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This document provides information about classifying materials electrically and includes a chart comparing the resistivity and conductivity of common conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. It also asks to draw and display symbols for 10 additional electrical devices. The document explains that materials are classified as conductors, semiconductors, or insulators based on their ability to allow electrical charge flow. Conductors have high concentrations of free electrons, semiconductors allow some charge flow depending on conditions like temperature or doping, and insulators do not allow charge flow. It then includes a chart comparing the resistivity and conductivity of common materials in each category, like gold, silicon, and glass. It also asks to draw

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Hasham Sohail
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31 views3 pages

Question No

This document provides information about classifying materials electrically and includes a chart comparing the resistivity and conductivity of common conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. It also asks to draw and display symbols for 10 additional electrical devices. The document explains that materials are classified as conductors, semiconductors, or insulators based on their ability to allow electrical charge flow. Conductors have high concentrations of free electrons, semiconductors allow some charge flow depending on conditions like temperature or doping, and insulators do not allow charge flow. It then includes a chart comparing the resistivity and conductivity of common materials in each category, like gold, silicon, and glass. It also asks to draw

Uploaded by

Hasham Sohail
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Question No.

1:
Briefly explain how materials are classified electrically? Also draw a chart with
Resistivity/conductivity axis for some common insulators, semiconductors and
conductors.
There are three types of materials on the basis of their electrical conductivity:
• Conductors
• Semiconductors
• Insulator
Conductors:
The materials that allow electrical charges to flow through them are known as
conductors.
Conductors have high concentration of free electrons at room temperature that is
one of the reasons that conductors have high conductivity. According to valence band
theory conductors have overlapping valence band and conduction band.
For example: iron, copper, gold etc.
Semiconductors:
The materials that allow the flow of charges when there is a change in temperature or
due to the doping of impurities are known as semiconductors. When the temperature
increases the number of free electrons also increases. Semiconductors are also doped
with impurity for the purpose of increasing the number of charge carriers. According
to valence band theory the forbidden gap between valence band and conduction
band is small. With a little increase in temperature the electron from the valence
band can easily enter the conduction band.
For example: silicon, graphite, germanium etc.
Insulator:
The materials that do not allow any type of flow of charges are known as insulator.
Insulators are materials that do not have any free electrons. According to valence
band theory there is a large gap between the valence band and conduction band.
For example: plastics, wood, glass etc.
Chart:
Conductors:
Material Conductivity (Ω*m) at Resistivity (S/m)
200C at 200C
Gold 2.44×10-8 4.10×107
Silver 1.59×10-8 6.30×107
Copper 1.68×10-8 5.96×107
Semiconductor:
Material conductivity(Ω*m) at Resistivity (S/m)
200C at 200C
Silicon 6.40×102 1.56×10-3
Germanium 4.6×10-1 2.17
graphite 2.5×10-6 to 5.0×10-6 2 to 3×105
Insulator:
Material Conductivity(Ω*m) at Resistivity (S/m)
200C at 200C
Hard rubber 1×1013 10-4
Paraffin wax 1×1017 10-18
Glass 10×1010 to 10×1014 10-11 to 10-15
Question No. 2:
Draw and display symbols of at least ten (10) more electrical devices that are not
already mentioned in the lab handouts.

Sr. category Component Circuit symbols Function of the component


No.
1 inductor Iron core These are used as substitutes to ferrite
inductor core inductors.

2 Diode Varactor Varactor diode is called variable


Diode capacitance diode. The capacitance of
this diode varies according to the
applied input voltage.
3 Diode Laser diodes The laser diode is similar to light
emitting diode

4 resistor Varistor It is a Voltage Dependent Resistor. It


has non-linear current-voltage
characteristics.
5 resistor Tapped A wire-wound type fixed resistor
resistor with one or more terminals along its
length.
6 transformer Center Tapped The center tapped transformer has its
transformer secondary winding divided into two
parts with same number of turns in
each part.
7 transformer Step Down The no. of turns in secondary winding
Transformer is less than that of primary winding.
The output voltage is lesser than input
voltage. It is widely used in low
power applications.
8 transformer Step up The no. of turns in secondary winding
Transformer is more than that of primary winding.
The output voltage is higher than
input voltage. Significantly used in
inverters.
9 Amplifier Operational Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) is a
Amplifier voltage amplifier with very high gain.
The input is differential. They are
used in instrumentation devices,
signal processing, control systems etc
10 Antenna Loop Antenna Loop antenna is named after its loop
like shape of wire or other electrical
conductor.

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