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Introduction To Fluids Background: A Fluid Is A Substance Which Conforms Continuously Under The Action of Shearing Forces

There are three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. Liquids and gases are both classified as fluids, which are defined as substances that conform continuously under the action of shearing forces and do not resist changes in shape. At rest, fluids assume the shape of their container and all forces within the fluid must be perpendicular to the planes they act on. In motion, fluids can experience slight resistance to shearing forces due to viscosity. Fluid mechanics studies the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion, including fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics.

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46 views3 pages

Introduction To Fluids Background: A Fluid Is A Substance Which Conforms Continuously Under The Action of Shearing Forces

There are three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. Liquids and gases are both classified as fluids, which are defined as substances that conform continuously under the action of shearing forces and do not resist changes in shape. At rest, fluids assume the shape of their container and all forces within the fluid must be perpendicular to the planes they act on. In motion, fluids can experience slight resistance to shearing forces due to viscosity. Fluid mechanics studies the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion, including fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics.

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aeronautical rajas
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Fluids

Background
• There are three states of matter: solids, liquids and gases.
• Both liquids and gases are classified as fluids.
• Fluids do not resist a change in shape. Therefore fluids assume the shape of the container they occupy.
• Liquids may be considered to have a fixed volume and therefore can have a free surface. Liquids are
almost incompressible.
• Conversely, gases are easily compressed and will expand to fill a container they occupy.
• We will usually be interested in liquids, either at rest or in motion.
Definition
The strict definition of a fluid is:
A fluid is a substance which conforms continuously under the action of shearing forces
Definition Applied to Static Fluids
According to this definition, if we apply a shear force to a fluid it will deform and take up a state in which
no shear force exists. Therefore, we can say: If a fluid is at rest there can be no shearing forces acting and
therefore all forces in the fluid must be perpendicular to the planes in which they act.
Note here that we specify that the fluid must be at rest. This is because, it is found experimentally that
fluids in motion can have slight resistance to shear force. This is the source of viscosity.
Definition Applied to Fluids in Motion
For example, consider the fluid shown flowing along a fixed surface. At the surface there will be little
movement of the fluid (it will ‘stick’ to the surface), whilst further away from the surface the fluid flows
faster (has greater velocity)
Matter exists in two states; the solid and the fluid, the fluid state being commonly divided into
the liquid and gaseous states. Solids differ from liquids and liquids from gases in the spacing and
latitude of motion of their molecules, these variables being large in a gas, smaller in a liquid, and
extremely small in a solid. Thus it follows that intermolecular cohesive forces are large in a solid,
smaller in a liquid, and extremely small in a gas.
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOLIDS AND FLUIDS
 The differences between the behaviors of solids and fluids under an applied force are as follows:
 i.           For a solid, the strain is a function of the applied stress, providing that the elastic limit is not
exceeded. For a fluid, the rate of strain is proportional to the applied stress.
 ii.           The strain in a solid is independent of the time over which the force is applied and, if the elastic
limit is not exceeded, the deformation disappears when the force is removed. A fluid continues to flow as
long as the force is applied and will not recover its original form when the force is removed.
 FLUID MECHANICS
 Fluid mechanics is that branch of science which deals with the behavior of fluids (liquids or gases) at rest
as well as in motion. Thus this branch of science deals with the static, kinematics and dynamic aspects of
fluids. The study of fluids at rest is called fluid statics. The study of fluids in motion, where pressure
forces are not considered, is called fluid kinematics and if the pressure forces are also considered for the
fluids in motion, that branch of science is called fluid dynamics.
 UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
 The word dimensions are used to describe basic concepts like mass, length, time, temperature and
force.Units are the means of expressing the value of the dimension quantitatively or numerically.
 Example - Kilogram, Metre, Second, Kelvin, Celcius.
The four examples are the fundamental units; other derived units are

Density       =       mass per unit volume = kg/m3

Force =         mass x acceleration =     kg.m/s2             = Newton or N    

Pressure = force per unit area = N/m2 = Pascal or Pa, Other unit is‘ bar’, where 1 bar =1 X10^5  Pa          
Work = force x distance    = Newton x metre = N.m==J or Joule       

Power = work done per unit time= J/s= Watt or W        

Area - L*L - m^2                                 

Volume-L*L*L-m^3                                 

Velocity- L* T^-1 - m/s                                

Acceleration-L*T-2-m/s^2                               

Force  M*L*T-2      N                                   

Pressure  M*L-1*T-2    N/m^2 = Pa                     

Work  M*L2*T-2    Nm    = J                       

Power M*L2*T-3    J/s     = W                     

Density M*L-3          kg/m^3                                     

Viscosity  M*L-1*T-1    kg/ms = N s/m2                      

Surface Tension   M*T-1          N/m                               

Dimensions:
Dimensions of the primary quantities:

 Fundamental dimension : Symbol

 Length L                                    

Mass M     

Time T                         

Temperature T                         

Dimensions of derived quantities can be expressed in terms of the fundamental dimensions.

SYSTEM OF UNITS

1. CGS Units
2. FPS Units
3. MKS Units
4. SI Units

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