Bio Notes - Principles of Inheritance and Variation - 1

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Figure 14.

1 Flower color was one of the many characteristics of pea plants studied
by Gregor Mendel. By breeding pea plants over many generations and carefully
of inheritance that is
counting the types of offspring, Mendel developed a theory
the basis of modern genetics.

How are traits, such as the purple or white color of


flowers, transmitted from parents to offspring?
Alternative versions of a gene (alleles) account for different traits.

Each parent cell has


two alleles for each
character, such as flower
color. Here, the alleles are
identical in each parent.

Allele- Parental cells that -Allele


for purple will form gametes for white
flowers flowers
Gamete Gamete
The two alleles formation formation
segregate (separate) Eggs
Sperm
during gamete
formation,
ending up in
different gametes
(Law of Segregation)
DDDODDDD
inherit allele from
Purple-flowered
Offspring one
offspring
each parent. When the two alleles are
different, one allele (here, purple)
determines the appearance

Paternal chromosome- -Maternal chromosome


Gamete
formation
When the offspring reproduces, Sperm or eggs
the same principle applies:

DDOD319
The alleles segregate,
ending up in different
gametes.
Research Method
Figure 14.2
Crossing Pea Plants

Application By crossing, or mating, two true-breeding


varieties of an organism, ScientistS can study patterns of
inheritance. In this example, Mendel crossed pea plants
that varied in flower color.

Technique
Removed stamens
from purple flower

2 Transferred sperm-
bearing pollen fromn
stamens of white
flower to egg-
bearing carpel of
purple flower

Parental
generation
(P)

Stamens
Carpel
8 Waited for pollinated
carpel to mature
into pod

Planted
seeds from
pod

Results When pollen from a white flower was transferred


to a purple flower, the first-generation hybrids all had
purple flowers. The result was the same for the reciprocal
cross, which involved the transfer of pollen from purple
flowers to white flowers.

5 Examined
offspring:
all had
First filial purple
generation flowers
offspring
(F,)
Figure 14.3 Inquiry
When F hybrid pea plants self- or cross-pollinate,
which traits appear in the Fz generation?
Experinment Mendel crossed true-breeding purple-flowered
plants and white-flowered plants (crosses are symbolized by ).
The resulting F, hybrids were allowed to self-pollinate or were
cross-pollinated with other F, hybrids. The F2 generation plants
were then observed for flower color.

P Generation

(true-breeding
parents) Purple White
flowers flowers

F, Generation

(hybrids) All plants had purple flowers

Self- or cross-pollination

F Generation

)
705 purple-flowered 224 white-flowered
plants plants

Results Both purple-flowered and white-flowered plants


appeared in the Fz generation, in a ratio of approximately 3:1.
Conclusion The "heritable factor" for the recessive
trait (white flowers) had not been destroyed, deleted, or
"blended" in the F, generation but was merely masked by
the presence of the factor for purple flowers, which is the
dominant trait,
Data from G. Mendel, Experiments in plant hybridization, Proceedings ofthe
Natural History Society of Brünn 4:3-47 (1866)
Figure 14.4 Alleles,
alternative versions of a
gene. This diagram shows
Enzyme
a pair of homoiogous
chromosomes in an F, hybrid
pea plant, with the actual Allele for Through a series of
DNA sequence from the DNA with nucleotide steps, this DNA sequence
purple flowers sequence CTAAATCGGT
flower-coior allele of each results in production of an
chromosome. The paternally enzyme that helps synthesize
inherited chromosome Pair of purple pigment.
Locus for flower-color gene homologous
(blue) has an aliele for purple
chromosomes
fiowers, which codes for a One
protein that indirectly controls purple-flower
synthesis of purple pigment. Allele for alleie results in
The maternally inherited whiteflowers This DNA sequence results in the sufficient
chromosome (red) has an absence of the enzyme. pigment for
allele for white flowers, HLLLEL
AMAcd purple flowers.
which results in no functional
protein being made. DNA with nucleotide
seauence ATAAATCGGT
Figure 14.5 Mendel's law of segregation. This diagram shows the genetic makeup of the
generations in Figure 14.3. It illustrates Mendel's model for inheritance of the alleles of a single
gene. Each plant has two alleles for the gene controlling flower color, one allele inherited from each
of the plant's parents. To construct a Punnett square that predicts the F2 generation offspring, we
list all the possible gametes from one parent (here, the F, female) along the left side of the square
and all the possible gametes from the other parent (here, the F; male) along the top. The boxes
represent the offspring resulting from all the possible unions of male and female gametes

Each true-breeding plant of the


P Generation
parental generation has two identical
alleles, denoted as either PP or pp.

Appearance: Purple flowers White flowers Gametes (circles) each contain only
Genetic makeup: PP PP one allele for the flower-color gene.
In this case, every gamete produced by
Gametes5 P P given parent has the same allele.

Union of parental gametes produces


F, Generation F, hybrids having a Pp combination.
Because the purple-flower allele is
dominant, all these hybrids have purple
flowers.
Appearance: Purple flowers
Genetic makeup: Pp When the hybrid plants produce
gametes, the two alleles segregate.
Gametes VP) VaP Half of the gametes receive the P allele
and the other half the p allele.

Sperm from
This box, a Punnett square, shows
F, (Pp) plant all possible combinations of alleles
F Generation in oftspring that result trom an
(P) P F X F, (Pp x Pp) cross. Each square
represents an equally probable product
of fertilization. For example, the
P bottom
Eggs from PP Pp
left box shows the genetic combination
F Pp) plant resulting from a (p egg tertilized by
a (P) sperm.

Pp PP
Random combination of the gametes
results in the 3:1 ratio that Mendel
observed in the Fa2 generation.
VFigure 14.6 Phenotype versus genotype. Grouping F,
oftspring from a crossfor flower color according to phenotype resulte
in thetypical 3 1 phenotypic ratio. In terms of genotype, however
there are actuallytwo categories of purple-flowered plants, PP
(homozygous) and Pp (heterozygous), givinga 1:2:1 genotypic ratio,

Phenotype Genotype

PP
Purpie
(homozygous)

3 Purple Pp
(heterozygous)

Purple Pp
(heterozygous)

White PP
(homozygous)

Ratio 3 purple 1 white Ratio 1 PP 2 Pp 1 PP

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