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    Humoral Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity

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    Kuro Hanabusa
    The adenovirus vector vaccine is injected intramuscularly where it is taken up by cells. [1] The viral vector delivers DNA encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the cell nucleus. [2] The cell produces the spike protein and presents fragments on its surface. [3] This activates both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses that provide protection against future SARS-CoV-2 infections.

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    Humoral Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity

    Uploaded by

    Kuro Hanabusa
    31 views2 pages
    The adenovirus vector vaccine is injected intramuscularly where it is taken up by cells. [1] The viral vector delivers DNA encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the cell nucleus. [2] The cell produces the spike protein and presents fragments on its surface. [3] This activates both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses that provide protection against future SARS-CoV-2 infections.

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    Adenovirus

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    The adenovirus vector vaccine is injected intramuscularly where it is taken up by cells. [1] The viral vector delivers DNA encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the cell nucleus. [2] The cell produces the spike protein and presents fragments on its surface. [3] This activates both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses that provide protection against future SARS-CoV-2 infections.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    31 views2 pages

    Humoral Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity

    Uploaded by

    Kuro Hanabusa
    The adenovirus vector vaccine is injected intramuscularly where it is taken up by cells. [1] The viral vector delivers DNA encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the cell nucleus. [2] The cell produces the spike protein and presents fragments on its surface. [3] This activates both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses that provide protection against future SARS-CoV-2 infections.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    ADENOVIRUS VECTOR VACCINES AGAINST COVID-19: MECHANISM OF ACTION

    Immune cells
    Muscles are
    arrive faster to
    preferred The viral vector vaccine is injected intramuscularly into a healthy
    process foreign Foreign
    injection person Pain, redness,
    antigens substance can
    sites as they swelling at
    have greater cause local
    Foreign vaccine 2nd dose after 28 days recommended to strengthen the immune injection site
    blood supply tissue
    material drains response (to a level exceeding the immune response in patients (Transient)
    inflammation
    than other away faster recovered from Covid-19), boosting vaccine efficacy especially in
    body tissues (minimizing local older individuals
    reactions)
    Adenovirus surface antigens interact with human cellular
    receptors, allowing viral entry into human cell via endocytosis

    Adenovirus vector travels to cell nucleus, merges with nuclear envelope and injects its DNA (including the spike protein DNA) into the nucleus

    RNA polymerases in the nucleus transcribe the viral DNA, making messenger RNA (mRNA) for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

    mRNA in transported back into the cytosol & translated by ribosomes naturally found there, producing full length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

    Cell-mediated Humoral
    immunity immunity
    Spike protein degraded by intracellular enzymes into Natural cellular processes release spike protein
    fragments components from the cell into the bloodstream

    Spike protein fragments bound by MHC Class I proteins Spike protein components are engulfed by antigen
    presenting cells (dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages),
    MHC Class I proteins bring spike protein fragments to fragmented, & bound to unique MHC Class II proteins
    the human cell surface
    MHC Class II proteins bring spike protein fragments to
    MHC Class I proteins present spike protein fragments to the antigen presenting cell’s surface, to present them to
    naïve CD8+ T cell circulating naïve CD4+ (helper) T cells

    Naïve CD8+ T cells that able to bind to the spike protein- Some naïve helper T cells are able to successfully bind
    MHC Class I protein complex become activated, and to the spike protein-MHC Class II protein complexes
    travel to the lymphatic system to mature
    Some of these T-Cells Some T cells can Activated helper T
    mature into cytotoxic T mature into memory T cells specific to the Binding activities these spike-
    cells that now recognize cells (stimulated by viral spike protein protein specific helper T cells
    the SARS-CoV-2 spike cytokines released by secrete cytokines to
    protein helper T cells) stimulate immune Activated helper T cell interacts
    activity with naïve B cells in lymphatic tissue
    Cytotoxic T-cells bind to Memory T cells travel
    human cells expressing to lymphatic tissue, Systematic cytokine
    spike protein or spike awaiting activation release (systematic Some B cells Some B cells mature into
    protein fragments (e.g. from exposure to spike reactions like fever, mature into plasma memory B cells specific to
    future COVID-19 protein in the future chills, fatigue, cells that produce SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
    infection) myalgias) (Transient) IgG antibodies
    More rapid cell- against the viral Future exposure to spike
    Cytotoxic T cells release mediated immune spike protein protein re-activates memory B
    enzymes perforating response to future cell in lymphatic tissue &
    infected cell, causing cell SARS-CoV-2 infection Antibodies to spike creates plasma cells,
    death to occur (immunity) protein mark SARS- producing antibodies more
    CoV-2, allowing rapidly
    Immune system can now immune system to
    more quickly identify and destroy virus Rapid humoral immune
    destroys human cells response to future SARS-CoV-
    showing signs of COVID- Eradication of 2 infection (immunity)
    19 infection SARS-CoV-2 in
    extracellular
    compartments

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