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Introduction To Statistics

The document provides an introduction to statistics, including definitions of statistics, a brief history of the field, and descriptions of key statistical concepts such as populations, samples, variables, methods of data collection and sampling. It also discusses types of sampling techniques including random sampling and presents examples of ways to organize and visually display data through tables, histograms, frequency polygons and ogives.

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grace selda
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48 views25 pages

Introduction To Statistics

The document provides an introduction to statistics, including definitions of statistics, a brief history of the field, and descriptions of key statistical concepts such as populations, samples, variables, methods of data collection and sampling. It also discusses types of sampling techniques including random sampling and presents examples of ways to organize and visually display data through tables, histograms, frequency polygons and ogives.

Uploaded by

grace selda
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO

STATISTICS
The Nature of Statistics
In counting activities, events and things, the
measurements that are collected from the original
information are called raw data. These data may
be treated by statistical methods that are used to
describe, to relate or associate, and to make
inferences. In the method of description, the
measure to apply is known as descriptive statistics.
In the method to relate or associate two variables,
correlational statistics is employed. And in making
generalization about the population from which
our sample has been drawn, the measure to use is
inferential statistics.
Statistics as defined Scientifically
• From the research point of view, statistics is a
science which deals with methods in the
collection, gathering, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.
Brief Historical Development of
Statistics
Statistics as a discipline began with the
beginning of man’s existence. In ancient times, it
was used to provide information pertaining to
taxes, soldiers, agricultural crops and even to
athletic endeavors. Later, it developed into an
inferential science sometime in the sixteenth
century. As an inferential science, it largely
depended on the theory of probability. Then it
continued to develop as a result of the diligent
research made by people in various fields during
the pas 400 years.
Population as Differentiated
form Sample
The word population refers to groups or aggregates
of people, animals, objects, materials, happenings of
things of any form. This means that there are populations
of students, teachers, supervisors, principals, laboratory
animals, trees, manufacturers, articles, birds, insects and
many others. Your concern is the properties descriptive of
the group or aggregates rather than property of particular
members.
If your interest is on the few members of the
population to represent their characteristics and traits,
these members constitute a sample. The measures of the
population are called parameters, while those of the
sample are called estimates or statistics.
The Variable
In research, variables are used and studied. The
term variable refers to a characteristic or property
whereby the members of the group or set vary or differ
form one another.

Variables According to Functional


Relationship
1. Continuous Variables. These are the variable whose
levels can take continuous values. Example are height,
weight, length and width.
2. Discrete or Discontinuous variables. These are the
variables with values or levels can nit take the form of
decimals.
Use of Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that can be
used for many purposes. Some of these are briefly
described below.
1. It can give precise description of data
2. It can predict the behavior of individuals
3. It can be used to test a hypothesis
Methods of Collection of Data
The methods of collection of data are:

a. Direct or Interview method - This is a personal


communication with the individual you want to
interview.
b. Indirect or Questionnaires Method - This is done by
sending questionnaires to the person from whom you
would like to get the information.
c. Registration – utilizing existing records is registration.
d. Observation – this can be done directly or indirectly.
e. Experiment – this is done by making or conducting
scientific inquiry
The data are two sources and could be taken by
samples procedures. The two sources are the
documentary and the field sources.
a) Document Sources - the data contained in published
or unpublished reports, statistics, documents,
manuscripts, letters, etc. In the documentary source,
source maybe taken from primary or secondary
information.
a) Primary source – data gathered is original
b) Secondary source – data gathered is computed or
compiled from original source.
b) Field Source – this include living persons which have
sufficient knowledge about conditions of had been in
intimate contact with the subject over a considerable
period of time.
Methods of Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling – Lottery Method. The items are
picked out for sample at random. Each respondent has an
equal chance of being selected.
2. Statistical sampling – this procedure divides the population
into subgroups called strata. Classify the population into two
or three strata, then get a sample from each.
3. Systematic Sampling – the items are chosen from the
population at uniform intervals of time, space or order of
occurrence.
4. Cluster Sampling – Each number of a cluster possesses the
same characteristics of interest to the researcher as the
other clusters, then you are to choose at random as much
cluster as you need for your sample group.
5. Convenient Sampling – use results that are available at the
time testing. In few cases results from this sampling may
turn good but in other cases they may be seriously biased.
COLLECTION OF DATA
Types of Sampling Techniques
I. RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
It is the method of selecting a sample size (n) from a
universe (N) such that each member of the population has
an equal change of being included in the sample and all
possible combinations of size (n) have an equal chance of
being selected as the sample.

There are several ways of drawing sample units at


random.
1. Lottery Sampling
Assigning numbers to each member of the
population usually carries out the lottery sampling
method.
For example:
Writing down the name of each member of the
population on pieces of paper. These papers are then
placed in a box or a container drum. The boor lottery
drum must be shaken thoroughly to prevent some
pieces of paper form sinking at the bottom, where they
have less chances of being drawn.
2. Table of Random Numbers
The use of the table of random numbers is another
technique of random sampling wherein the selection of
each member of the population is left adequately to
chance.
Classification Population Sample
Seniors 110 32
Juniors 205 60
Sophomores 310 91
Freshmen 340 100
Total 965 283
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50

8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 2
GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM NO. 1 FUNDAMENTALS
The following are scores of 50 Students in College
Algebra Examination
28 48 30 29 26
24 27 47 39 29
38 47 29 24 29
42 21 45 27 38
37 30 27 44 22
19 28 30 35 43
44 30 35 20 28
41 26 29 33 15
33 30 41 14 25
12 42 32 25 18
Table 1
Frequency Distribution of the Scores of 50 Students in
College Algebra Examination
Scores Tally f Xc Exact Limits cf Rf CRf
LL UL ≤ ≥ ≤ ≥
48-51 I 1 49.5 47.4 - 51.5 50 1 2 100 2
44-47 IIIII 5 45.5 43.5 - 47.5 49 6 10 98 12
40-43 IIIII 5 41.5 39.5 - 43.5 44 11 10 88 22
36-39 IIII 4 37.5 35.5 - 39.5 39 15 8 78 30
32-35 IIIII 5 33.5 31.5 - 35.5 35 20 10 70 40
28-31 IIIII-IIIII-III 13 29.5 27.5 - 31.5 30 33 26 60 66
24-27 IIIII-IIII 9 25.5 23.5 - 27.5 17 42 18 34 84
20-23 III 3 21.5 19.5 - 23.5 8 45 6 16 90
16-19 II 2 17.5 15.5 - 19.5 5 47 4 10 94
12-15 III 3 13.5 11.5 - 15.R 3 50 6 6 100
50 100%
Fig. 1 Histogram Showing the Score of 50 Students in College
Algebra Examination
Fig. 2 Frequency Polygon Showing the Score of 50 Students in
College Algebra Examination
Fig. 3 An ogive Showing the Score of 50 Students in College
Algebra Examination
Fig. 4 An ogive Showing the Score of 50 Students in College
Algebra Examination

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