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U1 Axes

1) The document discusses the designation of axes in NC machines. The X, Y, and Z axes follow a right-hand coordinate system, with Z being the primary axis along the spindle. 2) It also discusses the location and direction of each axis. The Z-axis is along the spindle. The X-axis is perpendicular to Z and parallel to the work surface. The Y-axis completes the right-hand system. 3) Multiple spindles may require additional axes like U, V, and W. The document explains how these would be designated relative to the primary X, Y, and Z axes.

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Gaurav Sharma
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49 views18 pages

U1 Axes

1) The document discusses the designation of axes in NC machines. The X, Y, and Z axes follow a right-hand coordinate system, with Z being the primary axis along the spindle. 2) It also discusses the location and direction of each axis. The Z-axis is along the spindle. The X-axis is perpendicular to Z and parallel to the work surface. The Y-axis completes the right-hand system. 3) Multiple spindles may require additional axes like U, V, and W. The document explains how these would be designated relative to the primary X, Y, and Z axes.

Uploaded by

Gaurav Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Axes of NC machine

1
Most of the NC machine builders follow the ISO standards to
designate the axes of their machines.

The guiding coordinate system followed for designating axes is the


familiar right hand coordinate system.

Figure 2: Finding directions in RH


Figure 1: Right hand coordinate systems coordinate system 76
Machine Tool Types
• It is convenient in the context of standard, to classify the NC
machines in the following groups.

• Group I: Machine tools with the rotating tools

– I (a): These machines may have a vertical spindle; e.g. vertical knee
milling machine, drilling machines, vertical boring machines etc. These
could be of single column type (I(a-i) or gantry type I(a-ii)
– I (b): These machines may have horizontal spindle e.g. horizontal
boring machines etc.

• Group II: Machines tools with rotating work pieces e.g.


lathes and grinding machines
• Group III: Machine tools with non-rotating work pieces and
non-rotating tools e.g. shaper, slotter and planer
3
Designating the motion
First of all, the Z-motion is designated. This is followed by the X and
Y motions respectively.

4
Z-Axis and Motion

Location:

The Z-axis motion is either along the spindle axis or parallel to the
spindle axis.

Group I: Machine tools with the rotating tools.


Group II: Machines tools with rotating work pieces e.g. lathes and
grinding machines.

Group III: Machine tools with non-rotating work pieces and non-
rotating tools e.g. shaper, slotter and planer)

In the case of machines of Group III it is recognized as the one


perpendicular to the work holding surface which may not be passing
through the controlled point (i.e. the cutting tool tip).
5
Direction:
The principle for the machines of Groups I and II where
drilling type motion can be performed is that for moving a
drill into the work piece, the cutting tool should move in
the negative (-) Z direction.

For other machines the positive (+) Z motion increases the


clearance between the work surface and the tool-holder.

6
X-Axis location and direction
The X-motion is the principle
motion in the positioning
plane of the cutting tool or
the work piece.

Location:
• It is perpendicular to the
z-axis and should be
horizontal and parallel to
the work holding surface
wherever possible.

Direction:
• For Group I (a-i) machines
when looking from the
principal spindle to the
column the positive (+) X
is to the RIGHT (see
Figure).
7
Y-Axis location and
direction
• Its designation is derived
from the already
recognized Z and X axes.
• It is perpendicular to both
X and Z axes and +Y is in
the direction which
completes with the +X
and +Z motions a right
hand cartesian coordinate
system.

8
When there are several spindles and slide ways:

• In such cases, one of the spindles, preferably the one


perpendicular to the work-holding surface may be chosen as the
principle spindle.

• The primary Z motion is then nearer to the primary spindle. The


tool motions of other spindle or slides, which are termed as
secondary and tertiary motions, may be designated as U, V, W and
P,Q, Rrespectively.

• Two such cases are shown in Figures 4 and Figure 6.


• In figure 6, the motion of the turret slide is farther from the
spindle, is designated as W.

9
The designation of X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis are demonstrated in the
figures 3 to 8.

3 84
4

11
5
12
6
13
7
14
Zero Points and Reference Point
• In NC/CNC machines tool traverses are controlled by
coordinating systems.

• Machining involves an important aspect of relative


movement between cutting tool and workpiece.

• Their accurate position within the machine tool is


established by ‘Zero Points’.

• These ‘zero points’ and ‘reference points’ depend on type


of machine tool.

15
a) Machine Origin (M)
• The machine origin is a fixed point
set by the machine tool builder.
• This is the zero point for the
coordinate systems and reference
points in the machine.
• On lathe machine, the machine zero
point is generally at the center of the
spindle nose face.
• Usually it cannot be changed.
• Any tool movement is measured
from this point.
• The controller always remembers
tool distance from the machine
origin.
16
b) Program Origin (N)
• It is also called home position of the
tool.
•
• Program origin is point from where
the tool starts for its motion while
executing a program and returns
back at the end of the cycle.

• This can be any point within the


workspace of the tool which is
sufficiently away from the part.

• In case of NC/CNC lathe it is a point


where tool change is carried out.

17
c) Part Origin (W)
• The part origin can be set by
the programmer in the NC/CNC
program or by the operator
manually.

• Establishing the part origin is


also known as zero shift, work
shift, floating zero or datum.
Setting up of Origin
• Usually part origin needs to be In case of CNC machine tool
defined for each new setup. rotation of the reference axis is not
possible. Origin can set by selecting
• Zero shifting allows the three reference planes X, Y and Z.
relocation of the part. Planes can be set by touching tool
Sometimes the part accuracy is on the surfaces of the workpiece
affected by the location of the and setting that surfaces as X=x,
part origin.
Y=y and Z=z.
18

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