Selenium Python Bindings

Release 2

Baiju Muthukadan

Sep 03, 2021

 Contents

1 Installation 3
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Installing Python bindings for Selenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Instructions for Windows users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Installing from Git sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Downloading Selenium server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Getting Started 7
2.1 Simple Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Example Explained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Using Selenium to write tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Walkthrough of the example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5 Using Selenium with remote WebDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3 Navigating 13
3.1 Interacting with the page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Filling in forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Drag and drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 Moving between windows and frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5 Popup dialogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.6 Navigation: history and location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.7 Cookies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4 Locating Elements 17
4.1 Locating by Id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Locating by Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 Locating by XPath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4 Locating Hyperlinks by Link Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.5 Locating Elements by Tag Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.6 Locating Elements by Class Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.7 Locating Elements by CSS Selectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5 Waits 23
5.1 Explicit Waits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.2 Implicit Waits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

i
6 Page Objects 27
6.1 Test case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.2 Page object classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.3 Page elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.4 Locators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

7 WebDriver API 31
7.1 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.2 Action Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.3 Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.4 Special Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.5 Locate elements By . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.6 Desired Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.7 Touch Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.8 Proxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.9 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.10 Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.11 Application Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.12 Firefox WebDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.13 Firefox WebDriver Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
7.14 Firefox WebDriver Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
7.15 Firefox WebDriver Binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.16 Firefox WebDriver Extension Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.17 Chrome WebDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7.18 Chrome WebDriver Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.19 Chrome WebDriver Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
7.20 Remote WebDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.21 Remote WebDriver WebElement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.22 Remote WebDriver Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.23 Remote WebDriver Error Handler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7.24 Remote WebDriver Mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.25 Remote WebDriver Remote Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.26 Remote WebDriver Utils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.27 Internet Explorer WebDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.28 Android WebDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7.29 Opera WebDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7.30 PhantomJS WebDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7.31 PhantomJS WebDriver Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.32 Safari WebDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.33 Safari WebDriver Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.34 Select Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.35 Wait Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.36 Color Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.37 Event Firing WebDriver Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.38 Abstract Event Listener Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.39 Expected conditions Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

8 Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions 95

8.1 How to use ChromeDriver ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.2 Does Selenium 2 support XPath 2.0 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.3 How to scroll down to the bottom of a page ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.4 How to auto save files using custom Firefox profile ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.5 How to upload files into file inputs ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.6 How to use firebug with Firefox ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

ii
 8.7 How to take screenshot of the current window ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

9 Indices and tables 99

Python Module Index 101

Index 103

iii
iv
 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Author Baiju Muthukadan

License This document is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
License.

Note: This is not an official documentation. If you would like to contribute to this documentation, you can fork this
project in GitHub and send pull requests. You can also send your feedback to my email: baiju.m.mail AT gmail DOT
com. So far 50+ community members have contributed to this project (See the closed pull requests). I encourage con-
tributors to add more sections and make it an awesome documentation! If you know any translation of this document,
please send a PR to update the below list.
Translations:
• Chinese
• Japanese

Contents 1
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

2 Contents
 CHAPTER 1

Installation

1.1 Introduction

Selenium Python bindings provides a simple API to write functional/acceptance tests using Selenium WebDriver.
Through Selenium Python API you can access all functionalities of Selenium WebDriver in an intuitive way.
Selenium Python bindings provide a convenient API to access Selenium WebDrivers like Firefox, Ie, Chrome, Remote
etc. The current supported Python versions are 3.5 and above.
This documentation explains Selenium 2 WebDriver API. Selenium 1 / Selenium RC API is not covered here.

1.2 Installing Python bindings for Selenium

Use pip to install the selenium package. Python 3 has pip available in the standard library. Using pip, you can install
selenium like this:

pip install selenium

You may consider using virtualenv to create isolated Python environments. Python 3 has venv which is almost the
same as virtualenv.
You can also download Python bindings for Selenium from the PyPI page for selenium package. and install manually.

1.3 Instructions for Windows users

1. Install Python 3 using the MSI available in python.org download page.

2. Start a command prompt using the cmd.exe program and run the pip command as given below to install
selenium.

3
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

C:\Python39\Scripts\pip.exe install selenium

Now you can run your test scripts using Python. For example, if you have created a Selenium based script and saved
it inside C:\my_selenium_script.py, you can run it like this:

C:\Python39\python.exe C:\my_selenium_script.py

1.4 Installing from Git sources

To build Selenium Python from the source code, clone the official repository. It contains the source code for all official
Selenium flavors, like Python, Java, Ruby and others. The Python code resides in the /py directory. To build, you
will also need the Bazel build system.

Note: Currently, as Selenium gets near to the 4.0.0 release, it requires Bazel 3.2.0 (Install instructions), even though
3.3.0 is already available.

To build a Wheel from the sources, run the following command from the repository root:

bazel //py:selenium-wheel

This command will prepare the source code with some preprocessed JS files needed by some webdriver modules and
build the .whl package inside the ./bazel-bin/py/ directory. Afterwards, you can use pip to install it.

1.5 Drivers

Selenium requires a driver to interface with the chosen browser. Firefox, for example, requires geckodriver, which
needs to be installed before the below examples can be run. Make sure it’s in your PATH, e. g., place it in /usr/bin or
/usr/local/bin.
Failure to observe this step will give you an error selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException: Message: ‘geck-
odriver’ executable needs to be in PATH.
Other supported browsers will have their own drivers available. Links to some of the more popular browser drivers
follow.

Chrome: https://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/chromedriver/downloads
Edge: https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/tools/webdriver/
Firefox: https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases
Safari: https://webkit.org/blog/6900/webdriver-support-in-safari-10/

For more information about driver installation, please refer the official documentation.

1.6 Downloading Selenium server

Note: The Selenium server is only required if you want to use the remote WebDriver. See the Using Selenium
with remote WebDriver section for more details. If you are a beginner learning Selenium, you can skip this section

4 Chapter 1. Installation
 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

and proceed with next chapter.

Selenium server is a Java program. Java Runtime Environment (JRE) 1.6 or newer version is recommended to run
Selenium server.
You can download Selenium server 2.x from the download page of selenium website. The file name should be some-
thing like this: selenium-server-standalone-2.x.x.jar. You can always download the latest 2.x version
of Selenium server.
If Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is not installed in your system, you can download the JRE from the Oracle website.
If you are using a GNU/Linux system and have root access in your system, you can also use your operating system
instructions to install JRE.
If java command is available in the PATH (environment variable), you can start the Selenium server using this com-
mand:

java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.x.x.jar

Replace 2.x.x with the actual version of Selenium server you downloaded from the site.
If JRE is installed as a non-root user and/or if it is not available in the PATH (environment variable), you can type
the relative or absolute path to the java command. Similarly, you can provide a relative or absolute path to Selenium
server jar file. Then, the command will look something like this:

/path/to/java -jar /path/to/selenium-server-standalone-2.x.x.jar

1.6. Downloading Selenium server 5

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

6 Chapter 1. Installation
 CHAPTER 2

Getting Started

2.1 Simple Usage

If you have installed Selenium Python bindings, you can start using it from Python like this.

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get("http://www.python.org")
assert "Python" in driver.title
elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q")
elem.clear()
elem.send_keys("pycon")
elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
assert "No results found." not in driver.page_source
driver.close()

The above script can be saved into a file (eg:- python_org_search.py), then it can be run like this:

python python_org_search.py

The python which you are running should have the selenium module installed.

2.2 Example Explained

The selenium.webdriver module provides all the WebDriver implementations. Currently supported WebDriver imple-
mentations are Firefox, Chrome, IE and Remote. The Keys class provide keys in the keyboard like RETURN, F1, ALT
etc.

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

7
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Next, the instance of Firefox WebDriver is created.

driver = webdriver.Firefox()

The driver.get method will navigate to a page given by the URL. WebDriver will wait until the page has fully loaded
(that is, the “onload” event has fired) before returning control to your test or script. Be aware that if your page uses a
lot of AJAX on load then WebDriver may not know when it has completely loaded:
driver.get("http://www.python.org")

The next line is an assertion to confirm that title has “Python” word in it:
assert "Python" in driver.title

WebDriver offers a number of ways to find elements using one of the find_element_by_* methods. For example, the
input text element can be located by its name attribute using find_element_by_name method. A detailed explanation
of finding elements is available in the Locating Elements chapter:
elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q")

Next, we are sending keys, this is similar to entering keys using your keyboard. Special keys can be sent using Keys
class imported from selenium.webdriver.common.keys. To be safe, we’ll first clear any pre-populated text in the input
field (e.g. “Search”) so it doesn’t affect our search results:
elem.clear()
elem.send_keys("pycon")
elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)

After submission of the page, you should get the result if there is any. To ensure that some results are found, make an
assertion:
assert "No results found." not in driver.page_source

Finally, the browser window is closed. You can also call quit method instead of close. The quit will exit entire browser
whereas close will close one tab, but if just one tab was open, by default most browser will exit entirely.:
driver.close()

2.3 Using Selenium to write tests

Selenium is mostly used for writing test cases. The selenium package itself doesn’t provide a testing tool/framework.
You can write test cases using Python’s unittest module. The other options for a tool/framework are pytest and nose.
In this chapter, we use unittest as the framework of choice. Here is the modified example which uses unittest module.
This is a test for python.org search functionality:
import unittest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

class PythonOrgSearch(unittest.TestCase):

def setUp(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Firefox()

(continues on next page)

8 Chapter 2. Getting Started

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

(continued from previous page)

def test_search_in_python_org(self):
driver = self.driver
driver.get("http://www.python.org")
self.assertIn("Python", driver.title)
elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q")
elem.send_keys("pycon")
elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
assert "No results found." not in driver.page_source

def tearDown(self):
self.driver.close()

if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

You can run the above test case from a shell like this:

python test_python_org_search.py
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 15.566s

OK

The above result shows that the test has been successfully completed.
Note: To run the above test in IPython or Jupyter, you should pass a couple of arguments to the main function as
shown below:

unittest.main(argv=['first-arg-is-ignored'], exit=False)

2.4 Walkthrough of the example

Initially, all the basic modules required are imported. The unittest module is a built-in Python based on Java’s JUnit.
This module provides the framework for organizing the test cases. The selenium.webdriver module provides all the
WebDriver implementations. Currently supported WebDriver implementations are Firefox, Chrome, IE and Remote.
The Keys class provides keys in the keyboard like RETURN, F1, ALT etc.

import unittest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

The test case class is inherited from unittest.TestCase. Inheriting from TestCase class is the way to tell unittest module
that this is a test case:

class PythonOrgSearch(unittest.TestCase):

The setUp is part of initialization, this method will get called before every test function which you are going to write
in this test case class. Here you are creating the instance of Firefox WebDriver.

def setUp(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Firefox()

2.4. Walkthrough of the example 9

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

This is the test case method. The test case method should always start with characters test. The first line inside this
method create a local reference to the driver object created in setUp method.
def test_search_in_python_org(self):
driver = self.driver

The driver.get method will navigate to a page given by the URL. WebDriver will wait until the page has fully loaded
(that is, the “onload” event has fired) before returning control to your test or script. Be aware that if your page uses a
lot of AJAX on load then WebDriver may not know when it has completely loaded:
driver.get("http://www.python.org")

The next line is an assertion to confirm that title has “Python” word in it:
self.assertIn("Python", driver.title)

WebDriver offers a number of ways to find elements using one of the find_element_by_* methods. For example, the
input text element can be located by its name attribute using find_element_by_name method. Detailed explanation of
finding elements is available in the Locating Elements chapter:
elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q")

Next, we are sending keys, this is similar to entering keys using your keyboard. Special keys can be send using Keys
class imported from selenium.webdriver.common.keys:
elem.send_keys("pycon")
elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)

After submission of the page, you should get the result as per search if there is any. To ensure that some results are
found, make an assertion:
assert "No results found." not in driver.page_source

The tearDown method will get called after every test method. This is a place to do all cleanup actions. In the current
method, the browser window is closed. You can also call quit method instead of close. The quit will exit the entire
browser, whereas close will close a tab, but if it is the only tab opened, by default most browser will exit entirely.:
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.close()

Final lines are some boiler plate code to run the test suite:
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

2.5 Using Selenium with remote WebDriver

To use the remote WebDriver, you should have Selenium server running. To run the server, use this command:
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.x.x.jar

While running the Selenium server, you could see a message looking like this:
15:43:07.541 INFO - RemoteWebDriver instances should connect to: http://127.0.0.
˓→1:4444/wd/hub

10 Chapter 2. Getting Started

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

The above line says that you can use this URL for connecting to remote WebDriver. Here are some examples:

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities

driver = webdriver.Remote(
command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub',
desired_capabilities=DesiredCapabilities.CHROME)

driver = webdriver.Remote(
command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub',
desired_capabilities=DesiredCapabilities.OPERA)

driver = webdriver.Remote(
command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub',
desired_capabilities=DesiredCapabilities.HTMLUNITWITHJS)

The desired capabilities is a dictionary, so instead of using the default dictionaries, you can specify the values explic-
itly:

driver = webdriver.Remote(
command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub',
desired_capabilities={'browserName': 'htmlunit',
'version': '2',
'javascriptEnabled': True})

2.5. Using Selenium with remote WebDriver 11

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

12 Chapter 2. Getting Started

 CHAPTER 3

Navigating

The first thing you’ll want to do with WebDriver is navigate to a link. The normal way to do this is by calling get
method:

driver.get("http://www.google.com")

WebDriver will wait until the page has fully loaded (that is, the onload event has fired) before returning control to
your test or script. Be aware that if your page uses a lot of AJAX on load then WebDriver may not know when it has
completely loaded. If you need to ensure such pages are fully loaded then you can use waits.

3.1 Interacting with the page

Just being able to go to places isn’t terribly useful. What we’d really like to do is to interact with the pages, or, more
specifically, the HTML elements within a page. First of all, we need to find one. WebDriver offers a number of ways
to find elements. For example, given an element defined as:

<input type="text" name="passwd" id="passwd-id" />

you could find it using any of:

element = driver.find_element_by_id("passwd-id")
element = driver.find_element_by_name("passwd")
element = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='passwd-id']")
element = driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input#passwd-id")

You can also look for a link by its text, but be careful! The text must be an exact match! You should also be careful
when using XPATH in WebDriver. If there’s more than one element that matches the query, then only the first will be
returned. If nothing can be found, a NoSuchElementException will be raised.
WebDriver has an “Object-based” API; we represent all types of elements using the same interface. This means
that although you may see a lot of possible methods you could invoke when you hit your IDE’s auto-complete key
combination, not all of them will make sense or be valid. Don’t worry! WebDriver will attempt to do the Right Thing,

13
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

and if you call a method that makes no sense (“setSelected()” on a “meta” tag, for example) an exception will be
raised.
So, you’ve got an element. What can you do with it? First of all, you may want to enter some text into a text field:

element.send_keys("some text")

You can simulate pressing the arrow keys by using the “Keys” class:

element.send_keys(" and some", Keys.ARROW_DOWN)

It is possible to call send_keys on any element, which makes it possible to test keyboard shortcuts such as those used
on GMail. A side-effect of this is that typing something into a text field won’t automatically clear it. Instead, what
you type will be appended to what’s already there. You can easily clear the contents of a text field or textarea with the
clear method:

element.clear()

3.2 Filling in forms

We’ve already seen how to enter text into a textarea or text field, but what about the other elements? You can “toggle”
the state of the drop down, and you can use “setSelected” to set something like an OPTION tag selected. Dealing with
SELECT tags isn’t too bad:

element = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//select[@name='name']")
all_options = element.find_elements_by_tag_name("option")
for option in all_options:
print("Value is: %s" % option.get_attribute("value"))
option.click()

This will find the first “SELECT” element on the page, and cycle through each of its OPTIONs in turn, printing out
their values, and selecting each in turn.
As you can see, this isn’t the most efficient way of dealing with SELECT elements. WebDriver’s support classes
include one called a “Select”, which provides useful methods for interacting with these:

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select

select = Select(driver.find_element_by_name('name'))
select.select_by_index(index)
select.select_by_visible_text("text")
select.select_by_value(value)

WebDriver also provides features for deselecting all the selected options:

select = Select(driver.find_element_by_id('id'))
select.deselect_all()

This will deselect all OPTIONs from that particular SELECT on the page.
Suppose in a test, we need the list of all default selected options, Select class provides a property method that returns
a list:

select = Select(driver.find_element_by_xpath("//select[@name='name']"))
all_selected_options = select.all_selected_options

To get all available options:

14 Chapter 3. Navigating
 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

options = select.options

Once you’ve finished filling out the form, you probably want to submit it. One way to do this would be to find the
“submit” button and click it:

# Assume the button has the ID "submit" :)

driver.find_element_by_id("submit").click()

Alternatively, WebDriver has the convenience method “submit” on every element. If you call this on an element within
a form, WebDriver will walk up the DOM until it finds the enclosing form and then calls submit on that. If the element
isn’t in a form, then the NoSuchElementException will be raised:

element.submit()

3.3 Drag and drop

You can use drag and drop, either moving an element by a certain amount, or on to another element:

element = driver.find_element_by_name("source")
target = driver.find_element_by_name("target")

from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains

action_chains = ActionChains(driver)
action_chains.drag_and_drop(element, target).perform()

3.4 Moving between windows and frames

It’s rare for a modern web application not to have any frames or to be constrained to a single window. WebDriver
supports moving between named windows using the “switch_to_window” method:

driver.switch_to_window("windowName")

All calls to driver will now be interpreted as being directed to the particular window. But how do you know the
window’s name? Take a look at the javascript or link that opened it:

<a href="somewhere.html" target="windowName">Click here to open a new window</a>

Alternatively, you can pass a “window handle” to the “switch_to_window()” method. Knowing this, it’s possible to
iterate over every open window like so:

for handle in driver.window_handles:

driver.switch_to_window(handle)

You can also swing from frame to frame (or into iframes):

driver.switch_to_frame("frameName")

It’s possible to access subframes by separating the path with a dot, and you can specify the frame by its index too.
That is:

driver.switch_to_frame("frameName.0.child")

3.3. Drag and drop 15

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

would go to the frame named “child” of the first subframe of the frame called “frameName”. All frames are evaluated
as if from *top*.
Once we are done with working on frames, we will have to come back to the parent frame which can be done using:

driver.switch_to_default_content()

3.5 Popup dialogs

Selenium WebDriver has built-in support for handling popup dialog boxes. After you’ve triggered action that would
open a popup, you can access the alert with the following:

alert = driver.switch_to.alert

This will return the currently open alert object. With this object, you can now accept, dismiss, read its contents or even
type into a prompt. This interface works equally well on alerts, confirms, prompts. Refer to the API documentation
for more information.

3.6 Navigation: history and location

Earlier, we covered navigating to a page using the “get” command ( driver.get("http://www.example.

com")). As you’ve seen, WebDriver has a number of smaller, task-focused interfaces, and navigation is a useful task.
To navigate to a page, you can use get method:

driver.get("http://www.example.com")

To move backward and forward in your browser’s history:

driver.forward()
driver.back()

Please be aware that this functionality depends entirely on the underlying driver. It’s just possible that something
unexpected may happen when you call these methods if you’re used to the behavior of one browser over another.

3.7 Cookies

Before moving to the next section of the tutorial, you may be interested in understanding how to use cookies. First of
all, you need to be on the domain that the cookie will be valid for:

# Go to the correct domain

driver.get("http://www.example.com")

# Now set the cookie. This one's valid for the entire domain
cookie = {‘name’ : ‘foo’, ‘value’ : ‘bar’}
driver.add_cookie(cookie)

# And now output all the available cookies for the current URL
driver.get_cookies()

16 Chapter 3. Navigating
 CHAPTER 4

Locating Elements

There are various strategies to locate elements in a page. You can use the most appropriate one for your case. Selenium
provides the following methods to locate elements in a page:
• find_element_by_id
• find_element_by_name
• find_element_by_xpath
• find_element_by_link_text
• find_element_by_partial_link_text
• find_element_by_tag_name
• find_element_by_class_name
• find_element_by_css_selector
To find multiple elements (these methods will return a list):
• find_elements_by_name
• find_elements_by_xpath
• find_elements_by_link_text
• find_elements_by_partial_link_text
• find_elements_by_tag_name
• find_elements_by_class_name
• find_elements_by_css_selector
Apart from the public methods given above, there are two private methods which might be useful for locating page
elements:
• find_element
• find_elements

17
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Example usage:

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//button[text()="Some text"]')

driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '//button')

These are the attributes available for By class:

ID = "id"
XPATH = "xpath"
LINK_TEXT = "link text"
PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT = "partial link text"
NAME = "name"
TAG_NAME = "tag name"
CLASS_NAME = "class name"
CSS_SELECTOR = "css selector"

4.1 Locating by Id

Use this when you know the id attribute of an element. With this strategy, the first element with a matching id attribute
will be returned. If no element has a matching id attribute, a NoSuchElementException will be raised.
For instance, consider this page source:

<html>
<body>
<form id="loginForm">
<input name="username" type="text" />
<input name="password" type="password" />
<input name="continue" type="submit" value="Login" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

The form element can be located like this:

login_form = driver.find_element_by_id('loginForm')

4.2 Locating by Name

Use this when you know the name attribute of an element. With this strategy, the first element with a matching name
attribute will be returned. If no element has a matching name attribute, a NoSuchElementException will be
raised.
For instance, consider this page source:

<html>
<body>
<form id="loginForm">
<input name="username" type="text" />
<input name="password" type="password" />
<input name="continue" type="submit" value="Login" />
(continues on next page)

18 Chapter 4. Locating Elements

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

(continued from previous page)

<input name="continue" type="button" value="Clear" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

The username & password elements can be located like this:

username = driver.find_element_by_name('username')
password = driver.find_element_by_name('password')

This will give the “Login” button as it occurs before the “Clear” button:

continue = driver.find_element_by_name('continue')

4.3 Locating by XPath

XPath is the language used for locating nodes in an XML document. As HTML can be an implementation of XML
(XHTML), Selenium users can leverage this powerful language to target elements in their web applications. XPath
supports the simple methods of locating by id or name attributes and extends them by opening up all sorts of new
possibilities such as locating the third checkbox on the page.
One of the main reasons for using XPath is when you don’t have a suitable id or name attribute for the element you
wish to locate. You can use XPath to either locate the element in absolute terms (not advised), or relative to an element
that does have an id or name attribute. XPath locators can also be used to specify elements via attributes other than id
and name.
Absolute XPaths contain the location of all elements from the root (html) and as a result are likely to fail with only
the slightest adjustment to the application. By finding a nearby element with an id or name attribute (ideally a parent
element) you can locate your target element based on the relationship. This is much less likely to change and can make
your tests more robust.
For instance, consider this page source:

<html>
<body>
<form id="loginForm">
<input name="username" type="text" />
<input name="password" type="password" />
<input name="continue" type="submit" value="Login" />
<input name="continue" type="button" value="Clear" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

The form elements can be located like this:

login_form = driver.find_element_by_xpath("/html/body/form[1]")
login_form = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//form[1]")
login_form = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//form[@id='loginForm']")

1. Absolute path (would break if the HTML was changed only slightly)
2. First form element in the HTML
3. The form element with attribute id set to loginForm

4.3. Locating by XPath 19

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

The username element can be located like this:

username = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//form[input/@name='username']")
username = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//form[@id='loginForm']/input[1]")
username = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@name='username']")

1. First form element with an input child element with name set to username
2. First input child element of the form element with attribute id set to loginForm
3. First input element with attribute name set to username
The “Clear” button element can be located like this:

clear_button = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@name='continue'][@type='button']
˓→")

clear_button = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//form[@id='loginForm']/input[4]")

1. Input with attribute name set to continue and attribute type set to button
2. Fourth input child element of the form element with attribute id set to loginForm
These examples cover some basics, but in order to learn more, the following references are recommended:
• W3Schools XPath Tutorial
• W3C XPath Recommendation
• XPath Tutorial - with interactive examples.
Here is a couple of very useful Add-ons that can assist in discovering the XPath of an element:
• xPath Finder - Plugin to get the elements xPath.
• XPath Helper - for Google Chrome

4.4 Locating Hyperlinks by Link Text

Use this when you know the link text used within an anchor tag. With this strategy, the first element with
the link text matching the provided value will be returned. If no element has a matching link text attribute, a
NoSuchElementException will be raised.
For instance, consider this page source:

<html>
<body>
<p>Are you sure you want to do this?</p>
<a href="continue.html">Continue</a>
<a href="cancel.html">Cancel</a>
</body>
</html>

The continue.html link can be located like this:

continue_link = driver.find_element_by_link_text('Continue')
continue_link = driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Conti')

20 Chapter 4. Locating Elements

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

4.5 Locating Elements by Tag Name

Use this when you want to locate an element by tag name. With this strategy, the first element with the given tag name
will be returned. If no element has a matching tag name, a NoSuchElementException will be raised.
For instance, consider this page source:

<html>
<body>
<h1>Welcome</h1>
<p>Site content goes here.</p>
</body>
</html>

The heading (h1) element can be located like this:

heading1 = driver.find_element_by_tag_name('h1')

4.6 Locating Elements by Class Name

Use this when you want to locate an element by class name. With this strategy, the first element with the matching class
name attribute will be returned. If no element has a matching class name attribute, a NoSuchElementException
will be raised.
For instance, consider this page source:

<html>
<body>
<p class="content">Site content goes here.</p>
</body>
</html>

The “p” element can be located like this:

content = driver.find_element_by_class_name('content')

4.7 Locating Elements by CSS Selectors

Use this when you want to locate an element using CSS selector syntax. With this strategy, the first ele-
ment matching the given CSS selector will be returned. If no element matches the provided CSS selector, a
NoSuchElementException will be raised.
For instance, consider this page source:

<html>
<body>
<p class="content">Site content goes here.</p>
</body>
</html>

The “p” element can be located like this:

4.5. Locating Elements by Tag Name 21

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

content = driver.find_element_by_css_selector('p.content')

Sauce Labs has good documentation on CSS selectors.

22 Chapter 4. Locating Elements

 CHAPTER 5

Waits

These days, most of the web apps are using AJAX techniques. When a page is loaded by the browser, the elements
within that page may load at different time intervals. This makes locating elements difficult: if an element is not yet
present in the DOM, a locate function will raise an ElementNotVisibleException exception. Using waits, we can solve
this issue. Waiting provides some slack between actions performed - mostly locating an element or any other operation
with the element.
Selenium Webdriver provides two types of waits - implicit & explicit. An explicit wait makes WebDriver wait for a
certain condition to occur before proceeding further with execution. An implicit wait makes WebDriver poll the DOM
for a certain amount of time when trying to locate an element.

5.1 Explicit Waits

An explicit wait is a code you define to wait for a certain condition to occur before proceeding further in the code.
The extreme case of this is time.sleep(), which sets the condition to an exact time period to wait. There are some
convenience methods provided that help you write code that will wait only as long as required. WebDriverWait in
combination with ExpectedCondition is one way this can be accomplished.

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading")
try:
element = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "myDynamicElement"))
)
finally:
driver.quit()

23
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

In the code above, Selenium will wait for a maximum of 10 seconds for an element matching the given criteria to
be found. If no element is found in that time, a TimeoutException is thrown. By default, WebDriverWait calls the
ExpectedCondition every 500 milliseconds until it returns success. ExpectedCondition will return true (Boolean) in
case of success or not null if it fails to locate an element.
Expected Conditions
There are some common conditions that are frequently of use when automating web browsers. Listed below are
the names of each. Selenium Python binding provides some convenience methods so you don’t have to code an
expected_condition class yourself or create your own utility package for them.
• title_is
• title_contains
• presence_of_element_located
• visibility_of_element_located
• visibility_of
• presence_of_all_elements_located
• text_to_be_present_in_element
• text_to_be_present_in_element_value
• frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it
• invisibility_of_element_located
• element_to_be_clickable
• staleness_of
• element_to_be_selected
• element_located_to_be_selected
• element_selection_state_to_be
• element_located_selection_state_to_be
• alert_is_present

from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)

element = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, 'someid')))

The expected_conditions module contains a set of predefined conditions to use with WebDriverWait.
Custom Wait Conditions
You can also create custom wait conditions when none of the previous convenience methods fit your requirements.
A custom wait condition can be created using a class with __call__ method which returns False when the condition
doesn’t match.

class element_has_css_class(object):
"""An expectation for checking that an element has a particular css class.

locator - used to find the element

returns the WebElement once it has the particular css class
"""
def __init__(self, locator, css_class):
(continues on next page)

24 Chapter 5. Waits
 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

(continued from previous page)

self.locator = locator
self.css_class = css_class

def __call__(self, driver):

element = driver.find_element(*self.locator) # Finding the referenced element
if self.css_class in element.get_attribute("class"):
return element
else:
return False

# Wait until an element with id='myNewInput' has class 'myCSSClass'

wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
element = wait.until(element_has_css_class((By.ID, 'myNewInput'), "myCSSClass"))

Note: polling2 Library

You may also consider using polling2 library which you need to install separately.

5.2 Implicit Waits

An implicit wait tells WebDriver to poll the DOM for a certain amount of time when trying to find any element (or
elements) not immediately available. The default setting is 0 (zero). Once set, the implicit wait is set for the life of the
WebDriver object.

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.implicitly_wait(10) # seconds
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading")
myDynamicElement = driver.find_element_by_id("myDynamicElement")

5.2. Implicit Waits 25

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

26 Chapter 5. Waits
 CHAPTER 6

Page Objects

This chapter is a tutorial introduction to the Page Objects design pattern. A page object represents an area where the
test interacts within the web application user interface.
Benefits of using page object pattern:
• Easy to read test cases
• Creating reusable code that can share across multiple test cases
• Reducing the amount of duplicated code
• If the user interface changes, the fix needs changes in only one place

6.1 Test case

Here is a test case that searches for a word on the python.org website and ensures some results. The following section
will introduce the page module where the page objects will be defined.
import unittest
from selenium import webdriver
import page

class PythonOrgSearch(unittest.TestCase):
"""A sample test class to show how page object works"""

def setUp(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Firefox()
self.driver.get("http://www.python.org")

def test_search_in_python_org(self):
"""Tests python.org search feature. Searches for the word "pycon" then
verified that some results show up. Note that it does not look for
any particular text in search results page. This test verifies that
the results were not empty."""
(continues on next page)

27
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

(continued from previous page)

#Load the main page. In this case the home page of Python.org.
main_page = page.MainPage(self.driver)
#Checks if the word "Python" is in title
assert main_page.is_title_matches(), "python.org title doesn't match."
#Sets the text of search textbox to "pycon"
main_page.search_text_element = "pycon"
main_page.click_go_button()
search_results_page = page.SearchResultsPage(self.driver)
#Verifies that the results page is not empty
assert search_results_page.is_results_found(), "No results found."

def tearDown(self):
self.driver.close()

if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

6.2 Page object classes

The page object pattern intends to create an object for each part of a web page. This technique helps build a separation
between the test code and the actual code that interacts with the web page.
The page.py will look like this:

from element import BasePageElement

from locators import MainPageLocators

class SearchTextElement(BasePageElement):
"""This class gets the search text from the specified locator"""

#The locator for search box where search string is entered

locator = 'q'

class BasePage(object):
"""Base class to initialize the base page that will be called from all
pages"""

def __init__(self, driver):

self.driver = driver

class MainPage(BasePage):
"""Home page action methods come here. I.e. Python.org"""

#Declares a variable that will contain the retrieved text

search_text_element = SearchTextElement()

def is_title_matches(self):
"""Verifies that the hardcoded text "Python" appears in page title"""

return "Python" in self.driver.title

(continues on next page)

28 Chapter 6. Page Objects

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

(continued from previous page)

def click_go_button(self):
"""Triggers the search"""

element = self.driver.find_element(*MainPageLocators.GO_BUTTON)
element.click()

class SearchResultsPage(BasePage):
"""Search results page action methods come here"""

def is_results_found(self):
# Probably should search for this text in the specific page
# element, but as for now it works fine
return "No results found." not in self.driver.page_source

6.3 Page elements

The element.py will look like this:

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait

class BasePageElement(object):
"""Base page class that is initialized on every page object class."""

def __set__(self, obj, value):

"""Sets the text to the value supplied"""

driver = obj.driver
WebDriverWait(driver, 100).until(
lambda driver: driver.find_element_by_name(self.locator))
driver.find_element_by_name(self.locator).clear()
driver.find_element_by_name(self.locator).send_keys(value)

def __get__(self, obj, owner):

"""Gets the text of the specified object"""

driver = obj.driver
WebDriverWait(driver, 100).until(
lambda driver: driver.find_element_by_name(self.locator))
element = driver.find_element_by_name(self.locator)
return element.get_attribute("value")

6.4 Locators

One of the practices is to separate the locator strings from the place where they are getting used. In this example,
locators of the same page belong to the same class.
The locators.py will look like this:
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

(continues on next page)

6.3. Page elements 29

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

(continued from previous page)

class MainPageLocators(object):
"""A class for main page locators. All main page locators should come here"""

GO_BUTTON = (By.ID, 'submit')

class SearchResultsPageLocators(object):
"""A class for search results locators. All search results locators should
come here"""

pass

30 Chapter 6. Page Objects

 CHAPTER 7

WebDriver API

Note: This is not an official documentation. Official API documentation is available here.

This chapter covers all the interfaces of Selenium WebDriver.

Recommended Import Style
The API definitions in this chapter show the absolute location of classes. However, the recommended import style is
as given below:

from selenium import webdriver

Then, you can access the classes like this:

webdriver.Firefox
webdriver.FirefoxProfile
webdriver.Chrome
webdriver.ChromeOptions
webdriver.Ie
webdriver.Opera
webdriver.PhantomJS
webdriver.Remote
webdriver.DesiredCapabilities
webdriver.ActionChains
webdriver.TouchActions
webdriver.Proxy

The special keys class (Keys) can be imported like this:

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

The exception classes can be imported like this (Replace the TheNameOfTheExceptionClass with the actual
class name given below):

31
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

from selenium.common.exceptions import [TheNameOfTheExceptionClass]

Conventions used in the API

Some attributes are callable (or methods) and others are non-callable (properties). All the callable attributes are ending
with round brackets.
Here is an example for property:
• current_url
URL of the currently loaded page.
Usage:

driver.current_url

Here is an example of a method:

• close()
Closes the current window.
Usage:

driver.close()

7.1 Exceptions

Exceptions that may happen in all the webdriver code.

exception selenium.common.exceptions.ElementClickInterceptedException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
The Element Click command could not be completed because the element receiving the events is obscuring the
element that was requested clicked.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.ElementNotInteractableException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidElementStateException
Thrown when an element is present in the DOM but interactions with that element will hit another element do
to paint order
exception selenium.common.exceptions.ElementNotSelectableException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidElementStateException
Thrown when trying to select an unselectable element.
For example, selecting a ‘script’ element.

32 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

exception selenium.common.exceptions.ElementNotVisibleException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidElementStateException
Thrown when an element is present on the DOM, but it is not visible, and so is not able to be interacted with.
Most commonly encountered when trying to click or read text of an element that is hidden from view.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.ErrorInResponseException(response, msg)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when an error has occurred on the server side.
This may happen when communicating with the firefox extension or the remote driver server.
__init__(response, msg)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.ImeActivationFailedException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when activating an IME engine has failed.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.ImeNotAvailableException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when IME support is not available. This exception is thrown for every IME-related method call if IME
support is not available on the machine.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.InsecureCertificateException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Navigation caused the user agent to hit a certificate warning, which is usually the result of an expired or invalid
TLS certificate.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidArgumentException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
The arguments passed to a command are either invalid or malformed.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidCookieDomainException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when attempting to add a cookie under a different domain than the current URL.

7.1. Exceptions 33
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

exception selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidCoordinatesException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
The coordinates provided to an interactions operation are invalid.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidElementStateException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when a command could not be completed because the element is in an invalid state.
This can be caused by attempting to clear an element that isn’t both editable and resettable.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidSelectorException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.NoSuchElementException
Thrown when the selector which is used to find an element does not return a WebElement. Currently this only
happens when the selector is an xpath expression and it is either syntactically invalid (i.e. it is not a xpath
expression) or the expression does not select WebElements (e.g. “count(//input)”).
exception selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidSessionIdException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Occurs if the given session id is not in the list of active sessions, meaning the session either does not exist or
that it’s not active.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidSwitchToTargetException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when frame or window target to be switched doesn’t exist.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.JavascriptException(msg=None,
screen=None, stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
An error occurred while executing JavaScript supplied by the user.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.MoveTargetOutOfBoundsException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when the target provided to the ActionsChains move() method is invalid, i.e. out of document.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.NoAlertPresentException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stacktrace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException

34 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Thrown when switching to no presented alert.

This can be caused by calling an operation on the Alert() class when an alert is not yet on the screen.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.NoSuchAttributeException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when the attribute of element could not be found.
You may want to check if the attribute exists in the particular browser you are testing against. Some browsers
may have different property names for the same property. (IE8’s .innerText vs. Firefox .textContent)
exception selenium.common.exceptions.NoSuchCookieException(msg=None,
screen=None, stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
No cookie matching the given path name was found amongst the associated cookies of the current browsing
context’s active document.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.NoSuchElementException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stacktrace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when element could not be found.
If you encounter this exception, you may want to check the following:
• Check your selector used in your find_by. . .
• Element may not yet be on the screen at the time of the find operation, (webpage is still loading)
see selenium.webdriver.support.wait.WebDriverWait() for how to write a wait wrapper to wait for an
element to appear.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.NoSuchFrameException(msg=None,
screen=None, stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidSwitchToTargetException
Thrown when frame target to be switched doesn’t exist.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.NoSuchWindowException(msg=None,
screen=None, stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.InvalidSwitchToTargetException
Thrown when window target to be switched doesn’t exist.
To find the current set of active window handles, you can get a list of the active window handles in the following
way:

print driver.window_handles

exception selenium.common.exceptions.RemoteDriverServerException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException

7.1. Exceptions 35
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

exception selenium.common.exceptions.ScreenshotException(msg=None,
screen=None, stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
A screen capture was made impossible.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.SessionNotCreatedException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
A new session could not be created.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.StaleElementReferenceException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when a reference to an element is now “stale”.
Stale means the element no longer appears on the DOM of the page.
Possible causes of StaleElementReferenceException include, but not limited to:
• You are no longer on the same page, or the page may have refreshed since the element was located.
• The element may have been removed and re-added to the screen, since it was located. Such as an
element being relocated. This can happen typically with a javascript framework when values are
updated and the node is rebuilt.
• Element may have been inside an iframe or another context which was refreshed.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.TimeoutException(msg=None, screen=None,
stacktrace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when a command does not complete in enough time.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.UnableToSetCookieException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when a driver fails to set a cookie.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.UnexpectedAlertPresentException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None,
alert_text=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when an unexpected alert is appeared.
Usually raised when when an expected modal is blocking webdriver form executing any more commands.
__init__(msg=None, screen=None, stacktrace=None, alert_text=None)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

36 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

exception selenium.common.exceptions.UnexpectedTagNameException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stack-
trace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
Thrown when a support class did not get an expected web element.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.UnknownMethodException(msg=None,
screen=None,
stacktrace=None)
Bases: selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException
The requested command matched a known URL but did not match an method for that URL.
exception selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException(msg=None, screen=None,
stacktrace=None)
Bases: Exception
Base webdriver exception.
__init__(msg=None, screen=None, stacktrace=None)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

7.2 Action Chains

The ActionChains implementation,

class selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains(driver)
Bases: object
ActionChains are a way to automate low level interactions such as mouse movements, mouse button actions,
key press, and context menu interactions. This is useful for doing more complex actions like hover over and
drag and drop.
Generate user actions. When you call methods for actions on the ActionChains object, the actions are stored
in a queue in the ActionChains object. When you call perform(), the events are fired in the order they are
queued up.
ActionChains can be used in a chain pattern:

menu = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(".nav")
hidden_submenu = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(".nav #submenu1")

ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(menu).click(hidden_submenu).perform()

Or actions can be queued up one by one, then performed.:

menu = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(".nav")
hidden_submenu = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(".nav #submenu1")

actions = ActionChains(driver)
actions.move_to_element(menu)
actions.click(hidden_submenu)
actions.perform()

Either way, the actions are performed in the order they are called, one after another.
__init__(driver)
Creates a new ActionChains.

7.2. Action Chains 37

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Args
• driver: The WebDriver instance which performs user actions.
click(on_element=None)
Clicks an element.
Args
• on_element: The element to click. If None, clicks on current mouse position.
click_and_hold(on_element=None)
Holds down the left mouse button on an element.
Args
• on_element: The element to mouse down. If None, clicks on current mouse position.
context_click(on_element=None)
Performs a context-click (right click) on an element.
Args
• on_element: The element to context-click. If None, clicks on current mouse position.
double_click(on_element=None)
Double-clicks an element.
Args
• on_element: The element to double-click. If None, clicks on current mouse position.
drag_and_drop(source, target)
Holds down the left mouse button on the source element, then moves to the target element and releases
the mouse button.

Args
• source: The element to mouse down.
• target: The element to mouse up.

drag_and_drop_by_offset(source, xoffset, yoffset)

Holds down the left mouse button on the source element, then moves to the target offset and releases
the mouse button.

Args
• source: The element to mouse down.
• xoffset: X offset to move to.
• yoffset: Y offset to move to.

key_down(value, element=None)
Sends a key press only, without releasing it. Should only be used with modifier keys (Control, Alt and
Shift).

Args
• value: The modifier key to send. Values are defined in Keys class.
• element: The element to send keys. If None, sends a key to current focused element.

38 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Example, pressing ctrl+c:

ActionChains(driver).key_down(Keys.CONTROL).send_keys('c').key_up(Keys.
˓→CONTROL).perform()

key_up(value, element=None)
Releases a modifier key.
Args
• value: The modifier key to send. Values are defined in Keys class.
• element: The element to send keys. If None, sends a key to current focused element.
Example, pressing ctrl+c:

ActionChains(driver).key_down(Keys.CONTROL).send_keys('c').key_up(Keys.
˓→CONTROL).perform()

move_by_offset(xoffset, yoffset)
Moving the mouse to an offset from current mouse position.
Args
• xoffset: X offset to move to, as a positive or negative integer.
• yoffset: Y offset to move to, as a positive or negative integer.
move_to_element(to_element)
Moving the mouse to the middle of an element.
Args
• to_element: The WebElement to move to.
move_to_element_with_offset(to_element, xoffset, yoffset)
Move the mouse by an offset of the specified element. Offsets are relative to the top-left corner of the
element.

Args
• to_element: The WebElement to move to.
• xoffset: X offset to move to.
• yoffset: Y offset to move to.

pause(seconds)
Pause all inputs for the specified duration in seconds
perform()
Performs all stored actions.
release(on_element=None)
Releasing a held mouse button on an element.
Args
• on_element: The element to mouse up. If None, releases on current mouse position.
reset_actions()
Clears actions that are already stored locally and on the remote end

7.2. Action Chains 39

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

send_keys(*keys_to_send)
Sends keys to current focused element.
Args
• keys_to_send: The keys to send. Modifier keys constants can be found in the ‘Keys’ class.
send_keys_to_element(element, *keys_to_send)
Sends keys to an element.
Args
• element: The element to send keys.
• keys_to_send: The keys to send. Modifier keys constants can be found in the ‘Keys’ class.

7.3 Alerts

The Alert implementation.

class selenium.webdriver.common.alert.Alert(driver)
Bases: object
Allows to work with alerts.
Use this class to interact with alert prompts. It contains methods for dismissing, accepting, inputting, and getting
text from alert prompts.
Accepting / Dismissing alert prompts:

Alert(driver).accept()
Alert(driver).dismiss()

Inputting a value into an alert prompt:

name_prompt = Alert(driver) name_prompt.send_keys(“Willian Shakesphere”)
name_prompt.accept()
Reading a the text of a prompt for verification:
alert_text = Alert(driver).text self.assertEqual(“Do you wish to quit?”, alert_text)
__init__(driver)
Creates a new Alert.
Args
• driver: The WebDriver instance which performs user actions.
accept()
Accepts the alert available.
Usage:: Alert(driver).accept() # Confirm a alert dialog.
dismiss()
Dismisses the alert available.
send_keys(keysToSend)
Send Keys to the Alert.
Args
• keysToSend: The text to be sent to Alert.

40 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

text
Gets the text of the Alert.

7.4 Special Keys

The Keys implementation.

class selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
Bases: object
Set of special keys codes.
ADD = '\ue025'
ALT = '\ue00a'
ARROW_DOWN = '\ue015'
ARROW_LEFT = '\ue012'
ARROW_RIGHT = '\ue014'
ARROW_UP = '\ue013'
BACKSPACE = '\ue003'
BACK_SPACE = '\ue003'
CANCEL = '\ue001'
CLEAR = '\ue005'
COMMAND = '\ue03d'
CONTROL = '\ue009'
DECIMAL = '\ue028'
DELETE = '\ue017'
DIVIDE = '\ue029'
DOWN = '\ue015'
END = '\ue010'
ENTER = '\ue007'
EQUALS = '\ue019'
ESCAPE = '\ue00c'
F1 = '\ue031'
F10 = '\ue03a'
F11 = '\ue03b'
F12 = '\ue03c'
F2 = '\ue032'
F3 = '\ue033'
F4 = '\ue034'
F5 = '\ue035'

7.4. Special Keys 41

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

F6 = '\ue036'
F7 = '\ue037'
F8 = '\ue038'
F9 = '\ue039'
HELP = '\ue002'
HOME = '\ue011'
INSERT = '\ue016'
LEFT = '\ue012'
LEFT_ALT = '\ue00a'
LEFT_CONTROL = '\ue009'
LEFT_SHIFT = '\ue008'
META = '\ue03d'
MULTIPLY = '\ue024'
NULL = '\ue000'
NUMPAD0 = '\ue01a'
NUMPAD1 = '\ue01b'
NUMPAD2 = '\ue01c'
NUMPAD3 = '\ue01d'
NUMPAD4 = '\ue01e'
NUMPAD5 = '\ue01f'
NUMPAD6 = '\ue020'
NUMPAD7 = '\ue021'
NUMPAD8 = '\ue022'
NUMPAD9 = '\ue023'
PAGE_DOWN = '\ue00f'
PAGE_UP = '\ue00e'
PAUSE = '\ue00b'
RETURN = '\ue006'
RIGHT = '\ue014'
SEMICOLON = '\ue018'
SEPARATOR = '\ue026'
SHIFT = '\ue008'
SPACE = '\ue00d'
SUBTRACT = '\ue027'
TAB = '\ue004'
UP = '\ue013'

42 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

7.5 Locate elements By

These are the attributes which can be used to locate elements. See the Locating Elements chapter for example usages.
The By implementation.
class selenium.webdriver.common.by.By
Bases: object
Set of supported locator strategies.
CLASS_NAME = 'class name'
CSS_SELECTOR = 'css selector'
ID = 'id'
LINK_TEXT = 'link text'
NAME = 'name'
PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT = 'partial link text'
TAG_NAME = 'tag name'
XPATH = 'xpath'

7.6 Desired Capabilities

See the Using Selenium with remote WebDriver section for example usages of desired capabilities.
The Desired Capabilities implementation.
class selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
Bases: object
Set of default supported desired capabilities.
Use this as a starting point for creating a desired capabilities object for requesting remote webdrivers for con-
necting to selenium server or selenium grid.
Usage Example:

from selenium import webdriver

selenium_grid_url = "http://198.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub"

# Create a desired capabilities object as a starting point.

capabilities = DesiredCapabilities.FIREFOX.copy()
capabilities['platform'] = "WINDOWS"
capabilities['version'] = "10"

# Instantiate an instance of Remote WebDriver with the desired capabilities.

driver = webdriver.Remote(desired_capabilities=capabilities,
command_executor=selenium_grid_url)

Note: Always use ‘.copy()’ on the DesiredCapabilities object to avoid the side effects of altering the Global
class instance.
ANDROID = {'browserName': 'android', 'platform': 'ANDROID', 'version': ''}
CHROME = {'browserName': 'chrome', 'platform': 'ANY', 'version': ''}

7.5. Locate elements By 43

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

EDGE = {'browserName': 'MicrosoftEdge', 'platform': 'WINDOWS', 'version': ''}

FIREFOX = {'acceptInsecureCerts': True, 'browserName': 'firefox', 'marionette': True
HTMLUNIT = {'browserName': 'htmlunit', 'platform': 'ANY', 'version': ''}
HTMLUNITWITHJS = {'browserName': 'htmlunit', 'javascriptEnabled': True, 'platform':
INTERNETEXPLORER = {'browserName': 'internet explorer', 'platform': 'WINDOWS', 'versi
IPAD = {'browserName': 'iPad', 'platform': 'MAC', 'version': ''}
IPHONE = {'browserName': 'iPhone', 'platform': 'MAC', 'version': ''}
OPERA = {'browserName': 'opera', 'platform': 'ANY', 'version': ''}
PHANTOMJS = {'browserName': 'phantomjs', 'javascriptEnabled': True, 'platform': 'ANY
SAFARI = {'browserName': 'safari', 'platform': 'MAC', 'version': ''}
WEBKITGTK = {'browserName': 'MiniBrowser', 'platform': 'ANY', 'version': ''}

7.7 Touch Actions

The Touch Actions implementation

class selenium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.TouchActions(driver)
Bases: object
Generate touch actions. Works like ActionChains; actions are stored in the TouchActions object and are fired
with perform().
__init__(driver)
Creates a new TouchActions object.
Args
• driver: The WebDriver instance which performs user actions. It should be with touch-
screen enabled.
double_tap(on_element)
Double taps on a given element.
Args
• on_element: The element to tap.
flick(xspeed, yspeed)
Flicks, starting anywhere on the screen.
Args
• xspeed: The X speed in pixels per second.
• yspeed: The Y speed in pixels per second.
flick_element(on_element, xoffset, yoffset, speed)
Flick starting at on_element, and moving by the xoffset and yoffset with specified speed.
Args
• on_element: Flick will start at center of element.
• xoffset: X offset to flick to.
• yoffset: Y offset to flick to.

44 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

• speed: Pixels per second to flick.

long_press(on_element)
Long press on an element.
Args
• on_element: The element to long press.
move(xcoord, ycoord)
Move held tap to specified location.
Args
• xcoord: X Coordinate to move.
• ycoord: Y Coordinate to move.
perform()
Performs all stored actions.
release(xcoord, ycoord)
Release previously issued tap ‘and hold’ command at specified location.
Args
• xcoord: X Coordinate to release.
• ycoord: Y Coordinate to release.
scroll(xoffset, yoffset)
Touch and scroll, moving by xoffset and yoffset.
Args
• xoffset: X offset to scroll to.
• yoffset: Y offset to scroll to.
scroll_from_element(on_element, xoffset, yoffset)
Touch and scroll starting at on_element, moving by xoffset and yoffset.
Args
• on_element: The element where scroll starts.
• xoffset: X offset to scroll to.
• yoffset: Y offset to scroll to.
tap(on_element)
Taps on a given element.
Args
• on_element: The element to tap.
tap_and_hold(xcoord, ycoord)
Touch down at given coordinates.
Args
• xcoord: X Coordinate to touch down.
• ycoord: Y Coordinate to touch down.

7.7. Touch Actions 45

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

7.8 Proxy

The Proxy implementation.

class selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy(raw=None)
Bases: object
Proxy contains information about proxy type and necessary proxy settings.
__init__(raw=None)
Creates a new Proxy.
Args
• raw: raw proxy data. If None, default class values are used.
add_to_capabilities(capabilities)
Adds proxy information as capability in specified capabilities.
Args
• capabilities: The capabilities to which proxy will be added.
auto_detect
Returns autodetect setting.
autodetect = False
ftpProxy = ''
ftp_proxy
Returns ftp proxy setting.
httpProxy = ''
http_proxy
Returns http proxy setting.
noProxy = ''
no_proxy
Returns noproxy setting.
proxyAutoconfigUrl = ''
proxyType = {'ff_value': 6, 'string': 'UNSPECIFIED'}
proxy_autoconfig_url
Returns proxy autoconfig url setting.
proxy_type
Returns proxy type as ProxyType.
socksPassword = ''
socksProxy = ''
socksUsername = ''
socks_password
Returns socks proxy password setting.
socks_proxy
Returns socks proxy setting.

46 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

socks_username
Returns socks proxy username setting.
sslProxy = ''
ssl_proxy
Returns https proxy setting.
class selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.ProxyType
Bases: object
Set of possible types of proxy.
Each proxy type has 2 properties: ‘ff_value’ is value of Firefox profile preference, ‘string’ is id of proxy type.
classmethod load(value)
AUTODETECT = {'ff_value': 4, 'string': 'AUTODETECT'}
DIRECT = {'ff_value': 0, 'string': 'DIRECT'}
MANUAL = {'ff_value': 1, 'string': 'MANUAL'}
PAC = {'ff_value': 2, 'string': 'PAC'}
RESERVED_1 = {'ff_value': 3, 'string': 'RESERVED1'}
SYSTEM = {'ff_value': 5, 'string': 'SYSTEM'}
UNSPECIFIED = {'ff_value': 6, 'string': 'UNSPECIFIED'}
class selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.ProxyTypeFactory
Bases: object
Factory for proxy types.
static make(ff_value, string)

7.9 Utilities

The Utils methods.

selenium.webdriver.common.utils.find_connectable_ip(host, port=None)
Resolve a hostname to an IP, preferring IPv4 addresses.
We prefer IPv4 so that we don’t change behavior from previous IPv4-only implementations, and because some
drivers (e.g., FirefoxDriver) do not support IPv6 connections.
If the optional port number is provided, only IPs that listen on the given port are considered.
Args
• host - A hostname.
• port - Optional port number.
Returns A single IP address, as a string. If any IPv4 address is found, one is returned. Otherwise, if
any IPv6 address is found, one is returned. If neither, then None is returned.
selenium.webdriver.common.utils.free_port()
Determines a free port using sockets.
selenium.webdriver.common.utils.is_connectable(port, host=’localhost’)
Tries to connect to the server at port to see if it is running.

7.9. Utilities 47
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Args
• port - The port to connect.
selenium.webdriver.common.utils.is_url_connectable(port)
Tries to connect to the HTTP server at /status path and specified port to see if it responds successfully.
Args
• port - The port to connect.
selenium.webdriver.common.utils.join_host_port(host, port)
Joins a hostname and port together.
This is a minimal implementation intended to cope with IPv6 literals. For example, _join_host_port(‘::1’, 80)
== ‘[::1]:80’.
Args
• host - A hostname.
• port - An integer port.
selenium.webdriver.common.utils.keys_to_typing(value)
Processes the values that will be typed in the element.

7.10 Service

class selenium.webdriver.common.service.Service(executable, port=0, log_file=-3,

env=None, start_error_message=”)
Bases: object
__init__(executable, port=0, log_file=-3, env=None, start_error_message=”)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
assert_process_still_running()
command_line_args()
is_connectable()
send_remote_shutdown_command()
start()
Starts the Service.
Exceptions
• WebDriverException : Raised either when it can’t start the service or when it can’t connect
to the service
stop()
Stops the service.
service_url
Gets the url of the Service

7.11 Application Cache

The ApplicationCache implementaion.

48 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

class selenium.webdriver.common.html5.application_cache.ApplicationCache(driver)
Bases: object
__init__(driver)
Creates a new Aplication Cache.
Args
• driver: The WebDriver instance which performs user actions.
CHECKING = 2
DOWNLOADING = 3
IDLE = 1
OBSOLETE = 5
UNCACHED = 0
UPDATE_READY = 4
status
Returns a current status of application cache.

7.12 Firefox WebDriver

class selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver(firefox_profile=None,
firefox_binary=None,
timeout=30, capabili-
ties=None, proxy=None, exe-
cutable_path=’geckodriver’,
options=None, ser-
vice_log_path=’geckodriver.log’,
firefox_options=None,
service_args=None, de-
sired_capabilities=None,
log_path=None,
keep_alive=True)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
__init__(firefox_profile=None, firefox_binary=None, timeout=30, capabilities=None, proxy=None,
executable_path=’geckodriver’, options=None, service_log_path=’geckodriver.log’, fire-
fox_options=None, service_args=None, desired_capabilities=None, log_path=None,
keep_alive=True)
Starts a new local session of Firefox.
Based on the combination and specificity of the various keyword arguments, a capabilities dictionary will
be constructed that is passed to the remote end.
The keyword arguments given to this constructor are helpers to more easily allow Firefox WebDriver
sessions to be customised with different options. They are mapped on to a capabilities dictionary that is
passed on to the remote end.
As some of the options, such as firefox_profile and options.profile are mutually exclusive, precedence is
given from how specific the setting is. capabilities is the least specific keyword argument, followed by
options, followed by firefox_binary and firefox_profile.
In practice this means that if firefox_profile and options.profile are both set, the selected profile instance will
always come from the most specific variable. In this case that would be firefox_profile. This will result in

7.12. Firefox WebDriver 49

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

options.profile to be ignored because it is considered a less specific setting than the top-level firefox_profile
keyword argument. Similarily, if you had specified a capabilities[“moz:firefoxOptions”][“profile”]
Base64 string, this would rank below options.profile.
Parameters
• firefox_profile – Instance of FirefoxProfile object or a string. If undefined,
a fresh profile will be created in a temporary location on the system.
• firefox_binary – Instance of FirefoxBinary or full path to the Firefox binary.
If undefined, the system default Firefox installation will be used.
• timeout – Time to wait for Firefox to launch when using the extension connection.
• capabilities – Dictionary of desired capabilities.
• proxy – The proxy settings to us when communicating with Firefox via the extension
connection.
• executable_path – Full path to override which geckodriver binary to use for Firefox
47.0.1 and greater, which defaults to picking up the binary from the system path.
• options – Instance of options.Options.
• service_log_path – Where to log information from the driver.
• firefox_options – Deprecated argument for options
• service_args – List of args to pass to the driver service
• desired_capabilities – alias of capabilities. In future versions of this library, this
will replace ‘capabilities’. This will make the signature consistent with RemoteWebDriver.
• log_path – Deprecated argument for service_log_path
• keep_alive – Whether to configure remote_connection.RemoteConnection to use
HTTP keep-alive.
context(context)
Sets the context that Selenium commands are running in using a with statement. The state of the context
on the server is saved before entering the block, and restored upon exiting it.
Parameters context – Context, may be one of the class properties CONTEXT_CHROME or
CONTEXT_CONTENT.
Usage example:

with selenium.context(selenium.CONTEXT_CHROME):
# chrome scope
... do stuff ...

install_addon(path, temporary=None)
Installs Firefox addon.
Returns identifier of installed addon. This identifier can later be used to uninstall addon.
Parameters path – Absolute path to the addon that will be installed.
Usage driver.install_addon(‘/path/to/firebug.xpi’)
quit()
Quits the driver and close every associated window.
set_context(context)

50 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

uninstall_addon(identifier)
Uninstalls Firefox addon using its identifier.
Usage driver.uninstall_addon(‘[email protected]’)
CONTEXT_CHROME = 'chrome'
CONTEXT_CONTENT = 'content'
NATIVE_EVENTS_ALLOWED = True
firefox_profile

7.13 Firefox WebDriver Options

class selenium.webdriver.firefox.options.Log
Bases: object
__init__()
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
to_capabilities()
class selenium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options
Bases: object
__init__()
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
add_argument(argument)
Add argument to be used for the browser process.
set_capability(name, value)
Sets a capability.
set_headless(headless=True)
Deprecated, options.headless = True
set_preference(name, value)
Sets a preference.
to_capabilities()
Marshals the Firefox options to a moz:firefoxOptions object.
KEY = 'moz:firefoxOptions'
accept_insecure_certs
arguments
Returns a list of browser process arguments.
binary
Returns the FirefoxBinary instance
binary_location
Returns the location of the binary.
capabilities
headless
Returns whether or not the headless argument is set

7.13. Firefox WebDriver Options 51

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

preferences
Returns a dict of preferences.
profile
Returns the Firefox profile to use.
proxy
returns Proxy if set otherwise None.

7.14 Firefox WebDriver Profile

exception selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.AddonFormatError
Bases: Exception
Exception for not well-formed add-on manifest files
class selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile(profile_directory=None)
Bases: object
__init__(profile_directory=None)
Initialises a new instance of a Firefox Profile
Args
• profile_directory: Directory of profile that you want to use. If a directory is passed in it
will be cloned and the cloned directory will be used by the driver when instantiated. This
defaults to None and will create a new directory when object is created.
add_extension(extension=’webdriver.xpi’)
set_preference(key, value)
sets the preference that we want in the profile.
set_proxy(proxy)
update_preferences()
ANONYMOUS_PROFILE_NAME = 'WEBDRIVER_ANONYMOUS_PROFILE'
DEFAULT_PREFERENCES = None
accept_untrusted_certs
assume_untrusted_cert_issuer
encoded
A zipped, base64 encoded string of profile directory for use with remote WebDriver JSON wire protocol
native_events_enabled
path
Gets the profile directory that is currently being used
port
Gets the port that WebDriver is working on

52 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

7.15 Firefox WebDriver Binary

class selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_binary.FirefoxBinary(firefox_path=None,
log_file=None)
Bases: object
__init__(firefox_path=None, log_file=None)
Creates a new instance of Firefox binary.
Args
• firefox_path - Path to the Firefox executable. By default, it will be detected from the
standard locations.
• log_file - A file object to redirect the firefox process output to. It can be sys.stdout.
Please note that with parallel run the output won’t be synchronous. By default, it will
be redirected to /dev/null.
add_command_line_options(*args)
kill()
Kill the browser.
This is useful when the browser is stuck.
launch_browser(profile, timeout=30)
Launches the browser for the given profile name. It is assumed the profile already exists.
which(fname)
Returns the fully qualified path by searching Path of the given name
NO_FOCUS_LIBRARY_NAME = 'x_ignore_nofocus.so'

7.16 Firefox WebDriver Extension Connection

exception selenium.webdriver.firefox.extension_connection.ExtensionConnectionError
Bases: Exception
An internal error occurred int the extension.
Might be caused by bad input or bugs in webdriver
class selenium.webdriver.firefox.extension_connection.ExtensionConnection(host,
fire-
fox_profile,
fire-
fox_binary=None,
time-
out=30)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection.RemoteConnection
__init__(host, firefox_profile, firefox_binary=None, timeout=30)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
connect()
Connects to the extension and retrieves the session id.
classmethod connect_and_quit()
Connects to an running browser and quit immediately.

7.15. Firefox WebDriver Binary 53

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

classmethod is_connectable()
Trys to connect to the extension but do not retrieve context.
quit(sessionId=None)

7.17 Chrome WebDriver

class selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver(executable_path=’chromedriver’,
port=0, options=None,
service_args=None, de-
sired_capabilities=None,
service_log_path=None,
chrome_options=None,
keep_alive=True)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
Controls the ChromeDriver and allows you to drive the browser.
You will need to download the ChromeDriver executable from http://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/
index.html
__init__(executable_path=’chromedriver’, port=0, options=None, service_args=None,
desired_capabilities=None, service_log_path=None, chrome_options=None,
keep_alive=True)
Creates a new instance of the chrome driver.
Starts the service and then creates new instance of chrome driver.
Args
• executable_path - path to the executable. If the default is used it assumes the executable is
in the $PATH
• port - port you would like the service to run, if left as 0, a free port will be found.
• options - this takes an instance of ChromeOptions
• service_args - List of args to pass to the driver service
• desired_capabilities - Dictionary object with non-browser specific capabilities only, such
as “proxy” or “loggingPref”.
• service_log_path - Where to log information from the driver.
• chrome_options - Deprecated argument for options
• keep_alive - Whether to configure ChromeRemoteConnection to use HTTP keep-alive.
create_options()
execute_cdp_cmd(cmd, cmd_args)
Execute Chrome Devtools Protocol command and get returned result
The command and command args should follow chrome devtools protocol domains/commands, refer to
link https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/
Args
• cmd: A str, command name
• cmd_args: A dict, command args. empty dict {} if there is no command args
Usage driver.execute_cdp_cmd(‘Network.getResponseBody’, {‘requestId’: requestId})

54 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Returns A dict, empty dict {} if there is no result to return. For example to getResponseBody:
{‘base64Encoded’: False, ‘body’: ‘response body string’}
get_network_conditions()
Gets Chrome network emulation settings.
Returns A dict. For example:
{‘latency’: 4, ‘download_throughput’: 2, ‘upload_throughput’: 2, ‘offline’: False}
launch_app(id)
Launches Chrome app specified by id.
quit()
Closes the browser and shuts down the ChromeDriver executable that is started when starting the
ChromeDriver
set_network_conditions(**network_conditions)
Sets Chrome network emulation settings.
Args
• network_conditions: A dict with conditions specification.
Usage
driver.set_network_conditions( offline=False, latency=5, # additional latency (ms) down-
load_throughput=500 * 1024, # maximal throughput upload_throughput=500 * 1024) #
maximal throughput
Note: ‘throughput’ can be used to set both (for download and upload).

7.18 Chrome WebDriver Options

class selenium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options
Bases: object
__init__()
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
add_argument(argument)
Adds an argument to the list
Args
• Sets the arguments
add_encoded_extension(extension)
Adds Base64 encoded string with extension data to a list that will be used to extract it to the ChromeDriver
Args
• extension: Base64 encoded string with extension data
add_experimental_option(name, value)
Adds an experimental option which is passed to chrome.
Args: name: The experimental option name. value: The option value.
add_extension(extension)
Adds the path to the extension to a list that will be used to extract it to the ChromeDriver
Args

7.18. Chrome WebDriver Options 55

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

• extension: path to the *.crx file

set_capability(name, value)
Sets a capability.
set_headless(headless=True)
Deprecated, options.headless = True
to_capabilities()
Creates a capabilities with all the options that have been set and
returns a dictionary with everything
KEY = 'goog:chromeOptions'
arguments
Returns a list of arguments needed for the browser
binary_location
Returns the location of the binary otherwise an empty string
capabilities
debugger_address
Returns the address of the remote devtools instance
experimental_options
Returns a dictionary of experimental options for chrome.
extensions
Returns a list of encoded extensions that will be loaded into chrome
headless
Returns whether or not the headless argument is set

7.19 Chrome WebDriver Service

class selenium.webdriver.chrome.service.Service(executable_path, port=0, ser-

vice_args=None, log_path=None,
env=None)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.common.service.Service
Object that manages the starting and stopping of the ChromeDriver
__init__(executable_path, port=0, service_args=None, log_path=None, env=None)
Creates a new instance of the Service
Args
• executable_path : Path to the ChromeDriver
• port : Port the service is running on
• service_args : List of args to pass to the chromedriver service
• log_path : Path for the chromedriver service to log to
command_line_args()

56 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

7.20 Remote WebDriver

The WebDriver implementation.

class selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver(command_executor=’http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub’,
desired_capabilities=None,
browser_profile=None,
proxy=None, keep_alive=False,
file_detector=None, op-
tions=None)
Bases: object
Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server. This server is expected to be running the Web-
Driver wire protocol as defined at https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
Attributes
• session_id - String ID of the browser session started and controlled by this WebDriver.
• capabilities - Dictionaty of effective capabilities of this browser session as returned
by the remote server. See https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/
DesiredCapabilities
• command_executor - remote_connection.RemoteConnection object used to execute com-
mands.
• error_handler - errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to handle errors.
__init__(command_executor=’http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub’, desired_capabilities=None,
browser_profile=None, proxy=None, keep_alive=False, file_detector=None, op-
tions=None)
Create a new driver that will issue commands using the wire protocol.
Args
• command_executor - Either a string representing URL of the remote server or a custom
remote_connection.RemoteConnection object. Defaults to ‘http://127.0.0.1:
4444/wd/hub’.
• desired_capabilities - A dictionary of capabilities to request when starting the
browser session. Required parameter.
• browser_profile - A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile object.
Only used if Firefox is requested. Optional.
• proxy - A selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy object. The browser session will
be started with given proxy settings, if possible. Optional.
• keep_alive - Whether to configure remote_connection.RemoteConnection to use
HTTP keep-alive. Defaults to False.
• file_detector - Pass custom file detector object during instantiation. If None, then
default LocalFileDetector() will be used.
• options - instance of a driver options.Options class
add_cookie(cookie_dict)
Adds a cookie to your current session.
Args
• cookie_dict: A dictionary object, with required keys - “name” and “value”; optional
keys - “path”, “domain”, “secure”, “expiry”

7.20. Remote WebDriver 57

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Usage: driver.add_cookie({‘name’ : ‘foo’, ‘value’ : ‘bar’}) driver.add_cookie({‘name’ : ‘foo’, ‘value’ :

‘bar’, ‘path’ : ‘/’}) driver.add_cookie({‘name’ : ‘foo’, ‘value’ : ‘bar’, ‘path’ : ‘/’, ‘secure’:True})

back()
Goes one step backward in the browser history.
Usage driver.back()
close()
Closes the current window.
Usage driver.close()
create_web_element(element_id)
Creates a web element with the specified element_id.
delete_all_cookies()
Delete all cookies in the scope of the session.
Usage driver.delete_all_cookies()
delete_cookie(name)
Deletes a single cookie with the given name.
Usage driver.delete_cookie(‘my_cookie’)
execute(driver_command, params=None)
Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
Args
• driver_command: The name of the command to execute as a string.
• params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
Returns The command’s JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
execute_async_script(script, *args)
Asynchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
Args
• script: The JavaScript to execute.
• *args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
Usage script = “var callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
” “window.setTimeout(function(){ callback(‘timeout’) }, 3000);”
driver.execute_async_script(script)
execute_script(script, *args)
Synchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
Args
• script: The JavaScript to execute.
• *args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.
Usage driver.execute_script(‘return document.title;’)
file_detector_context(file_detector_class, *args, **kwargs)
Overrides the current file detector (if necessary) in limited context. Ensures the original file detector is set
afterwards.
Example:

58 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

with webdriver.file_detector_context(UselessFileDetector): someinput.send_keys(‘/etc/hosts’)

Args
• file_detector_class - Class of the desired file detector. If the class is different from
the current file_detector, then the class is instantiated with args and kwargs and used as
a file detector during the duration of the context manager.
• args - Optional arguments that get passed to the file detector class during
instantiation.
• kwargs - Keyword arguments, passed the same way as args.

find_element(by=’id’, value=None)
Find an element given a By strategy and locator. Prefer the find_element_by_* methods when possible.
Usage element = driver.find_element(By.ID, ‘foo’)
Return type WebElement
find_element_by_class_name(name)
Finds an element by class name.
Args
• name: The class name of the element to find.
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = driver.find_element_by_class_name(‘foo’)
find_element_by_css_selector(css_selector)
Finds an element by css selector.
Args
• css_selector - CSS selector string, ex: ‘a.nav#home’
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(‘#foo’)
find_element_by_id(id_)
Finds an element by id.
Args
• id_ - The id of the element to be found.
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found

7.20. Remote WebDriver 59

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Usage element = driver.find_element_by_id(‘foo’)

find_element_by_link_text(link_text)
Finds an element by link text.
Args
• link_text: The text of the element to be found.
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = driver.find_element_by_link_text(‘Sign In’)
find_element_by_name(name)
Finds an element by name.
Args
• name: The name of the element to find.
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = driver.find_element_by_name(‘foo’)
find_element_by_partial_link_text(link_text)
Finds an element by a partial match of its link text.
Args
• link_text: The text of the element to partially match on.
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text(‘Sign’)
find_element_by_tag_name(name)
Finds an element by tag name.
Args
• name - name of html tag (eg: h1, a, span)
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = driver.find_element_by_tag_name(‘h1’)

60 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
Finds an element by xpath.
Args
• xpath - The xpath locator of the element to find.
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = driver.find_element_by_xpath(‘//div/td[1]’)
find_elements(by=’id’, value=None)
Find elements given a By strategy and locator. Prefer the find_elements_by_* methods when possible.
Usage elements = driver.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, ‘foo’)
Return type list of WebElement
find_elements_by_class_name(name)
Finds elements by class name.
Args
• name: The class name of the elements to find.
Returns
• list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not
Usage elements = driver.find_elements_by_class_name(‘foo’)
find_elements_by_css_selector(css_selector)
Finds elements by css selector.
Args
• css_selector - CSS selector string, ex: ‘a.nav#home’
Returns
• list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not
Usage elements = driver.find_elements_by_css_selector(‘.foo’)
find_elements_by_id(id_)
Finds multiple elements by id.
Args
• id_ - The id of the elements to be found.
Returns
• list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not
Usage elements = driver.find_elements_by_id(‘foo’)
find_elements_by_link_text(text)
Finds elements by link text.
Args
• link_text: The text of the elements to be found.

7.20. Remote WebDriver 61

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Returns
• list of webelement - a list with elements if any was found. an empty list if not
Usage elements = driver.find_elements_by_link_text(‘Sign In’)
find_elements_by_name(name)
Finds elements by name.
Args
• name: The name of the elements to find.
Returns
• list of webelement - a list with elements if any was found. an empty list if not
Usage elements = driver.find_elements_by_name(‘foo’)
find_elements_by_partial_link_text(link_text)
Finds elements by a partial match of their link text.
Args
• link_text: The text of the element to partial match on.
Returns
• list of webelement - a list with elements if any was found. an empty list if not
Usage elements = driver.find_elements_by_partial_link_text(‘Sign’)
find_elements_by_tag_name(name)
Finds elements by tag name.
Args
• name - name of html tag (eg: h1, a, span)
Returns
• list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not
Usage elements = driver.find_elements_by_tag_name(‘h1’)
find_elements_by_xpath(xpath)
Finds multiple elements by xpath.
Args
• xpath - The xpath locator of the elements to be found.
Returns
• list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not
Usage elements = driver.find_elements_by_xpath(“//div[contains(@class, ‘foo’)]”)
forward()
Goes one step forward in the browser history.
Usage driver.forward()
fullscreen_window()
Invokes the window manager-specific ‘full screen’ operation
get(url)
Loads a web page in the current browser session.

62 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

get_cookie(name)
Get a single cookie by name. Returns the cookie if found, None if not.
Usage driver.get_cookie(‘my_cookie’)
get_cookies()
Returns a set of dictionaries, corresponding to cookies visible in the current session.
Usage driver.get_cookies()
get_log(log_type)
Gets the log for a given log type
Args
• log_type: type of log that which will be returned
Usage driver.get_log(‘browser’) driver.get_log(‘driver’) driver.get_log(‘client’)
driver.get_log(‘server’)
get_screenshot_as_base64()
Gets the screenshot of the current window as a base64 encoded string which is useful in embedded
images in HTML.

Usage driver.get_screenshot_as_base64()

get_screenshot_as_file(filename)
Saves a screenshot of the current window to a PNG image file. Returns False if there is any IOError,
else returns True. Use full paths in your filename.

Args
• filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to. This should end with a .png
extension.
Usage driver.get_screenshot_as_file(‘/Screenshots/foo.png’)

get_screenshot_as_png()
Gets the screenshot of the current window as a binary data.
Usage driver.get_screenshot_as_png()
get_window_position(windowHandle=’current’)
Gets the x,y position of the current window.
Usage driver.get_window_position()
get_window_rect()
Gets the x, y coordinates of the window as well as height and width of the current window.
Usage driver.get_window_rect()
get_window_size(windowHandle=’current’)
Gets the width and height of the current window.
Usage driver.get_window_size()
implicitly_wait(time_to_wait)
Sets a sticky timeout to implicitly wait for an element to be found, or a command to complete. This
method only needs to be called one time per session. To set the timeout for calls to exe-
cute_async_script, see set_script_timeout.

7.20. Remote WebDriver 63

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Args
• time_to_wait: Amount of time to wait (in seconds)
Usage driver.implicitly_wait(30)

maximize_window()
Maximizes the current window that webdriver is using
minimize_window()
Invokes the window manager-specific ‘minimize’ operation
quit()
Quits the driver and closes every associated window.
Usage driver.quit()
refresh()
Refreshes the current page.
Usage driver.refresh()
save_screenshot(filename)
Saves a screenshot of the current window to a PNG image file. Returns False if there is any IOError,
else returns True. Use full paths in your filename.

Args
• filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to. This should end with a .png
extension.
Usage driver.save_screenshot(‘/Screenshots/foo.png’)

set_page_load_timeout(time_to_wait)
Set the amount of time to wait for a page load to complete before throwing an error.

Args
• time_to_wait: The amount of time to wait
Usage driver.set_page_load_timeout(30)

set_script_timeout(time_to_wait)
Set the amount of time that the script should wait during an execute_async_script call before throw-
ing an error.

Args
• time_to_wait: The amount of time to wait (in seconds)
Usage driver.set_script_timeout(30)

set_window_position(x, y, windowHandle=’current’)
Sets the x,y position of the current window. (window.moveTo)
Args
• x: the x-coordinate in pixels to set the window position
• y: the y-coordinate in pixels to set the window position

64 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Usage driver.set_window_position(0,0)
set_window_rect(x=None, y=None, width=None, height=None)
Sets the x, y coordinates of the window as well as height and width of the current window.
Usage driver.set_window_rect(x=10, y=10) driver.set_window_rect(width=100, height=200)
driver.set_window_rect(x=10, y=10, width=100, height=200)
set_window_size(width, height, windowHandle=’current’)
Sets the width and height of the current window. (window.resizeTo)
Args
• width: the width in pixels to set the window to
• height: the height in pixels to set the window to
Usage driver.set_window_size(800,600)
start_client()
Called before starting a new session. This method may be overridden to define custom startup behavior.
start_session(capabilities, browser_profile=None)
Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.
Args
• browser_name - The name of the browser to request.
• version - Which browser version to request.
• platform - Which platform to request the browser on.
• javascript_enabled - Whether the new session should support JavaScript.
• browser_profile - A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile object. Only
used if Firefox is requested.
stop_client()
Called after executing a quit command. This method may be overridden to define custom shutdown be-
havior.
switch_to_active_element()
Deprecated use driver.switch_to.active_element
switch_to_alert()
Deprecated use driver.switch_to.alert
switch_to_default_content()
Deprecated use driver.switch_to.default_content
switch_to_frame(frame_reference)
Deprecated use driver.switch_to.frame
switch_to_window(window_name)
Deprecated use driver.switch_to.window
application_cache
Returns a ApplicationCache Object to interact with the browser app cache
current_url
Gets the URL of the current page.
Usage driver.current_url

7.20. Remote WebDriver 65

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

current_window_handle
Returns the handle of the current window.
Usage driver.current_window_handle
desired_capabilities
returns the drivers current desired capabilities being used
file_detector
log_types
Gets a list of the available log types
Usage driver.log_types
mobile
name
Returns the name of the underlying browser for this instance.
Usage name = driver.name
orientation
Gets the current orientation of the device
Usage orientation = driver.orientation
page_source
Gets the source of the current page.
Usage driver.page_source
switch_to
Returns
• SwitchTo: an object containing all options to switch focus into
Usage element = driver.switch_to.active_element alert = driver.switch_to.alert
driver.switch_to.default_content() driver.switch_to.frame(‘frame_name’)
driver.switch_to.frame(1) driver.switch_to.frame(driver.find_elements_by_tag_name(“iframe”)[0])
driver.switch_to.parent_frame() driver.switch_to.window(‘main’)
title
Returns the title of the current page.
Usage title = driver.title
window_handles
Returns the handles of all windows within the current session.
Usage driver.window_handles

7.21 Remote WebDriver WebElement

class selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement(parent, id_, w3c=False)

Bases: object
Represents a DOM element.
Generally, all interesting operations that interact with a document will be performed through this interface.

66 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

All method calls will do a freshness check to ensure that the element reference is still valid. This es-
sentially determines whether or not the element is still attached to the DOM. If this test fails, then an
StaleElementReferenceException is thrown, and all future calls to this instance will fail.
__init__(parent, id_, w3c=False)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
clear()
Clears the text if it’s a text entry element.
click()
Clicks the element.
find_element(by=’id’, value=None)
Find an element given a By strategy and locator. Prefer the find_element_by_* methods when possible.
Usage element = element.find_element(By.ID, ‘foo’)
Return type WebElement
find_element_by_class_name(name)
Finds element within this element’s children by class name.
Args
• name: The class name of the element to find.
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = element.find_element_by_class_name(‘foo’)
find_element_by_css_selector(css_selector)
Finds element within this element’s children by CSS selector.
Args
• css_selector - CSS selector string, ex: ‘a.nav#home’
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = element.find_element_by_css_selector(‘#foo’)
find_element_by_id(id_)
Finds element within this element’s children by ID.
Args
• id_ - ID of child element to locate.
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found

7.21. Remote WebDriver WebElement 67

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Usage foo_element = element.find_element_by_id(‘foo’)

find_element_by_link_text(link_text)
Finds element within this element’s children by visible link text.
Args
• link_text - Link text string to search for.
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = element.find_element_by_link_text(‘Sign In’)
find_element_by_name(name)
Finds element within this element’s children by name.
Args
• name - name property of the element to find.
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = element.find_element_by_name(‘foo’)
find_element_by_partial_link_text(link_text)
Finds element within this element’s children by partially visible link text.
Args
• link_text: The text of the element to partially match on.
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = element.find_element_by_partial_link_text(‘Sign’)
find_element_by_tag_name(name)
Finds element within this element’s children by tag name.
Args
• name - name of html tag (eg: h1, a, span)
Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = element.find_element_by_tag_name(‘h1’)

68 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
Finds element by xpath.
Args
• xpath - xpath of element to locate. “//input[@class=’myelement’]”
Note: The base path will be relative to this element’s location.
This will select the first link under this element.

myelement.find_element_by_xpath(".//a")

However, this will select the first link on the page.

myelement.find_element_by_xpath("//a")

Returns
• WebElement - the element if it was found
Raises
• NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn’t found
Usage element = element.find_element_by_xpath(‘//div/td[1]’)

find_elements(by=’id’, value=None)
Find elements given a By strategy and locator. Prefer the find_elements_by_* methods when possible.
Usage element = element.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, ‘foo’)
Return type list of WebElement
find_elements_by_class_name(name)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by class name.
Args
• name: The class name of the elements to find.
Returns
• list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not
Usage elements = element.find_elements_by_class_name(‘foo’)
find_elements_by_css_selector(css_selector)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by CSS selector.
Args
• css_selector - CSS selector string, ex: ‘a.nav#home’
Returns
• list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not
Usage elements = element.find_elements_by_css_selector(‘.foo’)
find_elements_by_id(id_)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by ID. Will return a list of webelements if found, or
an empty list if not.
Args

7.21. Remote WebDriver WebElement 69

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

• id_ - Id of child element to find.

Returns
• list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not
Usage elements = element.find_elements_by_id(‘foo’)
find_elements_by_link_text(link_text)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by visible link text.
Args
• link_text - Link text string to search for.
Returns
• list of webelement - a list with elements if any was found. an empty list if not
Usage elements = element.find_elements_by_link_text(‘Sign In’)
find_elements_by_name(name)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by name.
Args
• name - name property to search for.
Returns
• list of webelement - a list with elements if any was found. an empty list if not
Usage elements = element.find_elements_by_name(‘foo’)
find_elements_by_partial_link_text(link_text)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by link text.
Args
• link_text: The text of the element to partial match on.
Returns
• list of webelement - a list with elements if any was found. an empty list if not
Usage elements = element.find_elements_by_partial_link_text(‘Sign’)
find_elements_by_tag_name(name)
Finds a list of elements within this element’s children by tag name.
Args
• name - name of html tag (eg: h1, a, span)
Returns
• list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not
Usage elements = element.find_elements_by_tag_name(‘h1’)
find_elements_by_xpath(xpath)
Finds elements within the element by xpath.
Args
• xpath - xpath locator string.
Note: The base path will be relative to this element’s location.
This will select all links under this element.

70 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

myelement.find_elements_by_xpath(".//a")

However, this will select all links in the page itself.

myelement.find_elements_by_xpath("//a")

Returns
• list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not
Usage elements = element.find_elements_by_xpath(“//div[contains(@class, ‘foo’)]”)

get_attribute(name)
Gets the given attribute or property of the element.
This method will first try to return the value of a property with the given name. If a property with that
name doesn’t exist, it returns the value of the attribute with the same name. If there’s no attribute with that
name, None is returned.
Values which are considered truthy, that is equals “true” or “false”, are returned as booleans. All other
non-None values are returned as strings. For attributes or properties which do not exist, None is returned.
Args
• name - Name of the attribute/property to retrieve.
Example:

# Check if the "active" CSS class is applied to an element.

is_active = "active" in target_element.get_attribute("class")

get_property(name)
Gets the given property of the element.
Args
• name - Name of the property to retrieve.
Example:

text_length = target_element.get_property("text_length")

is_displayed()
Whether the element is visible to a user.
is_enabled()
Returns whether the element is enabled.
is_selected()
Returns whether the element is selected.
Can be used to check if a checkbox or radio button is selected.
screenshot(filename)
Saves a screenshot of the current element to a PNG image file. Returns False if there is any IOError,
else returns True. Use full paths in your filename.

Args
• filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to. This should end with a .png
extension.

7.21. Remote WebDriver WebElement 71

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Usage element.screenshot(‘/Screenshots/foo.png’)

send_keys(*value)
Simulates typing into the element.
Args
• value - A string for typing, or setting form fields. For setting file inputs, this could be a
local file path.
Use this to send simple key events or to fill out form fields:

form_textfield = driver.find_element_by_name('username')
form_textfield.send_keys("admin")

This can also be used to set file inputs.

file_input = driver.find_element_by_name('profilePic')
file_input.send_keys("path/to/profilepic.gif")
# Generally it's better to wrap the file path in one of the methods
# in os.path to return the actual path to support cross OS testing.
# file_input.send_keys(os.path.abspath("path/to/profilepic.gif"))

submit()
Submits a form.
value_of_css_property(property_name)
The value of a CSS property.
id
Internal ID used by selenium.
This is mainly for internal use. Simple use cases such as checking if 2 webelements refer to the same
element, can be done using ==:

if element1 == element2:
print("These 2 are equal")

location
The location of the element in the renderable canvas.
location_once_scrolled_into_view
THIS PROPERTY MAY CHANGE WITHOUT WARNING. Use this to discover where on the screen an
element is so that we can click it. This method should cause the element to be scrolled into view.
Returns the top lefthand corner location on the screen, or None if the element is not visible.
parent
Internal reference to the WebDriver instance this element was found from.
rect
A dictionary with the size and location of the element.
screenshot_as_base64
Gets the screenshot of the current element as a base64 encoded string.
Usage img_b64 = element.screenshot_as_base64
screenshot_as_png
Gets the screenshot of the current element as a binary data.
Usage element_png = element.screenshot_as_png

72 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

size
The size of the element.
tag_name
This element’s tagName property.
text
The text of the element.

7.22 Remote WebDriver Command

class selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
Bases: object
Defines constants for the standard WebDriver commands.
While these constants have no meaning in and of themselves, they are used to marshal commands through a
service that implements WebDriver’s remote wire protocol:
https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol
ACCEPT_ALERT = 'acceptAlert'
ADD_COOKIE = 'addCookie'
CLEAR_APP_CACHE = 'clearAppCache'
CLEAR_ELEMENT = 'clearElement'
CLEAR_LOCAL_STORAGE = 'clearLocalStorage'
CLEAR_SESSION_STORAGE = 'clearSessionStorage'
CLICK = 'mouseClick'
CLICK_ELEMENT = 'clickElement'
CLOSE = 'close'
CONTEXT_HANDLES = 'getContextHandles'
CURRENT_CONTEXT_HANDLE = 'getCurrentContextHandle'
DELETE_ALL_COOKIES = 'deleteAllCookies'
DELETE_COOKIE = 'deleteCookie'
DELETE_SESSION = 'deleteSession'
DISMISS_ALERT = 'dismissAlert'
DOUBLE_CLICK = 'mouseDoubleClick'
DOUBLE_TAP = 'touchDoubleTap'
ELEMENT_SCREENSHOT = 'elementScreenshot'
EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT = 'executeAsyncScript'
EXECUTE_SCRIPT = 'executeScript'
EXECUTE_SQL = 'executeSql'
FIND_CHILD_ELEMENT = 'findChildElement'
FIND_CHILD_ELEMENTS = 'findChildElements'

7.22. Remote WebDriver Command 73

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

FIND_ELEMENT = 'findElement'
FIND_ELEMENTS = 'findElements'
FLICK = 'touchFlick'
FULLSCREEN_WINDOW = 'fullscreenWindow'
GET = 'get'
GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT = 'getActiveElement'
GET_ALERT_TEXT = 'getAlertText'
GET_ALL_COOKIES = 'getCookies'
GET_ALL_SESSIONS = 'getAllSessions'
GET_APP_CACHE = 'getAppCache'
GET_APP_CACHE_STATUS = 'getAppCacheStatus'
GET_AVAILABLE_LOG_TYPES = 'getAvailableLogTypes'
GET_COOKIE = 'getCookie'
GET_CURRENT_URL = 'getCurrentUrl'
GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE = 'getCurrentWindowHandle'
GET_ELEMENT_ATTRIBUTE = 'getElementAttribute'
GET_ELEMENT_LOCATION = 'getElementLocation'
GET_ELEMENT_LOCATION_ONCE_SCROLLED_INTO_VIEW = 'getElementLocationOnceScrolledIntoView'
GET_ELEMENT_PROPERTY = 'getElementProperty'
GET_ELEMENT_RECT = 'getElementRect'
GET_ELEMENT_SIZE = 'getElementSize'
GET_ELEMENT_TAG_NAME = 'getElementTagName'
GET_ELEMENT_TEXT = 'getElementText'
GET_ELEMENT_VALUE = 'getElementValue'
GET_ELEMENT_VALUE_OF_CSS_PROPERTY = 'getElementValueOfCssProperty'
GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM = 'getLocalStorageItem'
GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEYS = 'getLocalStorageKeys'
GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_SIZE = 'getLocalStorageSize'
GET_LOCATION = 'getLocation'
GET_LOG = 'getLog'
GET_NETWORK_CONNECTION = 'getNetworkConnection'
GET_PAGE_SOURCE = 'getPageSource'
GET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION = 'getScreenOrientation'
GET_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM = 'getSessionStorageItem'
GET_SESSION_STORAGE_KEYS = 'getSessionStorageKeys'
GET_SESSION_STORAGE_SIZE = 'getSessionStorageSize'

74 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

GET_TITLE = 'getTitle'
GET_WINDOW_HANDLES = 'getWindowHandles'
GET_WINDOW_POSITION = 'getWindowPosition'
GET_WINDOW_RECT = 'getWindowRect'
GET_WINDOW_SIZE = 'getWindowSize'
GO_BACK = 'goBack'
GO_FORWARD = 'goForward'
IMPLICIT_WAIT = 'implicitlyWait'
IS_ELEMENT_DISPLAYED = 'isElementDisplayed'
IS_ELEMENT_ENABLED = 'isElementEnabled'
IS_ELEMENT_SELECTED = 'isElementSelected'
LONG_PRESS = 'touchLongPress'
MAXIMIZE_WINDOW = 'windowMaximize'
MINIMIZE_WINDOW = 'minimizeWindow'
MOUSE_DOWN = 'mouseButtonDown'
MOUSE_UP = 'mouseButtonUp'
MOVE_TO = 'mouseMoveTo'
NEW_SESSION = 'newSession'
QUIT = 'quit'
REFRESH = 'refresh'
REMOVE_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM = 'removeLocalStorageItem'
REMOVE_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM = 'removeSessionStorageItem'
SCREENSHOT = 'screenshot'
SEND_KEYS_TO_ACTIVE_ELEMENT = 'sendKeysToActiveElement'
SEND_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT = 'sendKeysToElement'
SET_ALERT_CREDENTIALS = 'setAlertCredentials'
SET_ALERT_VALUE = 'setAlertValue'
SET_ELEMENT_SELECTED = 'setElementSelected'
SET_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM = 'setLocalStorageItem'
SET_LOCATION = 'setLocation'
SET_NETWORK_CONNECTION = 'setNetworkConnection'
SET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION = 'setScreenOrientation'
SET_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT = 'setScriptTimeout'
SET_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM = 'setSessionStorageItem'
SET_TIMEOUTS = 'setTimeouts'
SET_WINDOW_POSITION = 'setWindowPosition'

7.22. Remote WebDriver Command 75

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

SET_WINDOW_RECT = 'setWindowRect'
SET_WINDOW_SIZE = 'setWindowSize'
SINGLE_TAP = 'touchSingleTap'
STATUS = 'status'
SUBMIT_ELEMENT = 'submitElement'
SWITCH_TO_CONTEXT = 'switchToContext'
SWITCH_TO_FRAME = 'switchToFrame'
SWITCH_TO_PARENT_FRAME = 'switchToParentFrame'
SWITCH_TO_WINDOW = 'switchToWindow'
TOUCH_DOWN = 'touchDown'
TOUCH_MOVE = 'touchMove'
TOUCH_SCROLL = 'touchScroll'
TOUCH_UP = 'touchUp'
UPLOAD_FILE = 'uploadFile'
W3C_ACCEPT_ALERT = 'w3cAcceptAlert'
W3C_ACTIONS = 'actions'
W3C_CLEAR_ACTIONS = 'clearActionState'
W3C_DISMISS_ALERT = 'w3cDismissAlert'
W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT = 'w3cExecuteScript'
W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT_ASYNC = 'w3cExecuteScriptAsync'
W3C_GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT = 'w3cGetActiveElement'
W3C_GET_ALERT_TEXT = 'w3cGetAlertText'
W3C_GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE = 'w3cGetCurrentWindowHandle'
W3C_GET_WINDOW_HANDLES = 'w3cGetWindowHandles'
W3C_GET_WINDOW_POSITION = 'w3cGetWindowPosition'
W3C_GET_WINDOW_SIZE = 'w3cGetWindowSize'
W3C_MAXIMIZE_WINDOW = 'w3cMaximizeWindow'
W3C_SET_ALERT_VALUE = 'w3cSetAlertValue'
W3C_SET_WINDOW_POSITION = 'w3cSetWindowPosition'
W3C_SET_WINDOW_SIZE = 'w3cSetWindowSize'

7.23 Remote WebDriver Error Handler

class selenium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
Bases: object
Error codes defined in the WebDriver wire protocol.
ELEMENT_CLICK_INTERCEPTED = [64, 'element click intercepted']

76 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

ELEMENT_IS_NOT_SELECTABLE = [15, 'element not selectable']

ELEMENT_NOT_INTERACTABLE = [60, 'element not interactable']
ELEMENT_NOT_VISIBLE = [11, 'element not visible']
IME_ENGINE_ACTIVATION_FAILED = [31, 'ime engine activation failed']
IME_NOT_AVAILABLE = [30, 'ime not available']
INSECURE_CERTIFICATE = ['insecure certificate']
INVALID_ARGUMENT = [61, 'invalid argument']
INVALID_COOKIE_DOMAIN = [24, 'invalid cookie domain']
INVALID_COORDINATES = ['invalid coordinates']
INVALID_ELEMENT_COORDINATES = [29, 'invalid element coordinates']
INVALID_ELEMENT_STATE = [12, 'invalid element state']
INVALID_SELECTOR = [32, 'invalid selector']
INVALID_SESSION_ID = ['invalid session id']
INVALID_XPATH_SELECTOR = [51, 'invalid selector']
INVALID_XPATH_SELECTOR_RETURN_TYPER = [52, 'invalid selector']
JAVASCRIPT_ERROR = [17, 'javascript error']
METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = [405, 'unsupported operation']
MOVE_TARGET_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = [34, 'move target out of bounds']
NO_ALERT_OPEN = [27, 'no such alert']
NO_SUCH_COOKIE = [62, 'no such cookie']
NO_SUCH_ELEMENT = [7, 'no such element']
NO_SUCH_FRAME = [8, 'no such frame']
NO_SUCH_WINDOW = [23, 'no such window']
SCRIPT_TIMEOUT = [28, 'script timeout']
SESSION_NOT_CREATED = [33, 'session not created']
STALE_ELEMENT_REFERENCE = [10, 'stale element reference']
SUCCESS = 0
TIMEOUT = [21, 'timeout']
UNABLE_TO_CAPTURE_SCREEN = [63, 'unable to capture screen']
UNABLE_TO_SET_COOKIE = [25, 'unable to set cookie']
UNEXPECTED_ALERT_OPEN = [26, 'unexpected alert open']
UNKNOWN_COMMAND = [9, 'unknown command']
UNKNOWN_ERROR = [13, 'unknown error']
UNKNOWN_METHOD = ['unknown method exception']
XPATH_LOOKUP_ERROR = [19, 'invalid selector']

7.23. Remote WebDriver Error Handler 77

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

class selenium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorHandler
Bases: object
Handles errors returned by the WebDriver server.
check_response(response)
Checks that a JSON response from the WebDriver does not have an error.
Args
• response - The JSON response from the WebDriver server as a dictionary object.
Raises If the response contains an error message.

7.24 Remote WebDriver Mobile

class selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile(driver)
Bases: object
class ConnectionType(mask)
Bases: object
__init__(mask)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
airplane_mode
data
wifi
__init__(driver)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
set_network_connection(network)
Set the network connection for the remote device.
Example of setting airplane mode:

driver.mobile.set_network_connection(driver.mobile.AIRPLANE_MODE)

AIRPLANE_MODE = <selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile.ConnectionType object>

ALL_NETWORK = <selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile.ConnectionType object>
DATA_NETWORK = <selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile.ConnectionType object>
WIFI_NETWORK = <selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile.ConnectionType object>
context
returns the current context (Native or WebView).
contexts
returns a list of available contexts
network_connection

78 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

7.25 Remote WebDriver Remote Connection

class selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection.RemoteConnection(remote_server_addr,
keep_alive=False,
re-
solve_ip=True)
Bases: object
A connection with the Remote WebDriver server.
Communicates with the server using the WebDriver wire protocol: https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/
wiki/JsonWireProtocol
__init__(remote_server_addr, keep_alive=False, resolve_ip=True)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
execute(command, params)
Send a command to the remote server.
Any path subtitutions required for the URL mapped to the command should be included in the command
parameters.
Args
• command - A string specifying the command to execute.
• params - A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command as its JSON pay-
load.
classmethod get_remote_connection_headers(parsed_url, keep_alive=False)
Get headers for remote request.
Args
• parsed_url - The parsed url
• keep_alive (Boolean) - Is this a keep-alive connection (default: False)
classmethod get_timeout()
Returns Timeout value in seconds for all http requests made to the Remote Connection
classmethod reset_timeout()
Reset the http request timeout to socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
classmethod set_timeout(timeout)
Override the default timeout
Args
• timeout - timeout value for http requests in seconds

7.26 Remote WebDriver Utils

selenium.webdriver.remote.utils.dump_json(json_struct)
selenium.webdriver.remote.utils.format_json(json_struct)
selenium.webdriver.remote.utils.load_json(s)

7.25. Remote WebDriver Remote Connection 79

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

selenium.webdriver.remote.utils.unzip_to_temp_dir(zip_file_name)
Unzip zipfile to a temporary directory.
The directory of the unzipped files is returned if success, otherwise None is returned.

7.27 Internet Explorer WebDriver

class selenium.webdriver.ie.webdriver.WebDriver(executable_path=’IEDriverServer.exe’,
capabilities=None, port=0, time-
out=30, host=None, log_level=None,
service_log_path=None, op-
tions=None, ie_options=None,
desired_capabilities=None,
log_file=None, keep_alive=False)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
Controls the IEServerDriver and allows you to drive Internet Explorer
__init__(executable_path=’IEDriverServer.exe’, capabilities=None, port=0, timeout=30,
host=None, log_level=None, service_log_path=None, options=None, ie_options=None,
desired_capabilities=None, log_file=None, keep_alive=False)
Creates a new instance of the chrome driver.
Starts the service and then creates new instance of chrome driver.
Args
• executable_path - path to the executable. If the default is used it assumes the executable is
in the $PATH
• capabilities: capabilities Dictionary object
• port - port you would like the service to run, if left as 0, a free port will be found.
• timeout - no longer used, kept for backward compatibility
• host - IP address for the service
• log_level - log level you would like the service to run.
• service_log_path - target of logging of service, may be “stdout”, “stderr” or file path.
• options - IE Options instance, providing additional IE options
• ie_options - Deprecated argument for options
• desired_capabilities - alias of capabilities; this will make the signature consistent with
RemoteWebDriver.
• log_file - Deprecated argument for service_log_path
• keep_alive - Whether to configure RemoteConnection to use HTTP keep-alive.
create_options()
quit()
Quits the driver and closes every associated window.
Usage driver.quit()

80 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

7.28 Android WebDriver

class selenium.webdriver.android.webdriver.WebDriver(host=’localhost’,
port=4444, de-
sired_capabilities={’browserName’:
’android’, ’platform’: ’AN-
DROID’, ’version’: ”})
Bases: selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
Simple RemoteWebDriver wrapper to start connect to Selendroid’s WebView app
For more info on getting started with Selendroid http://selendroid.io/mobileWeb.html
__init__(host=’localhost’, port=4444, desired_capabilities={’browserName’: ’android’, ’platform’:
’ANDROID’, ’version’: ”})
Creates a new instance of Selendroid using the WebView app
Args
• host - location of where selendroid is running
• port - port that selendroid is running on
• desired_capabilities: Dictionary object with capabilities

7.29 Opera WebDriver

class selenium.webdriver.opera.webdriver.OperaDriver(executable_path=None,
port=0, options=None,
service_args=None, de-
sired_capabilities=None,
service_log_path=None,
opera_options=None,
keep_alive=True)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver
Controls the new OperaDriver and allows you to drive the Opera browser based on Chromium.
__init__(executable_path=None, port=0, options=None, service_args=None, de-
sired_capabilities=None, service_log_path=None, opera_options=None, keep_alive=True)
Creates a new instance of the operadriver.
Starts the service and then creates new instance of operadriver.
Args
• executable_path - path to the executable. If the default is used it assumes the exe-
cutable is in the $PATH
• port - port you would like the service to run, if left as 0, a free port will be found.
• options: this takes an instance of OperaOptions
• service_args - List of args to pass to the driver service
• desired_capabilities: Dictionary object with non-browser specific
• service_log_path - Where to log information from the driver.
• opera_options - Deprecated argument for options capabilities only, such as “proxy” or
“loggingPref”.

7.28. Android WebDriver 81

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

create_options()
class selenium.webdriver.opera.webdriver.WebDriver(desired_capabilities=None, ex-
ecutable_path=None, port=0,
service_log_path=None, ser-
vice_args=None, options=None)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.opera.webdriver.OperaDriver
class ServiceType
Bases: object
CHROMIUM = 2
__init__(desired_capabilities=None, executable_path=None, port=0, service_log_path=None, ser-
vice_args=None, options=None)
Creates a new instance of the operadriver.
Starts the service and then creates new instance of operadriver.
Args
• executable_path - path to the executable. If the default is used it assumes the exe-
cutable is in the $PATH
• port - port you would like the service to run, if left as 0, a free port will be found.
• options: this takes an instance of OperaOptions
• service_args - List of args to pass to the driver service
• desired_capabilities: Dictionary object with non-browser specific
• service_log_path - Where to log information from the driver.
• opera_options - Deprecated argument for options capabilities only, such as “proxy” or
“loggingPref”.

7.30 PhantomJS WebDriver

class selenium.webdriver.phantomjs.webdriver.WebDriver(executable_path=’phantomjs’,
port=0, de-
sired_capabilities={’browserName’:
’phantomjs’, ’javascriptEn-
abled’: True, ’platform’:
’ANY’, ’version’: ”},
service_args=None, ser-
vice_log_path=None)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
Wrapper to communicate with PhantomJS through Ghostdriver.
You will need to follow all the directions here: https://github.com/detro/ghostdriver
__init__(executable_path=’phantomjs’, port=0, desired_capabilities={’browserName’: ’phantomjs’,
’javascriptEnabled’: True, ’platform’: ’ANY’, ’version’: ”}, service_args=None, ser-
vice_log_path=None)
Creates a new instance of the PhantomJS / Ghostdriver.
Starts the service and then creates new instance of the driver.
Args

82 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

• executable_path - path to the executable. If the default is used it assumes the executable is
in the $PATH
• port - port you would like the service to run, if left as 0, a free port will be found.
• desired_capabilities: Dictionary object with non-browser specific capabilities only, such
as “proxy” or “loggingPref”.
• service_args : A List of command line arguments to pass to PhantomJS
• service_log_path: Path for phantomjs service to log to.
quit()
Closes the browser and shuts down the PhantomJS executable that is started when starting the PhantomJS

7.31 PhantomJS WebDriver Service

class selenium.webdriver.phantomjs.service.Service(executable_path, port=0,

service_args=None,
log_path=None)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.common.service.Service
Object that manages the starting and stopping of PhantomJS / Ghostdriver
__init__(executable_path, port=0, service_args=None, log_path=None)
Creates a new instance of the Service
Args
• executable_path : Path to PhantomJS binary
• port : Port the service is running on
• service_args : A List of other command line options to pass to PhantomJS
• log_path: Path for PhantomJS service to log to
command_line_args()
send_remote_shutdown_command()
service_url
Gets the url of the GhostDriver Service

7.32 Safari WebDriver

class selenium.webdriver.safari.webdriver.WebDriver(port=0, exe-

cutable_path=’/usr/bin/safaridriver’,
reuse_service=False, de-
sired_capabilities={’browserName’:
’safari’, ’platform’: ’MAC’,
’version’: ”}, quiet=False,
keep_alive=True, ser-
vice_args=None)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
Controls the SafariDriver and allows you to drive the browser.

7.31. PhantomJS WebDriver Service 83

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

__init__(port=0, executable_path=’/usr/bin/safaridriver’, reuse_service=False, de-

sired_capabilities={’browserName’: ’safari’, ’platform’: ’MAC’, ’version’: ”},
quiet=False, keep_alive=True, service_args=None)
Creates a new Safari driver instance and launches or finds a running safaridriver service.
Args
• port - The port on which the safaridriver service should listen for new connections. If zero,
a free port will be found.
• executable_path - Path to a custom safaridriver executable to be used. If absent,
/usr/bin/safaridriver is used.
• reuse_service - If True, do not spawn a safaridriver instance; instead, connect to an already-
running service that was launched externally.
• desired_capabilities: Dictionary object with desired capabilities (Can be used to provide
various Safari switches).
• quiet - If True, the driver’s stdout and stderr is suppressed.
• keep_alive - Whether to configure SafariRemoteConnection to use HTTP keep-alive.
Defaults to False.
• service_args : List of args to pass to the safaridriver service
debug()
get_permission(permission)
quit()
Closes the browser and shuts down the SafariDriver executable that is started when starting the SafariDriver
set_permission(permission, value)

7.33 Safari WebDriver Service

class selenium.webdriver.safari.service.Service(executable_path, port=0, quiet=False,

service_args=None)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.common.service.Service
Object that manages the starting and stopping of the SafariDriver
__init__(executable_path, port=0, quiet=False, service_args=None)
Creates a new instance of the Service
Args
• executable_path : Path to the SafariDriver
• port : Port the service is running on
• quiet : Suppress driver stdout and stderr
• service_args : List of args to pass to the safaridriver service
command_line_args()
service_url
Gets the url of the SafariDriver Service

84 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

7.34 Select Support

class selenium.webdriver.support.select.Select(webelement)
Bases: object
__init__(webelement)
Constructor. A check is made that the given element is, indeed, a SELECT tag. If it is not, then an
UnexpectedTagNameException is thrown.
Args
• webelement - element SELECT element to wrap

Example: from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select

Select(driver.find_element_by_tag_name(“select”)).select_by_index(2)

deselect_all()
Clear all selected entries. This is only valid when the SELECT supports multiple selections. throws
NotImplementedError If the SELECT does not support multiple selections
deselect_by_index(index)
Deselect the option at the given index. This is done by examing the “index” attribute of an element, and
not merely by counting.
Args
• index - The option at this index will be deselected
throws NoSuchElementException If there is no option with specisied index in SELECT
deselect_by_value(value)
Deselect all options that have a value matching the argument. That is, when given “foo” this would deselect
an option like:
<option value=”foo”>Bar</option>

Args
• value - The value to match against
throws NoSuchElementException If there is no option with specisied value in SELECT

deselect_by_visible_text(text)
Deselect all options that display text matching the argument. That is, when given “Bar” this would deselect
an option like:
<option value=”foo”>Bar</option>
Args
• text - The visible text to match against
select_by_index(index)
Select the option at the given index. This is done by examing the “index” attribute of an element, and not
merely by counting.
Args
• index - The option at this index will be selected
throws NoSuchElementException If there is no option with specisied index in SELECT

7.34. Select Support 85

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

select_by_value(value)
Select all options that have a value matching the argument. That is, when given “foo” this would select an
option like:
<option value=”foo”>Bar</option>
Args
• value - The value to match against
throws NoSuchElementException If there is no option with specisied value in SELECT
select_by_visible_text(text)
Select all options that display text matching the argument. That is, when given “Bar” this would select an
option like:
<option value=”foo”>Bar</option>

Args
• text - The visible text to match against
throws NoSuchElementException If there is no option with specisied text in SELECT

all_selected_options
Returns a list of all selected options belonging to this select tag
first_selected_option
The first selected option in this select tag (or the currently selected option in a normal select)
options
Returns a list of all options belonging to this select tag

7.35 Wait Support

class selenium.webdriver.support.wait.WebDriverWait(driver, timeout,

poll_frequency=0.5, ig-
nored_exceptions=None)
Bases: object
__init__(driver, timeout, poll_frequency=0.5, ignored_exceptions=None)
Constructor, takes a WebDriver instance and timeout in seconds.
Args
• driver - Instance of WebDriver (Ie, Firefox, Chrome or Remote)
• timeout - Number of seconds before timing out
• poll_frequency - sleep interval between calls By default, it is 0.5 second.
• ignored_exceptions - iterable structure of exception classes ignored during calls. By de-
fault, it contains NoSuchElementException only.

Example: from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait

element = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(lambda x: x.find_element_by_id(“someId”))
is_disappeared = WebDriverWait(driver, 30, 1, (ElementNotVisibleException)).
until_not(lambda x: x.find_element_by_id(“someId”).is_displayed())

86 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

until(method, message=”)
Calls the method provided with the driver as an argument until the return value is not False.
until_not(method, message=”)
Calls the method provided with the driver as an argument until the return value is False.

7.36 Color Support

class selenium.webdriver.support.color.Color(red, green, blue, alpha=1)

Bases: object
Color conversion support class
Example:
from selenium.webdriver.support.color import Color

print(Color.from_string('#00ff33').rgba)
print(Color.from_string('rgb(1, 255, 3)').hex)
print(Color.from_string('blue').rgba)

__init__(red, green, blue, alpha=1)

Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
static from_string(str_)
hex
rgb
rgba

7.37 Event Firing WebDriver Support

class selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebDriver(driver,
event_listener)
Bases: object
A wrapper around an arbitrary WebDriver instance which supports firing events
__init__(driver, event_listener)
Creates a new instance of the EventFiringWebDriver
Args
• driver : A WebDriver instance
• event_listener : Instance of a class that subclasses AbstractEventListener and implements
it fully or partially
Example:
from selenium.webdriver import Firefox
from selenium.webdriver.support.events import EventFiringWebDriver,
˓→AbstractEventListener

class MyListener(AbstractEventListener):
def before_navigate_to(self, url, driver):
(continues on next page)

7.36. Color Support 87

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

(continued from previous page)

print("Before navigate to %s" % url)
def after_navigate_to(self, url, driver):
print("After navigate to %s" % url)

driver = Firefox()
ef_driver = EventFiringWebDriver(driver, MyListener())
ef_driver.get("http://www.google.co.in/")

back()
close()
execute_async_script(script, *args)
execute_script(script, *args)
find_element(by=’id’, value=None)
find_element_by_class_name(name)
find_element_by_css_selector(css_selector)
find_element_by_id(id_)
find_element_by_link_text(link_text)
find_element_by_name(name)
find_element_by_partial_link_text(link_text)
find_element_by_tag_name(name)
find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
find_elements(by=’id’, value=None)
find_elements_by_class_name(name)
find_elements_by_css_selector(css_selector)
find_elements_by_id(id_)
find_elements_by_link_text(text)
find_elements_by_name(name)
find_elements_by_partial_link_text(link_text)
find_elements_by_tag_name(name)
find_elements_by_xpath(xpath)
forward()
get(url)
quit()
wrapped_driver
Returns the WebDriver instance wrapped by this EventsFiringWebDriver
class selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement(webelement,
ef_driver)
Bases: object
” A wrapper around WebElement instance which supports firing events

88 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

__init__(webelement, ef_driver)
Creates a new instance of the EventFiringWebElement
clear()
click()
find_element(by=’id’, value=None)
find_element_by_class_name(name)
find_element_by_css_selector(css_selector)
find_element_by_id(id_)
find_element_by_link_text(link_text)
find_element_by_name(name)
find_element_by_partial_link_text(link_text)
find_element_by_tag_name(name)
find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
find_elements(by=’id’, value=None)
find_elements_by_class_name(name)
find_elements_by_css_selector(css_selector)
find_elements_by_id(id_)
find_elements_by_link_text(link_text)
find_elements_by_name(name)
find_elements_by_partial_link_text(link_text)
find_elements_by_tag_name(name)
find_elements_by_xpath(xpath)
send_keys(*value)
wrapped_element
Returns the WebElement wrapped by this EventFiringWebElement instance

7.38 Abstract Event Listener Support

class selenium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventListener
Bases: object
Event listener must subclass and implement this fully or partially
after_change_value_of(element, driver)
after_click(element, driver)
after_close(driver)
after_execute_script(script, driver)
after_find(by, value, driver)
after_navigate_back(driver)

7.38. Abstract Event Listener Support 89

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

after_navigate_forward(driver)
after_navigate_to(url, driver)
after_quit(driver)
before_change_value_of(element, driver)
before_click(element, driver)
before_close(driver)
before_execute_script(script, driver)
before_find(by, value, driver)
before_navigate_back(driver)
before_navigate_forward(driver)
before_navigate_to(url, driver)
before_quit(driver)
on_exception(exception, driver)

7.39 Expected conditions Support

class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.alert_is_present
Bases: object
Expect an alert to be present.
__init__()
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_located_selection_state_to_be(

Bases: object
An expectation to locate an element and check if the selection state specified is in that state. locator is a tuple of
(by, path) is_selected is a boolean
__init__(locator, is_selected)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_located_to_be_selected(locator)
Bases: object
An expectation for the element to be located is selected. locator is a tuple of (by, path)
__init__(locator)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_selection_state_to_be(element,
is_selected
Bases: object
An expectation for checking if the given element is selected. element is WebElement object is_selected is a
Boolean.”
__init__(element, is_selected)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

90 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_to_be_clickable(locator)
Bases: object
An Expectation for checking an element is visible and enabled such that you can click it.
__init__(locator)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_to_be_selected(element)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking the selection is selected. element is WebElement object
__init__(element)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it
Bases: object
An expectation for checking whether the given frame is available to switch to. If the frame is available it switches
the given driver to the specified frame.
__init__(locator)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.invisibility_of_element(locator)
Bases: selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.
invisibility_of_element_located
An Expectation for checking that an element is either invisible or not present on the DOM.
element is either a locator (text) or an WebElement
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.invisibility_of_element_located(locator)
Bases: object
An Expectation for checking that an element is either invisible or not present on the DOM.
locator used to find the element
__init__(locator)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.new_window_is_opened(current_handles)
Bases: object
An expectation that a new window will be opened and have the number of windows handles increase
__init__(current_handles)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.number_of_windows_to_be(num_windows)
Bases: object
An expectation for the number of windows to be a certain value.
__init__(num_windows)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.presence_of_all_elements_located(locator
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that there is at least one element present on a web page. locator is used to find the
element returns the list of WebElements once they are located

7.39. Expected conditions Support 91

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

__init__(locator)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.presence_of_element_located(locator)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that an element is present on the DOM of a page. This does not necessarily mean
that the element is visible. locator - used to find the element returns the WebElement once it is located
__init__(locator)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.staleness_of(element)
Bases: object
Wait until an element is no longer attached to the DOM. element is the element to wait for. returns False if the
element is still attached to the DOM, true otherwise.
__init__(element)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.text_to_be_present_in_element(locator,
text_)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking if the given text is present in the specified element. locator, text
__init__(locator, text_)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.text_to_be_present_in_element_value(loc
tex
Bases: object
An expectation for checking if the given text is present in the element’s locator, text
__init__(locator, text_)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.title_contains(title)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that the title contains a case-sensitive substring. title is the fragment of title expected
returns True when the title matches, False otherwise
__init__(title)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.title_is(title)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking the title of a page. title is the expected title, which must be an exact match returns
True if the title matches, false otherwise.
__init__(title)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.url_changes(url)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking the current url. url is the expected url, which must not be an exact match returns
True if the url is different, false otherwise.
__init__(url)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

92 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.url_contains(url)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that the current url contains a case-sensitive substring. url is the fragment of url
expected, returns True when the url matches, False otherwise
__init__(url)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.url_matches(pattern)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking the current url. pattern is the expected pattern, which must be an exact match
returns True if the url matches, false otherwise.
__init__(pattern)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.url_to_be(url)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking the current url. url is the expected url, which must be an exact match returns True
if the url matches, false otherwise.
__init__(url)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.visibility_of(element)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that an element, known to be present on the DOM of a page, is visible. Visibility
means that the element is not only displayed but also has a height and width that is greater than 0. element is the
WebElement returns the (same) WebElement once it is visible
__init__(element)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.visibility_of_all_elements_located(loca
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that all elements are present on the DOM of a page and visible. Visibility means
that the elements are not only displayed but also has a height and width that is greater than 0. locator - used to
find the elements returns the list of WebElements once they are located and visible
__init__(locator)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.visibility_of_any_elements_located(loca
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that there is at least one element visible on a web page. locator is used to find the
element returns the list of WebElements once they are located
__init__(locator)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
class selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.visibility_of_element_located(locator)
Bases: object
An expectation for checking that an element is present on the DOM of a page and visible. Visibility means that
the element is not only displayed but also has a height and width that is greater than 0. locator - used to find the
element returns the WebElement once it is located and visible

7.39. Expected conditions Support 93

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

__init__(locator)
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

94 Chapter 7. WebDriver API

 CHAPTER 8

Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions

Another FAQ: https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/Frequently-Asked-Questions

8.1 How to use ChromeDriver ?

Download the latest chromedriver from download page. Unzip the file:

unzip chromedriver_linux32_x.x.x.x.zip

You should see a chromedriver executable. Now you can create an instance of Chrome WebDriver like this:

driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="/path/to/chromedriver")

The rest of the example should work as given in other documentation.

8.2 Does Selenium 2 support XPath 2.0 ?

Ref: http://seleniumhq.org/docs/03_webdriver.html#how-xpath-works-in-webdriver
Selenium delegates XPath queries down to the browser’s own XPath engine, so Selenium support XPath supports
whatever the browser supports. In browsers which don’t have native XPath engines (IE 6,7,8), Selenium supports
XPath 1.0 only.

8.3 How to scroll down to the bottom of a page ?

Ref: http://blog.varunin.com/2011/08/scrolling-on-pages-using-selenium.html
You can use the execute_script method to execute javascript on the loaded page. So, you can call the JavaScript API
to scroll to the bottom or any other position of a page.

95
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

Here is an example to scroll to the bottom of a page:

driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);")

The window object in DOM has a scrollTo method to scroll to any position of an opened window. The scrollHeight
is a common property for all elements. The document.body.scrollHeight will give the height of the entire body of the
page.

8.4 How to auto save files using custom Firefox profile ?

Ref: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1176348/access-to-file-download-dialog-in-firefox
Ref: http://blog.codecentric.de/en/2010/07/file-downloads-with-selenium-mission-impossible/
The first step is to identify the type of file you want to auto save.
To identify the content type you want to download automatically, you can use curl:
curl -I URL | grep "Content-Type"

Another way to find content type is using the requests module, you can use it like this:
import requests
content_type = requests.head('http://www.python.org').headers['content-type']
print(content_type)

Once the content type is identified, you can use it to set the firefox profile preference: browser.helperApps.
neverAsk.saveToDisk
Here is an example:
import os

from selenium import webdriver

fp = webdriver.FirefoxProfile()

fp.set_preference("browser.download.folderList",2)
fp.set_preference("browser.download.manager.showWhenStarting",False)
fp.set_preference("browser.download.dir", os.getcwd())
fp.set_preference("browser.helperApps.neverAsk.saveToDisk", "application/octet-stream
˓→")

browser = webdriver.Firefox(firefox_profile=fp)
browser.get("http://pypi.python.org/pypi/selenium")
browser.find_element_by_partial_link_text("selenium-2").click()

In the above example, application/octet-stream is used as the content type.

The browser.download.dir option specify the directory where you want to download the files.

8.5 How to upload files into file inputs ?

Select the <input type="file"> element and call the send_keys() method passing the file path, either the
path relative to the test script, or an absolute path. Keep in mind the differences in path names between Windows and
Unix systems.

96 Chapter 8. Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions

 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

8.6 How to use firebug with Firefox ?

First download the Firebug XPI file, later you call the add_extension method available for the firefox profile:

from selenium import webdriver

fp = webdriver.FirefoxProfile()

fp.add_extension(extension='firebug-1.8.4.xpi')
fp.set_preference("extensions.firebug.currentVersion", "1.8.4") #Avoid startup screen
browser = webdriver.Firefox(firefox_profile=fp)

8.7 How to take screenshot of the current window ?

Use the save_screenshot method provided by the webdriver:

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get('http://www.python.org/')
driver.save_screenshot('screenshot.png')
driver.quit()

8.6. How to use firebug with Firefox ? 97

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

98 Chapter 8. Appendix: Frequently Asked Questions

 CHAPTER 9

Indices and tables

• genindex
• modindex
• search

99
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

100 Chapter 9. Indices and tables

 Python Module Index

s selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile, 78
selenium.common.exceptions, 32 selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection,
selenium.webdriver.android.webdriver, 79
81 selenium.webdriver.remote.utils, 79
selenium.webdriver.chrome.options, 55 selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver, 57
selenium.webdriver.chrome.service, 56 selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement,
selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver, 54 66
selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains, selenium.webdriver.safari.service, 84
37 selenium.webdriver.safari.webdriver, 83
selenium.webdriver.common.alert, 40 selenium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener,
selenium.webdriver.common.by, 43 89
selenium.webdriver.support.color, 87
selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities,
43 selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver,
87
selenium.webdriver.common.html5.application_cache,
48 selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions,
selenium.webdriver.common.keys, 41 90
selenium.webdriver.common.proxy, 46 selenium.webdriver.support.select, 85
selenium.webdriver.common.service, 48 selenium.webdriver.support.wait, 86
selenium.webdriver.common.touch_actions,
44
selenium.webdriver.common.utils, 47
selenium.webdriver.firefox.extension_connection,
53
selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_binary,
53
selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile,
52
selenium.webdriver.firefox.options, 51
selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver,
49
selenium.webdriver.ie.webdriver, 80
selenium.webdriver.opera.webdriver, 81
selenium.webdriver.phantomjs.service,
83
selenium.webdriver.phantomjs.webdriver,
82
selenium.webdriver.remote.command, 73
selenium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler,
76

101
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

102 Python Module Index

 Index

Symbols __init__() (selenium.webdriver.ie.webdriver.WebDriver

__init__() (selenium.common.exceptions.ErrorInResponseException method), 80
method), 33 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.opera.webdriver.OperaDriver
__init__() (selenium.common.exceptions.UnexpectedAlertPresentException81
method),
method), 36 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.opera.webdriver.WebDriver
__init__() (selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException method), 82
method), 37 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.phantomjs.service.Service
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.android.webdriver.WebDriver method), 83
method), 81 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.phantomjs.webdriver.WebDriver
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options method), 82
method), 55 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.chrome.service.Service method), 78
method), 56 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile.ConnectionType
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver method), 78
method), 54 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection.RemoteConn
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains method), 79
method), 37 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.common.alert.Alert method), 57
method), 40 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
method), 67
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.common.html5.application_cache.ApplicationCache
method), 49 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.safari.service.Service
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy method), 84
method), 46 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.safari.webdriver.WebDriver
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.common.service.Service method), 83
method), 48 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.color.Color
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.TouchActions method), 87
method), 44 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFi
method), 87
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.extension_connection.ExtensionConnection
method), 53 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFi
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_binary.FirefoxBinarymethod), 88
method), 53 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.alert_is_p
method), 90
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile
method), 52 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_lo
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.options.Log method), 90
method), 51 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_lo
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options method), 90
method), 51 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_s
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver method), 90
method), 49 __init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_to
method), 91

103
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.element_to_be_selected
accept_insecure_certs (sele-
method), 91 nium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options at-
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it
tribute), 51
method), 91 accept_untrusted_certs (sele-
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.invisibility_of_element_located
nium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile
method), 91 attribute), 52
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.new_window_is_opened
ActionChains (class in sele-
method), 91 nium.webdriver.common.action_chains),
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.number_of_windows_to_be
37
method), 91 ADD (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.presence_of_all_elements_located
41
method), 91 add_argument() (sele-
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.presence_of_element_located
nium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options
method), 92 method), 55
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.staleness_of
add_argument() (sele-
method), 92 nium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.text_to_be_present_in_element
method), 51
method), 92 add_command_line_options() (sele-
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.text_to_be_present_in_element_value
nium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_binary.FirefoxBinary
method), 92 method), 53
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.title_contains
ADD_COOKIE (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
method), 92 attribute), 73
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.title_is
add_cookie() (sele-
method), 92 nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.url_changes
method), 57
method), 92 add_encoded_extension() (sele-
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.url_contains
nium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options
method), 93 method), 55
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.url_matches
add_experimental_option() (sele-
method), 93 nium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.url_to_be
method), 55
method), 93 add_extension() (sele-
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.visibility_of
nium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options
method), 93 method), 55
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.visibility_of_all_elements_located
add_extension() (sele-
method), 93 nium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.visibility_of_any_elements_located
method), 52
method), 93 add_to_capabilities() (sele-
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.visibility_of_element_located
nium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy method),
method), 93 46
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.select.Select AddonFormatError, 52
method), 85 after_change_value_of() (sele-
__init__() (selenium.webdriver.support.wait.WebDriverWait nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventList
method), 86 method), 89
after_click() (sele-
A nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventList
AbstractEventListener (class in sele- method), 89
nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener), after_close() (sele-
89 nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventList
accept() (selenium.webdriver.common.alert.Alert method), 89
method), 40 after_execute_script() (sele-
ACCEPT_ALERT (sele- nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventList
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command method), 89
attribute), 73 after_find() (sele-

104 Index
 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventListener
assert_process_still_running() (sele-
method), 89 nium.webdriver.common.service.Service
after_navigate_back() (sele- method), 48
nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventListener
assume_untrusted_cert_issuer (sele-
method), 89 nium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile
after_navigate_forward() (sele- attribute), 52
auto_detect (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy
nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventListener
method), 89 attribute), 46
after_navigate_to() (sele- autodetect (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy
attribute), 46
nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventListener
method), 90 AUTODETECT (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.ProxyType
after_quit() (sele- attribute), 47
nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventListener
method), 90 B
AIRPLANE_MODE (sele- back() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
nium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile at- method), 58
tribute), 78 back() (selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringW
airplane_mode (sele- method), 88
nium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile.ConnectionType BACK_SPACE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
attribute), 78 attribute), 41
Alert (class in selenium.webdriver.common.alert), 40 BACKSPACE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
alert_is_present (class in sele- tribute), 41
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), before_change_value_of() (sele-
90 nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventList
ALL_NETWORK (selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile method), 90
attribute), 78 before_click() (sele-
all_selected_options (sele- nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventList
nium.webdriver.support.select.Select attribute), method), 90
86 before_close() (sele-
ALT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventList
41 method), 90
ANDROID (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
before_execute_script() (sele-
attribute), 43 nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventList
ANONYMOUS_PROFILE_NAME (sele- method), 90
nium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile
before_find() (sele-
attribute), 52 nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventList
application_cache (sele- method), 90
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver before_navigate_back() (sele-
attribute), 65 nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventList
ApplicationCache (class in sele- method), 90
nium.webdriver.common.html5.application_cache), before_navigate_forward() (sele-
48 nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventList
arguments (selenium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options method), 90
attribute), 56 before_navigate_to() (sele-
arguments (selenium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventList
attribute), 51 method), 90
ARROW_DOWN (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys before_quit() (sele-
attribute), 41 nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventList
ARROW_LEFT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys method), 90
attribute), 41 binary (selenium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options at-
ARROW_RIGHT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys tribute), 51
attribute), 41 binary_location (sele-
ARROW_UP (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- nium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options at-
tribute), 41 tribute), 56

Index 105
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

binary_location (sele- CLICK_ELEMENT (sele-

nium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options at- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
tribute), 51 attribute), 73
By (class in selenium.webdriver.common.by), 43 CLOSE (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
attribute), 73
C close() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
CANCEL (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- method), 58
tribute), 41 close() (selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiring
capabilities (sele- method), 88
nium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options at- Color (class in selenium.webdriver.support.color), 87
tribute), 56 Command (class in sele-
capabilities (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command), 73
nium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options at- COMMAND (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
tribute), 51 attribute), 41
check_response() (sele- command_line_args() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorHandler nium.webdriver.chrome.service.Service
method), 78 method), 56
command_line_args()
CHECKING (selenium.webdriver.common.html5.application_cache.ApplicationCache (sele-
attribute), 49 nium.webdriver.common.service.Service
method), 48
CHROME (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
attribute), 43 command_line_args() (sele-
nium.webdriver.phantomjs.service.Service
CHROMIUM (selenium.webdriver.opera.webdriver.WebDriver.ServiceType
attribute), 82 method), 83
CLASS_NAME (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By at- command_line_args() (sele-
tribute), 43 nium.webdriver.safari.service.Service method),
CLEAR (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- 84
tribute), 41 connect() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.extension_connection.ExtensionCo
clear() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement method), 53
method), 67 connect_and_quit() (sele-
nium.webdriver.firefox.extension_connection.ExtensionConnection
clear() (selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement
method), 89 class method), 53
CLEAR_APP_CACHE (sele- context (selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile at-
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command tribute), 78
attribute), 73 context() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver
CLEAR_ELEMENT (sele- method), 50
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command CONTEXT_CHROME (sele-
attribute), 73 nium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver
CLEAR_LOCAL_STORAGE (sele- attribute), 51
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command context_click() (sele-
attribute), 73 nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
CLEAR_SESSION_STORAGE (sele- method), 38
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command CONTEXT_CONTENT (sele-
attribute), 73 nium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver
CLICK (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command attribute), 51
attribute), 73 CONTEXT_HANDLES (sele-
click() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
method), 38 attribute), 73
contexts
click() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile
method), 67 attribute), 78
CONTROL (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
click() (selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement
method), 89 attribute), 41
click_and_hold() (sele- create_options() (sele-
nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains nium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 38 method), 54

106 Index
 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

create_options() (sele- deselect_all() (sele-

nium.webdriver.ie.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.support.select.Select method),
method), 80 85
create_options() (sele- deselect_by_index() (sele-
nium.webdriver.opera.webdriver.OperaDriver nium.webdriver.support.select.Select method),
method), 81 85
create_web_element() (sele- deselect_by_value() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.support.select.Select method),
method), 58 85
CSS_SELECTOR (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By at- deselect_by_visible_text() (sele-
tribute), 43 nium.webdriver.support.select.Select method),
CURRENT_CONTEXT_HANDLE (sele- 85
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command desired_capabilities (sele-
attribute), 73 nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
current_url (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver attribute), 66
attribute), 65 DesiredCapabilities (class in sele-
current_window_handle (sele- nium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities),
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver 43
attribute), 65 DIRECT (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.ProxyType
attribute), 47
D dismiss() (selenium.webdriver.common.alert.Alert
data (selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile.ConnectionType method), 40
attribute), 78 DISMISS_ALERT (sele-
DATA_NETWORK (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile at- attribute), 73
tribute), 78 DIVIDE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
debug() (selenium.webdriver.safari.webdriver.WebDriver tribute), 41
method), 84 DOUBLE_CLICK (sele-
debugger_address (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options at- attribute), 73
tribute), 56 double_click() (sele-
DECIMAL (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
attribute), 41 method), 38
DEFAULT_PREFERENCES (sele- DOUBLE_TAP (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile attribute), 73
attribute), 52 double_tap() (sele-
DELETE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- nium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.TouchActions
tribute), 41 method), 44
DELETE_ALL_COOKIES (sele- DOWN (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command 41
attribute), 73 DOWNLOADING (selenium.webdriver.common.html5.application_cache.App
delete_all_cookies() (sele- attribute), 49
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver drag_and_drop() (sele-
method), 58 nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
DELETE_COOKIE (sele- method), 38
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command drag_and_drop_by_offset() (sele-
attribute), 73 nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
delete_cookie() (sele- method), 38
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver dump_json() (in module sele-
method), 58 nium.webdriver.remote.utils), 79
DELETE_SESSION (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command E
attribute), 73 EDGE (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilitie
attribute), 43

Index 107
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

ELEMENT_CLICK_INTERCEPTED (sele- EventFiringWebElement (class in sele-

nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver),
attribute), 76 88
ELEMENT_IS_NOT_SELECTABLE (sele- execute() (selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection.RemoteConne
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode method), 79
attribute), 76 execute() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
element_located_selection_state_to_be method), 58
(class in sele- EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
90 attribute), 73
element_located_to_be_selected execute_async_script() (sele-
(class in sele- nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), method), 58
90 execute_async_script() (sele-
ELEMENT_NOT_INTERACTABLE (sele- nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebD
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode method), 88
attribute), 77 execute_cdp_cmd() (sele-
ELEMENT_NOT_VISIBLE (sele- nium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode method), 54
attribute), 77 EXECUTE_SCRIPT (sele-
ELEMENT_SCREENSHOT (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command attribute), 73
attribute), 73 execute_script() (sele-
element_selection_state_to_be (class in sele- nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), method), 58
90 execute_script() (sele-
element_to_be_clickable (class in sele- nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebD
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), method), 88
90 EXECUTE_SQL (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
element_to_be_selected (class in sele- attribute), 73
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), experimental_options (sele-
91 nium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options at-
ElementClickInterceptedException, 32 tribute), 56
ElementNotInteractableException, 32 ExtensionConnection (class in sele-
ElementNotSelectableException, 32 nium.webdriver.firefox.extension_connection),
ElementNotVisibleException, 32 53
encoded (selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile
ExtensionConnectionError, 53
attribute), 52 extensions (selenium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options
END (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), attribute), 56
41
ENTER (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- F
tribute), 41 F1 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 41
EQUALS (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- F10 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
tribute), 41 41
ErrorCode (class in sele- F11 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler), 76 41
ErrorHandler (class in sele- F12 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler), 77 41
ErrorInResponseException, 33 F2 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 41
ESCAPE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- F3 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 41
tribute), 41 F4 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 41
EventFiringWebDriver (class in sele- F5 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 41
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver), F6 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 41
87 F7 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 42

108 Index
 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

F8 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 42 method), 89

F9 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 42 find_element_by_id() (sele-
file_detector (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver method), 59
attribute), 66 find_element_by_id() (sele-
file_detector_context() (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver method), 67
method), 58 find_element_by_id() (sele-
FIND_CHILD_ELEMENT (sele- nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebD
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command method), 88
attribute), 73 find_element_by_id() (sele-
FIND_CHILD_ELEMENTS (sele- nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebE
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command method), 89
attribute), 73 find_element_by_link_text() (sele-
find_connectable_ip() (in module sele- nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
nium.webdriver.common.utils), 47 method), 60
FIND_ELEMENT (sele- find_element_by_link_text() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
attribute), 73 method), 68
find_element() (sele- find_element_by_link_text() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebD
method), 59 method), 88
find_element() (sele- find_element_by_link_text() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebE
method), 67 method), 89
find_element() (sele- find_element_by_name() (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebDriver
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 88 method), 60
find_element() (sele- find_element_by_name() (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
method), 89 method), 68
find_element_by_class_name() (sele- find_element_by_name() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebD
method), 59 method), 88
find_element_by_class_name() (sele- find_element_by_name() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebE
method), 67 method), 89
find_element_by_class_name() (sele- find_element_by_partial_link_text() (se-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebDriver
lenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 88 method), 60
find_element_by_class_name() (sele- find_element_by_partial_link_text() (se-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement
lenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
method), 89 method), 68
find_element_by_css_selector() (sele- find_element_by_partial_link_text() (se-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver lenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWeb
method), 59 method), 88
find_element_by_css_selector() (sele- find_element_by_partial_link_text() (se-
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement lenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWeb
method), 67 method), 89
find_element_by_css_selector() (sele- find_element_by_tag_name() (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebDriver
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 88 method), 60
find_element_by_css_selector() (sele- find_element_by_tag_name() (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement

Index 109
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

method), 68 method), 88
find_element_by_tag_name() (sele- find_elements_by_css_selector() (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebDriver
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebE
method), 88 method), 89
find_element_by_tag_name() (sele- find_elements_by_id() (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 89 method), 61
find_element_by_xpath() (sele- find_elements_by_id() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
method), 60 method), 69
find_element_by_xpath() (sele- find_elements_by_id() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebD
method), 68 method), 88
find_element_by_xpath() (sele- find_elements_by_id() (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebDriver
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebE
method), 88 method), 89
find_element_by_xpath() (sele- find_elements_by_link_text() (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 89 method), 61
FIND_ELEMENTS (sele- find_elements_by_link_text() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
attribute), 74 method), 70
find_elements() (sele- find_elements_by_link_text() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebD
method), 61 method), 88
find_elements() (sele- find_elements_by_link_text() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebE
method), 69 method), 89
find_elements() (sele- find_elements_by_name() (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebDriver
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 88 method), 62
find_elements() (sele- find_elements_by_name() (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
method), 89 method), 70
find_elements_by_class_name() (sele- find_elements_by_name() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebD
method), 61 method), 88
find_elements_by_class_name() (sele- find_elements_by_name() (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebE
method), 69 method), 89
find_elements_by_class_name() (sele- find_elements_by_partial_link_text()
(selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebDriver
method), 88 method), 62
find_elements_by_class_name() (sele- find_elements_by_partial_link_text()
(selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement
method), 89 method), 70
find_elements_by_css_selector() (sele- find_elements_by_partial_link_text()
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver (selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringW
method), 61 method), 88
find_elements_by_css_selector() (sele- find_elements_by_partial_link_text()
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringW
method), 69 method), 89
find_elements_by_css_selector() (sele- find_elements_by_tag_name() (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebDriver
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver

110 Index
 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

method), 62 nium.webdriver.support.color.Color static

find_elements_by_tag_name() (sele- method), 87
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement ftp_proxy (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy
method), 70 attribute), 46
find_elements_by_tag_name() (sele- ftpProxy (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy
attribute), 46
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebDriver
method), 88 FULLSCREEN_WINDOW (sele-
find_elements_by_tag_name() (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
attribute), 74
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement
method), 89 fullscreen_window() (sele-
find_elements_by_xpath() (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver method), 62
method), 62
find_elements_by_xpath() (sele- G
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement GET (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command at-
method), 70 tribute), 74
find_elements_by_xpath() (sele- get() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebDriver
method), 62
method), 88 get() (selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWe
find_elements_by_xpath() (sele- method), 88
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement
GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT (sele-
method), 89 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
FIREFOX (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
attribute), 74
attribute), 44 GET_ALERT_TEXT (sele-
firefox_profile (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver attribute), 74
attribute), 51 GET_ALL_COOKIES (sele-
FirefoxBinary (class in sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_binary), 53 attribute), 74
FirefoxProfile (class in sele- GET_ALL_SESSIONS (sele-
nium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile), 52 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
first_selected_option (sele- attribute), 74
nium.webdriver.support.select.Select attribute), GET_APP_CACHE (sele-
86 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
FLICK (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command attribute), 74
attribute), 74 GET_APP_CACHE_STATUS (sele-
flick() (selenium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.TouchActions nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
method), 44 attribute), 74
flick_element() (sele- get_attribute() (sele-
nium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.TouchActions nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
method), 44 method), 71
format_json() (in module sele- GET_AVAILABLE_LOG_TYPES (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.utils), 79 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
forward() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver attribute), 74
method), 62 GET_COOKIE (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
forward() (selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebDriver
attribute), 74
method), 88 get_cookie() (sele-
frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
(class in sele- method), 62
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), get_cookies() (sele-
91 nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
free_port() (in module sele- method), 63
nium.webdriver.common.utils), 47 GET_CURRENT_URL (sele-
from_string() (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command

Index 111
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE (sele- attribute), 74
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command GET_PAGE_SOURCE (sele-
attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
GET_ELEMENT_ATTRIBUTE (sele- attribute), 74
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command get_permission() (sele-
attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.safari.webdriver.WebDriver
GET_ELEMENT_LOCATION (sele- method), 84
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command get_property() (sele-
attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
GET_ELEMENT_LOCATION_ONCE_SCROLLED_INTO_VIEW method), 71
(selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command get_remote_connection_headers() (sele-
attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection.RemoteConnection
GET_ELEMENT_PROPERTY (sele- class method), 79
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command GET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION (sele-
attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
GET_ELEMENT_RECT (sele- attribute), 74
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command get_screenshot_as_base64() (sele-
attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
GET_ELEMENT_SIZE (sele- method), 63
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command get_screenshot_as_file() (sele-
attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
GET_ELEMENT_TAG_NAME (sele- method), 63
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command get_screenshot_as_png() (sele-
attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
GET_ELEMENT_TEXT (sele- method), 63
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command GET_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM (sele-
attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
GET_ELEMENT_VALUE (sele- attribute), 74
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command GET_SESSION_STORAGE_KEYS (sele-
attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
GET_ELEMENT_VALUE_OF_CSS_PROPERTY (sele- attribute), 74
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command GET_SESSION_STORAGE_SIZE (sele-
attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM (sele- attribute), 74
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command get_timeout() (sele-
attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection.RemoteConnection
GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEYS (sele- class method), 79
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command GET_TITLE (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
attribute), 74 attribute), 74
GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_SIZE (sele- GET_WINDOW_HANDLES (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
attribute), 74 attribute), 75
GET_LOCATION (sele- GET_WINDOW_POSITION (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
attribute), 74 attribute), 75
GET_LOG (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command get_window_position() (sele-
attribute), 74 nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
get_log() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver method), 63
method), 63 GET_WINDOW_RECT (sele-
get_network_conditions() (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver attribute), 75
method), 55 get_window_rect() (sele-
GET_NETWORK_CONNECTION (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver

112 Index
 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

method), 63 INSECURE_CERTIFICATE (sele-

GET_WINDOW_SIZE (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command attribute), 77
attribute), 75 InsecureCertificateException, 33
get_window_size() (sele- INSERT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver tribute), 42
method), 63 install_addon() (sele-
GO_BACK (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command nium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver
attribute), 75 method), 50
GO_FORWARD (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command INTERNETEXPLORER (sele-
attribute), 75 nium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
attribute), 44
H INVALID_ARGUMENT (sele-
headless (selenium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
attribute), 56 attribute), 77
headless (selenium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options INVALID_COOKIE_DOMAIN (sele-
attribute), 51 nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
HELP (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), attribute), 77
42 INVALID_COORDINATES (sele-
hex (selenium.webdriver.support.color.Color attribute), nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
87 attribute), 77
HOME (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), INVALID_ELEMENT_COORDINATES (sele-
42 nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
attribute), 77
HTMLUNIT (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
attribute), 44 INVALID_ELEMENT_STATE (sele-
HTMLUNITWITHJS (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
attribute), 77
nium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
attribute), 44 INVALID_SELECTOR (sele-
http_proxy (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
attribute), 46 attribute), 77
httpProxy (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy INVALID_SESSION_ID (sele-
attribute), 46 nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
attribute), 77
I INVALID_XPATH_SELECTOR (sele-
ID (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By attribute), 43 nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
id (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement attribute), 77
attribute), 72 INVALID_XPATH_SELECTOR_RETURN_TYPER (se-
lenium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
IDLE (selenium.webdriver.common.html5.application_cache.ApplicationCache
attribute), 49 attribute), 77
IME_ENGINE_ACTIVATION_FAILED (sele- InvalidArgumentException, 33
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode InvalidCookieDomainException, 33
attribute), 77 InvalidCoordinatesException, 33
IME_NOT_AVAILABLE (sele- InvalidElementStateException, 34
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode InvalidSelectorException, 34
attribute), 77 InvalidSessionIdException, 34
ImeActivationFailedException, 33 InvalidSwitchToTargetException, 34
ImeNotAvailableException, 33 invisibility_of_element (class in sele-
IMPLICIT_WAIT (sele- nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command 91
attribute), 75 invisibility_of_element_located
implicitly_wait() (sele- (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
method), 63 91
IPAD (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilitie

Index 113
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

attribute), 44 L
IPHONE (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
launch_app() (sele-
attribute), 44 nium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver
is_connectable() (in module sele- method), 55
nium.webdriver.common.utils), 47 launch_browser() (sele-
is_connectable() (sele- nium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_binary.FirefoxBinary
nium.webdriver.common.service.Service method), 53
method), 48 LEFT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
is_connectable() (sele- 42
nium.webdriver.firefox.extension_connection.ExtensionConnection
LEFT_ALT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
class method), 53 tribute), 42
is_displayed() (sele- LEFT_CONTROL (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement nium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
method), 71 42
IS_ELEMENT_DISPLAYED (sele- LEFT_SHIFT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command attribute), 42
attribute), 75 LINK_TEXT (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By at-
IS_ELEMENT_ENABLED (sele- tribute), 43
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command load() (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.ProxyType
attribute), 75 class method), 47
IS_ELEMENT_SELECTED (sele- load_json() (in module sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command nium.webdriver.remote.utils), 79
attribute), 75 location (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
is_enabled() (sele- attribute), 72
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement location_once_scrolled_into_view (sele-
method), 71 nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
is_selected() (sele- attribute), 72
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement Log (class in selenium.webdriver.firefox.options), 51
method), 71 log_types (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
is_url_connectable() (in module sele- attribute), 66
nium.webdriver.common.utils), 48 LONG_PRESS (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
attribute), 75
J long_press() (sele-
JAVASCRIPT_ERROR (sele- nium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.TouchActions
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode method), 45
attribute), 77
JavascriptException, 34 M
join_host_port() (in module sele- make() (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.ProxyTypeFactory
nium.webdriver.common.utils), 48 static method), 47
MANUAL (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.ProxyType
K attribute), 47
KEY (selenium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options at- MAXIMIZE_WINDOW (sele-
tribute), 56 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
KEY (selenium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options at- attribute), 75
tribute), 51 maximize_window() (sele-
key_down() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 38 method), 64
key_up() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
META (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
method), 39 42
Keys (class in selenium.webdriver.common.keys), 41 METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED (sele-
keys_to_typing() (in module sele- nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
nium.webdriver.common.utils), 48 attribute), 77
kill() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_binary.FirefoxBinary
MINIMIZE_WINDOW (sele-
method), 53 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command

114 Index
 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

attribute), 75 NO_FOCUS_LIBRARY_NAME (sele-

minimize_window() (sele- nium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_binary.FirefoxBinary
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver attribute), 53
method), 64 no_proxy (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy
Mobile (class in selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile), 78 attribute), 46
mobile (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver NO_SUCH_COOKIE (sele-
attribute), 66 nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
Mobile.ConnectionType (class in sele- attribute), 77
nium.webdriver.remote.mobile), 78 NO_SUCH_ELEMENT (sele-
MOUSE_DOWN (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
attribute), 75 attribute), 77
MOUSE_UP (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command NO_SUCH_FRAME (sele-
attribute), 75 nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
move() (selenium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.TouchActions attribute), 77
method), 45 NO_SUCH_WINDOW (sele-
move_by_offset() (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains attribute), 77
method), 39 NoAlertPresentException, 34
MOVE_TARGET_OUT_OF_BOUNDS (sele- noProxy (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy at-
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode tribute), 46
attribute), 77 NoSuchAttributeException, 35
MOVE_TO (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command NoSuchCookieException, 35
attribute), 75 NoSuchElementException, 35
move_to_element() (sele- NoSuchFrameException, 35
nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains NoSuchWindowException, 35
method), 39 NULL (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute),
move_to_element_with_offset() (sele- 42
nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains number_of_windows_to_be (class in sele-
method), 39 nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
MoveTargetOutOfBoundsException, 34 91
MULTIPLY (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- NUMPAD0 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
tribute), 42 attribute), 42
NUMPAD1 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
N attribute), 42
NAME (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By attribute), 43 NUMPAD2 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
name (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver attribute), 42
attribute), 66 NUMPAD3 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
NATIVE_EVENTS_ALLOWED (sele- attribute), 42
nium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver NUMPAD4 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
attribute), 51 attribute), 42
native_events_enabled (sele- NUMPAD5 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
nium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile attribute), 42
attribute), 52 NUMPAD6 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
network_connection (sele- attribute), 42
nium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile at- NUMPAD7 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
tribute), 78 attribute), 42
NEW_SESSION (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command NUMPAD8 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
attribute), 75 attribute), 42
new_window_is_opened (class in sele- NUMPAD9 (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), attribute), 42
91
NO_ALERT_OPEN (sele- O
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode OBSOLETE (selenium.webdriver.common.html5.application_cache.Applicat
attribute), 77 attribute), 49

Index 115
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

on_exception() (sele- profile (selenium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options

attribute), 52
nium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener.AbstractEventListener
method), 90 Proxy (class in selenium.webdriver.common.proxy), 46
OPERA (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
proxy (selenium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options at-
attribute), 44 tribute), 52
OperaDriver (class in sele- proxy_autoconfig_url (sele-
nium.webdriver.opera.webdriver), 81 nium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy at-
Options (class in selenium.webdriver.chrome.options), tribute), 46
55 proxy_type (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy
Options (class in selenium.webdriver.firefox.options), attribute), 46
51 proxyAutoconfigUrl (sele-
options (selenium.webdriver.support.select.Select at- nium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy at-
tribute), 86 tribute), 46
orientation (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver ProxyType (class in sele-
attribute), 66 nium.webdriver.common.proxy), 47
proxyType (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy
P attribute), 46
PAC (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.ProxyType at- ProxyTypeFactory (class in sele-
tribute), 47 nium.webdriver.common.proxy), 47
PAGE_DOWN (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
tribute), 42 Q
page_source (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver QUIT (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
attribute), 66 attribute), 75
PAGE_UP (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys quit() (selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver
attribute), 42 method), 55
parent (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement quit() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.extension_connection.ExtensionConne
attribute), 72 method), 54
PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT (sele- quit() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver
nium.webdriver.common.by.By attribute), method), 50
43 quit() (selenium.webdriver.ie.webdriver.WebDriver
path (selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile method), 80
attribute), 52 quit() (selenium.webdriver.phantomjs.webdriver.WebDriver
PAUSE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- method), 83
tribute), 42 quit() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
pause() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains method), 64
method), 39 quit() (selenium.webdriver.safari.webdriver.WebDriver
perform() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains method), 84
method), 39 quit() (selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringW
perform() (selenium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.TouchActions method), 88
method), 45
R
PHANTOMJS (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
attribute), 44 rect (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
port (selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile attribute), 72
attribute), 52 REFRESH (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
preferences (selenium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options attribute), 75
attribute), 51 refresh() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
presence_of_all_elements_located method), 64
(class in sele- release() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), method), 39
91 release() (selenium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.TouchActions
presence_of_element_located (class in sele- method), 45
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), RemoteConnection (class in sele-
92 nium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection),
79

116 Index
 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

RemoteDriverServerException, 35 select_by_value() (sele-

REMOVE_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM (sele- nium.webdriver.support.select.Select method),
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command 85
attribute), 75 select_by_visible_text() (sele-
REMOVE_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM (sele- nium.webdriver.support.select.Select method),
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command 86
attribute), 75 selenium.common.exceptions (module), 32
RESERVED_1 (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.ProxyType selenium.webdriver.android.webdriver
attribute), 47 (module), 81
reset_actions() (sele- selenium.webdriver.chrome.options (mod-
nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains ule), 55
method), 39 selenium.webdriver.chrome.service (mod-
reset_timeout() (sele- ule), 56
nium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection.RemoteConnection
selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver
class method), 79 (module), 54
RETURN (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains
tribute), 42 (module), 37
rgb (selenium.webdriver.support.color.Color attribute), selenium.webdriver.common.alert (module),
87 40
rgba (selenium.webdriver.support.color.Color at- selenium.webdriver.common.by (module), 43
tribute), 87 selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities
RIGHT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- (module), 43
tribute), 42 selenium.webdriver.common.html5.application_cache
(module), 48
S selenium.webdriver.common.keys (module),
41
SAFARI (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
attribute), 44 selenium.webdriver.common.proxy (module),
save_screenshot() (sele- 46
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver selenium.webdriver.common.service (mod-
method), 64 ule), 48
SCREENSHOT (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command selenium.webdriver.common.touch_actions
attribute), 75 (module), 44
screenshot() (sele- selenium.webdriver.common.utils (module),
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement 47
method), 71 selenium.webdriver.firefox.extension_connection
screenshot_as_base64 (sele- (module), 53
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_binary
attribute), 72 (module), 53
screenshot_as_png (sele- selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (module), 52
attribute), 72 selenium.webdriver.firefox.options (mod-
ScreenshotException, 35 ule), 51
SCRIPT_TIMEOUT (sele- selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode (module), 49
attribute), 77 selenium.webdriver.ie.webdriver (module),
scroll() (selenium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.TouchActions80
method), 45 selenium.webdriver.opera.webdriver (mod-
scroll_from_element() (sele- ule), 81
nium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.TouchActionsselenium.webdriver.phantomjs.service
method), 45 (module), 83
Select (class in selenium.webdriver.support.select), 85 selenium.webdriver.phantomjs.webdriver
select_by_index() (sele- (module), 82
nium.webdriver.support.select.Select method), selenium.webdriver.remote.command (mod-
85 ule), 73

Index 117
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

selenium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler tribute), 42
(module), 76 Service (class in selenium.webdriver.chrome.service),
selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile (mod- 56
ule), 78 Service (class in selenium.webdriver.common.service),
selenium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection 48
(module), 79 Service (class in sele-
selenium.webdriver.remote.utils (module), nium.webdriver.phantomjs.service), 83
79 Service (class in selenium.webdriver.safari.service),
selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver 84
(module), 57 service_url (selenium.webdriver.common.service.Service
selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement attribute), 48
(module), 66 service_url (selenium.webdriver.phantomjs.service.Service
selenium.webdriver.safari.service (mod- attribute), 83
ule), 84 service_url (selenium.webdriver.safari.service.Service
selenium.webdriver.safari.webdriver attribute), 84
(module), 83 SESSION_NOT_CREATED (sele-
selenium.webdriver.support.abstract_event_listener nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
(module), 89 attribute), 77
selenium.webdriver.support.color (mod- SessionNotCreatedException, 36
ule), 87 SET_ALERT_CREDENTIALS (sele-
selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
(module), 87 attribute), 75
selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions SET_ALERT_VALUE (sele-
(module), 90 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
selenium.webdriver.support.select (mod- attribute), 75
ule), 85 set_capability() (sele-
selenium.webdriver.support.wait (module), nium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options
86 method), 56
SEMICOLON (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- set_capability() (sele-
tribute), 42 nium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options
send_keys() (selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains
method), 51
method), 39 set_context() (sele-
send_keys() (selenium.webdriver.common.alert.Alert nium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver
method), 40 method), 50
send_keys() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
SET_ELEMENT_SELECTED (sele-
method), 72 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
send_keys() (selenium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement
attribute), 75
method), 89 set_headless() (sele-
SEND_KEYS_TO_ACTIVE_ELEMENT (sele- nium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command method), 56
attribute), 75 set_headless() (sele-
SEND_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT (sele- nium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command method), 51
attribute), 75 SET_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM (sele-
send_keys_to_element() (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains attribute), 75
method), 40 SET_LOCATION (sele-
send_remote_shutdown_command() (sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.common.service.Service attribute), 75
method), 48 set_network_conditions() (sele-
send_remote_shutdown_command() (sele- nium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver
nium.webdriver.phantomjs.service.Service method), 55
method), 83 SET_NETWORK_CONNECTION (sele-
SEPARATOR (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command

118 Index
 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

attribute), 75 SHIFT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-

set_network_connection() (sele- tribute), 42
nium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile method), SINGLE_TAP (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
78 attribute), 76
set_page_load_timeout() (sele- size (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver attribute), 72
method), 64 socks_password (sele-
set_permission() (sele- nium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy at-
nium.webdriver.safari.webdriver.WebDriver tribute), 46
method), 84 socks_proxy (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy
set_preference() (sele- attribute), 46
nium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile
socks_username (sele-
method), 52 nium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy at-
set_preference() (sele- tribute), 46
nium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options socksPassword (sele-
method), 51 nium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy at-
set_proxy() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile
tribute), 46
method), 52 socksProxy (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy
SET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION (sele- attribute), 46
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command socksUsername (sele-
attribute), 75 nium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy at-
SET_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT (sele- tribute), 46
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command SPACE (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at-
attribute), 75 tribute), 42
set_script_timeout() (sele- ssl_proxy (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver attribute), 47
method), 64 sslProxy (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy
SET_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM (sele- attribute), 47
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command STALE_ELEMENT_REFERENCE (sele-
attribute), 75 nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
set_timeout() (sele- attribute), 77
StaleElementReferenceException, 36
nium.webdriver.remote.remote_connection.RemoteConnection
class method), 79 staleness_of (class in sele-
SET_TIMEOUTS (sele- nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command 92
attribute), 75 start() (selenium.webdriver.common.service.Service
SET_WINDOW_POSITION (sele- method), 48
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command start_client() (sele-
attribute), 75 nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
set_window_position() (sele- method), 65
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver start_session() (sele-
method), 64 nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
SET_WINDOW_RECT (sele- method), 65
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command status (selenium.webdriver.common.html5.application_cache.Application
attribute), 75 attribute), 49
set_window_rect() (sele- STATUS (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver attribute), 76
method), 65 stop() (selenium.webdriver.common.service.Service
SET_WINDOW_SIZE (sele- method), 48
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command stop_client() (sele-
attribute), 76 nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
set_window_size() (sele- method), 65
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver submit() (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement
method), 65 method), 72

Index 119
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

SUBMIT_ELEMENT (sele- text (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement

nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command attribute), 73
attribute), 76 text_to_be_present_in_element (class in sele-
SUBTRACT (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys at- nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
tribute), 42 92
SUCCESS (selenium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
text_to_be_present_in_element_value
attribute), 77 (class in sele-
switch_to (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
attribute), 66 92
switch_to_active_element() (sele- TIMEOUT (selenium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver attribute), 77
method), 65 TimeoutException, 36
switch_to_alert() (sele- title (selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver attribute), 66
method), 65 title_contains (class in sele-
SWITCH_TO_CONTEXT (sele- nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command 92
attribute), 76 title_is (class in sele-
switch_to_default_content() (sele- nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver 92
method), 65 to_capabilities() (sele-
SWITCH_TO_FRAME (sele- nium.webdriver.chrome.options.Options
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command method), 56
attribute), 76 to_capabilities() (sele-
switch_to_frame() (sele- nium.webdriver.firefox.options.Log method),
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver 51
method), 65 to_capabilities() (sele-
SWITCH_TO_PARENT_FRAME (sele- nium.webdriver.firefox.options.Options
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command method), 51
attribute), 76 TOUCH_DOWN (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
SWITCH_TO_WINDOW (sele- attribute), 76
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command TOUCH_MOVE (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
attribute), 76 attribute), 76
switch_to_window() (sele- TOUCH_SCROLL (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
method), 65 attribute), 76
SYSTEM (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.ProxyType TOUCH_UP (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
attribute), 47 attribute), 76
TouchActions (class in sele-
T nium.webdriver.common.touch_actions),
TAB (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 44
42
TAG_NAME (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By at- U
tribute), 43 UNABLE_TO_CAPTURE_SCREEN (sele-
tag_name (selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
attribute), 73 attribute), 77
UNABLE_TO_SET_COOKIE
tap() (selenium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.TouchActions (sele-
method), 45 nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
tap_and_hold() (sele- attribute), 77
UnableToSetCookieException, 36
nium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.TouchActions
method), 45 UNCACHED (selenium.webdriver.common.html5.application_cache.Applicat
text (selenium.webdriver.common.alert.Alert attribute), attribute), 49
40 UNEXPECTED_ALERT_OPEN (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode

120 Index
 Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

attribute), 77 (class in sele-

UnexpectedAlertPresentException, 36 nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
UnexpectedTagNameException, 36 93
uninstall_addon() (sele- visibility_of_any_elements_located
nium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver.WebDriver (class in sele-
method), 50 nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
UNKNOWN_COMMAND (sele- 93
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode visibility_of_element_located (class in sele-
attribute), 77 nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions),
UNKNOWN_ERROR (sele- 93
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
attribute), 77 W
UNKNOWN_METHOD (sele- W3C_ACCEPT_ALERT (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
attribute), 77 attribute), 76
UnknownMethodException, 37 W3C_ACTIONS (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
UNSPECIFIED (selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.ProxyType attribute), 76
attribute), 47 W3C_CLEAR_ACTIONS (sele-
until() (selenium.webdriver.support.wait.WebDriverWait nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
method), 86 attribute), 76
until_not() (selenium.webdriver.support.wait.WebDriverWait W3C_DISMISS_ALERT (sele-
method), 87 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
unzip_to_temp_dir() (in module sele- attribute), 76
nium.webdriver.remote.utils), 79 W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT (sele-
UP (selenium.webdriver.common.keys.Keys attribute), 42 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
update_preferences() (sele- attribute), 76
nium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile
W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT_ASYNC (sele-
method), 52 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
UPDATE_READY (sele- attribute), 76
nium.webdriver.common.html5.application_cache.ApplicationCache
W3C_GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT (sele-
attribute), 49 nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
UPLOAD_FILE (selenium.webdriver.remote.command.Command attribute), 76
attribute), 76 W3C_GET_ALERT_TEXT (sele-
url_changes (class in sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), attribute), 76
92 W3C_GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE (sele-
url_contains (class in sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), attribute), 76
92 W3C_GET_WINDOW_HANDLES (sele-
url_matches (class in sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), attribute), 76
93 W3C_GET_WINDOW_POSITION (sele-
url_to_be (class in sele- nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), attribute), 76
93 W3C_GET_WINDOW_SIZE (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
V attribute), 76
value_of_css_property() (sele- W3C_MAXIMIZE_WINDOW (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
method), 72 attribute), 76
visibility_of (class in sele- W3C_SET_ALERT_VALUE (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions), nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
93 attribute), 76
visibility_of_all_elements_located W3C_SET_WINDOW_POSITION (sele-

Index 121
Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
attribute), 76
W3C_SET_WINDOW_SIZE (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.command.Command
attribute), 76
WebDriver (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.android.webdriver), 81
WebDriver (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver), 54
WebDriver (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver), 49
WebDriver (class in selenium.webdriver.ie.webdriver),
80
WebDriver (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.opera.webdriver), 82
WebDriver (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.phantomjs.webdriver), 82
WebDriver (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver), 57
WebDriver (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.safari.webdriver), 83
WebDriver.ServiceType (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.opera.webdriver), 82
WebDriverException, 37
WebDriverWait (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.support.wait), 86
WebElement (class in sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webelement), 66
WEBKITGTK (selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities.DesiredCapabilities
attribute), 44
which() (selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_binary.FirefoxBinary
method), 53
wifi (selenium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile.ConnectionType
attribute), 78
WIFI_NETWORK (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.mobile.Mobile at-
tribute), 78
window_handles (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.webdriver.WebDriver
attribute), 66
wrapped_driver (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebDriver
attribute), 88
wrapped_element (sele-
nium.webdriver.support.event_firing_webdriver.EventFiringWebElement
attribute), 89

X
XPATH (selenium.webdriver.common.by.By attribute), 43
XPATH_LOOKUP_ERROR (sele-
nium.webdriver.remote.errorhandler.ErrorCode
attribute), 77

122 Index