include variables, labels, function names, etc.
Literals Tokens that do not change their value during the program run. Classified into

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(Constants) integer constants, floating point constants, character constants and string
constants.
Operators Symbols that represents some operations. They consist of arithmetic, relational
and logical operators. There are some special operators named get from (>>),
put to (<<) and assignment (=). Another category of operators include increment

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(++), decrement (--) and arithmetic assignment (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=) operators.
Punctuators

Data types
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Special characters like comma (,), semi colon (;), etc. used for the perfection of
syntax of various constructs of the language.
These are means to identify the type of data and associated operations. Data
types are classified into fundamental and user-defined data types. Fundamental
data types include int, char, float, double and void.
Control Two types – Selection statements (if, switch)
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statements Looping statements (while, for, do – while)
while and for are entry controlled loops
do – while is exit controlled loop
Looping There will be four components – initialization expression, test expression,
statements update expression, loop-body.
In the case of entry-controlled loop, body will be executed only after evaluation
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the test expression (condition).

But, in the case of the exit-controlled loop, condition will be checked only after
executing the loop-body.

switch V/s if – else if statement

Switch if – else if
• Only equality conditions are checked. • Any relational expression can be used for
conditions.
• Program control goes outside the block only if • No need of break to take the control outside
break is used after each case. after executing a block.
• default case is for an action where all the • else is used for an action where all the
conditions fail. conditions fail.

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Chapter 2
Arrays

An array is a collection of elements of the same type placed in contiguous memory locations. Arrays
are used to store a set of values of the same type under a single variable name. Each element in an
array can be accessed using its position in the list called index number or subscript.
The syntax for declaring an array in C++ is as follows.
data_type array_name[size];
Eg: int num[10];
This statement declares an array named num that can store 10 integer numbers.

Accessing array elements

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Elements of an array are easily accessed using a for loop. For example, the elements in the above
array can be displayed using the following loop:
for (i=0; i<5; i++)
cout<<score[i];

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String handling using arrays
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A character array can be used to store a string, since it is a sequence of characters. The array char
my_name[10]; can store a string of 9 characters. One location will be used to store ‘\0’ (null
character) as string terminator.
A string can be input using the statement:
cin >> my_name;
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This statement can store a string without any white space (that is, only one word). If we want store
strings containing white spaces (strings having more than one word) we can use gets() function,
getline() function or get() function.

cin.getline(my_name,10); can accept a string containing white spaces. The functions

getline() and get() are stream functions to input string and gets() is a console function.
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Similarly to display string data we can use puts() function and write() function.

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Chapter 3
Functions

Predefined functions
Type Functions Operation
(cstdio / getchar() To input a character
stdio.h) putchar() To display a character
To input a character
get()
(iostream)
functions

To input a string of maximum 10 characters

Stream

getline() To input a string of maximum 10 characters

put() To display a character
write() To display a string of maximum 10 characters

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strlen() To find the length of a string.

String Functions (cstring

strcpy() To copy one string into another

/ string.h)
strcat() To append (concatenate) string2 to string1
strcmp() To compare two strings.
strcmpi() Same as strcmp(), except that the case of the two strings are
ignored.
abs() To find the absolute value of an integer.
Functions (cmath /
Mathematical

fabs() To find the absolute value of a floating point number.

math.h)

sqrt() To find the square root of a number.

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pow() To find the power of a number. It takes two arguments x and y.
Returns the value of xy.
isupper() To check whether a character is in upper case or not.
Character Functions (cctype / ctype.h)

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islower() To check whether a character is in lower case or not.

isalpha() To check whether a character is alphabet or not.

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isdigit() To check whether a character is digit or not.

isalnum() To check whether a character is alphanumeric or not.

toupper() This function is used to convert the given character into its
uppercase.
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tolower() This function is used to convert the given character into its
lowercase.

Two type of Function Calling

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Computer Applications – XII
Chapter 4
Web Technology
Static web page V/s Dynamic web page

Client side scripting V/s Server side scripting

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Client side scripting languages: JavaScript, VB Script

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Server side scripting languages: PHP, JSP, ASP, Pearl
Structure of HTML code
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
</HEAD>
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</TITLE>

<BODY>
</BODY>
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</HTML>
HTML Tags
Tags Use Attributes Values and Purpose
<HTML> To start an HTML document
<HEAD>
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To specify the head section of an HTML document.

<TITLE> This tag pair contains the text to be displayed in the title bar of browser.
Defines the body Bgcolor Colour for the background of a web page.
<BODY> section of the web Background Image as the background of a web page.
page. Text Colour of the text in the web page.

Tags Use Attributes Values and Purpose

<H1> ….. To provide different
Align “left”, “right” and “center” are the values.
..… <H6> levels of headings.
<BR> To break the current line of text and continues in the next line. No attributes.
<P> To create a paragraph leaving a blank line.
<HR> To draw a horizontal line across the width of the browser window
Computer Applications – XII
Text formatting tags
Tags Use
<B> and <STRONG> To make the text bold face.
<I> and <EM> To make the text italics or emphasis.
<U> To underline the text
<S> and <STRIKE> To strike through the text
<BIG> To make the text big sized
<SMALL> To make the text small sized
<SUB> To make the text subscripted
<SUP> To make the text superscripted
<Q> To enclose the text in “double quotes”
<BLOCKQUOTE> To indent the text

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Tags Use Attributes Values and Purpose
<MARQUEE> To scroll a text or image in the browser
To change the Color To set the text colour

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size, style and Face It specifies the font face like Arial, Calibri, etc.
<FONT>
colour of the
Size

<IMG>
text enclosed
To insert
image in a
web page
Src
ve It specifies the font size

To specify the file name of the image

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Chapter 5
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Web Designing using HTML

Different types of Lists in HTML

There are three kinds of lists in HTML - unordered lists, ordered lists and definition lists.
Tags Use Attributes Values and Purpose
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To specify the type of bullet. “Disc”, “Circle”

<UL> To create bulleted list Type and “Square” are the values for ●, ○ and ▪
To specify the type of numeral. The values are
Type
To create numbered “1”, “I”, “i”, “a” and “A”.
<OL>
list To specify the starting number. The value
Start
should be an integer.
To specify an item in the unordered or ordered list. Used inside the pairs <UL>…</UL>
<LI>
and <OL> … </OL>
<DL> To create a definition list
<DT> Used inside <DL>… </DL> to specify each data item (or term) in the list
<DD> Used after each <DT> to describe the term

Links in HTML
A hyperlink (or simply link) is a text or an image in a web page, on clicking which another document
or another section of the same document will be opened. The <A> tag, called anchor tag is used to

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give hyperlinks. Href is the main attribute of <A> tag. The URL (address of the web page/site) is given
as its value. There are two types of linking – internal linking and external linking.

Creating Table in Web page

Tags Use Attributes Values and Purpose

<TABLE> To create table Border Thickness of the border line around the table.

<TR> To specify a row in a table

<TH> To specify the heading cell.
<TD> To specify the data in a cell.

Input controls in Forms

Textbox – To input a line of text
Password box – To input passwords

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Option button (Radio button) – To select an item from a groups of options
Checkbox – To select one or more items in a group
List box – To select one or more items from list of items
Text area – To input multi line text

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Submit button – To submit data to the Form handler
Reset button – To clear the entries in the Form
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Chapter 6
Client side Scripting using JavaScript

<SCRIPT> tag: To embed JavaScript code in an HTML file.

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Data Types in JavaScript: Number, String, Boolean
Variables: Used for storing values. Declared using the keyword var as: var x;

Operators
Arithmetic operators + – * / %
Increment, decrement ++ ––
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Assignment operators = += –= *= /= %=
Relational operators < <= > >= == !=
Logical operators || && !
String concatenation +
Control Statements

if (test_expression)
Statement;
if (test_expression)
statement_1;
else
if statements
statement_2;
if (test_expression1)
statement_1;
else if (test_expression2)
statement_2;

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::
else
statement_n;
switch (variable/expression)
{
case value1: statement1; break;
switch
case value2: statement2; break;
statement
:
default: statement;
}
for (initialization; test; update)
for loop
body;
initialization;

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while (test_expression)
while loop { body;
update;
}
Built-in Functions

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Function Use Syntax / Example
alert()
isNaN()
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To display a text in a message window. alert(“Welcome”);
Returns True if the given value is not a number. isNaN(“welcome”); and
That is, the argument contains a non-numeric isNaN(“A123”); return True.
character. Returns False is the argument is isNaN(“13”); and isNaN(13);
return False
numeric.
toUpperCase() Returns the upper case form of the given string. “Java”.toUpperCase(); will
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give JAVA.
toLowerCase() Returns the lower case form of the given string. “JavaSCIPT”.toLowerCase();
will give javascript.
charAt() Returns the character at a particular position. “JavaScript”.charAt(4); gives S,
st
charAt(0) gives the 1 character of a string. the 5th character.
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length property Returns the length (number of characters) of “JavaScript”.length will give 10.
the string.
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Chapter 7
Web Hosting

Types of web hosting

(i) Shared hosting: Most suitable for small websites that have less traffic. Cheaper and easy to use.
Services will be slow.
(ii) Dedicated hosting: Dedicated servers provide guaranteed performance, round-the-clock power
supply, and fast access. But they are very expensive.
(iii) Virtual Private Server (VPS): VPS provides almost the same services at a lesser cost than that of
dedicated hosting. Some popular server virtualization softwares are VMware, FreeVPS, etc.

FTP Client software: FTP client software establishes a connection with a remote server and is used
to transfer files from our computer to the server computer. SFTP uses Secure Shell (SSH) protocol

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which provides facilities for secure file transfer. The popular FTP client software are FileZilla,
CuteFTP, SmartFTP, etc.

Free Hosting: Provides web hosting services free of charge. The size of the files that can be uploaded
may be limited. Audio/video files may not be permitted. Sites.google.com, yola.com, etc. are free
web hosting services.
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Chapter 8
Database Management System

Database is an organized collection of inter-related data stored together with minimum redundancy,
which can be retrieved as desirable.
Database Management System (DBMS) is essentially a set of programs which facilitates storage,

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retrieval and management of database.
Advantages of DBMS:
• Data redundancy (duplication of data) is controlled.
• Data inconsistency is avoided.

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• Data are efficiently accessed.
• Data integrity is maintained.
•
•
Data security is ensured.
Data sharing is allowed.
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Components of DBMS: Hardware, Software, Database, Users, Procedures:
Data organisation:
• Field: The smallest unit of stored data.
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• Record: A collection of related fields.
• File: A collection of all occurrences of same type of records.
• Database: A collection of files associated with an organisation.

Types of Users of database

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• Database Administrator (DBA): The person responsible for the control of the centralized and
shared database.
• Application Programmers: Computer professionals who interact with the DBMS through
application programs.
• Sophisticated Users: They interact with the database through their own queries.
• Naive Users: People accessing data by invoking one of the application programs.

Relation: A relation is also called Table. Data are organized in the form of rows and columns
Tuple: The rows (records) of a relation are known as tuples.
Attribute: The columns of a relation are called attributes.
Degree: The number of attributes in a relation determines the degree of a relation.
Cardinality: The number of rows (records) or tuples in a relation is called cardinality of the relation.
Domain: It is a pool of values in a given column of a table.
Schema: The description or structure of a database is called the database schema.
Instance: An instance of a relation is a set of tuples in it.

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Types of Keys:
• Candidate key: It is the minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies a row in a relation.
• Primary key: It is one of the candidate keys chosen to uniquely identify tuples within the relation.
• Alternate key: It is a candidate key that is not chosen as the primary key.
• Foreign key: A key in a table can be called foreign key if it is a primary key in another table.

Relational algebra
The fundamental operations in relational algebra are SELECT(σ), PROJECT (π), UNION,
INTERSECTION, SET DIFFERENCE, CARTESIAN PRODUCT, etc.

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Chapter 9
Structured Query Language
Components of SQL: Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation language (DML) and Data

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Control Language (DCL).
DDL commands: CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, CREATE VIEW, DROP VIEW.
DML commands: INSERT INTO, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE FROM.
DCL commands: GRANT, REVOKE.

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SQL Data Types: INT or INTEGER, DEC or DECIMAL, CHAR or CHARACTER, VARCHAR, DATE, TIME.

COUNT()

SUM()
AVG()
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To count the non-null values of a column.
Also used to get number of rows
To find the sum of values in a column.
To find the average of values in a column.
MAX() To find the highest value in a column.
MIN() To find the lowest value in a column.
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Chapter 10
Enterprise Resource Planning
Functional units of ERP
1. Financial module
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2. Manufacturing module
3. Production planning module
4. HR module
5. Inventory control module
6. Purchasing module
7. Marketing module
8. Sales and distribution module
9. Quality management module
Popular ERP packages
• Oracle: The ERP package from Oracle provides strong finance and accounting module. It also
provides good customer and supplier interaction, effective production analysis, efficient human
resource management and better pricing module.
• SAP: SAP stands for Systems, Applications and Products for data processing. SAP also developed
Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Supply Chain Management (SCM), and Product Life
cycle Management (PLM) software.

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• Odoo: Odoo is an open source ERP. In open source ERP the source code or program can be
modified as necessary, based on the requirement of organization.
• Microsoft Dynamics: It provides a group of enterprise resource planning products primarily
aimed at midsized enterprises. This package can be installed and used easily and it provides
good user interface.
• Tally ERP: Tally ERP is a business accounting software for accounting, inventory and payroll.
Benefits of ERP system
• Improved resource utilization
• Better customer satisfaction
• Provides accurate information
• Decision making capability
• Increased flexibility
• Information integrity

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Chapter 11
Trends and Issues in ICT

Mobile communication services

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Short Message Service (SMS) is a text messaging service in mobile communication systems that
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allows exchanging short text messages containing up to 160 characters.
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is a standard way to send and receive messages that consists
of multimedia content using mobile phones. MMS does not specify a maximum size for a multimedia
message and it supports contents such as text, graphics, music, video clips and more.
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite based navigation system that is used to locate a
geographical position anywhere on earth, using its longitude and latitude. GPS is used for vehicle
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fleet tracking by transporting companies to track the movement of their trucks.
A smart card is a plastic card embedded with a computer chip / memory that stores and transacts
data. The advantages of using smart cards is that it is secure (data is protected), intelligent (it can
store and process data) and that it is convenient (it is easy to carry).
Mobile Operating System
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The software that manages the hardware, multimedia functions, Internet connectivity, etc. in a
mobile device. Eg: Android from Google, iOS from Apple, BlackBerry OS from BlackBerry and
Windows Phone from Microsoft.
Cyber crimes against individuals:
• Identity theft occurs when someone uses another person's identifying information, like their
name, credit card number, etc. without their permission to commit fraud or other crimes.
• Harassment means posting humiliating comments focusing on gender, race, religion, nationality
at specific individuals in chat rooms, social media, e-mail, etc. is harassment.
• Impersonation and cheating: Impersonation is an act of pretending to be another person for
the purpose of harming the victim.
• Violation of privacy: Violation of privacy is the intrusion into the personal life of another,
without a valid reason.
• Dissemination of obscene material: The Internet has provided a medium for the facilitation of
crimes like pornography. The distribution and posting of obscene material is one of the
important cyber crimes today.
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