Equilibrium Worksheets for Chemistry 12

 
 
Notes Worksheets Quiz
 
1. Approaching Equilibrium WS 1 Q1
2. LeChatelier's Principle-1 WS 2
3. LeChatelier's Principle-2 WS 3 & 4 Q2
4. LeChatelier's-3 & Start Lab WS 5
5. Lab Lechatelier's Questions 1-10 Conclusion
6. Haber/Graphing WS 6 & 7 Q3
7. Equilibrium Constants WS 8 Q4
8. Keq Calculations WS 9 & 10
9. K-trial & Size Keq WS 11 Q5
10. Entropy & Enthalpy WS 12 Q6
11. Review Web Review Practice Test 1
12. Review Practice Test 2Quizmebc
 
 
 
 
 
 
The following workbook will ensure that you can demonstrate your understanding of all aspects of
the kinetics unit. The minimum expectation is that you do all of these questions by the due dates given
by your teacher. There are other things that you should do to prepare for the test at the end of the unit.
Remember, what you put into this course is what you will get out. There is no substitute for consistent
effort and hard work. If you cannot do a question, get some help before the end of the unit, you need to
know, understand, and remember everything. Good luck! I know you can do well in this unit.
 
 
 
 

1
Worksheet #1 Approaching Equilibrium
 
 

1. What are the conditions necessary for equilibrium?

2. What is a forward reaction versus a reverse reaction?

3. Why does the forward reaction rate decrease as equilibrium is approached?

4. What are the characteristics of equilibrium?

5. Define equilibrium.

6. Define the word dynamic and explain its relevance to the concept of equilibrium.

7. Why does the reverse reaction rate increase as equilibrium is approached?

As a reaction is approaching equilibrium describe how the following change. Explain what causes
each change.

8. Reactant concentration.

9. Products concentration.

10. Forward reaction rate.

11. Reverse reaction rate.

12. What is equal at equilibrium?

13. What is constant at equilibrium?

14. Sketch each graph to show how concentrations change as equilibrium is approached

  [Reactant] [Product] Overall Rate

 

2
 

15. Label each graph with the correct description.

        The forward and reverse rates as equilibrium is approached

        The overall rate as equilibrium is approached

        The reactant and product concentrations as equilibrium is approached (two graphs)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

16. Draw a PE Diagram for the reaction if PE of the reactants is 100 KJ/mole N2O4 and
Ea = 110 KJ/mole N2O4.
N2O4 (g) ⇄ 2 N02 (g) DH= +58KJ
(colorless) (brown)
 
3
 
 
  PE
  9(KJ/mole)
 
 
 
 
  Reaction Path
 
If a catalyst were added to the reaction, what would happen to the PE Diagram, the forward rate,
and the reverse rate?
PE Diagram Forward rate Reverse rate
 
One mole of very cold, colorless N2O4 (g) is placed into a 1.0L glass container of room temperature.
The reaction:
N2O4 (g) ⇄ 2 N02 (g) DH= +58 KJ
(colorless) (brown)
proceeds to equilibrium. The concentration of each gas is measured as a function of time.
 
Time (s) 0 5 10 15 20 25
[N2O4] (M) 1.0 0.83 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.80
[N02] (M) 0.0 0.34 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.40
 
17. Plot concentration of N2O4 and N02 against time on the same graph below.
1.0 -
0.9 -
0.8 -
0.7 -
0.6 -
0.5 -
0.4 -
0.3 -
0.2 -
0.1 -
0.0 -
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
TIME (s)
18. After what time interval has equilibrium been established? ___________
 
19. Describe the change in the appearance of the container over 25 seconds (describe the colour change
and when it becomes constant).

4
20. Calculate the rate of N2O4 consumption in (M/s) over the first 5s period and then the second 5s
period.

0-5 sec. rate = ________M/s

5-10 sec. rate = ________M/s

Why is the rate greater over the first five minutes compared to the second five minutes (think in
terms of reactant and product concentrations?

 
21. Calculate the rate of N02 production in (M/s) over the first 5s period and then the second 5s period.

0-5 sec. rate = ________M/s

5-10 sec. rate = ________M/s

 
How does the rate of formation of N02 compare to the rate of consumption of N2O4? Remember, if
you measure the reactants or products, it is still the overall rate.

 
22. What are the equilibrium concentrations of N2O4 and N02?
 
[N2O4]= ______M Are they equal? ______!
[N02] = ______M
 
23. Is the reaction over, when equilibrium has been achieved? If not, explain.

 
 
24. What are the necessary conditions to establish equilibrium?

25. What are the characteristics of an equilibrium?

5
Worksheet #2 Le Chatelier’s Principle
 
Describe the changes that occur after each stress is applied to the equilibrium.
 
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇄ 2NH3(g) + 92 KJ
 
Shifts Shifts to the
Stress [N2] [H2] [NH3] Right or Left Reactants or Product
 
1. [N2] is increased
 
2. [H2] is increased
 
3. [NH3] is increased
 
4. Temp is increased

5. [N2] is decreased
 
6. [H2] is decreased
 
7. [NH3] is decreased
 
8. Temp is decreased
9. A catalyst is added

 
 
 
 
 

6
 N2O4 (g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) DH = + 92 KJ
 
Shifts Shifts to Favour the
Stress [N2O4] [NO2] Right or Left Reactants or Products
 
1. [N2O4] is increased
 
2. [NO2] is increased
 
3. Temp is increased
 
4. [N2O4] is decreased
 
5. [H2] is decreased
 
6. [NO2] is decreased
 
7. Temp is decreased
 
4HCl (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2 (g) + 98 KJ
 
Shifts Shifts to Favour the
Stress [O2] [H2O] [HCl] Right or Left Reactants or Products
 
1. [HCl] is increased
 
2. [H2O] is increased
3. [O2] is increased
 
4. Temp is increased
5. [H2O] is decreased
6. [HCl ] is decreased
7. [O2] is decreased
8. Temp is decreased
9. A catalyst is added
 

7
 CaCO3 (s) + 170 KJ ⇄ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
 
Note : Adding solids or liquids and removing solids or liquids does not shift the equilibrium. This
is because you cannot change the concentration of a pure liquid or solid as they are 100% pure. It is only a
concentration change that will change the # of collisions and hence shift the equilibrium.
Shifts Shifts to Favor the
Stress [CO2] Right or Left Reactants or Products
 
1. CaCO3 is added
 
2. CaO is added
 
3. CO2 is added
 
4. Temp is decreased
 
5. A catalyst is added
 
6. [CO2] is decreased
 
7. Temp is increased

8. CaO is removed
 

8
Worksheet #3 Applying Le Châtelier's Principle
 
The oxidation of ammonia is a reversible exothermic reaction that proceeds as follows:
4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) ⇄ 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g)
For each situation described in the table, indicate an increase or decrease in overall concentration from
before to after a new equilibrium has been established.
Component Stress Equilibrium Concentrations
NH3] [O2] [NO] [H2O]
NH3 addition
removal
 
O2 addition
removal
 
NO addition
removal
H2O addition
removal

[NH3] [O2] [NO] [H2O]

Increase in temperature

Decrease in temperature

Increase in pressure

Decrease in pressure

Addition of a catalyst

An Inert gas is added

9
Worksheet #4 Le Chatelier’s Principle
 
State the direction in which each of the following equilibrium systems would be shifted upon the
application of the following stress listed beside the equation.
 
1. 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2 SO3 (g) + energy decrease temperature
 
2. C (s) + CO2 (g) + energy ⇄ 2 CO (g) increase temperature
 
3. N2O4 (g) ⇄ 2 NO2 (g) increase total pressure
 
4. CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) decrease total pressure
 
5. 2 NOBr (g) ⇄ 2 NO (g) + Br2 (g) decrease total pressure
 
6. 3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g) ⇄ Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g) add Fe(s)
 
7. 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2 SO3 (g) add catalyst
 
8. CaCO3 (s) ⇄ CaO (s) + CO2 (g) remove CO2 (g)
 
9. N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇄ 2 NH3 (g) He is added

 
 

10
Consider the following equilibrium system:
 
3 H2 (g) + N2 (g) ⇄ 2 NH3 (g) + Heat.
 
State what affect each of the following will have on this system:

10. More N2 is added to the system

11. Some NH3 is removed from the system

12. The temperature is increased

13. The volume of the vessel is increased

14. A catalyst was added

 
15. An inert gas was added at constant
 
If a catalyst was added to the above reaction and a new equilibrium was established. Compare to
the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new equilibrium.

Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has

16. If the temperature was increased in the above reaction and a new equilibrium was established.
Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new
equilibrium.

Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has

 
17. If the volume of the container was increased in the above reaction and a new equilibrium
was established. Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of
the new equilibrium.

Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has .

 

11
Consider the following equilibrium system
 
H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇄ 2 HI (g)
 
State what affect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting.
 

18. The volume of the vessel is increased

19. The pressure is increased

20. A catalyst is added

 
 
 
Consider the following equilibrium system:
 
3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g) ⇄ Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)
 
State what affect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting.
21. The volume of the vessel is decreased
22. The pressure is decreased
23. More Fe is added to the system
24. Some Fe3O4 is removed from the system
25. A catalyst is added to the system
 
Consider the following equilibrium:
 
2NO (g) + Br2 (g) + energy ⇄ 2NOBr (g)
 
State what affect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting.
26. The volume of the vessel is increased
27. The pressure is decreased
28. More Br2 is added to the system
29. Some NO is removed from the system
30. A catalyst is added to the system
 
 
 

12
 Some CO was added to the system and a new equilibrium was established.
2CO (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2CO2 (g) + energy

31. Compared to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new

equilibrium. Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has

 
32. Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or
decreased?
[CO] [O2] [CO2]

33. Did the equilibrium shift favour the formation of reactants or products?

A catalyst was added to the system at constant volume and a new equilibrium was
established. 2CO (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2CO2 (g) + energy

34. Compared to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new

equilibrium. Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has

35. Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or

decreased?

[CO] [O2] [CO2]

36. Did the equilibrium shift favour the formation of reactants or products?

The volume of the container was decreased and a new equilibrium was established.
2CO (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2CO2 (g) + energy

37. Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new

equilibrium. Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has

38. Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or

decreased?

[CO] [O2] [CO2]

39. Did the equilibrium shift favor the formation of reactants or products?
 

13
Worksheet #5 Applying Le Châtelier's Principle
 
1. The chromate and dichromate ions set up an equilibrium system as follows:
 
energy + 2 CrO4 2-(aq) + 2 H+(aq) ⇄ Cr2O7 2-(aq) + H2O (l)
yellow orange
 
Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:
 
shift color change
Increase in [H+]
Increase in [CrO4 2-]
Increase in [Cr2O7 2-]
Decrease in [H+]
Decrease in [CrO4 2-]
Increase in temperature
Decrease in temperature
Add HCl (aq)
Add NaOH

 
 
 
2. The copper (II) ion and copper (II) hydroxide complex exist in equilibrium as follows:
 
Cu(OH)2 (aq) + 4 H2O (l) ⇄ Cu(H2O)4 2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) + 215 kJ
violet light blue
 
Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:
 
shift color change
Increase in [Cu(H2O)4 2+]
Add NaOH
Increase in [Cu(OH)2]
Decrease in [Cu(H2O)4 2+]
Decrease in [Cu(OH)2]
Increase temperature
Decrease temperature
Add KCl (aq)
Add HCl (aq)
 
3. Consider the equilibrium that follows:
 
14
 4 HCl (g) + 2 O2 (g) ⇄ 2 H2O (l) + 2 Cl2 (g) + 98 kJ
(clear) (yellow)

Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:
 
shift color change
Increase in temperature
Increase [HCl]
Decrease in [Cl2]
Decrease temperature
Add Ne at constant volume

 
4. Consider the equilibrium that follows:
 
Cu+ (aq) + Cl-(aq) ⇄ CuCl (s) ΔH = + 98 kJ
(green)

Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:
Cu+ is green
shift color change
Increase in temperature
Increase [HCl]
Add NaCl
Decrease temperature
Add NaOH (aq)

(check your solubility table for a possible reaction)

 
Add CuCl(s)
Add AgNO3 (aq)

(check your solubility table for a possible reaction)

Add CuNO3 (aq)

Add Cu(NO3)2 (aq)

15
Worksheet #6 Graphing and LeChatelier’s Principle
Consider the following equilibrium system.
I2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ 2 ICl (g) + energy

Label the graph that best represents each of the following stresses and shift.

        adding I2(g)

        increasing the temperature

        increasing the volume

        removing Cl2(g)

  

  I2 I2

 
ICl ICl
 

  I2 I2
 
ICl
  Cl2

16
Worksheet #7 Maximizing Yield
1. N2O4(g) + 59 KJ ⇄ 2 NO2(g)

Describe four ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.

Describe three ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

2. 2SO3(g) ⇄ 2SO2(g) + O2(g) + 215 KJ

Describe four ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.

Describe three ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

3. H2O(g) ⇄ H2O(l) DH = -150 KJ

Describe three ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.

Describe four ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

 
4. In the Haber reaction: 3H2(g) + N2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + energy
Explain why each condition is used in the process to make ammonia.

A High pressure of 50 MP
 
The presence of Ur or Os
 
Condensing NH3 to a liquid

A relatively high temperature 500 oC

Worksheet #8 Equilibrium Calculations

 
1. SO3(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ H2SO4(l)
 
At equilibrium [SO3] = 0.400M [H2O] = 0.480M [H2SO4] = 0.600M
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.

17
 
 
 
 
 
2. At equilibrium at 100oC, a 2.0L flask contains:
0.075 mol of PCl5 0.050 mol of H2O 0.750 mol of HCl 0.500 mol of POCl3
Calculate the Keq for the reaction:
PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)
 
 
 
 
 
3. Keq= 798 at 25oC for the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g).
In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [SO3]=11.0M. Calculate the equilibrium
[O2] in this mixture at 25oC.
 
 
 
 
 
4. Consider the following equilibrium:

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)

0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are present in a 4.00 L flask at equilibrium at 100oC. If
the Keq = 680.0, calculate the SO3 concentration at 100oC.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. Consider the following equilibrium: 2 NO2(g) ⇄ N2O4(g)
2.00 moles of NO2 and1.60 moles of N2O4 are present in a 4.00 L flask at equilibrium at 20oC.
Calculate the Keq at 20oC.

6. 2 SO3(g) ⇄ 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)

4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are present in a 2.00 L container at 100oC and are at
equilibrium. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of SO3 and the number of moles SO3 present
if the Keq = 1.47 x 10-3.

18
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. If at equilibrium [H2] = 0.200M and [I2] = 0.200M and Keq=55.6 at 250oC, calculate the
equilibrium concentration of HI.
H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇄ 2HI (g)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8. 1.60 moles CO, 1.60 moles H2O, 4.00 moles CO2, 4.00 moles H2 are found in an 8.00 L container
at 690oC at equilibrium. CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Worksheet #9 Equilibrium Calculations

 
Solve each problem and show all of your work.
 
1. At equilibrium, a 5.0L flask contains:
0.75 mol of PCl5 0.50 mol of H2O 7.50 mol of HCl 5.00 mol of POCl3
19
 Calculate the Keq for the reaction: PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Keq= 798 for the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g).
In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [SO3]=11.0 M. Calculate the equilibrium
[O2] in this mixture.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Consider the following equilibrium: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)
When 0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are placed into a 1.00 litre container and allowed
to reach equilibrium, the equilibrium [SO3] is to be 0.250 M. Calculate the Keq value.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
4. Consider the following equilibrium: 2 NO2(g) ⇄ N2O4(g)
2.00 moles of NO2 are placed in a 1.00 L flask and allowed to react. At equilibrium 1.80 moles
NO2 are present. Calculate the Keq.
 

20
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2 SO3(g)
4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are placed in a 2.00 L container at 200oC and allowed to
reach equilibrium. If the equilibrium concentration of O2 is 2.00 M, calculate the Keq

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6. If the initial [H2] = 0.200 M, [I2] = 0.200 M and Keq = 55.6 at 250oC calculate the equilibrium
concentrations of all molecules.
H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇄ 2HI (g)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
7. 1.60 moles CO and 1.60 moles H2O are placed in a 2.00 L container at 690 oC
(Keq = 10.0). CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
Calculate all equilibrium concentrations.
 
 
 
21
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8. SO3(g) + NO(g) ⇄ NO2(g) + SO2(g)
o
Keq = 0.800 at 100 C. If 4.00 moles of each reactant are placed in a 2.00L container, calculate all
equilibrium concentrations at 100oC.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. Consider the following equilibrium system: 2NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4
Two sets of equilibrium data are listed for the same temperature.
 
Container 1 2.00 L 0.12 moles NO2 0.16 moles N2O4
 
Container 2 5.00 L 0.26 moles NO2 ? moles N2O4
 
Determine the number of moles N2O4 in the second container. Get a Keq from the first
container and use it for the second container.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Worksheet #10 Equilibrium Calculations

 
Solve each problem and show all of your work in your portfolio.
 
1. At equilibrium, a 2.0 L flask contains:
0.200 mol of PCl5 0.30 mol of H2O 0.60 mol of HCl 0.300 mol of POCl3
22
 Calculate the Keq for the reaction:
PCl5 (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Keq= 798 for the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g).
In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2] = 4.20 M and [SO3] = 11.0M. Calculate the
equilibrium [O2] in this mixture.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Consider the following equilibrium: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)
When a 0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are placed into a 2.00 litre container and
allowed to reach equilibrium, the equilibrium [SO3] is to be 0.250 M. Calculate the Keq value.
 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. H2(g) + S(s) ⇄ H2S(g) Keq= 14
0.60 moles of H2 and 1.4 moles of S are placed into a 2.0L flask and allowed to reach equilibrium.
Calculate the [H2] at equilibrium.
 
 
 

23
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. Keq = 0.0183 for the reaction: 2HI(g) ⇄ H2(g) + I2(g)
If 3.0 moles of HI are placed in a 5.00L vessel and allowed to reach equilibrium, what is the
equilibrium concentration of H2?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6. Consider the equilibrium: I2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ⇄ 2ICl (g) Keq= 10.0
 
The same number of moles of I2 and Cl2 are placed in a 1.0L flask and allowed to reach
equilibrium. If the equilibrium concentration of ICl is 0.040 M, calculate the initial number of
moles of I2 and Cl2.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
7. Consider the equilibrium: 2ICl(g) ⇄ I2 (g) + Cl2 (g) Keq= 10.0
If x moles of ICl were placed in a 5.0 L container at 10 oC and if an equilibrium concentration of I2
was found to be 0.60 M, calculate the number of moles ICl initially present.
 
 
 
 
24
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8. A student places 2.00 moles SO3 in a 1.00 L flask. At equilibrium [O2] = 0.10 M at
130 oC. Calculate the Keq. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

25
Worksheet #11 Review, Ktrial, & Size of Keq
 

1. 2 CrO4-2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) ⇄ Cr2O7-2 (aq) + H2O (l)

Calculate the Keq if the following amounts were found at equilibrium in a 2.0L volume.
CrO4-2 = .030 mol, H+ = .020 mol, Cr2O7-2 = 0.32 mol, H2O = 110 mol
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. PCl5(s) + H2O(g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g) Keq= 11
At equilibrium the 4.0L flask contains the indicated amounts of the three chemicals.
PCl5 0.012 mol H2O 0.016 mol HCl 0.120 mol
Calculate [POCl3].
 
3. 6.0 moles H2S are placed in a 2.0 L container. At equilibrium 5.0 moles H2 are present. Calculate
the Keq 2H2S(g) ⇄ 2H2(g) + S2(g)
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. 4.0 moles H2 and 2.0 moles Br2 are placed in a 1.0L container at 180oC. If the
[HBr] = 3.0 M at equilibrium, calculate the Keq.
H2(g) + Br2(g) ⇄ 2HBr(g)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. At 2000 0C Keq = 11.6 for: 2NO(g) ⇄ N2(g) + O2(g). If some NO was placed in a
2.0 L vessel, and the equilibrium [N2] = 0.120 M, calculate all other equilibrium concentrations.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
26
 
 
6. At 800oC, Keq= 0.279 for CO2(g) + H2(g) ⇄ CO(g) + H2O(g).
If 2.00 moles CO( g) and 2.00 moles H2O (g) are placed in a 500.0 mL container, calculate all
equilibrium concentrations.
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2(g) Keq= 10.0 at 690oC. If at a certain time
[CO] = 0.80 M, [H2O] = 0.050 M, [CO2] = 0.50 M and [H2] = 0.40 M, is the reaction at
equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order to get to equilibrium
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8. For the reaction: CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2(g) Keq= 10.0 at 690 oC. The following
concentrations were observed: [CO]=2.0 M, [H2]= 1.0 M, [CO2]=2.0 M, [H2O] = 0.10 M. Is the
reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order to get to equilibrium?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. For the equation below, the following concentrations were observed: [CO] = 1.5 M,
[H2] = 1.2 M, [CO2] = 1.0 M, [H2O] = 0.10 M. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it
shift in order to get to equilibrium?
CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) Keq= 10.0 at 690oC
 
 
 

27
10. At a certain temperature the Keq for a reaction is 75. 2O3(g) ⇄ 3O2(g)
Predict the direction in which the equilibrium will proceed, if any, when the following amounts
are introduced to a 10 L vessel.
a) 0.60 mole of O3 and 3.0 mol of O2
 
 
 
 
b) 0.050 mole of O3 and 7.0 mol of O2
 
 
 
 
c) 1.5 mole of O3 and no O2
 
 
 
 

11) Consider the following equilibrium:

 
a) 2NO2 (g) ⇄ N2O4 (g) Keq = 2.2
b) Cu 2+
(aq) + 2Ag(s) ⇄ Cu(s) + 2Ag +
(aq) Keq = 1 x 10-15
c) Pb2+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) ⇄ PbCl2(s) Keq = 6.3 x 104
d) SO2(g) + O2 (g) ⇄ SO3 (g) Keq = 110
 
i) Which equilibrium favors products to the greatest extent? ______
ii) Which equilibrium favors reactants to the greatest extent? ______
 
12. What is the only way to change the value of the Keq?
 
 
13. In the reaction: A + B ⇄ C + D + 100 kJ, what happens to the value of Keq if we increase the
temperature?
 
 
 
 
14. If the value of Keq decreases when we decrease the temperature, is the reaction exothermic or
endothermic?
 
 
 
 
15. In the reaction; W + X + 100kJ ⇄ Y + Z, what happens to the value of Keq if we increase the (X)?
Explain your answer.
 
 

28
16. If the value of Keq increases when we decrease the temperature, is the reaction exothermic or
endothermic?
 
 
 
 
17. Predict whether reactants of products are favored in the following equilibrium systems
 
 
(a) CH3COOH(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) Keq = 1.8 x 10-5
(b) H2O2(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + HO2(aq) Keq = 2.6 x 10-12
(c) CuSO4(aq) (+ Zn(s) ⇄ Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq) Keq = 1037
 
 
 
 

18. What effect will each of the following have on the Keq of the reaction shown below?
 

2NO2(g) + heat ⇄ N2O4(g) Keq = 2.2

 
 

 
(a) adding a catalyst
(b) increasing the concentration of a reactant
(c) increasing the concentration of a product
(d) decreasing the volume
(e) decreasing the pressure
(f) increasing the temperature
(g) decreasing the temperature
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

29
Worksheet #12 Enthalpy & Entropy
 
For each of these processes, predict if Entropy increases or decreases.
 
1. 2H2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2H2O(g)
 
2. 2SO3(g) ⇄ 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
 
3. Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ⇄ AgCl(s)

4. Cl2(g) ⇄ 2Cl(g)
 
5. H2O(l) ⇄ H2O(g)

6. CaCO3(s) + 180 kJ ⇄ CaO(s) + CO2(g)

 
7. I2(s) + 608 kJ ⇄ I2(aq)

8. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ⇄ 2Fe2O3(s) + 1570 kJ

 
 
Consider both Enthalpy and Entropy and determine if each reaction will
a) go to completion
b) not occur or
c) go to equilibrium

9. H2O(l) ⇄ H2O(g) DH = 150 kJ

 
 
 
10. CaCO3(s) + 180 kJ ⇄ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
 
 
 
11. I2(s) ⇄ I2(aq) + 608 kJ
 
 
 
12. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ⇄ 2Fe2O3(s) ∆H = +1570 kJ
 
 
 
13. Cl2(g) ⇄ 2Cl(g) DH = +26.8 kJ
 
 
30
 
 
14. Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ⇄ AgCl(s) + 86.2 kJ
 
 
  
 
Consider both Enthalpy and Entropy and determine if each reaction will
 
a) have a large Keq
b) have a small Keq
c) have a Keq about equal to 1
 
15. H2SO4(aq) + Zn(s) ⇄ ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) DH = +207 kJ
 
 
 
 
 
16. NH4NO3(s) ⇄ NH4+(aq) + NO3-(aq) DH = -30 kJ
 
 
 
 
 
17. N2(g) + 3H2(g) + 92 kJ ⇄ 2NH3(g)
 
 
 
 
 
18. H2O(l) + 150 kJ ⇄ H2O(g)
 
 
 
 
 
19. Ca(s) + H2O(l) ⇄ Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) DH = +210 kJ
 

31
Web Review
 
1. Describe the changes in reactant and product concentration as equilibrium is approached.
 
2. Describe the changes in the forward and the reverse rates as equilibrium is approached.
 
3. State three conditions that are necessary to achieve equilibrium.
 
4. Assuming all three conditions are present, describe what would happen if only reactants are placed
in a container.
 
5. Assuming all three conditions are present, describe what would happen if only
products are placed in a container.
 
6. Describe the relationship between the size of the equilibrium constant, large, small, or about 1, and
the relative amounts of reactants or products.
 
7. Describe each of the following:
Dynamic equilibrium,
LeChatelier's principle,
Ktrial,
Enthalpy,
Entropy
Macroscopic property.
 
8. Describe the effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant for an exothermic and endothermic
reaction.
 
9. Describe the effect of changing the temperature, pressure , volume, concentration or adding a
catalyst on the value of the equilibrium constant.
 
10. What is the only variable that will change the value of the equilibrium constant.
 
11. What are the phases of the compounds that are not included in the equilibrium expression.
12. Write the equilibrium expression for: 4A(g) + 3B(aq) ⇄ 2C(l) + 3D(s)
 
 
 
 
 
 
13. Pick the best Keq for each of the reactions. Keq = 100 Keq = 0.01 Keq = 1.0
 
a) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) + 152kJ
 
b) 3C(s) + 3H2(g) ⇄ C3H6(g) ΔH = +20.4 kJ
 
c) 2Pb(NO3)2(s) + 597 kJ ⇄ 2PbO(s) +4NO2(g) + O2(aq)
 
32
 
14. For each reaction in equilibrium describe the shift for the following changes: increasing
temperature, increasing pressure, decreasing volume, adding a gaseous product and removing an
aqueous reactant.
 
a) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⇄ ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) + 152kJ
 
 
b) A(aq) + 6B(g) ⇄ 2C(g) + 4D(g) ΔH= +56kJ
 
 
15. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⇄ ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) + 152kJ
 
Give three ways to increase the yield of the reaction.
 
Give five ways to increase the rate of the reaction.
16. A(aq) + 6B(g) ⇄ 2C(g) + 2D(g) ΔH= +56kJ
 
Give three ways to increase the yield of the reaction.
 
Give five ways to increase the rate of the reaction.
 
17. What is equal at equilibrium?
 
18. What is constant at equilibrium?
 
19. Which reaction has the greatest yield? Why?
 
a) Keq = 8.0 x 10-12 b) Keq = 7.0 x 10-11
 
20. Which reaction has the smallest yield?
 
a) Keq = 1.0 x 10-15 b) Keq = 9.0 x 10-15
 
21. Which has the greater entropy?
a) H2O(s) b) H2O(l) c) H2O(g)
22. Which has the greater enthalpy?
a) H2O(s) b) H2O(l) c) H2O(g)
 
Hint: Consider H2O(s) → H2O(l) Draw a potential energy diagram. Which side is higher?
 
23. Review your kinetics test. There will be 5 questions on this test from kinetics.
 

33
24. Consider the following equilibrium system: SO3(g) + NO(g)⇄NO2(g) + SO2(g)
 
a) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate immediately after adding
SO3(g)
 
 
b) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate immediately after
removing NO2(g)
 
 
c) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate immediately after adding a
catalyst .
 
 
d) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate after a new equilibrium has
formed compared to the original equilibrium after removing NO2(g)
 
 
e) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate after a new equilibrium has
formed compared to the original equilibrium after adding SO3(g)
 
 
f) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate after a new equilibrium has
formed compared to the original equilibrium after adding a catalyst .
 
 
g) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate after a new equilibrium has
formed compared to the original equilibrium after decreasing the volume of the container.
 
 
 
h) Describe what happens to the reactant and product concentrations after a new equilibrium
has formed compared to the original equilibrium after decreasing the volume of the
container.
 
 
Part 2 Calculations
1. SO3(g) + NO(g) ⇄ NO2(g) + SO2(g) [SO3] = 0.400M [NO] = 0.480M
[NO2] = 0.600M [SO2] = 0.450M Keq = 0.800 at 100ºC
a) Show by calculation that this reaction mixture is not at equilibrium at 100ºC.
b) What will happen to [SO3] and [SO2] as the system moves to equilibrium?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
34
 
2. Consider the equilibrium below:
Co(H2O)6+2(aq) + 2Cl-1(aq) ⇄ Co(H2O)6Cl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
pink blue
If the colour of the equilibrium mixture is pink at 5ºC and blue at 60ºC, is the reaction
endothermic or exothermic?
 
 
 
 
 
3. SO3(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ H2SO4(l)
[SO3] = 0.400M [H2O] = 0.480M [H2SO4] = 0.600M
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g)
4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are placed in a 2.00 L container at 200ºC and allowed to
reach equilibrium. If the equilibrium concentration of O2 is 2.00M, calculate the Keq.
 
 
 
5. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g)
If at equilibrium [O2] = 0.500M and [SO3] = 0.400M and the equilibrium constant is the same as
question 4 at 200ºC, calculate the [SO2].
 
6. Consider the following equilibrium:
2NO2(g) ⇄ N2O4(g)
2.00 moles of NO2 are placed in a 1.00 L flask and allowed to react. At equilibrium 1.80M NO2
are present. Calculate the Keq.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
35
 
7. SO3(g) + NO(g) ⇄ NO2(g) + SO2(g) Keq = 0.800 at 100ºC
If 4.00 moles of each reactant is placed in a 2.00L container, calculate all equilibrium
concentrations at 100ºC.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8. Keq = 0.0183 at 150ºC for: 2HI(g) ⇄ H2(g) + I2(g)
If 3.00 moles of HI is placed in a 5.00 L container and allowed to establish equilibrium, what are
all equilibrium concentrations?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Challenge Question
 
9. Consider the following equilibrium in a 5.00 L container:
CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2 (g)
At equilibrium, there is 1.0 mole of CO, 3.0 moles of H2O, 3.0 moles CO2, and 3.0 moles of H2. If
2.0 moles of CO are now added, find the equilibrium [CO2].
Hint: first calculate the Keq, then do an ICE chart with the initial concentrations after CO is added.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

36
 Equilibrium Practice Test # 1
 
1. Consider the following reaction mechanism:
Step1: NO(g) + O3(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g)
Step2: O(g) + NO2(g) → NO(g) + O2(g)
The catalyst is:
 
A. O2
B. O3
C. NO
D. NO2
 
2. Consider the following reaction: 2NH3(g) ⇄ N2(g) + 3H2(g)
A flask is initially filled with NH3. As the system approaches equilibrium, the rate of the forward
reaction
 
A. increases as the rate of the reverse reaction decreases
B. decreases as the rate of the reverse reaction increases
C. increases as the rate of the reverse reaction increases
D. decreases as the rate of the reverse reaction decreases
 
3. Consider the following reaction:
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) ΔH = -153 KJ
In this reaction
 
A. minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy both favour the products
B. minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy both favour the reactants
C. minimum enthalpy favours products and maximum entropy reactants
D. minimum enthalpy favours reactants and maximum entropy products
 
4. In all systems at equilibrium, the
 
A. concentration of reactants is less than the concentration of the products
B. concentration of reactants and the concentration of the products are equal
C. concentration of reactants is greater than the concentration of the products
D. concentration of reactants and the products are constant
 
5. Consider the following mechanism: Step 1: N2O(g) → N2(g) + O(g)
Step 2: N2O(g) + O(g) → N2(g) + O2(g)
A reactant in the overall equation is
 
A. O
B. O2
C. N2
D. N2O
 
 

37
6. Chemical systems tend to move toward positions of

A. minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy.

B. maximum enthalpy and minimum entropy.
C. minimum enthalpy and minimum entropy.
D. maximum enthalpy and maximum entropy.
 
7. An equilibrium system shifts left when the
 
A. rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
B. rate of the forward reaction is less than the rate of the reverse reaction.
C. rate of the forward reaction is greater than the rate of the reverse reaction.
D. rate of the forward reaction and the reverse reaction are constant.
 
8. A 1.00 L flask contains a gaseous equilibrium system. The addition of reactants to this flask
results in a
 
A. shift left and a decrease in the concentration of the products.
B. shift left and a increase in the concentration of the products.
C. shift right and a decrease in the concentration of the products.
D. shift right and a increase in the concentration of the products.
 
9. Consider the following equilibrium: CH4(g) + H2O(g) + heat ⇄ CO(g) + 3H2(g)
In which of the following will both stresses shift the equilibrium to the right?
 
A. a decrease in temperature and a decrease in volume
B. a increase in temperature and a decrease in volume
C. a decrease in temperature and a increase in volume
D. a increase in temperature and a increase in volume
 
10. Consider the following equilibrium: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g) ∆H = -198 kJ
There will be no shift in this equilibrium when
 
A. more O2 is added.
B. a catalyst is added.
C. the volume is increased.
D. the temperature is increased.
11. Consider the following equilibrium: 2Fe(s) + 3H2O(g) ⇄ Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
The equilibrium expression is
 
A. Keq = [Fe2O3][H2]3 B. Keq = [Fe2O3][3H2]
[Fe]2[H2O]3 [2Fe][3H2O]
 
C. Keq = [H2]3 D. Keq = [ H2]3
[H2O]3
 

38
12. Consider the following equilibrium: N2O4(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) Keq = 0.133
At equilibrium, the [N2O4] is equal to
 
A. 0.133 B. [NO2]
[NO2] 0.133
 
C. 0.133 D. [NO2]2
[NO2]2 0.133
 
13. Which of the following equilibrium systems most favours the products?
 
A. Cl2(g) ⇄ 2Cl(g) Keq = 6.4 x 10-39
B. Cl2(g) + 2NO(g) ⇄ 2NOCl(g) Keq = 3.7 x 108
C. Cl2(g) + 2NO2(g) ⇄ 2NO2Cl(g) Keq = 1.8
D. 2HCl(g) ⇄ H2(g) + Cl2(g) Keq = 2.0 x 10-7
 
14. Consider the following equilibrium: 4KO2(s) + 2H2O(g) ⇄ 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)
The equilibrium expression is
 
A. Keq = [KOH]4[O2]3 B. Keq = [O2]3
[KO2]2[H2O]2 [ H2O]2
 
C. Keq = [KO2]4[H2O]2 D. Keq = [ H2O]2
[KOH]4[O2]3 [O2]3
 
15. Consider the following equilibrium: N2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2NO(g) ∆H = +181 kJ
When the temperature is decreased, the equilibrium:
 
A. shifts left and the Keq value increases
B. shifts left and the Keq value decreases
C. shifts right and the Keq value increases
D. shifts right and the Keq value decreases
 16. Consider the following equilibrium: CaCO3(s) + 556 kJ ⇄ CaO + CO2(g)
The value of the equilibrium constant will increase when
 
A. CO2 is added.
B. CO2 is removed.
C. the temperature is increased.
D. the temperature is decreased.
 

39
17. Consider the following equilibrium: C(s) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO(g) + H2(g)
The contents of a 1.00 L container at equilibrium were analyzed and found to contain 0.20 mole
C, 0.20 mole H2O, 0.60 mole CO, and 0.60 mole H2, The equilibrium constant is
 
A. 0.11
B. 0.56
C. 1.8
D. 0.0
 
18. Consider the following equilibrium: N2O4(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) Keq = 4.61 x 10-3
A 1.00 L container at equilibrium was analyzed and found to contain
0.0200 mole NO2. At equilibrium, the concentration of N2O4 is
 
A. 0.0868 M
B. 0.230 M
C. 4.34 M
D. 11.5 M
 
19. Consider the following potential energy diagram:
 
 
 
  PE
  (kJ) 225kJ 50kJ
 
 
 
  Progress of Reaction
 
The forward reaction is
 
A. exothermic and the ∆H = -50 kJ
B. endothermic and the ∆H = +50 kJ
C. exothermic and the ∆H = -225 kJ
D. endothermic and the ∆H = +225 kJ
 
20. Consider the following equilibrium: H2O(g) + CO(g) ⇄ H2(g) + CO2(g)
A closed container is initially filled with H2O and CO. As the reaction proceeds to equilibrium the
 
A. [CO] and [CO2] both increase
B. [CO] and [CO2] both decrease
C. [CO] increases and [CO2] decreases
D. [CO] decreases and [CO2] increases
 

40
21. Consider the equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g) The pressure of the system is increased by
reducing the volume. When comparing the new equilibrium with the original equilibrium,
 
A. all concentrations remain constant
B. the concentrations of all species have increased
C. reactant concentrations have increased while products decreased
D. reactant concentrations have decreased while products increased
 
22. Consider the following equilibrium: N2O4(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) A 1.00 L container is initially filled with
0.200 moles of N2O4. At equilibrium, 0.160 moles NO2 are present. What is the equilibrium
concentration of N2O4?
 
A. 0.040 M
B. 0.080 M
C. 0.120 M
D. 0.160 M
 
23. Equilibrium is dynamic process because the
 
A. macroscopic properties are not changing
B. mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products
C. forward and reverse reactions continue to occur
D. concentrations of reactants and products are constant
 
24. Consider the following equilibrium: C(s) + 2H2(g) ⇄ CH4(g) The addition of H2 will cause the
equilibrium to shift to the
 
A. left and [CH4] will increase
B. left and [CH4] will decrease
C. right and [CH4] will increase
D. right and [CH4] will decrease
 
25. Given the following system: 2CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) ⇄ Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l) Which of the following
chemicals, when added to the above equilibrium, would result in a decrease in [CrO42-]?
 
A. NaOH
B. HNO3
C. Na2CrO4
D. Na2Cr2O7
 
26. Addition of a catalyst to an equilibrium system
 
A. increases the value of the Keq.
B. increases the yield of the products.
C. has no effect on the rates of the reaction.
D. increases the rate of formation of both reactants and products.
 

41
27. Consider the following reaction: 2B(s) + 3F2(g) ⇄ 2BF3(g) The equilibrium expression is
 
A. Keq = [2BF3]
[3F2]
 
B. Keq = [F2]3
[BF3]

C. Keq = [BF3]2
[F2]3

D. Keq = [BF3]2
[B][F2]3
 
28. Consider the following equilibrium: 2NO(g) ⇄ N2(g) + O2(g) Keq = 2.01 x 1030
The value of the equilibrium constant indicates that the
 
A. [NO]2 < [N2][ O2]
B. [NO]2 > [N2][ O2]
C. [NO] = [N2][ O2]
D. [NO] > [N2][ O2]
 
29. Consider the equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)
At equilibrium the [H2} = 0.020 M, [I2] = 0.020 M, and [HI] = 0.160 M. The value of the
equilibrium constant is:
 
A. 2.5 x 10-3
B. 1.6 x 10-2
C. 6.4 x 101
D. 4.0 x 102
 
30. Consider the equilibrium: H2O(g) + Cl2O(g) ⇄ 2HOCl(g) Keq = 9.0 x 10-2
A 1.0 L flask contains a mixture of 1.8 x 10-1 mole H2O, 4.0 x 10-4 mole Cl2O, and 8.0 x 10-2
mole HOCl. To establish equilibrium, the system will proceed to the
 
A. left because the trial Keq > Keq
B. left because the trial Keq < Keq
C. right because the trial Keq > Keq
D. right because the trial Keq < Keq
 
31. Consider the following equilibrium: SO2(g) + NO2(g) ⇄ SO3(g) + NO + energy
The equilibrium does not shift with a change in
 
A. volume
B. temperature
C. concentration of products
D. concentration of reactions
 
42
32. Consider the following equilibrium : SO2Cl2(g) + energy ⇄ SO2(g) + Cl2(g)
When the temperature is decreased, the equilibrium shifts
 
A. left and the [SO2Cl2] increases
B. left and the [SO2Cl2] decreases
C. right and the [SO2Cl2] increases
D. right and the [SO2Cl2] decreases
 
33. Consider the following equilibrium: NH3(g) + HCl(g) ⇄ NH4Cl(s) + energy
Which of the following will result in a decrease in the mass of NH4Cl?
 
A. adding NH3
B. removing HCl
C. decreasing the volume
D. decreasing the temperature
 
34. Consider the following equilibrium: PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ PCl5(g)
When 0.40 moles of PCl3 and 0.40 moles of Cl2 are placed in a 1.00 L container and allowed to
reach equilibrium, 0.244 mole of PCl5 are present. From this information, the value of the Keq is
 
A. 0.10
B. 0.30
C. 3.3
D. 10
 
Subjective
 
1. Concentrations of H2, I2, and HI in a mixture at equilibrium at 425 oC were found to be 1.52 x 10-2
M, 3.55 x 10-2 M, and 2.57 x 10-1 M respectively. Calculate the equilibrium constant.
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. 4.00 moles of PCl5 are placed in a 2.00 L container and goes to equilibrium at
200 oC. If 0.60 moles of PCl5 are present at equilibrium, calculate the equilibrium constant.
PCl5(g) ⇄ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

43
 3. An equilibrium system has a Keq = 50 at 0 oC and a Keq = 80 at 20 oC.
 
a) As the temperature was increased, which direction did the reaction shift?
 
b) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?
 
 
 
4. If the initial [H2] = 0.200 M and [I2] = 0.200 M and the Keq = 55.6 at 20 oC, calculate the
equilibrium concentration of all molecules.
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. Consider the following data obtained for the following equilibrium:
Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) ⇄ FeSCN2+(aq)

[Fe3+] [SCN-] [FeSCN2+]

 
Experiment 1 3.91 x 10-2 M 8.02 x 10-5 M 9.22 x 10-4 M
 
Experiment 2 6.27 x 10-3 M 3.65 x 10-4 M ?
 
Calculate [FeSCN2+] in experiment 2.
 
 
 
 
 
6. 1.60 moles CO, 1.60 moles H2O, 6.00 moles CO2, and 6.00 moles H2 are put in a
2.00 L container at 600 oC.
 
CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2(g) Keq = 10.0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
44
 a) Show by calculation the reaction is not at equilibrium.
 
 
 
 
 
 
b) Which way will the reaction shift in order to achieve equilibrium?
 
 
 
c) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of CO2.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

45
Equilibrium Practice Test # 2
 
1. The slowest of the following reactions is:
 
A. Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)
B. H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → 2H2O(l)
C. 3Ba2+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) → Ba3(PO4)2(aq)
D. Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
 
2. The rate of a chemical reaction is equal to the slope of the line with axes labelled
 
x-axis y-axis
 
A. time rate
B. mass time
C. volume of gas time
D. time concentration
 
3. Consider the following reaction: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + heat
The diagram that represents the relationship between rate and temperature is:
 

  A. B.
 
  Rate
Rate
 
 
 
 
  C. D.
  Temperature Temperature
 
  Rate Rate
 
 
 
 
  Temperature Temperature
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

46
4. Which of the following describes the energy of colliding particles as reacting molecules approach
each other?
 
KE PE
 
A. decreases increases
B. increases decreases
C. decreases remains constant
D. remains constant increases
 
5. The average kinetic energy per molecule can be increased by
 
A. adding a catalyst
B. increasing pressure
C. increasing temperature
D. increasing reactant concentration
 
6. Consider the following reaction: C(s) + 2H2(g) ⇄ CH4(g) ΔH = -74.8 kJ
Which of the following will cause an increase in the value of the Keq?
 
A. increasing [H2]
B. decreasing the volume
C. finely powdering the C(s)
D. decreasing the temperature
 
7. Consider the following equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)
At equilibrium [H2] = 0.00220 M, [I2] = 0.00220 M, and [HI] = 0.0156 M
The value of the Keq is
 
A. 3.10 x 10-4
B. 1.99 x 10-2
C. 5.03 x 101
D. 3.22 x 103
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

47
 8. Consider the rate diagram for the following reaction: 2HI(g) ⇄ H2(g) + I2(g)
 
  forward
 
 
 
Rate
 
 
reverse
 
 
  Time t1
 
 
Which of the following occurs at t1?
 
A. addition of H2
B. addition of HI
C. addition of a catalyst
D. a decrease in volume
 
9. Chemical equilibrium is said to be dynamic because
 
A. the reaction proceeds quickly
B. the mass of the reactants is decreasing
C. the macroscopic properties are constant
D. both forward and reverse rates are occurring
 
10. Which equation has the largest value of Keq?
 
A. N2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2NO(g) ΔH = 21 kJ
B. C2H6(g) ⇄ 2C(s) + 3H2(g) ΔH + 83 kJ
C. H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) ⇄ H2O(g) ΔH = -240 kJ
D. Ca(s) + 3H2O(l) ⇄ Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) ΔH = -240 kJ
 
11. The value of the Keq can be changed by
 
A. adding a catalyst
B. changing the temperature
C. changing the reactant concentration
D. changing the volume of the container
 
 
 
 

48
12. Consider the following equilibrium: PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ PCl5(g)
When 0.40 mole of PCl3 and 0.40 mole of Cl2 are placed in a 1.00 L container and allowed to
reach equilibrium, 0.244 mole of PCl5 are present. From this information, the value of the Keq is
 
A, 0.10
B. 0.30
C. 3.3
D. 10
 
13. Consider the following equilibrium: PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ PCl5(g) Keq = 2.30
A 1.0 L container is filled with 0.05 mole PCl5, 1.0 mole PCl3, and 1.0 mole Cl2. The system
proceeds to the
 
A. left because the Trial Keq > Keq
B. left because the Trial Keq < Keq
C. right because the Trial Keq > Keq
D. right because the Trial Keq < Keq
 
14. Given the following system: 2CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) ⇄ Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l)
Which of the following chemicals, when added to the above system at equilibrium, would result in
a decrease in [Cr2O72-]?
 
A. NaOH
B. HNO3
C. Na2CrO4
D. Na2Cr2O7
 
15. What is the Keq expression for the following equilibrium?
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) ⇄ Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
 
A. Keq = [H2]4
B. Keq = [H2]
[H2O]
C. Keq = [H2]4
[H2O]4
D. Keq = [Fe2O3][H2]4
[Fe][H2O]4
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

49
16. Consider the following equilibrium: 2O3(g) ⇄ 3O2(g)Keq = 65
 
Initially 0.10 mole of O3 and 0.10 mole of O2 are placed in a 1.0 L container, Which of the
following describes the changes in concentrations as the reaction proceeds towards equilibrium?
 
[O3] [O2]
 
A. decreases decreases
B. decreases increases
C. increases decreases
D. increases increases
 
17. Consider the following equilibrium: 2CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) ⇄ Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l)
yellow orange
An unknown solution is added to an orange equilibrium system until the sample turns yellow. The
solution could be
 
A. KNO3
B. NaOH
C. NH4NO3
D. CH3COOH
 
18. Consider the following equilibrium:
CH3COOH(aq) ⇄ CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq) + heat
A stress was applied at time t1 and the data plotted on the following graph:
The stress imposed at time t1 is the result of
 
 
[H+]  
 
 
 
 
  time t1
 
 
A. the addition of HCl
B. decreasing the temperature
C. the addition of NaCH3COO
D. increasing the volume of the container
 
 
 
 

50
19. Consider the following potential energy diagram for an equilibrium system:
 
 
 
  P.E.
 
 
 
 
  Progress of the reaction
 
When the temperature of the system is increased, the equilibrium shifts to the
 
A. left and the Keq increases
B. left and the Keq decreases
C. right and the Keq increases
D. right and the Keq decreases
 
20. Addition of a catalyst to an equilibrium system
 
A. increases the value of the Keq
B. increases the yield of the product
C. has no effect on the rates of the reaction
D.                 increases the rates of formation of both reactants and products
 
21. Ammonia, NH3, is produced by the following reaction:
 
N2(g) + 3H2(g) D 2NH3(g) + energy
 
Which of the following would result in the highest concentration of ammonia at equilibrium?
 
A. increasing the temperature and increasing the pressure
B. decreasing the temperature and increasing the pressure
C. increasing the temperature and decreasing the pressure
D. decreasing the temperature and decreasing the pressure
 
22. Consider the following equilibrium:
 
2NO2(g) D N2O4(g) Keq = 1.15

The equilibrium concentration of NO2 is 0.50 mol/L. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of
N2O4(g).
 
A. 0.22 mol/L
B. 0.29 mol/L
C. 0.43 mol/L
D. 0.58 mol/L
 
 
 
51
23. Consider the following equilibrium:

H2(g) + I2 D 2HI(g) Keq = 50.0

 
What is the value Keq for the reaction rewritten as:
 
2HI(g) D H2(g) + I2(g) Keq = ?
 
A. -50.0
B. 0.0200
C. 25.0
D. 50.0
 
24. Consider the following equilibrium: 2NOCl(g) D 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)
 
A flask is filled with NOCl, NO, and Cl2(g). Initially there were a total of 5.0 moles of gases
present. When equilibrium is reached, there are a total of 8.0 moles of gases present. Which of the
following explains the observation?
 
A. The reaction shifted left because the Trial Keq > Keq
B. The reaction shifted left because the Trial Keq < Keq
C. The reaction shifted right because the Trial Keq > Keq
D. The reaction shifted right because the Trial Keq < Keq
 
25. Consider the following equilibrium:
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) D 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) + energy
Which of the following will cause the equilibrium to shift to the left?
 
A. adding H2O(g)
B. removing some NO(g)
C. increasing the volume
D. decreasing the temperature
26. A catalyst is added to a system already at equilibrium. How are the forward and reverse reaction
rates affected by the addition of the catalyst.

Forward Rate Reverse Rate

 
A. increases increases
B. increases constant
C. constant decreases
D. constant constant
 
27. Consider the following equilibrium: 2NOBr(g) D 2NO(g) + Br2(g) Keq = 0.064
At equilibrium, a 1.00 L flask contains 0.030 mole NOBr and 0.030 mole NO. How many moles
of Br2 are present?
 
A. 0.0019
B. 0.064
C. 0.030
D. 0.47
52
  
28. Which of the following does not apply to all chemical equilibrium systems?
 
A. They are closed.
B. The macroscopic properties are constant
C. Forward and reverse rates are equal
D. There are equal concentrations of reactants and products
 
29. The relationship between Ea and reaction rate is best represented as
 
 
A.  B.
 
 
 
 
  D.
C. 
 
 
 
 
   
30. The relationship between Keq and temperature for an exothermic reaction is best represented as
 
 
A.  B.
 
 
 
 
  D.
C.
 
 
 
 
 
31. The relationship between reaction rate and temperature is best represented by
 
 
A.  B.
 
 
 
 
  D.
C. 
 
 
 
53
  
 
32. The relationship between Ea and temperature is best represented by
 
 
A. B.
 
 
 
 
 
  D.
C.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
32. Methanol, CH3OH, can be produced by the following:
CO(g) + 2H2(g) D CH3OH(g) + energy
The conditions necessary to maximize the equilibrium yield of CH3OH are
 
A. low temperature and low pressure
B. high temperature and low pressure
C. low temperature and high pressure
D. high temperature and high pressure
 
33. Consider the following equilibrium: 2NO(g) + O2(g) D 2NO2(g) + energy
When the volume of the container is increased, the equilibrium shifts to the
 
A. left and the Keq decreases
B. right and the Keq increases
C. left and the Keq remains constant
D. right and the Keq remains comstant
 
34. Consider the following reaction:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) Š 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) ΔH = -2202 kJ
Which of the following applies to the forward reaction?
 
Entropy Enthalpy
 
A. increases increases
B. increases decreases
C. decreases increases
D. decreases decreases
 
 
 

54
Subjective
 
1. Consider the following equilibrium:
 
N2H4(g) + 2O2(g) D 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
 
More oxygen is added to the above equilibrium. After the system re-establishes equilibrium,
identify the substance(s), if any, that have a net
 
a) increase in concentration
 
b) decrease in concentration
 
 
 
 
2. Given the following equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(g) D 2HI(g)
 
Initially, 0.200 mole H2 and 0.200 mole I2 were placed into a 1.0 L container. At equilibrium, the
[I2] is 0.040 M. Calculate the Keq.
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Consider the following equilibrium: 2CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) ⇄ Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l)
yellow orange
 
When HCl is added, the solution turns orange. Explain why this colour change occurs.
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

55
  
 
4. Consider the following equilibrium system:
 
N2(g) + 3H2(g) D 2NH3(g) + energy
A 1.00 L container is filled with 7.0 mole NH3 and the system proceeds to equilibrium as
indicated by the graph.
 
 
 
 
 
 
8.0  
M  
6.0  
 
4.0
 
2.0  
  NH3
 
 
 
a) Draw and label the graph for N2 and H2. Fill in an ICE chart if you are not sure how
to do this.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) D 2NH3(g)

I
C
E
 
 
b) Calculate the Keq for the above reaction.
 
 
 
 
 
5. Consider the following equilibrium 2NO(g) + O2(g) D 2NO2(g) Keq = 1.5
 
0.800 mole NO, 0.600 moles O2, and 0.400 moles NO2 are placed in a vessel that 2.0 L. Show by
calculation that the reaction is not at equilibrium? What will happen to [O2] as equilibrium is
approached?
 
 
 
 

56
 
6. Consider the following equilibrium:
 
SO3(g) + NO(g) D NO2(g) + SO2(g) Keq = 0.500
 
Exactly 0.100 mole SO3 and 0.100 mole NO were placed in a 1.00 L flask and allowed to go to
equilibrium. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of SO2.
 
 

 
Equilibrium Worksheet Questions   
 
Power Point Lesson Notes- double click on the lesson number.                                                         
  

Worksheets               Quiz
 
1.         Approaching Equilibrium                    WS  1                          Q1
2.         LeChatelier's Principle-1                    WS 2                          
3.         LeChatelier's Principle-2                    WS 3 & 4                    Q2
4.         LeChatelier's-3 & Start Lab                WS 5                          
5.         Lab Lechatelier's                                 Questions 1-10            Conclusion                 
6.         Haber/Graphing                                  WS 6 & 7                    Q3
7.         Equilibrium Constants                         WS 8                           Q4
8.         Keq Calculations                                 WS 9 & 10
9.         K-trial & Size Keq                              WS 11                         Q5
10.       Entropy & Enthalpy                             WS 12                         Q6
11.       Review                                                Web Review               Practice Test 1
12.       Review                                                Practice Test 2            Quizmebc
 
Read Hebdon Unit 2
 
Worksheet #1 Approaching Equilibrium
 
Read unit II your textbook. Answer all of the questions. Do not start the questions until you have
completed the reading. Be prepared to discuss your answers next period.

1. What are the conditions necessary for equilibrium? 

Must have a closed system.

Must have a constant temperature.

Ea must be low enough to allow a

reaction.                                                                                                                                                            

                                                

2. What is a forward reaction versus a reverse reaction? 

57
In a forward reaction, the reactants collide to produce products and it goes from left to

right.                                                                                            

In a reverse reaction, the products collide to produce reactants and it goes form right to

left.                                                                                        

3. Why does the forward reaction rate decrease as equilibrium is approached?

As the reaction goes to the right, the reaction concentration decreases and

therefore, there are less reactant collisions causing the forward rate to

decrease.                                                       

4. What are the characteristics of equilibrium?

Forward rate is equal to the reverse rate.

The concentration of reactants and products are constant.(not equal)

Macroscopic properties are constant (color, mass, density, pressure, concentrations).

5. Define equilibrium.

Equilibrium occurs when:

Forward rate is equal to the reverse rate.

The concentration of reactants and products are constant.(not equal)

Macroscopic properties are constant. (color, mass, density, pressure,

concentrations)                                     
6. Define the word dynamic and explain its relevance to the concept of equilibrium.

The word dynamic means that forward and reverse continue to

occur.                                                                                                                               

7. Why does the reverse reaction rate increase as equilibrium is approached?                                 

The reverse reaction rate increases as equilibrium is approached because as the reaction goes from

left to right,

the concentrations of the products increases, therefore there are more product collisions causing the

reverse reaction rate to

increase.                                                                                                                                          
           
58
As a reaction is approaching equilibrium describe how the following change. Explain what causes
each change.

8. Reactant concentration.  As the reaction goes to the right, the reaction concentration decreases.

9. Products concentration. As the reaction goes from left to right, the concentration of the products

increases.                                                                 

10. Forward reaction rate. The reaction concentration decreases and therefore, there are less reactant

collisions causing the forward rate to decreases.

11. Reverse reaction rate. The concentrations of the products increases, therefore there are more

product collisions causing the reverse reaction rate to

increase.                                                                                                                                            

12. What is equal at equilibrium? The forward and reverse rates are

equal.                                                                                                        

13. What is constant at equilibrium? The reactant and product concentrations and the macroscopic

properties are constant.                                 

14. Sketch each graph to show how concentrations change as equilibrium is approached

[reactant]                                 [product]                                             Overall Rate

15. Label each graph with the correct description.

       The forward and reverse rates as equilibrium is approached

       The overall rate as equilibrium is approached

       The reactant and product concentrations as equilibrium is approached (two graphs)

59
 

                       

60
 

 
 
 
16. Draw a PE Diagram for the reaction if PE of the reactants is 100 KJ/mole N2O4  and
      Ea = 110  KJ/mole N2O4.                                      
N2O4 (g) <----->         2 N02 (g)            H=  +58KJ
                        (colorless)                               (brown)
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

If a catalyst was added to the reaction, what would happen to the PE Diagram, the forward rate, and the
reverse rate?
 
PE Diagram     The activation energy would decrease                         
Forward rate     Increase                                 
Reverse rate    Increase                     
 
 
One mole of very cold, colorless N2O4 (g) is placed into a 1.0L glass container of room temperature. The
reaction:
                        N2O4 (g) ⇋              2 N02 (g)            H=  +58KJ
                        (colorless)                   (brown)
proceeds to equilibrium. The concentration of each gas is measured as a function of time.
 
      Time  (s)   0          5          10        15        20        25

61
      [N2O4] (M)           1.0       0.83     0.81     0.80     0.80     0.80
      [N02]  (M)   0.0     0.34     0.38     0.40     0.40     0.40
 
17. Plot concentration of N2O4 and N02 against time on the same graph below.
     1.0 -
     0.9 -
     0.8 -
     0.7 -

     0.6 -
     0.5 -
     0.4 -
     0.3 -
     0.2 -
     0.1 -
     0.0 -
             0            5              10            15            20            25            30             35 
                                                         TIME (s)
 
                                                       
18. After what time interval has equilibrium been established?          15 seconds
 
19. Describe the change in the appearance of the container over 25 seconds (describe the colour change
and when it becomes constant).           

                                                                                                                                                                 

The container will gradually increase the intensity of brown and then remain constant after 15

seconds.                                                                                

                                               

20. Calculate the rate of N2O4 consumption in (M/s) over the first 5s period and then the second 5s period.

      0-5 sec.                                                                           rate = 1.0 – 0.83 M    =   0.034 M / s

62
 5.0 sec

      5-10 sec.                                                                                     rate = 0.83 – 0.81 M    =   0.004 M / s

                                                                                                                                       5.0 sec
    
      Why is the rate greater over the first five minutes compared to the second five minutes (think in terms
of reactant and product concentrations?
                                                                                                                                                                 
      The reactant concentration has decreased and the product concentration increased.
The forward rate has decreased and the reverse rate increased and because of this the overall
net rate has
decreased.                                                                                                                                                   
         
 
21. Calculate the rate of N02 production in (M/s) over the first 5s period and then the second 5s period.

      0-5 sec.                                                                                                     rate = 0.34 – 0.00

M    =   0.068 M / s 5.0 sec

      5-10 sec.                                                                                                   rate = 0.38 – 0.34

M    =   0.008 M / s

                                                                                                                                        5.0 sec
 
      How does the rate of formation of N02 compare to the rate of consumption of N2O4? Remember, if you
measure the reactants or products, it is still the overall rate.
                                    It is twice as great because of the stoichiometric relationship.       2moles
NO2                                                                           
                                                                                                                                          1mole
N2O4                                       
 
22. What are the equilibrium concentrations of N2O4 and  N02?
 
      [N2O4]= 0.80 M                                  Are they equal?  No!
      [N02]  = 0.40 M            
 
23. Is the reaction over, when equilibrium has been achieved? If not, explain.

      No it is not. Although the concentrations are constant, the forward and reverse reactions

continue

forever.                                                                                                                                                       

      

63
24. What are the necessary conditions to establish equilibrium?

Must have a closed system.

Must have a constant temperature.

      Ea must be low enough to allow a

reaction.                                                                                                                                                      

      

                                                                                                                                                                 
 
25. What are the characteristics of an equilibrium?

Forward rate is equal to the reverse rate.

The concentration of reactants and products are constant.(not equal)

Macroscopic properties are constant. (color, mass, density, pressure, concentrations)

                                                                                                                                                     

Worksheet #2 LeChatelier’s Principle

 
Describe the changes that occur after each stress is applied to the equilibrium.
 
                        N2 (g)    +     3H2 (g)     ⇋    2NH3(g)    +   92 KJ
 
                                                        Shifts                      
  Shifts to the
Stress                                                      [N2]                  [H2]                [NH3]             Right or
Left                Reactants or Product
 
1. [N2] is
increased                             increases          decreases        increases           right                products           
                                                                                                                                                 
2. [H2] is
increased                            decreases          increases         increases            right                products          
                                                                                                                                                              
3. [NH3] is
increased                          increases          increases         increases             left                  reactants            
                                                                                                                                                         
4. Temp is
increased                           increases          increases         decreases            left                  reactants           
                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                 
5. [N2] is
decreased                            decreases         increases         decreases            left                  reactants          

64
                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                 
 
6. [H2] is
decreased                            increases          decreases        decreases             left                  reactants         
                                                                                                              
 
7. [NH3] is
decreased                          decreases         decreases        decreases            right                products            
                                                                                                                                    
 
8. Temp is
decreased                          decreases         decreases        increases              right                products           
                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                 
9. A catalyst is
added                          nochange          nochange         nochange             nochange        nochange              
                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                           
                       
N2O4 (g)       ⇋              2NO2(g)                        H =  +   92 KJ
 
                                                                                                            Shifts                           Shifts to Favor
the
Stress                                                    [N2O4]              [NO2]           Right or Left                Reactants or
Products
 
1. [N2O4] is
increased                         increases        increases        right                            products                                
                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                                  
2. [NO2] is
increased                          increases        increases        left                              reactants                               
                                                                                                                                                                           
                             
3. Temp is
increased                           decreases       increases        right                            products                              
                                                                                                                                                                           
                                
4. [N2O4] is
decreased                        decreases       decreases       left                              reactants                                 
                                                                                                                                                                           
                                                                                
5. [H2] is
decreased                            nochange        nochange        nochange                    nochange                          
                                                                                                                                                                           
                                  
6. [NO2] is
decreased                          decreases       decreases       right                            products                               

65
                                                                                                                                                                           
                               
7. Temp is
decreased                          increases        decreases       left                              reactants                               
                                                                                                                                                                           
                             
 
4HCl (g)    +     O2 (g)     ⇋    2H2O(g)    +     2Cl2 (g)   +   98 KJ
 
                                                                                                                        Shifts               Shifts to Favour
the
Stress                                      [O2]                 [H2O]              [HCl]               Right or Left    Reactants or
Products
 
1. [HCl] is
increased               decreases       increases        increases        right                products                               
                                                  
 
2. [H2O] is
increased              increases        increases        increases        left                  reactants                                
           
 
3. [O2] is
increased                 increases        increases        decreases       right                products                             
                                                             
4. Temp is
increased               increases        decreases       increases        left                  reactants                               
                                                            
5. [H2O] is
decreased              decreases       decreases       decreases       right                products                                
                                                          
 
6. [HCl] is
decreased              increases        decreases       decreases       left                  reactants                                
                                                    
 
7. [O2] is
decreased                decreases       decreases       increases        left                  reactants                              
                                                     
 
8. Temp is
decreased              decreases       increases        decreases       right                products                                
                                                
 
9. A catalyst is
added              nochange        nochange        nochange        nochange            nochange                              
                                                                                                                                                                           
                 
 

66
 
CaCO3 (s)   +   170 KJ    ⇋    CaO (s)    +    CO2  (g)
 
Note :  Adding solids or liquids and removing solids or liquids does not shift the equilibrium. This
                    
is because you cannot change the concentration of a pure liquid or solid as they are 100% pure. It is only a
concentration change that will change the # of collisions and hence shift the equilibrium.
                                                                                    Shifts                           Shifts to Favor the
Stress                                      [CO2]                           Right or Left                Reactants or Products
 
1. CaCO3 is
added                   nochanges                   nochanges                   nochanges                                                   
                                                                                                  
2. CaO is
added                      nochanges                   nochanges                   nochanges                                                
                                                                                                       
3. CO2 is
added                       increases                    left                              reactants                                                   
                                                                                                    
4. Temp is
decreased              decreases                   left                              reactants                                                       
                                                                                                
5. A catalyst is
added              nochanges                   nochanges                   nochanges                                                        
                                                                                               
6. [CO2] is
decreased              decreases                   right                            products                                                      
                                                                                                    
7. Temp is
increased               increases                    right                            products                                                      
                                                                                                   
8. CaO is
removed                  nochanges                   nochanges                   nochanges                                                
                                                                                                       
 
Worksheet #3            Applying Le Châtelier's Principle
 
The oxidation of ammonia is a reversible exothermic reaction that proceeds as follows:
4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g)              ⇋        4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g)
Le Châtelier’s Principle allows us to predict the changes that occur in an equilibrium reaction
to compensate for any stress that is placed upon the system. For each situation described in the table,
indicate an increase or decrease in overall concentration from before to after a new equilibrium has
been established.
 
    Component Stress                        Equilibrium Concentrations   
                                                        [NH3]              [O2]               [NO]               [H2O]
   
NH3         addition                       increases        decreases      increases         increases       
                removal                       decreases       increases       decreases        decreases
67
 
                                                                                          
 O2            addition                       decreases       increases       increases            increases                   
                  removal                       increases        decreases      decreases           decreases
                                                                                          
 NO           addition                       increases        increases         increases            decreases                         
     
                  removal                       decreases       decreases        decreases           increases
                                                                                           
H2O          addition                       increases        increases         decreases            increases       
                  removal                      decreases       decreases        increases            decreases
                                                                                          
 
Increase in temperature:                 increases        increases         decreases            decreases
                              
 
Decrease in temperature:               decreases       decreases         increases            increases
 
                                                                                                       

Increase Presssure:                        increases      increases            increases            increases

                                                                                                                   

Decrease in pressure:                     decreases       decreases        decreases            decreases

                                                                  We increased the volume- all concentrations go down

Addition of a catalyst:                     nochange        nochange          nochange            nochange
                                                       

  An inert gas is added:                    nochange        nochange            nochange            nochange

                                                                   

 
Worksheet #4            Le Chatelier’s Principle
 
            State the direction in which each of the following equilibrium systems would be shifted upon the
application
            of the following stress listed beside the equation.
 
1.         2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g)                   ⇋        2 SO3 (g) + energy         decrease
temperature         right                                       

68
 
2.         C (s) + CO2 (g) + energy                     ⇋          2 CO (g)          increase
temperature          right                                       
 
3.         N2O4 (g) ⇋        2 NO2 (g)                                  increase total pressure                         
left                                         
 
4.         CO (g) + H2O (g)                   ⇋        CO2 (g) + H2 (g)             decrease total pressure          nochange
 
5.         2 NOBr (g)            ⇋        2 NO (g) + Br2 (g)                     decrease total
pressure            right                           
 
6.         3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g)            ⇋        Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)         add
Fe(s)                                       nochanges                                                                                                          
 
7.         2SO2 (g) + O2 (g)                     ⇋        2 SO3 (g)                      add
catalyst                          nochanges                  
 
8.         CaCO3 (s)                ⇋        CaO (s) + CO2 (g)                      remove CO2 (g)                            right                          
 
9.         N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)                       ⇋        2 NH3 (g)                       increase [He (g)]                   no
change                                                                                                                                                  
 
            Consider the following equilibrium system:
 
                                                3 H2 (g) + N2 (g)   ⇋       2 NH3 (g) + Heat.
 
     State what effect each of the following will have on this system:

10.       More N2 is added to the

system                                                                           right                                                                        

               

11.       Some NH3 is removed from the

system                                                                right                                                                           

12.       The temperature is

increased                                                                                 left                                                                 

                       

69
13.       The volume of the vessel is

increased                                                                     left                                                                             

14.       A catalyst was added                                                                                            nochange

15.       An inert gas was

added                                                                                         nochange                   
 
16.       If a catalyst was added to the above reaction and a new equilibrium was established.
           Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new
equilibrium. 
    
            Forward Rate has        increases                          Reverse Rate
has               increases                              
    
17.       If the temperature was increased in the above reaction and a new equilibrium was established.
            Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new
equilibrium. 
    
            Forward Rate has        increases                         Reverse Rate
has                increases                       
 
18.       If the volume of the container was increased in the above reaction and a new equilibrium
            was established. Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions
            of the new equilibrium. 
    
            Forward Rate has        decreases                          Reverse Rate
has              decreases                      .                  
 
            Consider the following equilibrium system
 
                                    H2 (g) + I2 (g)  ⇋ 2 HI (g)
 
            State what effect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting.
 

19.       The volume of the vessel is increased             nochange                                                              

20.       The pressure is

increased                               nochange                                                                          

21.       A catalyst is

added                                        nochange                                                                          
 
 
 
            Consider the following equilibrium system:
70
 
                                    3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g)  <------> Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)
 
            State what effect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting.
21.       The volume of the vessel is
decreased                          nochange                                                              
22.       The pressure is
decreased                                           nochange                                                                                      
23.       More Fe is added to the
system                                   nochange                                                                          
24.       Some Fe3O4 is removed from the system                     nochange                                                  
25.       A catalyst is added to the
system                                 nochange                                                                          
 
            Consider the following equilibrium:
            2NO (g)   + Br2 (g)  + energy  <------>  2NOBr (g) 
 
            State what affect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting.
26.       The volume of the vessel is increased                         left                                                            
27.       The pressure is
decreased                                          left                                                                                    
28.       More Br2 is added to the
system                                right                                                                      
29.       Some NO is removed from the system                        left                                                            
30.       A catalyst is added to the
system                                nochange                                                                          
            Consider the following equilibrium:

            Some CO was added to the system and a new equilibrium was established.

                        2CO (g)   + O2 (g)  <------>  2CO2 (g) + energy        

31.       Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new

equilibrium.

            Forward Rate has        increases                         Reverse Rate

has                increases                       
 
32.       Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or
decreased?
            [CO]                increases                    [O2]                 decreases                   [CO2]               increase
s                               

71
33.       Did the equilibrium shift favour the formation of reactants or

products?        products                                   

            A catalyst was added to the system at constant volume and a new equilibrium was

established.               
            2CO (g)   + O2 (g)  ⇋  2CO2 (g) + energy       

34.       Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new

equilibrium.

            Forward Rate has        increases                          Reverse Rate

has               increases                        

35.       Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or

decreased?

            [CO]    no change                       [O2]             no change                   [CO2]               no

change           

36.       Did the equilibrium shift favour the formation of reactants or products?        Neither                       

            The volume of the container was decreased and a new equilibrium was established.               
            2CO (g)   +   O2 (g)  ⇋  2CO2 (g) + energy        

37.       Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new

equilibrium.

            Forward Rate has increased                           Reverse Rate

has         increased                                      

38.       Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or

decreased?

            [CO]                increased            [O2] increased                                [CO2]   increased                      

39.       Did the equilibrium shift favor the formation of reactants or

products?          Products                       
 
Worksheet #5    Applying Le Châtelier's Principle
 
1.         The chromate and dichromate ions set up an equilibrium as follows:

72
 
            energy + 2 CrO4 2-(aq) + 2 H+(aq)   ⇋            Cr2O7 2-(aq) + H2O (l)
                              yellow                                           orange
 
            Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:
 
                                                                                   shift                  color change
            Increase in [H+]                                               right                Orange                      
            Increase in [CrO4 2-]                                        right                           
            Increase in [Cr2O7 2-]                                       left                             
            Decrease in [H+]                                             left                  Yellow                        
            Decrease in [CrO42-]                                       left                             
            Increase in temperature                                   right                Orange                
            Decrease intemperature                                   left                  Yellow                        
            Add HCl (aq)                                                    right                Orange                            
            Add NaOH                                                      left                  Yellow    
                               OH- reacts with H+ and lowers [H+] causing the reaction to shift left.       
           
 
 
 
2.         The copper (II) ion andcopper (II) hydroxide complex exist in equilibrium as follows:
 
                                Cu(OH)2 (aq) +4 H2O (l)         ⇋      Cu(H2O)4 2+(aq) +2 OH-(aq) + 215 kJ
                        violet                                                                 light blue                  
 
            Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stressbelow:
 
                                                                                     shift                 colorchange
            Increase in [Cu(H2O)4 2+]                                 left                             
            Add NaOH                                                      left                  Violet                         
            Increase in [Cu(OH)2]                                     right                           
            Decrease in [Cu(H2O)4 2+]                               right                           
            Decrease in[Cu(OH)2]                                    left                 
            Increase temperature                                       left                  Violet                         
            Decrease temperature                                      right                Light  Blue                      
            AddKCl (aq)                                                     no change       nochange                               
            AddHCl (aq)                                                     right                Light  Blue                                        
 
 
3.         Consider the equilibriumthat follows:
 
                        4 HCl (g)+ 2 O2 (g)   ⇋      2 H2O (l) +      2 Cl2 (g)    +      98 kJ
73
                                                                                                            (yellow)
   
            Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:
 
                                                                                  shift                        color change
            Increase in temperature                                    left                  clear   
            Increase [HCl]                                                right                yellow                        
            Decrease in [Cl2]                                            right                           
            Decrease temperature                                      right                yellow                        
            Add Ne at constant volume                             No Change    
 
 
4.         Consider the equilibrium that follows:
 
                        Cu+ (aq)   +    Cl-(aq)    ⇋     CuCl (s)           ΔH   =   + 98 kJ
                        (green)
   
      Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:
      Cu+ is green
                                                                                                          shift                 color change
            Increase in temperature                                                           right               less green                  
            Increase [HCl]                                                                        right                less
green                             
            Add NaCl                                                                                right                less
green                             
            Decrease temperature                                                              left                  green       
            Add NaOH (aq)                                                                         left                  clear                           
            (reacts with HCl)       
           
            (check your solubility table for a possible reaction)
 
            Add CuCl(s)                                                     no change                   no
change                                                      
            Add AgNO3 (aq)                                                left                              green                                     
           
            (check your solubility table for a possible reaction)
           
            Add CuNO3 (aq)                                                right because it contains the
Cu+ ion.                                    
            Add Cu(NO3)2 (aq)                                            no change because the Cu2+ ion is a
spectator.                              

Worksheet #6            Graphing and LeChatelier’s Principle

74
Consider the following equilibrium system.
I2(g)    +     Cl2(g)    ⇋   2 ICl (g) + energy

Label the graph that best represents each of the following stresses and shift.

       adding I2(g)

       increasing the temperature

       decreasing the pressure

       
Increasing the
temperature
 

removing Cl2(g)

 
75
 

Worksheet #7    Maximizing Yield  

1.         N2O4(g)     +    59  KJ    ⇋     2 NO2(g)

            Describe four ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.

            Increase the temperature                 Increase the concentration of

(N2O4)                                                                                 

            Decrease the pressure                      Decrease the concentration of

(NO2)                                                                     

            Describe three ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

            Increase the temperature                 Increase the concentration of (N2O4)

            Add a catalyst                                    Increase the

pressure                                                                                                                       

                                               
2.         2SO3(g)      ⇋     2SO2(g)     +    O2(g)     +     215 KJ

            Describe four ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction

above.                                                                                               

            Decrease the temperature                Increase the concentration of

SO3                                                                          

            Decrease the pressure                      Decrease the concentration of

SO2                                                                                                 

            Decrease the concentration of O2

            Describe three ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

76
 Increase the temperature                 Increase the concentration of

(SO3)                                                                                   

            Increase the

pressure                                                                                                                                                            

                       

3.         H2O(g)       H2O(l)         H = -150 KJ

            Describe three ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.

            Decrease the temperature                Increase the concentration of

H2O                                                                         

            Increase the

pressure                                                                                                                                                            

                       

            Describe four ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

            Increase the temperature                 Increase the concentration of H2O

            Add a catalyst                                    Increase the

pressure                                                                                                                       
 
4.         In the Haber reaction:              3H2(g)   +    N2(g)    ⇌       2NH3(g)        +          energy
           
            Explain why each condition is used in the process to make ammonia.
           
            A High pressure of 50 MP                              High yield shifts to
right                                                       
 
            The presence of Fe2O3                                     A catalyst increases the
rate                                                           
 
            Condensing NH3 to a liquid                             Removing the products shifts to the right
increasing the yield                                                      
 

            A relatively high temperature 500 oC              Even though the yield is lowered the rate is

increased                                                                                                                                                           

                                

Worksheet #8            Equilibrium Calculations

            Solve each problem and show all of your work.
77
 
1.         SO3(g)         +     H2O(g)                ⇄    H2SO4(l)          Do not count the liquid!!
 
            At equilibrium [SO3] = 0.400M             [H2O] = 0.480M                  [H2SO4] = 0.600M             
            Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.
 
           
                        Keq =             1         
                                    [SO3] [H2O]
Keq =             1         
                        [0.400] [0.480]
 
Keq = 5.21
 
 
 
 
2.         At equilibrium at 100oC, a 2.0L flask contains:
            0.075 mol of PCl5             0.050 mol of H2O               0.750 mol 0f HCl           0.500 mol of POCl3
            Calculate the Keq for the reaction: 
            PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)
 
 
            Keq = 1.4
 
 
 
3.         Keq= 798 at 25oC for the reaction:  2SO2 (g)   +  O2 (g) ⇄  2SO3 (g).
            In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [SO3]=11.0M. Calculate the equilibrium
[O2] in this mixture at 25oC.
 
 
[O2] = 0.00860M
 
 
4.         Consider the following equilibrium:
                                               
            2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)
            0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are present in a 4.00 L flask at equilibrium at 100oC. If
the Keq = 680, calculate the SO3 concentration at 100oC.
 
            Keq  =   [SO3]2                      
                          [SO2]2[O2]
           
            680  =    [SO3]2                      
                          [0.150]2[0.150]
 
            [SO3]2 = (0.150)(0.150)2(680)

78
 
 
            [SO3] = 1.51 M
 
 
5.         Consider the following equilibrium:
            2 NO2(g)           ⇄        N2O4(g)
            2.00 moles of NO2 and1.60 moles of N2O4 are present in a 4.00 L flask at equilibrium at 20oC.
Calculate the Keq at 20oC .
 
 
            Keq = 1.60     
 
 
6.         2 SO3(g)           ⇄        2 SO2(g)           +          O2(g)
            4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are present in a 2.00 L container at 100oC and are at
equilibrium. Calculate the equilibrium concentration    of SO3 and the number of moles SO3 present if the
Keq = 1.47  x  10-3.
           
 
            [SO3] = 82.5 M                       165 moles SO3
 
 
 
7.         If  at equilibrium [H2] = 0.200M and [I2] = 0.200M and Keq=55.6 at 250oC, calculate the
equilibrium concentration of HI.
            H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇄ 2HI (g)
 
 
            [HI] = 1.49 M
 
 
 
8.         1.60 moles CO, 1.60 moles H2O, 4.00 moles CO2, 4.00moles H2 are found in a 8.00L container at
690oC at equilibrium.
            CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
            Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.
 
 
            Keq = 6.25
 
 
Worksheet #9            Equilibrium Calculations
            Solve each problem and show all of your work.
 
1.         At equilibrium, a 5.0L flask contains: 
            0.75 mol of PCl5       0.50 mol of H2O 7.50 mol of HCl          5.00 mol of POCl3
            Calculate the Keq for the reaction:    

79
            PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)
 
 
            Keq = 23
 
 
2.         Keq= 798 for the reaction: 
            2SO2 (g) +  O2 (g) ⇄  2SO3 (g).
            In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [SO3]=11.0 M. Calculate the equilibrium
[O2] in this mixture.
 
 
 
            [O2] = 8.60 X 10-3 M
 
 
 
3.         Consider the following equilibrium:
            2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)
            When a 0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are placed into a 1.00 litre container and
allowed to reach equilibrium, the equilibrium [SO3] is to be 0.250M. Calculate the Keq value.
 
 
            Keq =1.07
 
 
 
4.         Consider the following equilibrium:
            2 NO2(g)           ⇄        N2O4(g)
            If 2.00 moles of NO2 are placed in a 1.00 L flask and allowed to react. At equilibrium 1.80 moles
NO2 are present. Calculate the Keq.
 
                        2 NO2(g)           ⇄        N2O4(g)
           
            I           2.00                             0.00

            C       -0.20                              0.10
            E         1.80 M                        0.10 M           
 
                                                            Note the loss of one sig fig   
 
                        Keq     =          (0.10)
                                                (1.80)2
 
            Keq = 0.031
 
 
80
 
5.         2 SO2(g)           +          O2(g)                ⇄        2 SO3(g)
            4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are placed in a 2.00 L container at 200oC and allowed to
reach equilibrium. If the equilibrium         concentration of O2 is 2.00 M, calculate the Keq
           
 
            Keq = 0.50
 
 
 
6.         If the initial [H2] = 0.200M, [I2] = 0.200M and Keq = 55.6 at 250oC calculate the equilibrium
concentrations of all molecules.
            H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇄ 2HI (g)
 
 
            [HI] = 0.315 M                       [H2] = [I2] = 0.042 M
 
 
 
 
7.         1.60 moles CO and1.60 moles H2O are placed in a 2.00L container at 690 oC (Keq=10.0).
            Calculate all equilibrium concentrations.
            CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
 
 
 
            [CO2] = [H2] = 0.608 M                     [CO] = [H2O] = 0.192 M
 
 
 
8.         SO3(g) +   NO(g)                ⇄     NO2(g)  +   SO2(g)   
            Keq = 0.800 at 100oC.     If 4.00 moles of each reactant are placed in a 2.00L container, calculate all
equilibrium concentrations at 100oC.
 
 
            [NO2] = [SO2] = 0.944 M                  [SO3] = [NO] = 1.06 M
 
 
 
9.         Consider the following equilibrium system:               2NO2(g)    ⇌    N2O4
            Two sets of equilibrium data are listed for the same temperature.
 
            Container 1                  2.00 L              0.12 moles NO2           0.16 moles N2O4            0.060 M
NO2              .080 M N2O4
 
             Container 2                 5.00 L              0.26 moles NO2           ? moles N2O4               0.052 M NO2
 

81
            Determine the number of moles N2O4 in the second container. Get a Keq from the
first             container and use it for the second container.
 
            Keq                 =          [N2O4]
                                                [NO2]2
 
                                    =          [0.080]                        =          22.22
                                                [0.060]2
 
            Keq                 =          [N2O4]
                                                [NO2]2
 
            22.22               =          [N2O4]
                                                [0.052]2
 
            [N2O4]            =          0.0600 M        5.00 L     x    0.0600 moles     =          0.30 moles
                                                                                                1 L
 
                       
Worksheet #10          Equilibrium Calculations
Solve each problem and show all of your work in your portfolio.
 
1. At equilibrium, a 2.0 L flask contains:
0.200 mol of PCl5        0.30   mol of H2O        0.60   mol of HCl        0.300 mol of POCl3
Calculate the Keq for the reaction: 
PCl5  (g) + H2O  (g) ⇄ 2HCl  (g) + POCl3  (g)
 
 
            Keq = 0.90
 
 
 
 
2. Keq= 798 for the reaction: 
2SO2  (g) +  O2  (g) ⇄  2SO3  (g).
In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [SO3]= 11.0M. Calculate the equilibrium [O2] in
this mixture.
 
 
            [O2] = 8.60 X 10-3 M
           
 
 
 
3. Consider the following equilibrium: 2SO2  (g) + O2  (g) ⇄ 2SO3  (g)
When a 0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are placed into a 2.00 litre container and allowed to
reach equilibrium, the equilibrium [SO3] is to be 0.250M. Calculate the Keq value.
(3 marks)

82
 2SO2 (g)           +          O2  (g)               ⇄                    2SO3  (g)
           
            I           0.300                           0.300                                       0                     
 
            C         0.250                           0.125                                       0.250
           

            E         0.050                           0.175                                       0.250
 
            Keq  =  (0.250)2         
(0.050)2(0.175)
                                                            Note the loss of one sig fig!
Keq = 1.4 x 102
 
 

4. H2  (g) + S  (s) ⇄ H2S  (g)     Keq= 14
0.60 moles of H2 and 1.4 moles of S are placed into a 2.0L flask and allowed to reach equilibrium.
Calculate the [H2] at equilibrium. (4 marks)
 
            Don’t count S. It is a solid!
            [H2] = 0.02 M
 
 
 
 
5. Keq=0.0183 for the reaction:
2HI  (g) ⇄ H2 (g) + I2  (g)
If 3.0 moles of HI are placed in a 5.00L vessel and allowed to reach equilibrium, what is the equilibrium
concentration of H2?
 
 
            [H2] = 0.064 M
 
 
 
 
6. Consider the equilibrium:  
I2 (g) + Cl2  (g)  ⇄  2ICl (g)    Keq= 10.0
 
The same number of moles of I2 and Cl2 are placed in a 1.0L flask and allowed to reach equilibrium. If the
equilibrium concentration of ICl is 0.040 M, calculate the initial number of moles of I2 and Cl2.
           
                        I2 (g)      +          Cl2  (g) ⇄        2ICl  (g)            Keq = 10.0
 
83
            I           x                      x                      0
            C         0.020               0.020               0.040
            E         x – 0.020         x - 0.020          0.040
 
          (0.040)2          =             10.0
                (x – 0.020)2
          .04                  =             3.1622
               (x – 0.020)
 
            .04       =          -0.063244        +          3.1622x
 
            0.103244                     =          3.1622x
 
            x          =          0.033 M
 
1.0 L   x   0.033  mole   =   0.033 mole         
                                         L
 
7. Consider the equilibrium:   2ICl(g)   ⇄  I2 (g) + Cl2  (g)   Keq= 10.0
If x moles of ICl were placed in a 5.0 L container at 10 oC and if an equilibrium concentration of I2 was
found to be 0.60 M, calculate the number of moles ICl initially present.
           
                        2ICl(g)              ⇄             I2 (g)      +          Cl2  (g)              Keq= 10.0
 
            I           x                                  0                      0
            C         1.2                               0.60                 0.60
            E         x – 1.2                         0.60                 0.60
 
 
            (0.60)2      =     10.0
            (x – 1.2)2
           
           
            0.60          =     3.162
            (x – 1.2)
           
            0.60   =  3.162x  -  3.7944
 
4.3944  =  3.162x
 
x  = 1.3896 M
 
5.0 L  x  1.3896 moles  =  6.9 moles
                                    L
 
8. A student places 2.00 moles SO3 in a 1.00 L flask. At equilibrium [O2] = 0.10 M at 130 oC. Calculate
the Keq.       
 
2SO2(g)                    +          O2(g)       ⇄        2SO3(g)
84
           
I           0                      0                      2.0                   Note this reaction starts with a product
and shifts left to go to equilibrium.
            C     +.20                 +.10                  -  0.20                 So add on the left and subtract on the
right.
            E         .20                   .10                   1.8
 
Keq   =   (1.8)2    =  810
                (0.1)(.2)2
           
 
 
Worksheet #11                      Review, Ktrial, & Size of Keq
 
                
1.         2 CrO4-2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) ⇄ Cr2O7-2 (aq) + H2O (l)
Calculate the Keq if the following amounts were found at equilibrium in a 2.0L volume.
CrO4-2 = .030 mol, H+ = .020 mol, Cr2O7-2 = 0.32 mol, H2O = 110 mol
 
Do not count water. It is a liquid!!
           
Keq  =  (0.16)            
             (0.015)2(0.010)2
 
Keq = 7.1 X 106
 
 
 
 
2.         PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)  Keq= 11
At equilibrium the 4.0L flask contains the indicated amounts of the three
chemicals.                                      
PCl5        .012 mol          H2O     .016 mol          HCl     .120 mol
Calculate [POCl3].
 
 
            Keq     =    [HCl]2[POCl3]
                                    [H2O]
            11        =    [0.030]2[POCl3]
                       [.0040]
 
[POCl3] =    (11)(0.0040)
                        [0.030]2
 
 
[POCl3] = 49
 
 

85
3.         6.0 moles H2S are placed in a 2.0L container. At equilibrium 5.0 moles H2 are present. Calculate
the Keq
 
2H2S (g)           ⇄        2H2 (g)              +          S2 (g)
 
I           3.0                               0                                  0
 
C         2.5                               2.5                               1.25
 
E         0.5                               2.5                               1.25
 
                                    Note the loss of 1 significant digit
           
 
            Keq  =  (2.5)2(1.25)
                              (0.5)2
 
Keq = 3  x  101
 
 
 
4.         4.0 moles H2 and 2.0 moles Br2 are placed in a 1.0L container at 180oC. If the [HBr] = 3.0 M at
equilibrium, calculate the Keq.
 
H2 (g)    +          Br2 (g) ⇄        2HBr (g)
                
                        I           4.0                   2.0                   0
                        C         -1.5                  -1.5                  +3.0
                        E         2.5                   0.5                   3.0

Keq =  (3.0)2                                      Note the loss of significant digits here

            (2.5)(.5)
 
Keq = 7
 
 
 
 
5.         At 2000C Keq= 11.6 for 2NO(g) ⇄ N2 (g) + O2 (g).    If some NO is placed in a 2.0 L vessel and the
equilibrium [N2] = 0.120 M, calculate all other equilibrium concentrations
 
 
                        2NO(g)             ⇄        N2 (g)    +          O2 (g)
           

86
 I           x                                  0                      0
            C         0.240                           0.120               0.120
            E         x – 0.240                     0.120               0.120
 
            (0.120)2                       =          11.6
            (x – 0.240)2
 
            0.120               =          3.4058
            x – 0.240
 
            x  =  0.275 M
 
 
 
[N2] = [O2] = 0.120 M                        [NO] = 0.035 M
 
 
 
 
6.         At 800oC, Keq = 0.279  for CO2 (g) + H2 (g) ⇄ CO (g) + H2O (g).                          
If 2.00 moles CO( g) and 2.00 moles H2O (g) are placed in a 500 ml container, calculate all
equilibrium concentrations.
 
            Note that when two products are placed in a container it shifts to the left to get to equilibrium.
                        CO2 (g)                         +          H2 (g)    ⇄        CO (g) +          H2O (g).
 
            I           0                                  0                      4.00                 4.00
 
            C         x                                  x                      x                      x
 
            E         x                                  x                      4.00 - x            4.00 - x
 
                        0.279   =  (4-x)2
                                         (x)2
 
                        0.5282  =  4 - x
                                            x
 
                        0.5282x  =  4 – x
 
                        1.5282x  =  4
 
                        [CO2]  =  [H2]  = x = 2.62 M
 
                        [CO] = [H2O] = 4.00  -  x  = 1.38M             
 
 
 
 
87
 
 
7.         CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)       Keq= 10.0 at 690oC.      If at a certain time [CO] = 0.80M,
[H2O] = 0.050M, [CO2] = 0.50M and [H2] = 0.40M, is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will
it shift in order to get to equilibrium
 

               Ktrial  = 5       Keq = 10         -therefore the reaction is not at equilibrium and shifts right
 
 
 
8.         For the reaction: CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)    Keq= 10.0 at 690oC.  The following
concentrations were observed: [CO] =2.0M, [H2] = 1.0M, [CO2]=2.0M, [H2O] = 0.10M. Is the
reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order to get to equilibrium?
 
 
 
            Ktrial = 10      Keq = 10         - therefore the reaction is at equilibrium
 
 
 
9.         For the same equation above the following concentrations were observed: [CO] = 1.5M, [H2] =
1.2, [CO2] = 1.0M, [H2O] = .10M. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order
to get to equilibrium?
 
 
            Ktrial  = 8       Keq = 10         -therefore the reaction is not at equilibrium and shifts right   
 
 
 
 
10.       At a certain temperature the Keq for a reaction is 75.  2O3(g)   ⇄  3O2(g)
Predict the direction in which the equilibrium will proceed, if any, when the following amounts
are introduced to a 10 L vessel.
a)  0.60 mole of O3 and 3.0 mol of O2
 
Ktrial = (0.30)3           =          7.5       <          Keq     Therefore the reaction will shift to the
right to reach equilibrium.
                          (0.060)2        
 
b) 0.050 mole of O3 and 7.0 mol of O2
 
Ktrial =   (0.70)3         =          13720  >   Keq            Therefore the reaction will shift to the left
to reach equilibrium.
                          (0.0050)2      
 
) 1.5 mole of O3 and no O2
 
88
 Ktrial =           (0)3     =          0          <          Keq     Therefore the reaction will shift to the
right to reach equilibrium.
                                   (0.15)2 
 
 

11. Consider the following equilibrium:

 
a) 2NO2 (g)   ⇄   N2O4 (g)                                                           Keq = 2.2
b) Cu2+(aq)   +   2Ag(s)  ⇄ Cu(s)    +   2Ag+ (aq)                             Keq = 1 x 10-15                    Favors
reactants to the greatest extent
c) Pb2+ (aq)    +   2  Cl- (aq)   ⇄     PbCl2(s)                                 Keq = 6.3 x  104                     Favors
products to the greatest extent
d) SO2(g)    +   O2 (g) ⇄     SO3 (g)                                             Keq = 110
 
i)         Which equilibrium favors products to the greatest extent?                 
ii)        Which equilibrium favors reactants to the greatest extent?                 
 
12.       What is the only way to change the value of the Keq?
            The only way to change the value of the Keq is by changing the temperature.
 
13.       In the reaction: A + B ⇄ C + D + 100kJ, what happens to the value of Keq if we increase the
temperature?
 
            The Keq will decrease.
 
 
14.       If the value of Keq decreases when we decrease the temperature, is the reaction exothermic or
endothermic?
 
            The reaction is endothermic.
 
 
15.       In the reaction; W + X + 100kJ ⇄ Y + Z, what happens to the value of Keq if we increase the [X]?
Explain your answer.
            The Keq will remain the same because the only way to change Keq is by changing the
temperature.
 
16.       If the value of Keq increases when we decrease the temperature, is the reaction exothermic or
endothermic?
 
            The reaction is exothermic.
 
 
17.       Predict whether reactants of products are favored in the following equilibrium systems
 
 

89
            (a)       CH3COOH(aq) ⇋ H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)                                                            Keq = 1.8  x 10-
5
                    Reactants

(b)       H2O2(aq)    ⇋   H+(aq) + HO2(aq)                                                Keq = 2.6  x 10-

12                    
Reactants
(c)       CuSO4(aq) (+ Zn(s)   ⇋ Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)                                    Keq =
37                               
10 Products
 
18.)      What effect will each of the following have on the Keq of the reaction shown below:
 
                       
2NO2(g)                   +          heat     ⇋        N2O4(g)                                                            Keq = 2.2
 
 
           
 
(a)       adding a catalyst                                              Remains
constant                                                                             
            (b)       increasing the concentration of a reactant        Remains
constant                                                     
(c)       increasing the concentration of a product        Remains constant                                         
(d)       decreasing the volume                                     Remains
constant                                                                 
(e)       decreasing the pressure                                               Remains
constant                                                     
(f)        increasing the
temperature                               Increases                                                                   
(g)       decreasing the
temperature                              Decreases                                                                                                      
 
 
 
 
 
 
Worksheet #12          Enthalpy & Entropy     
 
 
For each of these processes, predict if Entropy increases or decreases.
 
1.
2H2(g)   +    O2(g)    ⇋     2H2O(g)                              decreases                                                                                        
              
 
2. 2SO3(g)      ⇋     2SO2(g)     +    O2(g) increases                                                                               
 
3.  Ag+(aq)      +      Cl-(aq)     ⇋   AgCl(s)           decreases                                                                        
                                   

90
4.   Cl2(g)    ⇋    2Cl(g)  increases                                                                                                             
 
5.   H2O(l)   ⇋     H2O(g)            increases                                                                                           
 
6.   CaCO3(s)     +    180 KJ   ⇋   CaO(s)     +    CO2(g) increases                                           
 
7.    I2(s)     +    608 KJ   ⇋     I2(aq)                   increases                                                                   
           
8.  4Fe(s)    +    3O2(g)   ⇋    2Fe2O3(s)    +    1570 KJ   decreases                                                      
 
 
 
 
 

Consider both Enthalpy and Entropy and determine if each reaction will
a) go to completion
b) not occur or
c) go to equilibrium
           
9.         H2O(l)   ⇄     H2O(g)         H = 150 KJ                                                            
 
min enthalpy ⇄ max entropy 

           
                       
 
Equilibrium
 
10.   CaCO3(s)     +    180 KJ   ⇄   CaO(s)     +    CO2(g)                                                                         
 
                        min enthalpy ⇄ max entropy
 
 

Equilibrium
 
11.      I2(s)     ⇄     I2(aq)      +    608 KJ                                                                                   
 
 
⇄ max entropy      min enthalpy
 
 

91
 Completion
                       
 
12.   4Fe(s)    +    3O2(g)   ⇄    2Fe2O3(s)    ΔH  =    1570 KJ                                                    
 
  max entropy     min enthalpy ⇄

                       
Does not Occur
 
13.     Cl2(g)    ⇄    2Cl(g)              H = +26.8 KJ
 
min enthalpy   ⇄  max entropy                                                                   
 
                
Equilibrium
 
14.   Ag+(aq) +   Cl-(aq)  ⇄   AgCl(s)   +    86.2 KJ
 
min entropy ⇄ min enthalpy           
 
                        Equilibrium
 
Considerboth Enthalpy and Entropy and determine if each reaction will
a) have a large Keq
b) have a small Keq
c) have a Keq about equal to 1
 
15.H2SO4(aq)    +   Zn(s)    ⇋   ZnSO4(aq)    + H2(g)    H +207 KJ
 
 
 
                            
 
                                    Keq about 1
 
 
 
16.NH4NO3(s) ⇋     NH4+(aq)     +   NO3-(aq)      H  =  -30 KJ
 
 
 
 
 
 

92
 
 
 
 
 

Large Keq
 
17.N2(g)   +   3H2(g)   +  92 KJ  ⇋    2NH3(g)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

                        Small Keq
 
18.  H2O(l)  + 150 KJ  ⇋      H2O(g)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

                        Keq about equal to 1

 
 
19.Ca(s)     +    H2O(l)   ⇋   Ca(OH)2(aq)     +    H2(g)      H  =    +210 KJ
 

                       
 
 
 
93
 
 
 
 
                       
Keq about 1

94