Bio Notes - Principles of Inheritance and Variation - 1
Bio Notes - Principles of Inheritance and Variation - 1
Bio Notes - Principles of Inheritance and Variation - 1
1 Flower color was one of the many characteristics of pea plants studied
by Gregor Mendel. By breeding pea plants over many generations and carefully
of inheritance that is
counting the types of offspring, Mendel developed a theory
the basis of modern genetics.
DDOD319
The alleles segregate,
ending up in different
gametes.
Research Method
Figure 14.2
Crossing Pea Plants
Technique
Removed stamens
from purple flower
2 Transferred sperm-
bearing pollen fromn
stamens of white
flower to egg-
bearing carpel of
purple flower
Parental
generation
(P)
Stamens
Carpel
8 Waited for pollinated
carpel to mature
into pod
Planted
seeds from
pod
5 Examined
offspring:
all had
First filial purple
generation flowers
offspring
(F,)
Figure 14.3 Inquiry
When F hybrid pea plants self- or cross-pollinate,
which traits appear in the Fz generation?
Experinment Mendel crossed true-breeding purple-flowered
plants and white-flowered plants (crosses are symbolized by ).
The resulting F, hybrids were allowed to self-pollinate or were
cross-pollinated with other F, hybrids. The F2 generation plants
were then observed for flower color.
P Generation
(true-breeding
parents) Purple White
flowers flowers
F, Generation
Self- or cross-pollination
F Generation
)
705 purple-flowered 224 white-flowered
plants plants
Appearance: Purple flowers White flowers Gametes (circles) each contain only
Genetic makeup: PP PP one allele for the flower-color gene.
In this case, every gamete produced by
Gametes5 P P given parent has the same allele.
Sperm from
This box, a Punnett square, shows
F, (Pp) plant all possible combinations of alleles
F Generation in oftspring that result trom an
(P) P F X F, (Pp x Pp) cross. Each square
represents an equally probable product
of fertilization. For example, the
P bottom
Eggs from PP Pp
left box shows the genetic combination
F Pp) plant resulting from a (p egg tertilized by
a (P) sperm.
Pp PP
Random combination of the gametes
results in the 3:1 ratio that Mendel
observed in the Fa2 generation.
VFigure 14.6 Phenotype versus genotype. Grouping F,
oftspring from a crossfor flower color according to phenotype resulte
in thetypical 3 1 phenotypic ratio. In terms of genotype, however
there are actuallytwo categories of purple-flowered plants, PP
(homozygous) and Pp (heterozygous), givinga 1:2:1 genotypic ratio,
Phenotype Genotype
PP
Purpie
(homozygous)
3 Purple Pp
(heterozygous)
Purple Pp
(heterozygous)
White PP
(homozygous)