TERM PAPER

PERFORMANCE OF DS SSMA SYTEM

IN A RICIAN CHANNEL

COURSE : WIRELESS COMMUNICATION(EEL860)

CORDINATOR: Prof. V K Jain

Submitted by
Deepak Jose 2010EEE2451
Thomas Joseph 2010JOP2229

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1. AIM
Implementing a DS SSMA system considering a Rician Channel using Matlab .
Study the behaviour of the channel under various multipath situations. To get a basic
understanding of the data formats for implementing the different blocks in Simulink.
Verify the performance of the system.

2. INTRODUCTION

We analyze the performance of a DS-SSMA system in a Rician faded channel. The

basic modulation scheme of BPSK and used the Rake Receiver to accommodate the
multipath effects . Our work is restricted to a single user system and consider only the
effect of AWGN in the signal along with the multipath effects. We are comparing our
results with the standard results available from research works.

2.a Basic procedure followed:

Modulation scheme BPSK.

Processing gain of 60 ( fc / fb )
Considering a 3-ray multipath signal.
Mobile communication carries frequency is 900MHz we use this value in Doppler
frequency measurements.
The data rate is the standard taken from 2.5G where the data rate varies from 30kbps
to 90kbps.
We choose a data rate of 30kbps.

3. FADING IN A WIRELESS ENVIRONMET

Radio waves propagate from a transmitting antenna, and travel through free space
undergoing absorption, reflection, refraction, diffraction, and scattering. They are
greatly affected by the ground terrain, the atmosphere, and the objects in their path,
like buildings, hills, vegetation, etc. These different physical phenomena determine
most of the characteristic features of the received signal.

In most of the cellular systems, the height of the mobile antenna is lesser than the
surrounding structures. Thus, the existence of a direct or line-of-sight path between
the transmitter and the receiver is not possible. In such a case, propagation is mainly
due to reflection, diffraction and scattering from the buildings. So, in practice, the
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transmitted signal arrives at the receiver via several paths with different time delays
creating a multipath situation at the receiver, these multipath waves with randomly
distributed amplitudes and phases combine to give a resultant signal that fluctuates in
time and space. Therefore, a receiver at one location may have a signal that is much
different from the signal at another location, only a short distance away, because of
the change in the phase relationship among the incoming radio waves. This causes
significant fluctuations in the signal amplitude. This phenomenon of random
fluctuations in the received signal level is termed as fading [4]

The short-term fluctuation in the signal amplitude caused by the local multipath is
called small-scale fading, [4] and is observed over distances of about half a
wavelength.

On the other hand, long-term variation in the mean signal level is called large-scale
fading[4]. The latter effect is a result of movement over distances large enough to
cause gross variations in the overall path between the transmitter and the receiver.

Large-scale fading is also known as shadowing, because these variations in the mean
signal level are caused by the mobile unit moving into the shadow of surrounding
objects like buildings and hills.

Small-scale fading can be further classified as flat or frequency selective and slow or
fast. A received signal is said to undergo flat fading, if the mobile radio channel has a
constant gain and a linear phase response over a bandwidth larger than the bandwidth
of the transmitted signal. Under these conditions, the received signal has amplitude
fluctuations due to the variations in the channel gain over time caused by multipath.
However, the spectral characteristics of the transmitted signal remain intact at the
receiver. On the other hand, if the mobile radio channel has a constant gain and linear
phase response over a bandwidth smaller than that of the transmitted signal, the
transmitted signal is said to undergo frequency selective fading [4]. In this case, the
received signal is distorted and dispersed, because it consists of multiple versions of
the transmitted signal, attenuated and delayed in time. This leads to time dispersion of
the transmitted symbols within the channel arising from these different time delays
resulting in intersymbol interference (ISI).

When there is relative motion between the transmitter and the receiver, Doppler
spread is introduced in the received signal spectrum, causing

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frequency dispersion. If the Doppler spread is significant relative to the bandwidth of
the transmitted signal, the received signal is said to undergo fast fading. This form of
fading typically occurs for very low data rates. On the other hand, if the Doppler
spread of the channel is much less than the bandwidth of the baseband signal, the
signal is said to undergo slow fading.

4. TRANSMITTER
In the transmitter part a random integer generator which generates a
binary random number is used. The random integer generator generates ‘ones’and
‘zeros’ with equal probability. This data is given to the BPSK generator which
generates the BPSK modulated signal. This BPSK signal is given to the spreader for
spreading by multiplying it with a PN sequence, which is a unipolar signal, which is
converted to a bipolar signal by using a converter. The spreader causes the signal to be
spread to a higher bandwidth by multiplying data symbols, bit rate equal to Tb with a
high bit rate code sequence, chip rate equal to Tc.

Here we use the following data sets:-

1. Data rate of 30Kbps
2. Chip rate of 1.8Mbps.
3. So the processing gain is 60.

Figure 1. DS SSMA Transmitter

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4.a Spreading Sequence Generator

The PN Sequence Generator block generates a sequence of pseudorandom binary

numbers.The PN Sequence Generator block uses a shift register to generate
sequences. Table below shows the parameter that has been used in the simulation

Table 1. PN Sequence Generator block parameters

Parameters value
Generator Polynomial [1 0 0 0 011]
Initial States [1 0 0 0 0 1]
Shift(or mask) 0
Sample time,Tc Tchips(1/1.8Mbps)
Attribute of output signal Sample based output

5. CHANNEL

5.a Rician Fading

The Rician distribution is observed when, in addition to the multipath components,
there exists a direct path between the transmitter and the receiver. This model is used
in a small-scale fading scenario. Thus in the presence of multipath, the transmitted
signal can be written as [4]

where
kd is the strength of the direct component.
dis the Doppler shift along the LOS path, and
di are the Doppler shifts along the indirect paths .
Φi is the random phase due to mutipath

The envelope in this case has a Rician density function given by [3]
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Where I00 is the 0th order modified Bessel functions of the first kind. The cumulative
distribution of the Rician random variable is given as [3]

where Q( , ) is the Marcum’s Q function The Rician distribution is often described in

terms of the Rician factor K, defined as the ratio between the deterministic signal
power (from the direct path) and the diffuse signal power (from the indirect paths). K
is usually expressed in decibels as

Ps
K= ranges from 1 to ∞ for a Rician Channel [3]
Pd

The above can be written in dB as below:-

In equation if kd goes to zero (or if kd2/2σ 2 « r2/2σ2), the direct path is eliminated and
the envelope distribution becomes Rayleigh, with K (dB) = -∞.

The different fading models available are:-

Nakagami Distribution

[5]

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Nakagami distribution can be used to incorporate the effect of both Rayleigh and
Rician Faded channel. As for “ m=1” we have a Rayleigh channel and “m > 1” gives
a Rician Channel.

Lognormal Fading

[5]
This is used in long term fading situations.

Suzuki Distribution

[5]

4.b Outage probability

In a fading radio channel, it is likely that a transmitted signal will

suffer deep fades that can lead a complete loss of the signal or outage of the signal.
The outage probability is a measure of the quality of the transmission in a mobile
radio channel. Outage is said to occur when the received signal power goes below a
certain threshold level .It can be calculated as the integral of the
received signal power p(t) as [4]

Where Pth is the threshold power.

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 Figure 2. Model of the Channel

The channel we considered here a Rician faded channel. In Rician channel, there exist
a direct path along with multiple numbers of indirect paths in between transmitter and
receiver. The multiple path phenomenon’s are due to diffraction, reflection and
scattering by buildings, hills and trees etc. The multipath fading can be modelled as a
linear finite-impulse response (FIR) filter. It is assumed that delay power profile and
Doppler spectrum of the channel are separable. Let { si }denotes the inputs to the
channel .Then {yi}are the samples at the output of the channel. The input-output
relation is given by

Yi=∑si-n * gn [5]

Where
{ gn } is the set of tap weights given by
gn = ∑ ak sinc [(τk/Ts)-n] -N1 ≤ n ≤ N2 [5]

where Ts is the input sample period to the channel

{ τk } where 1 ≤ k ≤ K is the set of path delays and

K is the total number of paths in the multipath fading channel.

{ak} where 1 ≤ k ≤ K, is the set of complex path gains of the multipath fading channel.
These path gains are uncorrelated to each other.

N1and N2 are chosen so that│ gn│is small when n is less than –N1 or greater than N2

parameter values
K factor 2
Maximum Doppler shift 50Hz
Path delay vector [0,1µs,8µs]
Table 2. Rician Channel parameters

Here
1µs corresponds to an extra 300 meter 1st multipath
8µs corresponds to an extra 2400 meter 2nd path

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Figure 3. Impulse response of channel in resolvable form (Matlab simulation)

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Figure 4. Channel response when two of two paths are in a non resolvable form
(Matlab simulation)

5. RECEIVER

The receiver we are using here is a rake receiver. The rake receiver
consists of multiple correlators , in which the receive signal is multiplied by time-
shifted versions of a locally generated code sequence. The time shifted versions of the
code sequence is used to separate signals such that each figure of the rake receiver
sees signals coming from a single path. The spreading code is chosen to have a very
small autocorrelation value for any nonzero time offset. This avoids crosstalk .

Figure 5. Receiver model

The received signal can be represented by a complex model given by

r(t)=c(t)s(t)+n(t) [2]

where ,
c(t) is fading co-efficient(multiplicative),
s(t) is the transmitted signal, and
n(t) is the additive white Gaussian noise.

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 Let the transmitted signal s(t)=∑b(k)g(t-KT) [2]
where
b(k) is the data sequence and
g(t) is the pulse shape function and
T is the symbol delay.

5.a Rake receiver

If, in a mobile radio channel reflected waves arrive with small relative time delays,
self interference occurs. Direct Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum is often claimed to
have particular properties that makes it less vulnerable to multipath reception. In
particular, the rake receiver architecture allows an optimal combining of energy
received over paths with different. It avoids wave cancellation (fades) if delayed paths
arrive with phase differences and appropriately weighs signals coming in with
different signal-to-noise ratios. [4]

Figure 6. Rake Receiver block [5]

The rake receiver consists of multiple correlators, in which the receive signal is
multiplied by time-shifted versions of a locally generated code sequence. The
intention is to separate signals such that each finger only sees signals coming in over a
single (resolvable) path. The spreading code is chosen to have a very small
autocorrelation value for any nonzero time offset. This avoids crosstalk between
fingers.
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The equation related to each of the correlators in the Rake is

∫ g ( t ) g ( t−nT ) dt
Where T varies according to the delay considered in the Rake

In our simulation we varied the delay vector is as:-

[0 2 6] and [0 3 5] are the values of “n” in the different correlators

The rake receiver is designed to optimally detect a DS-SSMA signal transmitted over
a dispersive multipath channel. It is an extension of the concept of the matched filter.

6. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Figure 7. Scatter plot of BPSK signal considering AWGN and mutlipath

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Figure 8. Performance of DS SSMA in a Rician channel when mobile moves at a
speed of 5m/s(corresponds to a Doppler shift of 15Hz).
Table 3. SNR v/s BER for DS SSMA in Rician Channel

Signal-to-noise ratio Bit Error rate

(Eb/N0) BER
0 0.1
2 0.07735
4 0.0463
6 0.02033
8 0.006219
10 0.0009909
12 6.656e-005
14 8.6e-007

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.

Figure 9. Performance Comparison of WCDMA in 2-Rays Between AWGN and

Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channels for 1 user [3]

Table 4. Simulation result for evaluation on BER vs. SNR for 2.ray Multipath
Rayleigh channel for 1 user when number of data is 200, 000 [3]

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7. CONCLUSION

BER of a DS SSMA system has been modelled and evaluated on a Rician channel.
And it is having good BER , but it is at the cost of data rate.

Behaviour of the channel was found under various multipath situations

We made a comparison with a known research paper in WCDMA.

8. REFERENCES

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[1] Lei WEI, “Performance of DS-SSMA systems with Differential phase
Detection on Rician channels,” sixth IEEE international symposium on
27-29sep 1995,173-177 vol.1. 

[2] Tugay Eyceoz and Alexandra Duel-Hallen, “Deterministic Channel

modeling and Long Range Prediction of Fast Fading Mobile Radio
Channels,” communication Letters, IEEE volume 2,issue 9.

[3] “ Performance study on high data rates modulation techniques of w-cdma

in multipath fading channel” , Project Report Muhammad Najib Bin
Ismail

[4] J.G. Proakis, Digital Communications, McGraw-Hill, New York,1995

 
[5] P.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall, NJ, 1996.
 
[6] www.mathworks.com

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