Prediction of Ternary

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria
from Binary Data
MICHAEL J.HOLMES MATTHEW VAN WINKLE

Wilson equation used to

predict vapor compositions
n essential ingredient in the industrial design of dis-
A tillation equipment is a knowledge of the vapor-
liquid equilibria of the system to be separated. Many
articles containing experimental equilibrium data for
binary systems have appeared in the literature in recent
where qi is called the effective molar volume of the ith
years. However, the vast majority of industrial separa-
component and zi is the effective volumetric fraction
tions involves several components, and experimental
data for systems containing four or more components
are almost nonexistent. (3)
Because the cost and time involved in obtaining experi-
mental equilibrium data increase rapidly with the num- with the molar excess free energy expressed in terms of
ber of components, the distillation practitioner has the liquid composition, the various models relating ac-
turned to thermodynamics in search of effective predic- tivity coefficients to composition can be obtained by the
tive methods. exact relation
O u r knowledge of liquid mixtures is still far from
complete. Ultimately, the design engineer would like (4)
to predict multicomponent data from pure component
properties. However, the present methods involve Four solution models for liquid phase activity co-
reduction of binary data to a small number of param- efficients have been compared in this study: the Mar-
eters with various solution models. These models are gules, Bonham, van Laar, and Wilson equations.
then used with the binary parameters to predict multi- Margules equation. One of the most commonly
component behavior. used solution models is that of Margules (30). T h e
Solution Models third-order Margules equations for a binary system are :
Many solution models which relate activity coefficients
to liquid composition and satisfy the well-known Gibbs- log10 71 = XZ2[A12 +2 Xl(A2l - Aldl (5)
Duhem equation
N
log10 7 2 = X12[A21 +2 xz(A12 - A2111 (6)

c x i @ In
z
YZ)T,P = 0 (11 T h e third-order Margules equations for a ternary
system involve the parameters for the three constituent
have been proposed. A common procedure in model binary systems and a single ternary parameter:
development is first to relate the molar excess free energy
to the liquid composition. For example, Wohl (69, 70) log10 7 1 = X22[A12 +2 Xl(A21 -Ad1+
has shown that the Margules, van Laar, and Scatchard- X3’[A13 +2 Xi (A31 - Aid] +
Hamer equations can all be developed as variations
of one mathematical scheme. In the derivation the
x!2x3[(AZl f A12 f A31 + A13 - A23 - A32)/2 +
molar excess free energy of the mixture is equated to a xl(A2l - A12 f A31 - A13) + (x2 - X 3 ) ( A 2 3 - A32) -
sum of empirical interaction terms (1 - 2 Xl)C*I (7)

VOL. 6 2 NO. 1 JANUARY 1 9 7 0 21

T h e expressions for the activity coefficients of the other systems by Wohl (70). The second-order equation
two components can be obtained by the rotation prin- for the first component is
ciple
3
d\
1-+2

As stated by Wohl (69)in a supplement to his earlier

work (70)) the ternary constant C* can be set equal to
zero for systems in which the ternary interactions are
negligible. I n this case, only binary data are needed T h e corresponding expressions for the other components
for the representation of the ternary system. can be obtained by the rotation principle.
Van Laar equation. Van Laar (63) attempted to T h e equation above involves no ternary parameters.
employ a more theoretical approach than Margules However, it was developed with the following restriction
by examining the thermodynamic changes occurring
during mixing of the pure liquids. The resulting
equations are
Often the parameters obtained by a least-squares fit
of the binary data do not satisfy Equation 17.
Bonham equation. Bonham (5) extended the orig-
inal van Laar Equations 8 and 9 to multicomponent
systems resulting in
Based on van Laar's assumptions, the binary param- T 1 n y1 = (XZB~Z"~ +
X~A~ZB~?,~'~)~
-__-_____-
eters Ai2 and Blz can be expressed in terms of van der
Waals constants
(XlAlZ +
XZ f X 3 A 3 2 ) '
(1 8)

( X I A I Z B Z+I ~ . ~
~3A32B23'.')~
T i n yz = -__
(XlA12 + 4-
x2 X3A32)Z
(19)

for a ternary system. T h e parameters are related by

However, in practice the van der Waals constants do not the equations below.
yield satisfactory estimates of the binary paranieters.
Carlson and Colburn ( 9 ) modified the original van
Laar equations by defining new parameters

Biz
____
2.303 T
Several difficulties arise whcn applying the Bonham
equations to the prediction of vapor-liquid equilibria.
According to the assumptions of van Laar, the param-
eters in the original van Laar equations can assume only
T h e resulting equations are
positive values (see Equations 10 and 11). This re-
loglo y1 A 12 striction on Bi, prevents adequate representation of a

(1+:2Y binary system which shows negative deviations froin

ideality. T h e van Laar assumptions were used in the
development of the Bonham multicomponent equations,
Azi and, thus, the model is not satisfactory for multiconi-
log10 yz = -___---
ponent systems in which some of the B,, are negative.
( 1 f : y This is apparent froni inspection of Equations 18, 19,
and 20 where the square root of Bt, appears.
I t is apparent from Equations 12 and 13 that the A second difficulty with the Bonham equation con-
equations above are equivalent to the original van Laar cerns the sign of B,jo,6. According to Robinson and
equations only under isothermal conditions. I n spite Gilliland (52),the sign is determined by the relative
of this, the equations presented by Carlson and Colburn polarity of the components in the binary system. For
are much more widely used today than the original example, if component 1 is more polar than cornponent
van Laar relations and are generally referred to simply 2, B120Jis positive and B Z l 0 Jis nagative.
as the "van Laar equations.') A final difficulty with the Bonham equation is the
These equations have been extended to ternary restrictions given by Equations 23 and 24

22 I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
 TABLE I . ANTOINE CONSTANTS TABLE II. MOLAR VOLUME DATA
Temperature
Component A B C range, ' C TI, VI=, T2, uaL, Ta, u3L,
Component O K cc/g mol OK cc/x mol OK cc/g mol
Acetone 7,02447 1161.0 224, ... Acetone 228.15 67,380 273.15 71.483 323.15 76.826
Acetonitrile 7.07354 1279.2 224, 5 to 119
Benzene 6.90565 1211.033 220,790 0 to 160 Acetonitrile 273.15 51.092 303.15 53.214 355.15 57.4
1-Butanol 8 . 27488 1873.9 230. ... Benzene 273.15 86.783 323.15 92.263 373.15 98,537
Butyl cellosolve 7.16462 1538.7 188.0 ... 1-Butanol 273.15 89.873 343.15 97.8 413.15 108.7
Carbon tetrachloride 6.93390 1242.43 230.0 -15 to 138 Butyl cello-
solve 293.15 130.86 373.15 143.1 453.15 161.1
Cellosolve 8.416 2135.0 253,O ... Carbon tetra-
Chloroform 6.90328 1163.03 227.4 -30 to 150 chloride 293.15 96.518 353.15 104.192 413.15 114.379
Cyclohexane 6.84498 1203.526 222.863 -20 to 142 Cellosolve 293.15 96.80 353.15 104.1 413.15 114.0
Cyclopentane 6.88676 1124.162 231,361 -25 to 110 Chloroform 273.15 78.218 303.15 81.185 333.15 84.5
2,3-Dimethylbuiane 6.80983 1127.187 228.900 -20 to 100 Cyclohexane 288.15 107,470 306,30 109.841 352,35 116.630
1,4-Dioxane 7.8642 1866.7 273.0 ... Cyclopentane 273.15 91.9 333.15 99.4 373.15 1 0 5 . 2
Ethanol a .04494 1554.3 222,65 2,3-Dimethyl-
Ethyl acetate 7 ,09808 1238 71 217.0 -20 to 150 butane 273.15 126.80 303.15 132.06 333.15 138.03
Ethylbenzene 6,9571 9 1424.255 213.206 45 to 190 1,4-Dioxane 293.15 85.24 333,15 89.3 373.15 93.9
Ethylcyclohexane 6.87041 1384,036 215.128 40 to 170 Ethanol 273.15 57.141 323.15 60,356 373.15 64.371
n-Heptane 6.90240 1268 115 216.900 15 to 130 Ethyl acetate 273.15 95.3 323.15 102.1 373.15 1 1 0 . 5
n-Hexane 6.87776 1171.530 224.366 -10 to 110 Ethylbenzene 273.15 120.02 343.15 129.09 413.15 1 4 0 . 2 9
Hexene-1 6.8657 1152.97 225.85 ... Ethylcyclo-
hexane 293.15 142.48 353.15 152.1 413.15 163.9
Hexylene glycol 7.8876 1890.38 180.46 ... n-Heptane 273.15 143.045 323.15 152.303 373.15 163.619
Methanol 7,87863 1473.11 230.0 -20 to 140
n-Hexane 273.15 127.301 323.15 136.388 373.15 148,211
Methyl acetate 7.20211 1232.83 228.0 ... Hexene-1 273.15 121,62 303.15 126.80 333.15 132.45
Methylcyclohexane 6.82689 1276.864 221.630 10 to 155
Hexylene
Methylcyclopeniane 6.86283 1186.059 226.042 -5 to 125 glycol 273.15 122.20 373.15 1 3 5 . 0 473.15 154.1
Methyl-ethyl-ketone 6.97421 1209.6 216. ... Methanol 273.15 39,556 373.15 44.874 473.15 57.939
n-Octane 6,92377 1355.126 209.517 40 to 155 Methyl ace-
n-Pentane 6.85221 1064.63 232.000 -35 to 80 tate 273.15 77.221 373.15 90.111 473.15 121.443
1-Propanol 7.99733 1569.70 209.5 ... Methylcyclo-
hexane 303,15 129,116 333.85 133.833 372.65 140,609
2-Propanol 6,66040 813.055 132.93 0 to 113
Methylcyclo-
T o1u en e 6 95334 1343.943 219.377 20 to 200 pentane 273.15 109,670 303.15 113.810 373.15 126.2
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
. . 6.98716 1502.3 209, 64 to 204 Methyl-ethyl-
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 6.81189 1257.840 220.735 15 to 135 ketone 273.15 87.3 333.15 94.5 373.15 100.0
Water 7.96681 1668.21 228.0 60 to 150 n-Octane 273.15 158.970 333.15 170.630 393.15 185.182
n-Pentane 273.15 111.8 333.15 122.9 373.15 131.4
1-Propanol 293.15 74,785 343.15 78.962 393.15 84.515
2-Propanol 298.15 77.0 333.15 80.5 373.15 86.1
Toluene 303.15 107.415 353.15 113.717 400.00 120.879
A,, = AjiAi,
1,2,3-Tri-
chloro-
Rropane 293.15 106.22 353.15 1 1 2 . 6 433.15 1 2 4 . 1
2.2.4-Tri-
. .
methyl-
pentane 273.15 161.26 323.15 171.24 373.15 183.66 (53)
Water 277.13 18.060 323.15 18.278 373.15 18.844 ( 4 9 )
a "C" i
ndicates that one or two of the molar volumes were calculated from a
molar volume a t another temperature by an appropriate meihod in reference (57).
Thus, for a ternary system, data on only two binaries
are needed for use with the Bonham equations; the
where
parameters for the third binary can be calculated by
the relations above. This is useful if experimental data
for one of the binaries are not available. However, if
data for all the binaries are available, the parameters
obtained by a least-squares fit often do not satisfy When we apply Equation 4 to the expression above, the
Equations 23 and 24. Wilson equation for a multicomponent system becomes
Wilson equation. Recently, Wilson (68) proposed a n N N
expression for the molar-excess free-energy which In y c = 1 - In
j = l
differs from the usual Wohl expansion. Instead of
3=1
the polynomial expansion given by Equation 2, Wilson
proposed the following logarithmic function For a binary system, the equations reduce to

gE =
-_ -
N
x , In [ N
A tjxj] (25)
In y1 = - In (XI + AIZXZ)+
RT
+ Aizxz -
i=l j= 1
XI
- -___--
A21~1 + xz

In y2 = - In (x2 + AZIXI)-
A 12
AUTHORS Matthew Van Winkle is a Professor in the Chemical
Engineering Department, University of Texas, Austin, Tex.,
+ Alzxz
x1 [XI Anm + xz
78712. Michael Holmes was formerly with the Chemical An advantage of the Wilson equation is that it in-
Engineering Department of Texas but i s now employed by the volves only two parameters per binary, ( A t j - hit) and
Humble Oil @ ReJining Co., Baytown, Tex. (Continued on page 28)

VOL. 6 2 NO. 1 JANUARY 1970 23

 TABLE 1 1 1 . WILSON PARAMETERS

X12--X11, X12-Xz2, hlz-Xll, XIz-X22,

Components Gal/ cal/ Press., T:?., cat/ cal/g Press., Temp., Data
7 L mof moB mm HE 7 2 moB mol m m ~g oc r e f .
Acetone Benzene 494.92 -167.91 760 , . (74) Ethylcyclohexane Ethylbenzene -240.92 396.01 400 .. (50)
Carbon tetra- 651.76 -12.67 760 ,, (2) (Contd.) Hexylene 76.95 3592.40 400 , . (50)
chloride glycol
Chloroform -72.20 -332.23 760 ., (27) n-Heptane Benzene 292.94 99.35 760 .. (55)
2,3-Dimethyl-
butane 948.29 234.96 760 .. (67)
Ethanol
364.63
617.57
73.63
2096.50
, .
760
, 75
.
(76)
(22)
Ethanol 38.17 418.96 760 ., (7) 1-Propanol 316.22 1353.98 ...
,
75 (76)
Methanol -214.95 664.08 760 ,. (7)
-203.03 666.99 ... 55 (75) n-Hexane Benzene 169.92 173.93 760 , . (48)
n-Pentane 996.75 262.74 760 .. (27) Cellosolve 656 23 834.86 760 .. (59)
2-Propanol 127.43 284.99 760 .. (75) 1,4-Dioxane 164.58 806.80 760 . (59)
429.17 53.40 ... 55 (75) Ethanol 283.63 2281.99 760 .,
I

(56)
Water 439.64 1405.49 760 , . (45) Hexene-1 415.18 -279.86 760 .. (59)
Acetonitrile Water 694.08 1610.07 760 .. (46) Methylcyclo- 272.09 -175.70 760 .. (35)
entane
Benzene Acetone -167.91 494.93 760 .. (74) 1-8ropanol 834.85 812.66 760 , , (48)
1-Butanol 160.12 817.67 760 .. (29) 1,2,3-Tri- 116.39 1106.54 760 , . (59)
Carbon tetra- -103.41 204.82 760 , . (72) chloro-
chloride propane
Chloroform 141.62 -204.22 760 .. (37)
.,
Cyclohexane 187.23 80.02 760 .. (39) Hexene-I Cellosolve 705.47 370.05 760 (59)
Cyclopentane 266.56 -24.18 760 .. (34) 1,4-Dioxane 176.39 495.19 760 , I (59)
Ethanol 131.47 1297.90 760 , . (25) n-Hexane -279.86 415.18 760 .. (59)
n-Heptane 99.35 292.94 760 .. (55) 1,2,3-Tri- 156.93 570.31 760 , . (59)
73.63 364,63 ... 75 (76) chloro-
n-Hexane 173.93 169.92 760 , . (48) propane
153.86 1620.36 760 .. (47) ..
, .
Hexylene glycol Ethylbenzene 1601.04 52.43 400 (50)
229.25 -23.84 760 (79) Ethylcyclo- 3592.40 76.95 400 .. (50)
-4.15 360.92 760 , . (34) hexane
161.44 97.33 760 , . (34) Methanol Acetone 664.08 -214.95 760 ., (7)
666.99 -203.03 ,.. 55 (75)
-73.91 1370.32 760 , . (48) Benzene 1620.36 153.86 760 .. (47)
67.14 1222.07 . ., 75 (76) Chloroform 1703.68 -373 30 760 .. (38)
2-Propanol 160.53 1007.94 760 .. (36) 2,3-Dimethyl- 2771.85 449.08 760 ., (23)
272.35 1066.93 500 .. (40) butane
1-Butanol Benzene 817.67 160.12 760 .. (29) Ethanol 598.44 -511.39 760 .. (70)
Toluene 887.80 104.68 760 .. (28) Ethyl acetate 985.69 -200.36 760 I . (38)
1203.57 -316.92 ,.. 40 (33)
Butyl cellosolve E thylcyclo- 643.51 636.11 400 .. (47) 866.15 20.32 , , . 50 (33)
hexane 1030.15 -173.45 .,. 60 (33)
n-Octane 1070.54 298.62 400 .. (47) Methyl acetate 834.06 -78.81 760 .. (7)
2-Propanol 88.02 -30.19 760 ,, (3)
Carbon tetra- -12.67 651.76 760 .. (2) Water 205.30 482.16 760 ., (44)
chloride 204.82 -103.41 760 .. (72)
111.11 1232.94 760 ., (40) Methyl acetate Benzene -23.84 229.25 760 ., (79)
Cellosolve Ethylbenzene 755.77 121.89 760 .. .. (32)
Chloroform 113.24 -451.09 760 .. (37)
Cyclohexane 691.65 345.11 760 ,. (39)
n-Hexane 834.86 656.23 760 (59) Methanol -78.81 834.06 760 ., (7)
Hexene-1 370.05 705.47 760 ., (59)
n-Octane 989.04 622.77 760 .. (32) Methylcyclohexane Benzene 360.92 -4.15 760 .. (34)
2-Propanol 209.75 1831.76 500 .. (40)
Chloroform Acetone -332.23 -72.20 760 .. (27)
Benzene -204.22 141.62 760 ., (.?7) Methylcyclopentane Benzene 97.33 161.44 760 , . (34)
2,3-Dimethyl- 213.88 223.69 760 .. (37) Ethanol 161.53 2221.47 760 , . (56)
butane n-Hexane -175.70 272.09 760 , , (35)
Ethyl acetate -367.50 -92.50 760 .. (38) Toluene -451.92 957.61 760 , . (34)
Methanol -373.30 1703.68 760 .. (38)
Methyl-ethyl-ketone Chloroform -235.12 -231.61 760 .,
Methyl acetate -451.09 113.24 760 .. (37) (24)
Methyl-ethyl- -231.61 -235.12 760 .. (24) n-Octane Butyl cellosolve 298 62 1070.54 400 , , (47)
ketone Cellosolve 622.77 989.04 760 . , (32)
Cvclohexane Benzene 80.02 187.23 760 .. (39) Ethylbenzene -134.87 304.31 760 . I (77)
Ethanol 303.42 2151.01 760 .. (72) 2-Propanol 422.41 1391.09 400 .. (47)
Methyl acetate 345.11 691.65 760 .. (39) n-Pentane Acetone 262.74 996.75 760 , . (27)
2-Propanol 69.02 1734.12 760 .. (72)
223.13 1590.51 500 .. (40) I-Propanol Benzene 1370.32 -73.91 760 , , (48)
Toluene -414.68 909.36 760 .. (34) 1222.07 67.14 75 (76)
Benzene -24.18 266.56 760 .. (34)
Ethyl acetate 661.24 -198.72 766 .. (33)
Cyclopentane 558.40 42.39 40 (33)
2,3-Dimethylbutane Acetone 234.96 948.29 760 .. (67) 519.67 -25.10 .,. 60 (33)
chloroform 223.69 213.88 760 .. (37) n-Heptane 1353.98 316.22 , , . 75 (16)
Methanol 449.08 2771.85 760 .. (23) n-Hexane 812.66 834.85 760 .. (48)
Water 1015.80 1284.61 760 .. (33)
1,4-Dioxane n-Hexane 806.80 164.58 760 .. (59) 1942.36 1144.00 .., 40 (33)
Hexene-1 495.19 176.39 760 .. (59) 1051.44 1188.52 , ., 60 (33)
Ethanol Acetone 418.96 38,17 760 , , (7) 2-Propanol .4cerone 284.99 127.43 760 , , (75)
Benzene 1297,90 131.47 760 .. (25) 53.40 429.17 ,.. 55 (75)
Cyclohexane 2151.01 303,42 760 .. (72) Benzene 1007.94 160.53 760 , . (36)
Ethyl acetate 844.69 -178.81 760 .. (33) 1066.93 272.35 500 . , (40)
822.03 -62.43 ... 40 (33) Carbon tetra- 1232.94 111.11 760 ., (40)
744.81 -52.14 ... 60 (63) chloride
?+Heptane 2096.50 617.57 760 ., (22) Cyclohexane 1734.12 69.02 760 ., (72)
n-Hexane 2281.99 283.63 760 .. (56) 1590.51 223.13 500 .. (40)
Idethanol -511.39 598,44 760 .. (70) Ethyl acetate 289.68 60.99 760 , . (33)
Methylcyclo- 2221,47 161.53 760 .. (56) 664.42 39.77 ,., 40 (33)
pentane 418.11 45.72 , , . 60 (33)
Toluene 1238.70 251.93 756 .. (25) Methanal -30.19 88.02 760 .. (3)
Water 382.30 955.45 760 .. (8) Methylcyclo- 1831.76 209.75 500 .. (40)
hexane
Ethyl acetate Chloroform -92.50 -367.50 760 , . (38) n-Octane 1391.09 422.41 400 .. (47)
Ethanol -178.81 844.69 760 .. (33) 2,2,4-Tri- 1231.69 183.12 760 .. (6)
-62.43 822.03 ... 40 (33) methyl-
-52.14 744.81 ... 60 (33) pentane
Methanol -200.36 985.69 760 60 (38)
-316.92 1203.57 ... 40 (33) Toluene 1-Butanol 104.68 887.80 760 .. (28)
20.32 866.15 .., 50 (33) Cyclohexane 909.36 -414.68 760 ., (34)
- 173.45 1030.15 ... 60 (33) Ethanol 251.93 1238.70 756 .. (25)
1-Propanol -198,72 661,24 760 .. (3.3) Methylcyclo- 957.61 -452.92 760 , . (.?4)
42,39 558.40 ... 40 (33) pentane
-25.10 519.67 ... 60 (3.3)
1,2,3-Trichloro- n-Hexane 1106.54 116.93 760 ., (59)
2-Propanol 60.99 289.68 760 , . (33)
propane
39.77 664.42 ... 40 (33)
Hexene-1 570.31 156.39 760 .. (59)
45.72 488.11 ... 60 (33)
E thylbenzene Cellosolve 121.89 755.77 760 .. (32) 2,2,4-Trimethyl- 2-Propanol 183.12 1231.69 760 .. (6)
pentane water Acetone 1405.49 439.64 760 , . (45)
E thylcyclo- 396.01 -240.92 400 , . (50)
Acetonitrile 1610.07 694.08 760 , . (46)
hexane
52.43 1601.04 400 ., (50) Ethanol 955.45 382.30 760 .. (8)
Hexylene Methanol 482.61 205.30 760 .. (44)
ctane 304.31 -134.87 760 .. (77) 1-Propanol 1284.61 1015.80 760 .. (33)
1144.00 1942.36 ... 40 (33)
Ethylcyclohexane Butyl cellosolve 636.11 643,51 400 .. (47) 1188.52 1051.44 ... 60 (33)

24 INDUSTRIAL A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
 TABLE IV. MARGULES PARAMETERS

Components Press., Temg., Data Components Press ., Temp., Data

7 2 An An rnm Hg OC 7 2 Aia A21 m m Hg OC ref.

Acetone Benzene 0,2012 0,1533 760 .. E t h lcyclohexane Hex lene 0.4293 0.9448 400 .. (50)
Carbon tetra- 0.3874 0.3282 760 (Z0Iltontd.) &Ol
chloride n-Heptane Benzene 0.1899 0.0842 760 .. (55)
Chloroform -0,3051 -0,2676 760 .. 0.2088 0.0953 ... 75 (76)
2,3-Dimethyl- 0.6345 0.6358 760 .. Ethanol 1 ,0226 1.0806 760 .. (22)
butane
.. 1-Propanol 0.7719 0.7548 ., . 75 (76)
Ethanol
Methanol
0.2569
0.2634
0.2870
0.2798
760
760 .. n-Hexane Benzene 0.2010 0.1430 760 .. .. (488)
0,2762 0,2877 . .. 55 Cellosolve 0.7183 0.6633 760
..
(59)
n-Pentane 0.7386 0.6329 760 .. 1,4-Dioxane
Ethanol
0.4857
0.8337
0.5238
1.1738
760
760 ..
(59)
(56)
2-Propanol 0.2152 0.2688 760
0,3154 0,2428 ... 55 Hexene-1 0.0283 0.0078 760 .. (59)
Water 0.9709 0.5576 760 .. Methylcyclo- 0.0188 0.0014 760 .. (35)
Acetonitrile Water 1.0489 0.8231 760 .. *1 , 2-,K 2S 0.8511 0.5763 760 ..
..
(48)
- Benzene Acetone 0,1533 0.2012 760 .. 3-h-
chloro-
0.4298 0.6916 760 (59)
1-Butanol 0,3449 0.5651 760
Carbon tetra- 0.0359 0.0488 760 .. propane
chloride
.. Hexene-1 Cellosolve 0.5818 0.4228 760 .. (59)
Chloroform -0.0824 -0.0532 760 1,4-Dioxane 0.3755 0.3577 760 (59)
.. .
I .

Cyclohexane 0.1462 0.1640 760 n-Hexane 0.0078 0.0283 760 I (59)

Cyclopentane 0.1634 0,1290 760 1,2,3-Tri- 0.3382 0.4307 760 (59)
Ethanol 0.5718 0.7883 760 chloro-
n-Heptane 0.0842 0.1899 760 propane
0,0953 0,2088 ,.. 75
n-Hexane 0.1430 0,2010 760 Hexylene glycol Ethylbenzene 0.7358 0.3105 400 ., (50)
0,7494 0,8923 760 Ethylcyclo- 0.9448 0.4293 400 , . (50)
0.1219 0.0939 760 hexane
0.0760 0.1760 760 .. Methanol Acetone 0.2798 0.2634 760 ., (7)
hexane
.. 0.2877 0.2762 ... 55 (75)
Methylcyclo- 0,1342 0,1606 760 Benzene 0.8923 0.7494 760 .. (47)
Chloroform 0,7767 0.3702 760 , . (38)
1: : : ; : :!$-1 0.3251 0.7332 760 .. ..
0.4303 0.7286 . .. 75 2,3-Dimethyl-
butane
1.5255 1.1265 760 (23)
%Propanol 0.4523 0.6551 760
.. Ethanol 0.0189 0.0081 760 .. (70)
0.5392 0.7527 500 Ethyl acetate 0.4229 0.4463 760 .. (38)
1-Butanol Benzene 0.5651 0.3449 760 .. 0.5626 0.4213 . .. 40 (33)
Toluene 0.5340 0.3699 760 .. 0,4482 0.5324 .., 50 (33)
.. 0.4767 0.4737 ... 60 (33)
Butyl cellosolve Ethylcyclo-
hexane
0.5814 0.5784 400 Methyl acetate 0.4393 0.4261 760 .. .. (7)
n-Octane 0 6903 0.5227 400 .. 2-Propanol
Water
-0.0326
0.3794
-0,0329
0.2211
760
760 ..
(3)
(44)
Carbon tetra- Acetone 0.3282 0.3874 760
chloride Benzene 0.0488 0.0359 760 Methyl acetate Benzene 0.0939 0.1219 760 .. (79)
Chloroform -0,3270 -0,2112 760 , . (37)
Cellosolve
?.-Propanol
Ethylbenzene
0 4763
0.4379
0.7656
0 3750
760
760
~$hexx 0.5313
0.4261
0.5789
0.4393
760
760
..
..
(39)
(7)
n-Hexane 0.6633 0.7183 760
Hexene-1 0.4228 0.5818. 760 Methylcyclohexane Benzene 0.1760 0.0760 760 .. (34)
n-Octane 0,6117 0,7467 760 .. 2-Propanol 0.6785 1.0343 500 .. (40)
Chloroform Acetone -0 2676 -0.3051 760 .. .. Methylcyclopentane Benzene 0,1606 0.1342 760 .. (34)
Benzene -0 0532 -0.0824 760 Ethanol 0,7065 1.1965 760 .. (56)
2,3-Dimethyl- 0,1637 0,2677 760 .. n-Hexane 0.0014 0.0188 760 . I (35)
butane Toluene 0.0694 0.1627 760 ., (34)
Ethyl acetate -0,2726 -0,4275 760 .. .. Methyl-ethyl-ketone Chloroform - 0,3507 -0,2938 760 .. (24)
Methanol 0.3702 0.7767 760
Methyl acetate -0,2112 -0.3270 760 .. n-Octane Butyl cello- 0.5227 0.6903 400 ., (47)
Methyl-ethyl- -0,2938 -0.3507 760 solve
ketone Cellosolve 0.7467 0.6117 760 .. (32)
Cyclohexane Benzene 0,1640 0.1462 760 Ethylbenzene 0,0903 0.0889 760 I , (77)
760 2-Propanol 0.8524 0.8044 400 , . (47)
Ethanol 0.7743 1.0699
Methyl acetate
2-Propanol
0.5789
0,5006
0,5313
0.9539
760
760 .. n-Pentane Acetone 0.6329 0.7386 760 .. (27)
0.5883 0.9795 500 .. 1-Propanol Benzene 0.7332 0.3251 760 .. (48)
Toluene 0.0689 0.1563 760 .. 0.7286 0.4303 ... 75 (76)
.. Ethyl acetate 0,2849 0.1982 760 .. (33)
Cyclopentane Benzene 0.1290 0.1634 760 0.3923 0.3412 ... 40 (33)
2,3-Dimethylbutane Acetone 0.6358 0.6345 760 .... n-Heptane
0.3094
0.7548
0.2749
0.7719
. ..
...
60
75
(.?3)
(76)
0,2677 0.1637 760
Chloroform
Methanol 1.1265 1.5255 760 n-Hexane 0.5763 0.8511 760 .. (48)
Water 1.0536 0.4393 760 , . (33)
1,4-Dioxane n-Hexane 0.5230 0.4857 760 .. 1.0748 0.4507 .., 40 (33)
Hexene-1 0.3577 0.3755 760 1 ,0825 0.4653 ,.. 60 (33)
Ethanol Acetone 0.2870 0.2569 760 2-Propanol Acetone 0,2688 0.2152 760 .. (75)
Benzene 0.7883 0.5718 760 0.2428 0.3154 ... 55 (75)
Cyclohexane 1.0699 0.7743 760 Benzene 0.6551 0.4523 760 , . (36)
Ethyl acetate 0.3925 0.3313 760 .. 0,7527 0.5392 500 , . (40)
0.4816 0.4130 ... 40 Carbon tetra- 0,7656 0.4763 760 , . (40)
0.4080 0,3849 ... 60 chloride
n-Heptane 1.0806 1,0226 760 Cyclohexane 0.9539 0.5006 760 , . (72)
n-Hexane 1.1738 0.8337 760 .. 0.9795 0.5883 500 .. (40)
Methanol 0.0081 0.0189 760 Ethyl acetate 0,1961 0,2112 760 .. (33)
Methylcyclo- 1.1965 0.7065 760 .. 0,4573 0.3717 . ., 40 (.?3)
pentane 0.3256 0 3037 60 (33)
Toluene 0.7066 0.6933 756 Methanol -0.0329 -0.0326 ?60 .. (3)
Water 0.6848 0.3781 760 I .
Methylcyclo- 1.0343 0.6785 500 .. (40)
-0,4275 --0,2726 760 hexane
Ethyl acetate Chloroform
Ethanol 0.3313 0.3925 760 .. n-Octane 0.8044 0.8524 400 .. (47)
0.4130 0.4816 .. . 40 2,2,4-Tn- 0.6601 0,6924 760 .. (6)
0.3849 0.4080 . .. 60 methyl-
pentane
Methanol 0.4463 0.4229 760
0.4213 0.5626 ... 40 Toluene l-Buranol 0.3699 0.5340 760 .. (28)
0.5324 0.4482 .., 50 Cyclohexane 0.1563 0.0689 760 .. (34)
0,4737 0.4767 ... 60 Ethanol 0.6933 0.7066 756 .. (25)
1-Propanol 0.1982 0.2849 760 .. Methylcyclo- 0.1627 0.0694 760 .. (3-1)
0.3412 0.3923 ... 40 pentane
0,2749 0.3094
0.1961
...
760
60
1,Z,J-Trichloro- n-Hexane 0.6916 0.4298 760 .. (59)
2-Propanol 0.2112 i .

0.3717 0.4573 ... 40 propane

..
0.3037 0.3256 ... 60 Hexene-1 0.4307 0.3382 760 (59)
Ethylbenzene Cellosolve 0.3750 0.4379 760 .. 2,2,4-Trime thyl- ?.-Propanol 0.6924 0,6601 760 ., (6)
Ethylcyclo- 0.0800 0.0626 400 .. pentane
hexane
.. Water Acetone 0.5576 0.9709 760 .. (45)
, .
Hexylene 0,3105 0.7358 400 Acetonitrile 0.8231 1.0489 760 (46)
.. Ethanol 0.3781 0.6848 760 ., (8)
n-%%te 0.0889 0.0903 760 Methanol 0,2211 0.3794 760 .. (44)
E thylcyclohexane Butyl cello- 0,5784 0.5814 400 .. 1-Propanol 0.4393 1.0536 760 .. (33)
0.4507 1.0748 ... 40 (3.3)
solve
Ethylbenzene 0.0626 0.0800 400 .. 0,4653 1,0825 . . , 60 (33)

VOL. 6 2 NO. 1 JANUARY 1970 25

 TABLE V. VAN LAAR PARAMETERS
Cornponents - - Press.,Temp., Data Components - Press., Temp., Data
7 A12 A21 m m Hg OC ref. I 2 AI2 Azi mm Hg ‘C ref.
Acetone Benzene
~~~~.~~~ 0.2039 0,1563 760 .. Ethylcyclohexane Butyl cellosolve 0.5784 0.5814 400 .. (47)
Carbon tetra- 0.3889 0.3301 760 .. Ethylbenzene 0.0628 0.0821 400 ., (50)
chloride Hexylenr 0,4770 1.1219 400 ., (50)
Chloroform -0,3045 -0.2709 760 .. glycol
2,3-Dimethyl- 0.6345 0.6358 760 .. n-Heptane Benzene 0.2135 0.0985 760 ., (55)
butane
Ethanol 0.2574 0.2879 760 0.2361 0.1072 ,., 75 (76)
Methanol 0.2635 0.2801 760 .. Ethanol 1.0208 1.0832 760 ., (22)
0.2763 0.2878 ... 55 1-Propanol 0.7719 0.7550 ... 75 (76)
n-Pentane
2-Propanol
0.7403 0.6364 760 n-Hexane Benzene 0.2063 0.1457 760 , . (48)
0.2186 0.2690 760 Cellosolve 0.7206 0.6629 760 ., (59)
0.3158 0.2495 ,.. 55 1,4-Dioxane 0.4850 0.5260 760 .. (59)
Water 0.9972 0.6105 760 Ethanol 0.8422 1.2005 760 .. (56)
Acetonitrile Water 1.0680 0.8207 760
Hexene-1 0,0393 0.0114 760 ., (59)
Methylcyclo- 0,0023 0.0226 760 ., (35)
Benzene Acetone 0,1563 0,2039 760 entane
1-Butanol 0.3594 0,5865 760 I - R o an01 0.8734 0.5952 760 .. (48)
Carbon tetra- 0.0360 0.0509 760 1,2,3-$ri- 0.4520 0.7257 760 .. (58)
chloride chloro-
Chloroform -0,0858 -0,0556 760 propane
Cyclohexane 0.1466 0,1646 760 Hexene-1 Cellosolve 0.5860 0.4367 760 ., (,58)
Cyclopentane 0.1655 0,1302 760 1,4-Dioxane 0.3757 0.3578 760 (53)
..
I .

Ethanol 0.5804 0.7969 760 n-Hexane 0.0114 0.0393 760 (53)

n-Heptane 0,0985 0,2135 760 .. 1,2,3-Tri- 0.3419 0.4372 760 .. (59)
0.1072 0.2361 ... 75 chloro-
n-Hexane 0.1457 0,2063 760 propane
Methanol 0.7518 0.8975 760
Methyl acetate 0.1292 0,0919 760 Hesylene glycol Ethylbenzene 0.8383 0.3719 400 , . (50)
Methylcyclo- 0.0910 0,1901 760 Ethylcyclo- 1.1219 0.4770 400 ., (50)
hexane hexane
Methylcyclo- 0.1360 0.1605 760 Methanol Acetone 0.2801 0.2635 760 .. (7)
pentane 0.2878 0.2763 , . . 55 (75)
I-Propanol 0.3772
0.4508
0.7703
0.7564
760 Benzene 0.8975 0.7518 760 .. (47)
,.. 75 Chloroform 0.8263 0.4104 760 .. (.?a)
2-Propanol 0.4638
0.5455
0.6723
0.7716
760
500
2,3-Dimethyl. 1.5408 1.1276 760 .. (23)
butane
1-Butanol Benzene 0.5865 0.3594 760 Ethanol 0,0254 0.0088 760 , , (70)
Toluene 0.5430 0.3841 760 .. Ethyl acetate 0,4227 0.4470 760 ., (38)
0.5741 0.4278 , . . 40 (33)
Butyl cellosolve Ethylcyclo- 0.5814 0.5784 400 0,4476 0.5399 ,.. 50 (33)
hexane 0,4768 0,4736 ,, , 60 (33)
n-Octane 0.6967 0.5318 400 Methyl acetate 0.4394 0.4262 760 , . (7)
2-Propanol -0,0325 0.0329 760 ., (3)
Carbon tetra-
chloride
Acetone
Benzene
0.3301 0.3889 7 60 Water 0.3861 0 , 2 4 3 9 760 ., (44)
0,0509 0,0360 760
2-Propanol 0.4918 0,7868 760 .. Methvl acetate Bcnzenc 0,0919 0 , 1 2 9 2 760 .. (13)
Chloroform -0,3343 -0,2249 760 .. (37)
Cellosolve Ethylbenzene 0.4402 0.3762 760 Cyclohexane 0,5317 0,5799 760 .. (39)
n-Hexane 0,6629 0,7206 760 .. Methanol 0.4262 0.4394 760 ., (7)
Hexene-1 0.4367 0.5860 760
n-Octane 0.6158 0.7507 760 Methylcyclohexane Benzene 0.1901 0.0910 760 ., (34)
2-Propanol 0.6886 1.0659 500 ., (40)
Chloroform Acetone -0,2709 -0,3045 760 Methylcyclopentane Benzene 0.1605 0 , 1 3 6 0 760 .. (34)
, .
Benzene -0.0556 -0,0858 760 Ethanol 0.7332 1.2330 760 (56)
, .
2,3-Dimethyl- 0.1736 0.2790 760 n-Hexane 0.0226 0 . 0 0 2 3 760 (35)
butane Toluene 0.0717 0.2475 760 .. (34)
Ethyl acetate -0,2868 -0,4478 760 ..
Methanol 0.4104 0,8263 760 Methyl-ethyl-ketone Chloroform -0.3456 -0.2990 760 , . (24)
Methyl acetate -0,2249 -0,3343 760 n-Octane Butyl cellosolve 0.5318 0,6967 400 , , (47)
Methyl-ethvl-
ketone
-0.2990 -0.3486 760 Cellosolve 0,7507 0,6158 760 , . (32)
Ethylbenzene 0.0902 0.0890 760 . , (77)
Cvclohexane Benzene 0,1646 0.1466 760 2-Propanol 0.8535 0 . 8 0 4 3 400 . , (47)
Et h a n d
hlethyl acetate
0,7811 1,1031 760 n-Pentane Acetone 0.6364 0.7403 760 .. (27)
0,5799 0,5317 760
2-Propanol 0,5322 1.0162 760 1-Propanol Benzene 0.7703 0,3772 760 .. (48)
0,6156 1,0158 500 0.7564 0.4508 ... 75 (76)
Toluene 0.0702 0.2578 760 .. Ethyl acetate 0,2893 0.2051 760 , . (33)
0.3913 0,3444 . . I 40 (33)
Cyclopentane Benzene 0,1302 0.1655 760 0.3092 0.2762 .. 1 60 (33)
.. n-Heptane 0 7550 0.7719 ... 75 (76)
2,3-Dimethyl- Acetone 0.6358 0.6345 760
.. n-Hexane 0,5952 0 , 8 7 3 4 760 ., (48)
butane Chloroform 0.2790 0.1736 760 Water 1.1433 0.SO37 760 .. (33)
Methanol 1.1276 1.5408 760 1,2315 0.5305 40 (33)
1,4-Dioxane n-Hexane 0,5260 0.4850 760 .. 1,1879 0,5224 60 (33)
Hexene-1 0.3578 0,3757 760 2-Propanol Ace tone 0.2690 0.2186 760 ., (75)
Ethanol Acetone 0,2879 0,2574 760 0,2495 0,3158 ,. , 55 (75)
Benzene 0.7969 0 5804 760 Benzene 0.6723 0.4638 760 .. (36)
Cyclohexane 1,1031 0.7811 760 0.7716 0.5455 500 .. (40)
Carbon tetra- 0.7868 0,4918 760 , . (40)
Ethyl acetate 0,3972 0.3311 760 chloride
0.4833 0.4151 ... 40 Cyclohexane 1.0162 0.5322 760 , . (72)
0.4093 0.3842 ... 60 1 0158 0.6156 500 .. (40)
n-Heptane 1,0832 1,0208 760 .. Ethyl acetate 0 1964 0.2113 760 .. (33)
n-Hexane 1.2005 0.8422 760 0 4604 0 3747 40 (3.3)
Methanol 0,0088 0.0254 760 0.3261 0.3039 60 (33)
Methylcyclo- 1.2330 0,7332 760 Methanol -0.0329 -0.0325 $60 .. (.3)
pentane hfethylcyclo- 1.0659 0,6886 500 .. (40)
Toluene 0.7067 0,6932 756 hexane
Water 0.7292 0.4104 760 n-Octane 0,8043 0.8535 400 .. (47)
Ethyl acetate Chloroform -0.4478 - 0,2868 760 2,2,4-Tri- 0.6603 0.6927 760 .. (6)
Ethanol 0.3311 0.3972 760 methyl-
0.4151 0.4833 ... 40 pentane
0,3842 0,4093 ... 60
.. Toluene 1-Butanol 0.3841 0.5430 760 ,. (28)
Methanol 0.4470
0,4278
0.4227
0.5741
760
... 40
Cyclohexane 0.2578 0.0702 760 .. (.?4)
Ethanol 0.6932 0.7067 756 ,. (25)
0.5399 0.4476 ,.. SO hle thylcyclo- 0.2475 0,0717 760 .. (34)
0.4736 0.4768 ... 60 pentane
I-Propanol 0.2051 0.2893 760
0.3444 0.3913 ... 40 1,2,3-Trichloro- n-Hexane 0.7257 0.4520 760 , . (53)
0,2762 0.3092 ... 60 propane Hexene-1 0,4372 0,3419 760 , . (59)
2-Propanol 0,2113 0.1964 760 2,2,4-Trimethyl- 2-Propanol 0.6927 0.6603 760 .. (6)
0,3747 0.4604 40 pentane
0.3039 0.3261 60
Water Acerone 0.6105 0.9972 760 , . (45)
Ethylbenzene Cellosolve 0.3762 0.4402 760 Acetonitrile 0.8207 1.0680 760 .. (46)
Ethylcyclo- 0.0821 0,0628 400 Ethanol 0.4104 0.7292 760 ., (8)
hexane Methanol 0.2439 0.3861 760 , . (44)
Hex y I e n e 0,3719 0.8383 400 ,. 1-Propanol 0,5037 1.1433 760 , . (33)
n - p l 0.5305 1.2315 ... 40 i.33)
ctane 0.0890 0.0902 760 0.5224 1.1879 ... 60 (33)

26 INDUSTRIAL A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
 TABLE VI. BONHAM PARAMETERS
Components Press., Temp., Data Components Press., remp., Data
7 7 Ala Biz mm Hg ' C Ref. I 7 Ala Biz mrn Hg "C Ref.

Acetone Benzene 1.3956 165.00 760 .. (74) Ethylcyclohexane Butyl cellosolve 1.0818 546.86 400 .. (47)
Carbon tetra- 1.2453 309.17 760 .. (2) Ethylbenzene
Hexylene glycol
0.7721
0.4747
55.71
448.72
400
400
..
..
(50)
(50)
chloride
Chloroform 1.1324 -235.66 760 .. (27) n-Heptane Benzene 2.0702 172.32 760 ., (55)
2,3-Dimethyl- 1.0136 476.83 760 .. (67) 2.2015 189.27 ... 75 (76)
butane Ethanol 0.9241 807.35 760 . (22)
8
I

Ethanol 0.9567
0.9703
207.41
203.96
760
760 :: 1-Propanol 1 ,0229 618.90 ... 75 (76)
Methanol
0.9601 208.77 55 (75) n-Hexane Benzene 1,4453 166.36 760 .. (48)
n-Pentane 1.1152 518.82 i60 .. .. (27)
(75)
Cellosolve
1,4-Dioxane
1.1981
0.9944
610.08
405.05
760
760
..
..
(59)
(59)
2-Propanol 0,8735 176.70 760
1,2604 238.20 .. . 55
.. (75)
(45)
Ethanol
Hexene-1
0.7175
6.8583
657.40
54.43
760
760
..
..
(56)
(59)
Water 1.7808 809.19 760
Acetonitrile Water 1.3325 880.60 760 .. (46)
Methylcyclo- 2,2445 12.72 760 .. (35)
entane
Benzene Acetone 0.7165 118.23 760 (74) l-$ropa?ol 1.5664 719.18 760 .. (48)
.. .. , .
. I

1-Butanol 0,6749 316.04 760 (29) 1,2,3-TrichIoro- 0,7269 401.53 760 (59)
Carbon tetra- 0.7154 28.76 760 (72) propane
chloride
.. .. Hexane-1 Cellosolve 1,5793 519.23 760 .. (59)
Chloroform'
Cyclohexane
1.4841
0.8889
-65.91
118.61
760
760
(37)
(39)
1,4-Dioxane
n-Hexane
1.1436
0.1458
315.20
7.94
760
760
.. .. (59)
(59)
... ... ' ..
Cyclopentane 1.1850 122.99 760 (34) 1,2,3-Trichloro- 0.9258 308,67 760 (59)
Ethanol 0.7285 463.40 760 (25) propane
n-Heptane 0.4831 83.24 760 (55)
0.4542 85 97 ... 75 (76) Hexylene glycol Ethylbenzene 1,9878 717.54 400 .. (50)
n-Hexane 0.6919 115.10 760 .. .. (48)
(47)
Ethylcyclohexane 2.1068 945.37 400 .. (50)
Methanol 0.8182 574.98 760
Methyl acetate 1.3793 99.38 760 .. .. (79) Methanol Acetone 1.0307
1.0416
210.21
217.44
760
...
I .

55
(7)
(75)
Methylcyclo-
hexane
0.5030 77.46 760 (34) Benzene 1 ,2222 702.72 760 .. .. (47)
Methylcyclo- 0.8308 107.89 760 .. (34)
Chloroform
2,3-Dimethyl-
1.9909
1,3462
626.32
1140.38
760
760 ..
(38)
(23)
butane
1-K;:::l 0.5107 315 03 760 .. (48) Ethanol 2,9767 20.53 760 .. ..
0,5960 361.35 ... 75 (76)
(70)
2-Propanol 0.6984
0,7186
374.64
427.16
760
500
.. .. (36)
(40)
Ethyl acetate 0.9762
1.3418
335.65
413.96
760
.. .. .. 40
(38)
(33)
0.8291 333.09 50 (33)
1-Butanol Benzene 1.4816 468.26 760 ., (29) 1 ,0068 365.76 ... 60 (33)
Toluene 1.3975 474.56 760 . , (28) Methyl acetate 1.0103 330.77 760 .. (7)
.. 2-Propanol 1.0196 -26.05 760 .. (3)
Butyl cellosolve Ethylcyclohexane
n-Octane
0 9244
1.2027
505.49
594.72
400
400 ..
(47)
(47) Water 1 ,7376 328.21 760 .. (44)
0 8030 248.26 760 Methyl acetate Benzene 0,7250 72.05 760 ., (79)
Carbon tetra- Acetone ,, (2) Chloroform 1.5004 -259.36 760 .. (37)
chloride Benzene 1.3979 40.20 760 .. (72) Cyclohexane 0.9759 422.62 760 .. (39)
2-Propanol 0.6345 396.69 760 .. (40) Methanol 0.9898 327.41 760 .. (7)
Cellosolve Ethylbenzene 1.1752 410.97 760 .. .. (32) Methylcyclohexane Benzene 1.9881 154.00 760 .. (34)
n-Hexane 0.8347 509.22 760 (59) 2-Propanol 0.6317 539.24 500 .. (40)
Hexene-1 0.6332 328.77 760 .. (59) 1.2037 129.87 760 .. (34)
n-Octane 0.8028 556.00 760 .. (32) Methylcyclopentane Benzene
Ethanol 0.6074 577.66 760 , . (56)
Chloroform Acetone 0,8831 -208.11 760 .. (27) n-Hexane 0.4455 5.67 760 .. (35)
Benzene 0.6738 -44.41 760 , . (37) Toluene 0.3296 62.38 760 .. (34)
2,3-Dimethyl- 0,6145 131.28 760 .. (37)
Methyl-ethyl-ketone Chloroform 1.1288 -273.65 760 , . (24)
butane
Ethyl acetate 0.6559 -230.60 760 .. (38) n-Octane Butyl cellosolve 0.8314 494.48 400 ., (47)
Methanol 0.5023 314.59 760 ..
.,
(38) Cellosolve 1,2456 692.54 760 , , (32)
Methyl acetate 0.6665 -172.86 760 (37) Ethylbenzene 1.0211 83.74 760 .. (77)
Methyl-ethyl- 0.8859 -242.43 760 .. (24) 2-Propanol 0,9996 659.05 400 .. (47)
ketone n9entdne Acetone 0.8967 465.22 760 .. (27)
Cyclohexane Benzene 1.1250 133.44 760 .. (39)
616.91 760 .. (48)
Ethanol 0.7186 616.87 760 .. (72) 1-Propanol Benzene 1.9583
Methyl acetate 1.0249 433.12 760 .. .. (39)
Ethyl acetate
1,6779
1,3303
606.32
230.79 $60
75
..
(76)
(33)
2-Propanol 0.5240 424 58 760 (72) 282.12 ... 40 (33)
0.6120 477.61 500 .. (40) 1.1359
1.1192 237.16 ... GO (33)
Toluene 0.2964 61.08 760 .. (34)
n-Heptane 0.9776 605.06 ... 75 (76)
Cyclopentane Benzene 0.8439 103.79 760 .. (34) n-Hexane 0.6384 459.11 760 .. (48)
2,3-Dimethylbutane Acetone 0.9866 470.43 760 ,. (67) Water 2.2542 956.85 760 .. (33)

.. ..
Chloroform 1.6273 213.64 760 (37) 2.3212 887.98 ... 40 (33)
Methanol 0.7428 847.09 760 (23) 2,2738 911.26 ... 60 (33)
1,4-Dioxane n-Hexane 1.0057 407.35 760 .. (59) 2-Propanol Acetone 1.1449 202.30 760 .. (75)
.. 0.7934 188.98 55 (75)
Hexene-1 0.8744 275.80 760 (59)
Benzene 1,4317 536.39 iio .. (36)
Ethanol Acetone 1.0453 216.80 760 .. (7) 1,3917 594.47 500 .. (40)
Benzene 1.3762 636.07 760 . .. (25) Carbon tetra-
chloride
1,5760 625.18 760 .. (.40)
Cyclohexane 1.3916 858.41 760 , (72)
Ethyl acetate 1.1933 317.30 760 . (33) Cyclohexane 1.9083 810.24 760 ., (72)
.,
I

1.1641 348.46 ... 40 (33) 1.6339 780 39 500 (40)

1.0641 313.91 ... 60 (33) Ethyl acetate 0.9214 158.14 760 I , (3.3)
n-Heptane 1.0821 873.68 760 .. (22) 1,2287 331.93 ... 40 (33)
n-Hexane 1.3937 916.21 760 .. (56) 1 ,0730 250.16 ... 60 (33)
Methanol 0.3359 6.90 760 .. (70) Methanol 0,9808 -25.55 760 .. (3)
Methylcyclo- 1.6462 950.96 760 .. (56) Methylcyclo- 1.5831 853.67 500 , . (40)
pentane hexane
Toluene 1.0654 592.14 756 .. (25) n-Octane 1.0004 659.33 400 .. (47)
Water 1.8512 611.20 760 .. (8) 2,2,4-TrimethyI- 0.9820 549.24 760 .. (6)
Ethyl acetate Chloroform 1.5246 -351.57 760 ..
..
(38)
(33) Toluene
pentane
1-Butanol 0.7156 339.57 760 .. (28)
Ethanol 0.8380 265.90 760
0,8590 299.34 .. .. .. 40
60
(33)
(33)
Cyclohexane
Ethanol
3.3744
0.9386
206.10
555.77
760
756
..
..
(34)
(25)
0.9397 295.00
Methanol 1.0244 343.83 760 .. (38) Methylcyclo- 3.0343 189.29 760 .. (34)
0.7452 308.50 ... 40 (33) pentane
1.2061 401.73 ... 50 (33) 1,2,3-Trichloro- n-Hexane 1,3757 552.37 760 .. (59)
0 9932 363.28 ... 60 (33) ..
1 -Propanol 0.7517 173.49 760 .. (3<?) propane Hexene-1 1 ,0802 333.41 760 (59)
0.8803 248.36 . . 40 (33) 2,2,4-Trimethyl- 2-Propanol 1.0183 559.31 760 .. (6)
0.8935 211.89 ... 60 (33) pentane
2-Propanol 1.0853 171.63 760 .. (33) ..
0.8139 270.15 ... 40 (33) Water 0.5615
0.7505
454.39
660 85
760
760 ..
(45)
(46)
0.9319 233.13 ... 60 (33) 0.5402 330.17 760 , . (8)
Ethylbenzene Cellosolve 0.8509 349.69 760 .. (32) 0.5755 188.89 760 , . (44)
... ...
Ethylcyclohexane 1.2951 72.15 400 (50) 0,4436 424.48 760 .. (33)
Hexylene glycol 0,5031 360.97 400 (50) 0.4308 382.55 ... 40 (33)
n-Octane 0.9793 82.01 760 (77) 0.4398 400.77 .., 60 (33)

VOL. 6 2 NO. 1 JANUARY 1970 27

( X i , - A,,), with no restrictions such as those that limit when required in the computer program by using Equa-
the van Laar and Bonham equations. A second advan- tion 36.
tage suggested by Orye and Prausnitz (43) is that the A general minimum seeking method was used to
assumption of temperature independence for the param- determine the set of binary parameters which minimizes
eters has a least approximate theoretical significance. Equation 30. T h e Wilson parameters for 89 binary
systems are 1istedinTable 111. The van Laar, Margules,
Binary Systems and Bonham parameters were calculated and are pre-
The parameters for 89 binary systems were calculated sented in Tables IV, V, and V I deposited with the
by the authors for the four models listed below: ASIS.

Third-order Margules equation Multicomponent Systems

Bonham equation (original van Laar equation) The capabilities of the four equations to predict
Van Laar equation (as modified by Carlson and multicomponent vapor-liquid equilibria were deter-
Colburn) mined by the authors by comparing the predictions to
Wilson equation the data for 19 ternary systems. Each of the equations
Each equation requires the determination of two param- requires only binary parameters for the three constitu-
eters for a binary system. These parameters have been ent binaries (it was assumed that C* = 0 in the Mar-
calculated by using a computer program to minimize gules equation). The ternary systems are listed in
the following objective function Table VII.
A computer program was used for each of the four
+
n n
+ = ~1
2=1
(Ylexp - Ylcalc)? 0 2
2=1
(YZexp - ~~calc)? equations to predict the ternary equilibrium data. I n
the computer programs the liquid composition and total
(30) pressure were fixed by the experimental data and the
T h e scale factors w 1 and LJZ, given by solution models were used to predict the vapor coni-
position and temperature.

Results
For almost all the ternary systems that were investi-
gated the equations can be ranked in the order given
below, with the Wilson equation being the most useful :
serve to scale the objective function if the system is highly Wilson equation
unsymmetrical. For systems that are fairly symmetrical Margules equation
Van Laar equation
w1 = w2 (33) Bonham equation
and minimization of C$ is approximately equivalent to Examples of the results in the prediction of vapor com-
minimization of the unscaled objective function. positions are shown for three of the systems in Figures
T h e activity coefficients were calculated from experi- 1, 2, and 3.
mental binary data by Equation 34 For the ternary systems exhibiting behavior close to
ideality (for example, the benzene-methylcyclopentane-
(34) n-hexane system and the acetone-carbon tetrachloride-
benzene system) the differences in the calculated results
All of the systems used in the study were at or below from the different equations are small. HowelTer, for
atmospheric pressure where this simplified expression highly nonideal systems (e.g., the 2,3-dimethylbutane-
is usually adequate. The vapor pressures were calcu- methanol-chloroform system and the 2,3-dirnethyl-
lated using the Antoine equation butane-acetone-methanol system), the Wilson equation
gives much better predictions than any of the other
B equations.
log10 P* = A - _ _ (35)
C f t The prediction accuracy of the Wilson equation is
T h e Antoine constants that were used are tabulated in shown in Table VI11 where
Table I. AT EES IT,,,- Tcaicl (37)
T o use the Wilson equation it is also necessary to have
AY~ IYzexg - ~tcalcl (38)
the liquid molar volume as a function of temperature
for each component. T h e volumetric data used in this For the 262 ternary data points examined, 9270 of the
study are listed in Table 11. Using the molar volumes predicted vapor mole fractions were within 0.020 mole
a t three different temperatures, the constants in the fraction of the experimental data and 85% of the pre-
quadratic equation dicted temperatures were within 1.0"C of the experi-
mental data. For the essentially ideal systems, the
vL = a' + b'T + c'T2 (36) predictions were as would be expected, much better.
were calculated for each component. The molar For a few of the systems, the prediction accuracy is
volume a t any temperature could then be calculated significantly below the average. The poorest predic-

28 INDUSTRIAL A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
 IO IO IO
9 9 9
8 a 8
7 7 7
? 6 cL6 n 6
4 5 -2 5 r 5
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
I I I
0 0
'01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
Ycalcd Ycalcd Ycalcd
Wilson Equation Bonham Equation Margules Equation

IO
9
8
7
Figure 7. Ethanol-methylcyclopentane-n-hexane system at 760 mm n 6
Hg. %? 5
A Ethanol. 0 Methylcyclopentane. n-Hexane 4
3
2
I

' 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO
Ycalcd
Van L a a r E g u a t i o n

IO IO IO
9 9 9
8 8 8
7 7 7

z6 s 65 0 6
X
2 5 w?? 2 5
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
I I I
0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
Ycalcd Ycalcd Ycalcd
Wilson Equation Margules Equation Bonham Equation

Ycalcd
Van Laar Equation

VOL. 6 2 NO. 1 JANUARY 1 9 7 0 29

 TABLE V I I . TERNARY SYSTEMS TABLE V I I I . DEVIATIONS OF PREDICTED AND
System
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
1 Benzene-Methylcyclopentane-n-Hexane (Using Wilson equation binary parameters)
2 Ethanol-Methylcyclopentane-n-Hexane
3 Methylcyclopentane-Ethanol-Benzene
4 Benzene-Ethanol-n-Hexane
5 Acetone-Carbon tetrachloride-Benzene 1 15 0.3 0.5 3 7 3 9 2 7
6 Acetone-Methanol-2-Propanol 2 15 0.2 0.6 9 25 6 31 5 14
7 n-Octane-Ethylbenzene-Cellosolve 3 15 1.2 1.6 10 26 8 21 4 9
8 Chloroform-Methanol-Ethyl acetate 4 7 0.5 0.8 8 16 6 10 9 19
9 Ethanol-Benzene-n-Heptane 5 15 0.4 1.7 10 22 7 17 4 14
10 Acetone-Chloroform-2,3-Dimethylhutane 6 15 0.5 1.1 7 22 7 20 6 25
11 n-Hexane-Hexene-l-l,4-Dioxane 7 15 0.8 2.1 20 30 5 27 22 35
12 n-Hexane-Hexene-1 -Cellosolve 8 15 0.4 1.2 6 16 10 23 7 22
13 n-Hexane-Hexene-l-1,2,3-Trichloropropane 9 15 0.4 1.2 8 27 13 25 10 25
1 4 2,3-Dimethylbutane-Acetone-Chloroforrn 10 15 0.4 0.7 7 21 6 22 6 15
15 2,3-Dimethylhutane-Acetone-Methanol 11 12 0.9 2.1 7 18 7 23 14 24
16 Benzene-Cyclohexane-2-Propanol 12 9 2.5 5.1 13 18 10 23 14 29
17 Methyl acetate-Benzene-Cyclohexane 13 9 2.2 5.7 19 76 13 35 27 97
18 Methyl acetate-Chloroform-Benzene 14 15 0.1 0.2 6 15 7 23 5 16
19 Methanol-Ethanol-W ater 15 15 0.9 1.7 6 20 5 14 5 16
16 15 0.6 0.9 3 7 7 19 10 26
17 15 0.5 1.1 13 31 9 30 4 10
18 15 0.2 0.4 5 10 5 20 6 16
19 15 0.2 0.5 20 46 18 54 29 84
T h e components are considered in the order shown in Table V I I . For example,
for ternary system 1 : y i refers to benzene, y 2 refers to methylcyclopentane, and y3
refers to n-hexane.
a T h e system number refers to the corresponding number in Table VI1

IO 0
9 9
8 8
7 7
2 6 2 6
2 5 h.? 5
4 4

3 3
2 2
I
0 0
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 9 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
Ycalcd Ycalcd Icd
Wilson Equation Margules Equation Van L a a r Equation

Ycalcd
Bonham Equation

tions of vapor composition were obtained for the systems T h e temperature predictions for the systems listed
listed below : below do not fall within the 1" C rule-of-thumb
n-Octane-ethylbenzene-Cellosolve Methylcyclopentane-ethanol-benzene
n-Hexane-hexene-l-1,2,3-trichloropropane n-Hexane-hexene-1 -cellosolve
Methanol-ethanol-water n-Hexane-hexene-l-1,2,3-trichloropropane
For these systems only 6270 of the predicted vapor mole For these systems only 127, of the predicted tcmpcra-
fractions were within 0.020 mole fraction of experi- tures were within 1.O°C of experimental data. Most
mental data. of the temperature predictions for the first system differed

30 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
 (2) Bachman, K . C. and Simons, E. L., IND. ENC).CHEM.44,202 (1952).
from the experimental data by slightly over l.Oo, with (3) Ballard, L. H . and Van Winkle, Matthew, I N n . END.CHEM.44,2450 (1952).
the worst error being 1.GoC. However, the predictions (4) Belknap, R . C. and Weber, J. H., J . Chem. Eng. Data 6, 485 (1961).
(5) Bonham, M. S., M.S.Thesis in Chemical Engineering, M I T , 1941.
for the other two systems were much poorer with some (6) Bures, E., Cano, C. and De Wirth, A., J . Chem. Eng. Data 4, 199 (1959).
in error by more than 5°C. Of all the temperature (7) Bushmakin, Y. N. and Kish, Y. N . , Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 30,200 (1957).
( 8 ) Carey, J. S. a n d Lewis, W . K., IND. ENG.CHEM.2 4 , 8 8 2 (1932).
predictions made in this study with the Wilson equation (9) Carlson, H. D. and Colburn, A. P., IND. ENO.CHEM.34,581 (1942).
for the other sixteen ternary systems, only two points (10) Delzenne, A. O., Chem. Ens. Data 3 , 2 2 4 (1958).
(11) Dreisbach R . R “ P h sical Properties of Chemical Compounds I, 11, 111,”
were in error by more than 2°C. Monograph Ser. ;os. 1{ 22, 29 (1955, 1959, 1961).
(12) Fowler, R . T . and Lim, S. C., J.Appl. Chem. (London) 6 , 7 4 (1956).
Conclusions (13) Francis,A. W., Chem. Eng.Sci. 10, 37 (1959).
(14) Free, K . W. and Hutchison, H . P., J . Chem. Eng. Data 4 , 1 9 3 (1959).
For the systems investigated, the Wilson equation (15) Freshwater, D. C. and Pike, K . A,, J . Chem. Eng. Data 12,179 (1967).
(16) Fu, S. Jean and Lu, B. C. Y., J . Appl. Chem. (London), 16, 324 (1966).
appears to be a much better model of the multicompo- (17) Garrett, G. R . , M.S. Thesis in Chemical Engineering, University of Texas,
nent vapor-liquid equilibria. For most of the systems, 1968.
(18) Helpinstill, J. G. and Van Winkle, M., IND. ENO. CHEM., PROCESSD E S .
the equation gives predictions of vapor compositions DEVELOP.7, 213 (1968).
(19) Hudson, J. W., Ph.D. Dissertation, University ofTexas, 1969.
within 0.020 mole fraction of experimental data and (20) Kaes. G . L. and Weber. J. H.. J . Chem. Ene. Data 7. 345 (19621.
predictions of temperature within 1.O°C of experimental (21) K a r r , E. A., Scheibel, E. G., Bowes, N. W. and Othmer, D. F., IND. ENO.
CHEM.43, 961 (1951).
data. In addition, the equation is relatively simple to (22) Katz, K . and Newman, M . , I N D .ENC. CHEM.48, 137 (1956).
use and can be easily extended to systems involving (23) Kirby, C. E., M.S. Thesis in Chemical Engineering, University of Texas,
1969.
more than three components. (24) Krishnamurty, V. V. G. and Venkata Rao, C., J. Sci. Ind. Research (India)
14B. 55 (1955).
(25) Landwehr, J. C., Yerazunis, S. and Steinhauser, H . , J. Chem. Eng. Data 3,
Nomenclature . ,
231 (19581.
Antoine constant (26) Lange, N . A., “Handbook of Chemistry,” Rev. 10th ed., McGraw-Hill Book
parameters in the Margules and Bonham equa- Company, New York, 1967.
(27) Lo, T. C., Bieber, H. B. and K a r r , A. E., J . Chem. Eng. Data 7, 327 (1962).
tions
(28) Mann, R . S. and Shemilt, L. W., J . Chem. Eng. Data 8, 189 (1963).
212, 2 2 , = parameters in the van Laar equation (in the (29) Mann, R . S., Shemilt, L . W. and Waldichuck, M., J . Chem. Eng. Data 8, 502
Carlson and Colburn modification) (1963).
constant in Equation 36 (30) Margules, Sitzber, math.-naturw. K. Kaiserlichen Akad. Wiss. (Vienna), 104,
1243 (1895).
Van der Waals constants, atm(cms/g mo1)2
(31) McConnell, C. G. and Van Winkle, M., J . Chem. Eng. Data 12, 430 (1967).
empirical constants in the Soh1 expansion (32) Murti, P. S. a n d Van Winkle, M., A.1.Ch.E. J. 3 , 5 1 7 (1957).
Antoine constant, O C (33) Murti, P. S. and Van Winkle, M., J . Chem. Eng. Data 3 , 7 2 (1958).
parameters in the Bonham equation (34) Myers, H . S., IND.ENO.CHEM.48,1104 (1956).
constant i n Equation 36 (35) Myers, H. S., Petroleum Refrner 36, No. 3, 175 (1957).
Van der Waals constants, cmS/g mol (36) Nagata, I., Can. J . Chem. Eng. 42, 82 (1964).
Antoine constant, OC (37) Nagata, I., J . Chem. Eng. Data 7, 360 (1962).
ternary parameter in the third-order Margules (38) Nagata, I., ibid., pp 367.
equation (39) Nagata, I., ibid,, pp 461.
(40) Nagata, I., ibid., 10, 106 (1965).
constant in Equation 36 (41) Ocon, J. and Espantoso, J., An. RealSoc. Espan. F i s . y Quim. 54B, 421 (1958).
molar excess free energy, cal/g mol (42) Oyer, R. V. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, 1965.
number of components (43) Oyer, R . V. and J. M . Prausnitz, IND. E N GCHEM. ~ 5 7 (5), 18 (1965).
number of experimental points (44) Othmer, D. F. andBenenati, R . F., I N D .ENC. CHEM.37,299 (1945).
number of moles of the ith component (45) Othmer, D. F., Chudgar, M . M . and Levy, S. L., IND.ENO.C H E M44, . 1872
total number of moles (1952).
(46) Othmer, D. F. and Josefowitz, S., IND. END.CHEM.39,1175 (1947).
pressure, atm.
(47) Prabhu, P. S. and Van Winkle, M . , J . Chem. Eng. Data 8 , 1 4 (1963).
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experimental temperature, OK Calculations for Multicom onent capor-Liquid Equilibria,” Prentice-Hall,
Enelewood Cliffs. N. J.. 1 9 6 x
calculated temperature, O K I ,

(50) Quozati, A. and Van Winkle, M . , J . Chem. Eng. Data 5 , 2 6 9 (1960).

temperatures at which liquid molar volumes are (51) Reid, R . C. and Sherwood, T. K., “ T h e Properties of Gases and Liquids,”
known, OK Second ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1966.
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1950.
mol ossini, F. D . et al.,“Selected Values of Physical and Thermodynamic Proper-
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Pittsburgh, 1953.
vapor mole fraction of the tth component (54) Scatchard,-G. and Wilson, G. M . , J . Amer. Chem. SOC. 86, 133 (1964).
experimental vapor mole fraction of the ith (55) Sieg, L., Chem. Ing. Techn. 15, 322 (1950).
component (56) Sinor, J. E. and Weber, J. H., J . Chem. Eng. Data 5, 243 (1960).
calculated vapor mole fraction of the ith com- (57) Smith, B., “Design of Equilibrium Stage Processes,” 11, McGraw-Hill Book
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(59) Suryanarayana,Y. S., Ph.D. Dissertation, University ofTexas, 1965.
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VOL. 6 2 NO. 1 JANUARY 1970 31