EE : 451

MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Syed Ali Hassan

School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

National University of Sciences and Technology
Course Information
• Lecture Timings:
• Monday: 11 a.m-1 p.m.
• Wednesday: 11a.m-12p.m.

• Office Hours
• Thursday 2-3 (Or by appointment)

• Text Book
• Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice
by Theodore S. Rappaport, Second Edition
Credits and Acknowledgements
• I gratefully acknowledge the following professors because
most often I will be teaching the lectures/slides/notes from
them
• Prof. Mary Ann Ingram (Georgia Tech)
• Prof. Gordon L. Stuber (Georgia Tech)
• Prof. Geoffrey Ye Li (Georgia Tech/Imperial College UK)

• Throughout the course, I will borrow examples and

explanations from the following book:
• Principles of Mobile Communications by Prof. Gordon Stuber, 3rd
Edition.
Topical Outline
• Overview of Wireless/Mobile Communications
• History and Standards

• Cellular Systems
• Wireless Propagation
• Path Loss
• Shadowing
• Fading

• Digital Modulations
• Access Techniques
• MIMO and Multi-Antenna Systems
• Modern Trends in Wireless/Mobile Communications
About Class
• Focus on “Principles of Mobile Communications”
• Everything Open - - - Grind the concepts

This does not mean to open

and study the book ON/DURING
the Exam

• End Semester Project

• Attendance Policy
Today’s Outline
• History and evolution of mobile radio
• Brief history of cellular wireless telephony
• Generations of Wireless Technology
HISTORY OF WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY
The beginning…
• Most credit Guglielmo Marconi, “the father of radio”, with
the initiation of wireless technology

• 1894 Marconi experimented with Hertzian Waves (radio

waves) to produce and detect waves over long distances

• 1896 Marconi established the Wireless Telegraph &

Signal Company, the first radio factory

• 1901 St John’s, New Foundland, Marconi received the

first trans-Atlantic wireless signal from Poldhu, England
US Military jumps into Wireless
• During World War II the US Military used wireless signals
with encryption to send battle plans and instructions

• US Military started the shift to radio data transmission

technology
Wireless Networking: Birth of the Wireless
Network
• 1971 network technologies met radio technologies when
the first wireless Local Area Network (LAN) was
established at the University of Hawaii during the
experiment, ‘ALOHANET’

• ALOHANET used a bidirectional star topology consisting

of (7) computers over (4) islands
Wireless Networking: Cellular
• 1973 Dr Martin Cooper, Motorola Labs, invented the first
personal mobile cellular telephone (weighed 2.5 lbs, 30
individual circuit boards, no display screen, 9”x5”x1.75”,
10 hours to charge for 35 minutes of use)

• 1983 marked American entry into the commercial cellular

service market

• 1987 FCC allows and encourages cellular service

providers to use alternate technologies in the 800Mhz
radio spectrum to prompt use of digital transmission
Wireless Networking: IEEE
• 1990 IEEE 802 Executive Committee established the
802.11 Working Group to create a wireless LAN standard.

• 1997 working group approved IEEE 802.11 as the world’s

first wireless LAN standard

• New standards are continuously being developed by the

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
First Generation
• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
• US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83)
• 800 MHz band — two 20 MHz bands
• Duopoly within each market

• Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)

• Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland
• Launched 1981; now largely retired
• 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)

• Total Access Communications System (TACS)

• British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985
Second Generation — 2G
• Digital systems
• Leverage technology to increase capacity
• Speech compression; digital signal processing
• Utilize/extend “Intelligent Network” concepts
• Improve fraud prevention
• Add new services
• There are a wide diversity of 2G systems
• IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan)
• iDEN
• DECT and PHS
• IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
• GSM
North American CDMA (cdmaOne)
• Code Division Multiple Access
• All users share same frequency band
• Discussed in detail later as CDMA is basis for 3G
• Qualcomm demo in 1989
• Claimed improved capacity & simplified planning
• First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994
• Major success in Korea (1M subs by 1996)
• Used by Verizon and Sprint in US
• Simplest 3G migration story today
GSM
• « Groupe Special Mobile », latter changed to
« Global System for Mobile »
• Joint European effort beginning in 1982
• Focus on seamless roaming across Europe
• Services launched 1991
• Time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz)
• 900 MHz band; later extended to 1800MHz
• Added 1900 MHz (US PCS bands)
• GSM is dominant world standard
• Well defined interfaces; many competitors
• Tri/Quad-band GSM phone can roam the world today
1G — Separate Frequencies

FDMA — Frequency Division Multiple Access

30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
Frequency

30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
2G — TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access

One timeslot = 0.577 ms One TDMA frame = 8 timeslots

200 KHz

200 KHz
Frequency

200 KHz

200 KHz

Time
Multi-Access Radio Techniques

Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World

Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
Migration To 3G 2.75G
Intermediate
3G
Multimedia

2.5G Multimedia

2G Packet Data

1G Digital Voice
Analog Voice
GPRS W-CDMA
GSM
EDGE (UMTS)
115 Kbps
NMT 9.6 Kbps 384 Kbps Up to 2 Mbps

GSM/
TD-SCDMA
TDMA GPRS
(Overlay)
TACS 2 Mbps?
115 Kbps
9.6 Kbps

iDEN iDEN
9.6 Kbps PDC (Overlay)
9.6 Kbps
AMPS CDMA 1xRTT cdma2000
CDMA 1X-EV-DV

14.4 Kbps
PHS
(IP-Based) 144 Kbps Over 2.4 Mbps
/ 64 Kbps
64 Kbps
PHS 2003 - 2004+
2003+
2001+
1992 - 2000+ Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
1984 - 1996+
GSM Evolution for Data Access
2 Mbps
UMTS

384 kbps
115 kbps EDGE
GPRS

9.6 kbps
GSM

1997 2000 2003 2003+

GSM evolution 3G
Why 4G ?
Current 4G
Voice communication VoIP, high quality video conferencing
SMS, MMS Video messaging
Internet browsing Super-fast internet
Downloadable games Online gaming with mobility
Downloadable video High quality audio & video streaming
No TV service Broadcast TV on-demand
Peer-to-peer messaging Wide-scale distribution of video clips
Mobile payment
File transfer
Many other innovative ideas
Technology Moving Towards 4G
Wireless Standards
IEEE 802.15.4 Sensors RFID
(Zigbee Alliance) (AutoID Center)

RAN
WAN
3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)
IEEE 802.20 3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)
IEEE 802.16e GSMA, OMA

IEEE 802.16d MAN ETSI HiperMAN &

WiMAX HIPERACCESS

IEEE 802.11 LAN ETSI-BRAN

Wi-Fi Alliance HiperLAN2

IEEE 802.15.3 PAN ETSI

UWB, Bluetooth
HiperPAN
Wi-Media,
BTSIG, MBOA
 World Telecom Statistics
1200
Crossover
1000 has happened
May 2002 !
800
Landline Subs
600
(millions)

400

200
Mobile Subs
0
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Why 5G
• Exponential increase of the population of wireless devices
with ubiquitous Internet connectivity (expected to reach 50
billion by 2025)
• Internet of Things
(IoT)

Source: Ekram Hossein, “Evolution Toward 5G Cellular Networks: A Radio

Resource and Interference Management Perspective”, IEEE ICC 2020
The 5G Networks
 5G Rollout

5G Commercial Network Coverage Graph

[1] https://www.worldtimezone.com/5g.html
Limitations of 5G

5G systems that are currently being

marketed will readily support basic
IoE and URLLC service.

Whether they can deliver tomorrow’s

smart city applications?

WHAT’S THE NEXT G?

39
 The Vision of 6G

Key performance indicators for 6G.

‘’The Vision of 6G,’’ Samsung Research, 14 July 2020. https://news.samsung.com/global/samsungs-6g-white-paper-lays-out-the-companys-
vision-for-the-next-generation-of-communications-technology
 Key Physical Layer Enablers for 6G

Terahertz Band Communication

6G

Cell-free Massive MIMO Smart Radio Environments

[1] M. Michail, et al. "The road to 6G: Ten physical layer challenges for communications engineers." IEEE Communications Magazine 59.1
(2021): 64-69.
 THANK YOU

For more on our research, please visit:

www.ipt.seecs.nust.edu.pk